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Diplomová Práce JIHO ČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUD ĚJOVICÍCH Fakulta rybá řství a ochrany vod Ústav akvakultury/Výzkumný ústav rybá řský a hydrobiologický Diplomová práce Sezónní zm ěny makrozoobentosu Brn ěnské nádrže v pr ůběhu manipulací s vodní hladinou Autor: Bc. Jan Opat řil Vedoucí diplomové práce: doc. RNDr. Zden ěk Adámek, CSc. Konzultant diplomové práce: Ing. Lucie Všeti čková Studijní program a obor: Zootechnika, Rybá řství Forma studia: Prezen ční Ro čník studia: 5. České Bud ějovice 2012 Prohlašuji, že svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracoval samostatn ě pouze s použitím pramen ů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že, v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném zn ění, souhlasím se zve řejn ěním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podob ě, p řípadn ě v úprav ě vzniklé vypušt ěním vyzna čených částí archivovaných FROV JU. Zve řejn ění probíhá ektronickou cestou ve ve řejn ě přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jiho českou univerzitou v Českých Bud ějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifika ční práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zve řejn ěny posudky školitele a oponent ů práce i záznam o pr ůběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifika ční práce. Rovn ěž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifika ční práce databází kvalifika čních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifika čních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiát ů. V Českých Bud ějovicích dne 30. 4. 2012 Podpis ………………………….. Pod ěkování: Rád bych tímto pod ěkoval panu doc. RNDr. Zde ňku Adámkovi, CSc. za pomoc p ři zpracování práce, cenné rady a post řehy, Ing. Lucii Všeti čkové, za pomoc p ři determinaci a kvantifikaci makrozoobentosu. Dík patří i celé řad ě dalších, zde nejmenovaných lidí, kte ří mne podporovali v mém úsilí. OBSAH 1. Literární p řehled........................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Brn ěnská p řehrada................................................................................................ 8 1.2. Projekt Čisté povodí Svratky.............................................................................. 12 1.3. Sukcese p řehrady................................................................................................. 13 1.4. Makrozoobentos................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1. Kmen m ěkkýši............................................................................................... 17 1.4.2. Kmen kroužkovci.......................................................................................... 18 1.4.3. Kmen členovci ............................................................................................... 20 2. Odb ěrové lokality........................................................................................................ 29 2.1. Hráz....................................................................................................................... 30 2.2. St řed ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.3. Rakovec................................................................................................................. 31 2.4. Litorál ................................................................................................................... 31 2.5. Rokle ..................................................................................................................... 32 2.6. Zouvalka ............................................................................................................... 33 2.7. Horní vzdutí.......................................................................................................... 33 3. Materiál a metodika................................................... Chyba! Záložka není definována. 3.1. Metodika odb ěru vzork ů..................................................................................... 35 3.2. Metodika zpracování vzork ů .............................................................................. 36 4. Výsledky...................................................................... Chyba! Záložka není definována. 4.1. P řehled čeledí a jejich abundance ...................................................................... 38 4.1.1. Dominantní taxonomické skupiny ve vzorcích .......................................... 39 4.1.2. Mén ě po četné taxony .................................................................................... 40 4.2. Sledované fyzikáln ě-chemické parametry......................................................... 41 4.3. Abundance a biomasa dominantních taxonomických skupin ......................... 45 4.3.1. Denzita a biomasa v roce 2007..................................................................... 45 4.3.2. Denzita a biomasa v roce 2008..................................................................... 47 4.3.3. Denzita a biomasa v roce 2009..................................................................... 49 4.3.4. Denzita a biomasa v roce 2010..................................................................... 51 4.3.5. Denzita a biomasa v roce 2011..................................................................... 53 4.4.1. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Hráz............................................................. 55 4.4.2. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě St řed............................................................ 56 4.4.3. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Litorál ......................................................... 58 4.4.4. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Rakovec....................................................... 60 4.4.5. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Rokle ........................................................... 61 4.4.6. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Zouvalka..................................................... 63 4.4.7. Denzita a biomasa na lokalit ě Horní vzdutí ............................................... 64 5. Diskuze......................................................................................................................... 66 5.1. Srovnání lokalit v letech p řed vypušt ěním ........................................................ 66 5.2. Srovnání lokalit v roce se sníženou vodní hladinou.......................................... 68 5.3. Srovnání lokalit v letech po op ětovném napušt ění ........................................... 68 6. Záv ěr ............................................................................................................................ 70 7. Seznam použité literatury ......................................... Chyba! Záložka není definována. 8. Seznam všech použitých zkratek ............................................................................... 75 9. Seznam tabulek ........................................................................................................... 76 10. Abstrakt ..................................................................................................................... 77 11. Abstract...................................................................................................................... 78 5 Úvod Brn ěnská p řehrada – podobn ě jako řada dalších p řehrad v ČR, za čala být v posledních letech siln ě eutrofizovananá. V důsledku toho v ní dochází k velice silnému rozvoji fytoplanktonu, zejména sinic. Negativní vliv sinic (Cyanophyt) na vodní organismy je neoddiskutovatelný. V nádrži jsou odpov ědny za kyslíkové deficity nebo naopak za p řesycení vody kyslíkem, taktéž za retenci živin dále nevyužitelných v potravním řet ězci nebo za vylu čování cyanotoxin ů – látek zp ůsobujících u lidí kožní a žalude ční problémy, alergie a zán ěty spojivek. P ři podzimním rozkladu vylu čují také látky jedovaté pro ryby - sulfan, čpavek a specifické toxiny. V této souvislosti docházelo a stále dochází k množstvím opat ření k jejich regulaci. První projekt, který se kompletn ě zabývá řešením této situace, se nazývá „ Čisté povodí Svratky“. Jde o projekt, který si dal za cíl, bojovat se sinicemi v Brn ěnské přehrad ě v několika úrovních. Opat ření které p římo souvisí s tématem této práce se týká části ošet ření sediment ů. Hladina Brn ěnské p řehrady byla z důvodu leteckého vápn ění a vysušení sediment ů v letech 2009 a 2010 drasticky snížena až o 9 m., čímž se hladina dostala dokonce pod úrove ň hladiny stálého nadržení. Hs = 224,00 (223,08 B.p.v.) m.n.m. Většina dna tak z ůstala obnažena a ve zbývajícím jeze ře se zcela zm ěnily kyslíkové pom ěry, vzrostla abundance ryb a tím pádem i preda ční tlak na makrozoobentos. Z hypolimnia, kde byl kv ůli velké hloubce preda ční tlak ryb z d ůvodu nízkých hodnot koncentrace kyslíku minimální, se vlivem poklesu hladiny stalo prost ředí (habitat) pro ryby z hlediska obsahu kyslíku p řístupné. A tato zm ěna m ěla dopad na množství a složení makrozoobentosu. Téma této práce jsem si vybral z několika d ůvod ů. P ředevším proto, že ochranná opat ření provád ěné na Brn ěnské p řehrad ě jsou unikátní, svou ší ří a intenzitou ve sv ětě nemají srovnání a jako takové s sebou p řinášejí množství specifik, které ješt ě nebyly probádány. Jedním z významných dopad ů (pomineme-li redukci biomasy sinic) jsou jist ě i zm ěny makrozoobentosu v sedimentech z různých částí nádrže ovlivn ěné predací rybí obsádky. V neposlední řad ě m ě
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