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Home , Emperor Meiji, Emperor of Japan

AND CHRISTIANITY

Ben-Ami Shillony

Emperor and the Missionaries

Although one would expect a wide gap to exist between the emperors of —allegedly the descendants and high priests of the sun god- dess Ōmikami—and Christianity, which regards polytheistic religions as pagan creeds, the modern emperors of Japan and their family members have shown an interest in the religion of the west.1 Christian offi cials and educators have occupied senior positions in the since the Taishō period, despite the nationalistic atmosphere of the 1930s and 1940s, and this phenomenon has widened after the Second World War. From the early seventeenth century until 1873, Christianity was banned in Japan as an ‘evil faith’ ( jakyō) and its believers faced the death penalty. However, the Meiji government was aware of the esteem with which the westerners treated their own religion and it often turned a blind eye to the missionaries’ illicit activities. In 1872, when Christian- ity was still prohibited, the twenty-year-old Meiji received in audience the American missionary James Hepburn and accepted from him a copy of the King James Bible.2 Later that year, the emperor, on a tour of Kyushu, visited the Kumamoto domain school for western studies ( yōgakkō), where several missionaries, working as English teachers, secretly spread the Christian gospel.3 Going out of his way, the young emperor paid a visit to the home of the chief missionary, Leroy Lancing Janes. Four years later, when the ban on Christianity was lifted, Janes converted thirty-fi ve of his students to Christianity and they formed one

1 This chapter includes some material that has appeared in Ben-Ami Shillony, Enigma of the Emperors: Sacred Subservience in Japanese History (Kent: Global Oriental, 2005). 2 William E. Griffi s, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915), p. 228. The Protestant Japanese translation was presented to him in 1898. 3 F.G. Notehelfer, American : Captain L.L. Janes and Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 172–173. 164 ben-ami shillony of the fi rst Christian groups in Japan: the Kumamoto Band.4 A decade later, Christian Japanese teachers were invited to tutor the children of the imperial family and the high nobility. In 1883 Tsuda Umeko, a devout Christian female educator, who had studied in the for eleven years, was asked to tutor the wife and daughter of the senior statesman Itō Hirobumi. According to Tsuda’s account, Itō asked her to explain to him the tenets of Christianity. After listening to her for two hours, he admitted that ‘for Japan, Christianity would be a good thing.’ In 1886, Tsuda was appointed teacher of English at the Girls’ Peers School ( jogakkō), where the daughters of the imperial family and the nobility studied.5 In September 1885, received in audience the Catholic vicar of northern Japan, Pierre Marie Osouf, who later became the archbishop of . Osouf handed the emperor a letter from Leo XIII, in which the pope thanked the emperor for the generous treatment accorded to the missionaries. The French ambassador, Joseph- Adam Sienkiewicz, who attended that audience, reported that after it was concluded, Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru confi ded to him that after adopting a constitution, Japan would also adopt Christianity.6 The prediction did not materialize, but the fact that leading Japanese statesmen said this to a foreign envoy shows that the Meiji oligarchs, despite their dedication to , con- sidered the possibility of adopting Christianity as a national religion. From their point of view, there was no contradiction between the two religions. If parochial Shinto went well with cosmopolitan Buddhism in the past, why couldn’t it go well with cosmopolitan Christianity in the present?

4 , (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 215; Nihonshi kōjiten (Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1997), p. 680. 5 Barbara Rose, Tsuda Umeko and Women’s (New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press, 1992), pp. 63–67; Linda L. Johnson, “Tsuda Umeko and Meiji Cultural Nationalism Discourse,” in Roy Starrs, ed., Japanese Cultural Nationalism (Kent: Global Oriental, 2004), pp. 53, 57; Kirisutokyō jimmei jiten (Tokyo: Nihon Kirisuto Kyōdan Shuppan-kyoku, 1986), p. 891. 6 Joseph L. Van Hecken, The Catholic Church in Japan Since 1859 (Tokyo: Herder Agency, Enderle Bookstore, 1963), p. 269; Richard Sims, French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854–95 (Richmond: The Japan Library, 1998), p. 196; Keene, Emperor of Japan, p. 398. Takeuchi Hiroshi, Rainichi seiyō jimmei jiten (Tokyo: Nichigai Associates, 1995), p. 67. Pierre Marie Osouf (1829–1906) arrived in Japan in 1878. In 1891 he became the archbishop of Tokyo.