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The Story of Our Services Under the Crown : a Historical Sketch of The

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The Story of Our Services Under the Crown : a Historical Sketch of The ? nj- ——————'-; BOSTOM Medical Libbaby 8 The Fenway THE STORY OF OUR SERVICES THE CROWN. % $htmml jttttt^ ARMY MEDICAL STAFF. SURGEON-MAJOR ALBERT A. GORE, SANITARY OFFICER ON THE STAFF OF THE QTTARTERMASTER- GENERAl/S DEPARTMENT DURING THE ASHANTEE WAR. Author of "A Medical History of Our West African Campaigns" " Notes of a Visit to the Military Hospitals of the Continent" fyc. LONDON": BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. 1879. Ml riahts reserved. 33-M,^ Reprinted from "COLBURN'S UNITED SERVICE MAGAZINE." ©etiicateti TO THE DIRECTOR- GENERAL SIR WILLIAM M. MUIB, M.D., K.C.B. AND OFFICERS OF THE ARMY MEDICAL STAFF. CONTENTS. Page Preface . vii Note ......... viii CHAPTER I. Period of the Greeks and Romans . .1 CHAPTER II. Under the Crusaders and Normans . .15 CHAPTER III. During the Early English Wars . .23 CHAPTER IV. Campaigns of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries . .38 CHAPTER V. Early Regimental Reminiscences . .61 CHAPTER VI. Later Regimental Experiences . .88 CHAPTER VII. Peninsular, Crimean and Modern Wars . 128 Appendix . 187 ... , Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School http://www.archive.org/details/storyofourservicOOgore PREFACE. The following sketch is the first attempt to bring together the scattered but most interesting History of the Medical Staff of the Army ; as such it is necessarily imperfect. It has been compiled UDder every disadvantage of time, opportunity and surroundings, and has necessitated an amount of research and perseverance few who peruse it can form any idea of. The first two chapters were written whilst under orders for service in India ; the third and fourth on board H.M. troop- ship 'Malabar/ and the remaining ones at Ferozepore. I have had, in addition, no opportunity of correcting the proofs previous to publication, which will account for some typographical errors remaining to be expunged in any future edition. These are my apologies for its many faults. Yet I will be amply repaid if I have been the means of preserving to all time, the excellent service and the gallant conduct of the many accomplished men who, forming the great majority of our profession, have hitherto, as they will always, continue to preserve its ancient and honourable traditions intact. Their example may be studied with advantage by all those who make the Medical Service of the Army their profession, and the younger officers will, I hope, find in its pages many facts illustrating the gradual progression in the sanitary history of the soldier about to be com- mitted to their charge. THE AUTHOR. Ferozepore, Punjab, April 9th, 1878 NOTE. For the following particulars relating to the death of a Medical Officer, I am indebted to the kindness of Lieutenant-Colonel Brockman, 86th Eegiment.— A. A. Gr. " Dear Sir, ; ' I trust you will pardon me for venturing to point out an error in your highly interesting paper of ' Services under the Crown,' in ' Colburn's Magazine' for July. I allude to the part where it is stated, that Assistant-Surgeon Stack was killed at Jhansi, whilst attending the wounded of the 84th Eegiment. " This officer joined the 86th Eegiment at Bombay, in 1856, as Surgeon of the Eegiment, having been promoted from the 84th in Madras, and it was whilst in the very act of dressing a wounded soldier of the 86th, under a hot fire, that he met his death by being shot through the heart. " He was a man who, in the short time he was with the Eegiment, had endeared himself to both officers and men, and his loss was very deeply felt. " I am, dear Sir, " Truly yours, " J. D. Brockman, " Lieut. -Colonel 86th Regiment. " Aldershot, 6th July, 1878." THE STORY OF OUE SERVICES U#£>ER THE CROWN. MAY 1 5 1922 Chapter I. My plea for making the records of the Army Medical Department historical are— its ancient lineage, that its members share with the soldiers, on whose deeds history is founded, the fortunes and vicissitudes of war and pestilence, and that the object of its existence is the alleviating human suffering. I trust that my. plea will be justified by the evidence I shall adduce of the good work done by it from time immemorial and by the heroic deeds of so many of its members which have earned for it the motto, " Semper et ubique fidelis/' As mankind early congregated together for the purpose of mutual aggression and mutual defence, the more simple and obvious means of relieving themselves from the injuries inflicted by an enemy became a necessity. Hence the origin of the medical ser- vices of armies, and it is extremely interesting to trace up the gradual rise and progress of military medicine and surgery. In the oldest history extant the Hebrew word physician occurs four times, and it is curious that when translated according to its etymology, denotes " one who stitches a wound/' pointing to a military origin. The practice of giving a portion of the spoil to the wounded or maimed soldier dates from an equally remote period being mentioned as early as 2 Maccabees. Homer's " Iliad" and " Odyssey" are full of descriptions of various kinds of wounds and injuries, and from his writings we infer that the army-surgeons of antiquity united in their own persons the soldier and physician. He mentions Podalarius and Machaon, sons of iEsculapius, who accompanied Agamemnon and the Trojan Army to the siege of Troy, b.c. 1192, "as two excel- lent physicians," and there are several passages in Zenophon's Cyropaideia which show that the ancients in their military expeditions had always physicians and surgeons attending their camps to take care of their sick and wounded. In the discourse between Cyrus and Cambyses, the former tells the latter that he had taken care to provide military surgeons to attend him on his expedition, to take care of the health of his troops, and after the defeat of the Chaldeans, Cyrus made his people untie the prisoners, and committed the care of the wounded to his sur- geons. Again, after the defeat of the Cadusians, this great commander of antiquity went himself round to visit the wounded and see that they were properly taken care of, and upon his getting possession of Babylon, formed in that city a depot of medicines and surgical instruments for their use and as a reserve in the case of extraordinary sickness. <s THE STORY OF OUR Prom Quintus Curtius we learn that physicians constantly attended the camps of Alexander the Great, and that in the hour of action, the wounded were carried off the field to be taken care of. In his account of the first battle of Alexander with Darius, he mentions that the wounded could not be carried off the field as usual, the enemy pressing so before and his own people behind. 11 Nee vulnerati (ut alias soleut) acie poterant, excedere, cum hostis induret a fronte, a tergo fui urgerent." When Alexander was wounded at the assault of the town of Oxydraca, Cytobolas dilated his wound and extracted the dart, and in the history of these campaigns we find that he lost more of his soldiers ou their arrival at the Oxus heated, enfeebled and fatigued after their toilsome march of forty-six miles across the scorching sands of the desert, after they had drank profusely from the waters of that river, than in any one of his battles. So early as the siege of Troy had the probe and bandage been used in the diagnosis and treatment of wounds, but it would appear from the following passage in Celsus that the Greek military physicians should have been rather termed surgeons, as they only treated wounds. " Sed vulneribus tantummodo, ferro et medicamentis, mederi solitos esse." Machaon himself was wounded by Paris, upon which occasion, so great was the affection of the soldiers for their surgeon, that the whole army is represented by Homer as interested in his recovery ; Achilles inquired anxiously after him, and Nestor, to whose care he was entrusted, was exhorted to unwonted exertion in his behalf, " for such like him, who knows how to cut out darts and relieve the smarting of wounds by sooth- ing unguents, is to armies more in value than many other heroes/' wrote the great poet. Podalarius, on his return from Troy, was cast by a tempest on the shore of Coria and rescued by a shepherd, who upon learning that he was a physician, con- ducted him to the king of the country, Damitus, whose daughter he was the means of rescuing from apparent death (the symptoms following upon a violent concussion) by bleeding her from both arms, the first example of the operation being practised for the purpose of a cure. To the ancient Greek military surgeons then, are due our first knowledge of modes of treatment and diagnosis still in use in the nineteenth century. The simple extraction of darts and other offensive weapons, the checking of haemorrhage by styptics or pressure, and the application of soothing or healing salves, appear, however, to have been the extent of their surgical knowledge. Weapons were extracted by evulsion or traction, by protrusion or by enlarging the wound and cutting them out. So important and high was regarded the study of medicine at this time, that the Athenians had a law that no slave or woman could study it. Pythagoras, Democritus and Aristotle, the greatest philosophers of antiquity, devoted themselves to the SERVICES UNDER THE CROWN. o acquisition of its doctrines. The inhabitants of Smyrna associated upon their coins the names of their celebrated physicians with the effigies of their gods, and in the time of Julius Caesar, the Greek physicians who came to Rome were complimented with the freedom of the Eternal City.
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