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Bishop Scott Boys' School BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’ SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura, By-Pass, Patna 804453. Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. , Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: [email protected] STUDY COURSE MATERIAL BIOLOGY SESSION-2020-21 CLASS-XII TOPIC: REPRODUCTION IN ORAGANISM DAY-1 TEACHING MATERIAL :- INTRODUCTION Life Span: Each and every organism is capable to live only for a limited period of time. Lifespan refers to the life expectancy or longevity of an individual. The period from birth to the natural death of an organism known as its life span. Reproduction: Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself. The offspring grow mature and in turn produce new offspring. Thus there is a cycle of birth, growth and death. The main purpose of reproduction are to: continue and preserve the specie pass species genetic identity keep the evolutionary chain going Page 1 of 21 Types of reproduction: Based on whether there is participation of one organism or two in the process of reproduction, it is of two types. Asexual reproduction: When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation the reproduction is asexual. Sexual reproduction: When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process and also involved fusion of male and female gametes it is called sexual reproduction. ASSIGNMENT Q.1. Why is reproduction essential for organisms? Q.2. Which is better mode of reproduction: sexual or asexual? Why? MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : - Q.1. Which physiological process is necessary for birth, growth, death, production of offspring and for continuity of the species? (a) Digestion (b) Transportation (c) Reproduction (d) Nutrition Q.2. Which of the following statement is correct? (a) all the individuals of a species have exactly the same lifespan (b) smaller organisms always have shorter lifespan and vice versa (c) lifespan of an organism is the time period from his birth to its natural death (d) no organism may have a lifespan of several hundred years Page 2 of 21 Q.3. Which of the following has the longest life span? (a) banyan tree (b) tortoise (c) parrot (d) elephant Q.4 Identify the given organism and find its maximum lifespan. (a) sparrow, 25 years (b) crow, 30 years (c) eagle, 40 years (d) crow,15 years Q.5. The term "clone" cannot be applied to offspring formed by sexual reproduction because (a) offspring do not possess exact copies of parental DNA (b) DNA of only one parent is copied and passed onto offspring (c) offspring are formed at different times (d) DNA of parent and offspring are completely different NCERT MATERIAL http://ncert.nic.in/ebooks.html DOCUMENT LINK https://schools.aglasem.com/18706 DAY-2 TEACING MATERIAL : - MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN ( DETAIL) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction is without union of gametes are sex cells. The offsprings that are produced a sexually are not only identical to one another but also exact copies of their parent. Morphologically and genetically identical individuals produced by asexual reproduction is termed as clones. The characteristics of asexual reproduction are: No waste of time on searching for partners No production of gametes Rapid multiplication with same genetic material Descendants are similar to the parent Page 3 of 21 Able to colonize a large surface rapidly. Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: - Types of Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction takes place by several methods like fees and fragmentation and regeneration is spore formation vegetative propagation. It is common among single celled organisms and in plants and animals with relatively simple organisations. Page 4 of 21 Fission: Fission is a kind of reproduction in which a cell or body divides into two or more parts and each part grows into a whole new individual. Binary fission Division of parent into two small nearly equal sized daughter individual . e.g., amoeba, bacteria, protozoans and planarians NCERT MATERIAL http://ncert.nic.in/ebooks.html VIDEO-LINKS LINK 1 https://youtu.be/WPlMKKNsv9k Page 5 of 21 LINK 2 https://youtu.be/D3FN3jLlT54 PPT LINKS https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/jcott5/asexual-reproduction-12686418 DOCUMENT LINK https://schools.aglasem.com/18706 ASSIGNMENT Q. With the help of labelled bdiagram explain binary fission in amoeba. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Q.1. Asexual reproduction is seen in members of Kingdom a. Monera b. Plantae c. Animalia d. All of these Q.2. A few statements describing certain features of reproduction are given below: i. Gametic fusion takes place ii. Transfer of genetic material takes place iii. Reduction division takes place iv. Progeny have some resemblance with parents select the options that are true for both asexual and sexual reproduction from the options given below a. i and ii b. ii and III c. ii and IV d. i and iii Q.3. _________ is the most common type of asexual reproduction. Page 6 of 21 DAY-3 TEACING MATERIAL : - ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION . Multiple fission Division of parent into many small daughter individuals simultaneously. e.g., plasmodium Difference between binary fission and multiple fission Page 7 of 21 Budding: A new individual develops from a small projection on the bud arising from parent organism. The initial protuberance of proliferating cytoplasm or cells the buds, eventually develops into an organism duplicating the parent. The new individual may separate or exist independently or the buds may remain attached forming aggregates or colonies. e.g., Scypha , Hydra internal buds called gemmules are found in some freshwater sponges. e.g.,spongilla NCERT MATERIAL http://ncert.nic.in/ebooks.html VIDEO-LINKS LINK 1 https://youtu.be/WPlMKKNsv9k LINK 2 https://youtu.be/D3FN3jLlT54 LINK 3 https://youtu.be/T3_-5L0hB5o PPT LINKS Page 8 of 21 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/jcott5/asexual-reproduction-12686418 DOCUMENTS LINKS https://schools.aglasem.com/18706 ASSIGNMENT Q.1. In yeast and amoeba. the parent cell device to give rise to to new individual cells how does the cell division different and these two organisms. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Q.1. During binary fission in amoeba which of the following organelles is duplicated? a. plasma membrane b. nucleus c. contractile vacuole d. all of these Q.2. Which one of the following processes results in the formation of clone of bacteria? a. Regeneration b. Budding c. Binary fission d. Fragmentation Q.3.Amoeba and yeast reproduce asexually by fission and budding respectively, because they are: a. Unicellular organisms b. Uninucleate organisms c. Heterotrophic organisms d. Microscopic organisms DAY-4 TEACING MATERIAL : - ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Page 9 of 21 Fragmentation: Fragmentation in multicellular organisms is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into matured, fully grown individuals that are identical to their parents. The splitting may or may not be intentional – it may or may not occur due to man-made or natural damage by the environment or predators. This kind of organism may develop specific organs or zones that may be shed or easily broken off. If the splitting occurs without the prior preparation of the organism, both fragments must be able to regenerate the complete organism for it to function as reproduction. Fragmentation, also known as splitting, as a method of reproduction is seen in many organisms such as filamentous cyanobacteria, molds, lichens, many plants, and animals such as sponges, acoel flatworms, some annelid worms and sea stars. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity. Regeneration: Page 10 of 21 Regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Many protists like amoeba that have been cut in half can grow back into complete organisms so long as enough of the nuclear material is undamaged. Several cell parts such as flagella, can also be regrown in protists. Multicellular organisms like sponge, hydra ,planaria etc possess great regenerating capacity. There is a closed correlation between regeneration and reproduction. The methods by which organisms reproduce themselves have much in common with regenerative processes. Spore Formation: Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction. Plants like ferns, moss, fungi reproduce by this method. Spores are unicellular reproductive bodies present in sac called sporangia. When spores mature sporangia burst and spores are carried to different location by air, wind, water. When spores fall on a suitable ground, they germinate and develop new individuals. Among the fungi, spores serve a function similar to that of seeds. They are produced and released by specialised fruiting bodies. Fungi produce two major types of asexual spores: sporangiopores and conidia. Sporangiospores: Fig; Sporangiophores of Rhizopus Page 11 of 21 Endogenius form and contained within a sporangium. Formed as a result of the cleavage of protoplasm around nuclei. Followed in some cases by formation of a wall around each nucleate portion of protoplasm. Characteristic of enjoy belonging to the phycomycetes, oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes. Two main types - zoopores (motile) and aplanospores ( non- motile). Page 12 of 21 . Conidia:
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