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Nuclei of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies Kks 3 and ESO 269-66 And

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Nuclei of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies Kks 3 and ESO 269-66 And Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000–000 (0000) Printed 17 September 2018 (MN LATEX style file v2.2) Nuclei of dwarf spheroidal galaxies KKs3 and ESO269-66 and their counterparts in our Galaxy M. E. Sharina1, V. V. Shimansky2, and A. Y. Kniazev3,4,5,1 1Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, N. Arkhyz, KCh R, 369167, Russia 2Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia 3South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa 4Southern African Large Telescope Foundation, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa 5Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Accepted . Received ; in original form ABSTRACT We present the analysis of medium-resolution spectra obtained at the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) for nuclear globular clusters (GCs) in two dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). The galaxies have similar star formation histories, but they are situated in completely different environments. ESO 269-66 is a close neighbour of the giant S0 NGC 5128. KKs 3 is one of the few truly isolated dSphs within 10 Mpc. We estimate the helium abundance Y =0.3, age = 12.6 ± 1 Gyr, [Fe/H] = −1.5, −1.55 ± 0.2 dex, and abundances of C, N, Mg, Ca, Ti, and Cr for the nuclei of ESO269-66 and KKs 3. Our surface photometry results using HST images yield the half-light radius of the cluster in KKs 3, rh =4.8 ± 0.2 pc. We demonstrate the similarities of medium- resolution spectra, ages, chemical compositions, and structure for GCs in ESO269-66 and KKs 3 and for several massive Galactic GCs with [Fe/H] ∼−1.6 dex. All Galactic GCs posses Extended Blue Horizontal Branches and multiple stellar populations. Five of the selected Galactic objects are iron-complex GCs. Our results indicate that the sample GCs observed now in different environments had similar conditions of their formation ∼1 Gyr after the Big Bang. Key words: Dwarf galaxies: individual: KKs 3, ESO 269-66—globular clusters: indi- vidual: NGC1904, NGC5286, NGC6254, NGC6752, NGC 7089 1 INTRODUCTION dances for stars in almost all old Galactic GCs (e.g. Car- retta et al. 2010 and references therein). Chemical patterns arXiv:1706.07344v2 [astro-ph.GA] 31 Jul 2017 Many of the early-type dwarf galaxies contain old massive of many Galactic GCs indicate that they contain several 6 ÷ 7 (10 10 M⊙) nuclei near their optical centres (Lotz et al. generations of stars and that the material from which GCs 2004, Sharina et al. 2005; Cˆot´eet al. 2006, Georgiev et al. were formed was exposed to proton-capture processes at 2009, Da Costa et al. 2009). These are located at the extreme high temperatures. First stellar generations have chemical high end of the GC mass function and constitute a large composition similar to that of the field stars. Second and fraction of the total mass of these galaxies (Larsen et al. subsequent (if any) stellar populations can be depleted in C 2012). The mass of the nuclear star cluster correlates with and O, enhanced in N and Na. Helium enrichment in GCs the mass of the stellar spheroids of their host galaxies (Leigh appears to be correlated with the appearance of Extended et al. 2012). Characteristics of the nuclei provide important Blue Horizontal Branches (EHBs) and of Na–O and Al–Mg information about the physical conditions of the early host anti-correlations (D’Antona et al. 2002, Salaris et al. 2006, galaxy formation and evolution. Chantereau et al. 2016). Hubble Space telescope (HST) ob- The existence of the phenomenon of multiple stellar servations in photometric filters sensitive to C, N, and O populations in GCs is not completely understood (Charbon- abundance variations allowed to disentangle splits of the nel 2016 and references therein). One of the ideas is that main evolutionary sequences of Galactic and nearby extra- these GCs are remnant nuclei of dwarf galaxies. In recent galactic GCs (e.g. Piotto et al. 2015). A rare class of anoma- years, the number of observational facts related to this phe- lous Galactic GCs was discovered (Table 10 in Marino et al. nomenon has greatly increased (Gratton et al. 2012, Char- 2015 and references therein). These objects show variations bonnel 2016). High-resolution spectroscopic observations re- in Fe and s-process element abundances. The most plausible vealed correlated variations of C, N, O, Na, Al, Mg abun- c 0000 RAS 2 M. E. Sharina et al. Table 1. Properties of dSphs KKs 3 and ESO 269-66. Table 2. Properties of GCs in KKs 3 and ESO 269-66. KKs 3 ESO 269-66 GC in KKs 3 GC in ESO 269-66 h m s a h m s b a d RA(J200.0) 2 24 44.4 13 13 09.1 (V − I)0, mag 0.90±0.06 0.93 ◦ ′ ′′ a ◦ ′ ′′ b b d Dec.(J200.0) −73 30 51 −44 53 24 MV, mag -8.48 -9.9 a b a d E(B − V) 0.045 0.093 Rh,pc 4.8 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.13 Distance, Mpc 2.12 a 3.82 b [Fe/H],dex -1.55±0.2a -1.5±0.2a Diameter, kpc 1.5 a 2.4 b Age,Gyr 12.6±1.5a 12.6±1.5a c e −1 c a VT, mag 14.47 13.74 Vh, km s 316±7 774±6 (V − I), mag 0.77 c 1.06 e c b MV -12.3 -14.4 c b a b c MHI/LB 0.03 < 0.002 : This work, : Karachentsev et al. (2015b), : Karachentsev et 5 c 5 b d MHI , M⊙ 1.1·10 < 0.9 · 10 al. (2015a) , : Georgiev et al. (2009). −1 −3 a −3 d SFR12÷14Gyr, M⊙yr 8.7·10 11·10 [Fe/H] ,dex -1.9 a -1.75 d 12÷14Gyr B-band is 2-2.5 orders of magnitude larger. The mass of the galaxy is 2 × 107M⊙ (Karachentsev et al. 2015b). The Notes: a: Karachentsev et al. (2015b), b: Karachentsev et al. nearest massive neighbour to KKs 3 is M31 at a distance (2013), c: Karachentsev, Kniazev & Sharina (2015a), d: Makarova of ∼ 1.7 Mpc. A long-slit absorption-line spectrum of the et al. (2007), e Sharina et al. (2008). GC in KKs 3 which was taken with the RSS at the SALT in bright time in January 2015 allowed us to estimate radial −1 velocity of the galaxy Vh = 316 ± 7 km s (Karachent- explanation for the origin of these iron complex GCs is that sev et al. 2015a). There was no neutral hydrogen detected ∗ they are remnant nuclei of dwarf galaxies (Bekki & Norris in KKs 3. The sSFR and MHI/M parameters presented by 2006). Karachentsev et al. 2015a indicate that the galaxy has trans- Properties of our sample dSphs and their nuclei are formed most of its gas into stars. summarized in Tables 1 and 2. ESO 269-66 is a dSph satel- Star formation histories of ESO 269-66 and KKs 3 look lite of the peculiar giant elliptical Centaurus A=NGC 5128. similar. Three star forming bursts likely occurred in KKs 3 The Cen A group with its numerous dwarf galaxies and tidal 12–14 , 4–6, and 0.8–2 Gyrs ago (Karachentsev et al. 2015b), substructures is the only elliptical-dominated group within where the oldest one was the most powerful with mean 10 Mpc (Karachentsev et al. 2007, Crnojevi´cet al. 2016). [Fe/H] = −1.9 dex. Most stars (74%) of the galaxy were The projected separation between NGC 5128 and ESO 269- formed during this period (Karachentsev et al. 2015b). 66 is ∼198 kpc, which is typical of dSphs (Karachentsev We present the description of spectroscopic observations et al. 2005, 2013). A considerable population of asymp- for the GCs in ESO 269-66 and KKs 3 in Section 2. In Sec- totic giant branch (AGB) stars as a signature of the 2-3 tions 3.1 and 3.2, we describe our methods developed for de- Gyrs old star formation was detected in ESO 269-66 (Crno- termination of ages, helium abundance (Y), [Fe/H] and the jevi´cet al. 2011). Stellar photometry using Hubble Space abundances of different chemical elements using medium- Telescope (HST) optical and infrared images indicates that resolution optical spectra and present our results. We com- at least three powerful star forming bursts happened in pare the spectra of the studied two nuclei with medium- the galaxy 2±1.5, 3±1.5 (Crnojevi´cet al. 2011), and 12- resolution spectra of Galactic GCs from the library of Schi- 14 Gyr ago (Makarova et al. 2007). The last of the men- avon et al. (2005, hereafter Sch05)1 and find possible Galac- tioned events was the most powerful. The mean metallicity tic analogues for our sample nuclei of dSphs (Sections 3.2.1, of the oldest red giant branch (RGB) stars in ESO 269-66 3.2.2). We analyse CMDs of the selected Galactic GCs in is [Fe/H] ∼ −1.75 dex (Makarova et al. 2007). The stellar Section 3.2.3. Structural and photometric parameters for the metallicity dispersion in ESO 269-66 is surprisingly large for GC in KKs 3 are presented in Section 4. Section 5 addresses a faint dSph (Karachentsev et al. 2007, Sharina et al. 2008). the question: whether the GCs in KKs 3 and ESO 269-66 The dispersion of the stellar metallicities in ESO 269-66 is host multiple stellar populations and what the origin of comparable to that of NGC 5237, a compact I0 type object KKs 3 and its nucleus is.
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