International Antarctic Glaciological Program Activities at South Pole
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Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
The Antarctic Contribution to Holocene Global Sea Level Rise
The Antarctic contribution to Holocene global sea level rise Olafur Ing6lfsson & Christian Hjort The Holocene glacial and climatic development in Antarctica differed considerably from that in the Northern Hemisphere. Initial deglaciation of inner shelf and adjacent land areas in Antarctica dates back to between 10-8 Kya, when most Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had already disappeared or diminished considerably. The continued deglaciation of currently ice-free land in Antarctica occurred gradually between ca. 8-5 Kya. A large southern portion of the marine-based Ross Ice Sheet disintegrated during this late deglaciation phase. Some currently ice-free areas were deglaciated as late as 3 Kya. Between 8-5 Kya, global glacio-eustatically driven sea level rose by 10-17 m, with 4-8 m of this increase occurring after 7 Kya. Since the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had practically disappeared by 8-7 Kya, we suggest that Antarctic deglaciation caused a considerable part of the global sea level rise between 8-7 Kya, and most of it between 7-5 Kya. The global mid-Holocene sea level high stand, broadly dated to between 84Kya, and the Littorina-Tapes transgressions in Scandinavia and simultaneous transgressions recorded from sites e.g. in Svalbard and Greenland, dated to 7-5 Kya, probably reflect input of meltwater from the Antarctic deglaciation. 0. Ingcilfsson, Gotlienburg Universiw, Earth Sciences Centre. Box 460, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden; C. Hjort, Dept. of Quaternary Geology, Lund University, Sdvegatan 13, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. Introduction dated to 20-17 Kya (thousands of years before present) in the western Ross Sea area (Stuiver et al. -
99-00 May No. 4
THE ANTARCTICAN SOCIETY 7338 Wayfarer Drive Fairfax Station, Virginia 22039 HONORARY PRESIDENT — MRS. PAUL A. SIPLE Vol. 99-00 May No. 4 Presidents: Dr. Carl R. Eklund, 1959-61 Dr. Paul A. Siple, 1961-62 Mr. Gordon D. Cartwright, 1962-63 BRASH ICE RADM David M. Tyree (Ret.), 1963-64 Mr. George R. Toney, 1964-65 Mr. Morton J. Rubin, 1965-66 Dr. Albert R Crary, 1966-68 As you can readily see, this newsletter is NOT announcing a speaker Dr. Henry M. Dater, 1968-70 program, as we have not lined anyone up, nor have any of you stepped Mr. George A. Doumani, 1970-71 Dr. William J. L. Sladen, 1971-73 forward announcing your availability. So we are just moving out with a Mr. Peter F. Bermel, 1973-75 Dr. Kenneth J. Bertrand, 1975-77 newsletter based on some facts, some fiction, some fabrications. It will be Mrs. Paul A. Siple, 1977-78 Dr. Paul C. Dalrymple, 1978-80 up to you to ascertain which ones are which. Good luck! Dr. Meredith F. Burrill, 1980-82 Dr. Mort D. Turner, 1982-84 Dr. Edward P. Todd, 1984-86 Two more Byrd men have been struck down -- Al Lindsey, the last of the Mr. Robert H. T. Dodson, 1986-88 Dr. Robert H. Rutford, 1988-90 Byrd scientists to die, and Steve Corey, Supply Officer, both of the 1933-35 Mr. Guy G. Guthridge, 1990-92 Byrd Antarctic Expedition. Al was a handsome man, and he and his wife, Dr. Polly A. Penhale, 1992-94 Mr. Tony K. Meunier, 1994-96 Elizabeth, were a stunning couple. -
Antarctica: Music, Sounds and Cultural Connections
Antarctica Music, sounds and cultural connections Antarctica Music, sounds and cultural connections Edited by Bernadette Hince, Rupert Summerson and Arnan Wiesel Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Antarctica - music, sounds and cultural connections / edited by Bernadette Hince, Rupert Summerson, Arnan Wiesel. ISBN: 9781925022285 (paperback) 9781925022292 (ebook) Subjects: Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914)--Centennial celebrations, etc. Music festivals--Australian Capital Territory--Canberra. Antarctica--Discovery and exploration--Australian--Congresses. Antarctica--Songs and music--Congresses. Other Creators/Contributors: Hince, B. (Bernadette), editor. Summerson, Rupert, editor. Wiesel, Arnan, editor. Australian National University School of Music. Antarctica - music, sounds and cultural connections (2011 : Australian National University). Dewey Number: 780.789471 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photo: Moonrise over Fram Bank, Antarctica. Photographer: Steve Nicol © Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents Preface: Music and Antarctica . ix Arnan Wiesel Introduction: Listening to Antarctica . 1 Tom Griffiths Mawson’s musings and Morse code: Antarctic silence at the end of the ‘Heroic Era’, and how it was lost . 15 Mark Pharaoh Thulia: a Tale of the Antarctic (1843): The earliest Antarctic poem and its musical setting . 23 Elizabeth Truswell Nankyoku no kyoku: The cultural life of the Shirase Antarctic Expedition 1910–12 . -
The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty Measures adopted at the Thirty-ninth Consultative Meeting held at Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2017 Cm 9542 © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at Treaty Section, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, SW1A 2AH ISBN 978-1-5286-0126-9 CCS1117441642 11/17 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majestyʼs Stationery Office MEASURES ADOPTED AT THE THIRTY-NINTH ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 The Measures1 adopted at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting are reproduced below from the Final Report of the Meeting. In accordance with Article IX, paragraph 4, of the Antarctic Treaty, the Measures adopted at Consultative Meetings become effective upon approval by all Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meeting at which they were adopted (i.e. all the Consultative Parties). The full text of the Final Report of the Meeting, including the Decisions and Resolutions adopted at that Meeting and colour copies of the maps found in this command paper, is available on the website of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat at www.ats.aq/documents. -
A History of Tourism, Leisure and Adventure in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic, C.1895 to Present
A History of Tourism, Leisure and Adventure in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic, c.1895 to Present by Wouter Pierre Hanekom Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of History in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof Sandra Scott Swart April 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Plagiarism Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that the reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe on any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: Date: Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis deals with the nature and historical development of tourism and leisure activities that have been conducted within the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions from 1895 to present. First, it traces the brief history of human involvement with the Antarctic continent, which culminated in a surge of ostensibly scientific exploration with jingoistic overtones which has become widely known as the ‘Heroic Age’ of Antarctic exploration. These explorers’ adventures, taken up by the popular press and promoted by jingoistic governments, popularised a particular conception of the continent to the point where people imagined going to see it for themselves, vicariously reliving their heroes’ adventures in the form of tourism. The rise of formal governance on the Antarctic is then traced and used to explain how this provided for regular tourist activities to commence since the mid-1960s. -
2003-2004 Science Planning Summary
2003-2004 USAP Field Season Table of Contents Project Indexes Project Websites Station Schedules Technical Events Environmental and Health & Safety Initiatives 2003-2004 USAP Field Season Table of Contents Project Indexes Project Websites Station Schedules Technical Events Environmental and Health & Safety Initiatives 2003-2004 USAP Field Season Project Indexes Project websites List of projects by principal investigator List of projects by USAP program List of projects by institution List of projects by station List of projects by event number digits List of deploying team members Teachers Experiencing Antarctica Scouting In Antarctica Technical Events Media Visitors 2003-2004 USAP Field Season USAP Station Schedules Click on the station name below to retrieve a list of projects supported by that station. Austral Summer Season Austral Estimated Population Openings Winter Season Station Operational Science Opening Summer Winter 20 August 01 September 890 (weekly 23 February 187 McMurdo 2003 2003 average) 2004 (winter total) (WinFly*) (mainbody) 2,900 (total) 232 (weekly South 24 October 30 October 15 February 72 average) Pole 2003 2003 2004 (winter total) 650 (total) 27- 34-44 (weekly 17 October 40 Palmer September- 8 April 2004 average) 2003 (winter total) 2003 75 (total) Year-round operations RV/IB NBP RV LMG Research 39 science & 32 science & staff Vessels Vessel schedules on the Internet: staff 25 crew http://www.polar.org/science/marine. 25 crew Field Camps Air Support * A limited number of science projects deploy at WinFly. 2003-2004 USAP Field Season Technical Events Every field season, the USAP sponsors a variety of technical events that are not scientific research projects but support one or more science projects. -
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 13
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 13 Coordinates: 67°15′S 39°35′E History of Antarctica From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the natural history of the Antarctic continent, see Antarctica. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773 James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time but although they discovered nearby islands, they did not catch sight of Antarctica itself. It is believed he was as close as 150 miles from the mainland. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent. A Russian expedition was led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, a British expedition was captained by Edward Bransfield and an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer participated. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice. Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the 'Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration'. Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14, 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. -
Antarctic Ice Sheet Computer Animations and Paper Model by Tau Rho Alpha, and Alan K
Go Home U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Antarctic Ice Sheet Computer animations and paper model By Tau Rho Alpha, and Alan K. Cooper Open-file Report 98-353 fl This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this program has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy and functioning of the program and related program material, nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith. U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, CA 94025 Comments encouraged [email protected] [email protected] 1998 (go backward) <T"1 L^ (go forward) Description of Report This report illustrates, through computer animation and a paper model, why there are changes on the ice sheet that covers the Antarctica continent. By studying the animations and the paper model, students will better understand the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Included in the paper and diskette versions of this report are templates for making a papetfttiodel, instructions for its assembly, and a discussion of development of the Antarctic ice sheet. In addition, the diskette version includes a animation of how Antarctica and its ice cover changes through time. Many people provided help and encouragement in the development of this HyperCard stack, particularly Page Mosier, Sue Priest and Art Ford. -
On the Glacial History of Antarctica*
ON THE GLACIAL HISTORY OF ANTARCTICA* By J. T. HOLLlN (Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) ABSTRACT. The Antarcti c Ice Sheet responds quickly to regime changes, and time lags in its fluc tuations a re relatively small. During the Pleistocene glacial stages of the N orthern H emisphere, world-wide tempera ture reductions reduced the plasticity of the ice sheet and ma d e it thicker. The amount of thickening d ep ended on the conditions a t the ice base but it was small , for mech a nical and thermal reasons. Also, during the northern stages, a ccumulation over Antarc ti ca was probabl y less than now, but this too had little effect on the thickness of the ice sheet. The mass budget of the ice sheet alone, wi thout the ice shelves, probably remained strongly positive; the ice sheet proba bly existed throughout the Pleistocene and is unlikely to disappear in the future. T he area of the ice sheet is determined chiefly by the elevation of the "grou nding line", where the peripheral ice cliffs and ice shelves begin to fl oat. During the northern stages, world-wide lowerings of sea-level displaced the ground ing li ne downwa rds a nd northwards, a nd a llowed the ice sheet to advance b y amounts which account for nearly all the evidence for previous greater glaciations. In summa ry, the glacial history of most ice-free a reas is governed not so much by climati c as by sea-level changes. -
Brazil in Antarctica: the Scientific and Geopolitical Importance of Proantar in the Brazilian Strategic Surrounding Area
251 BRAZIL IN ANTARCTICA: THE SCIENTIFIC AND GEOPOLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROANTAR IN THE BRAZILIAN STRATEGIC SURROUNDING AREA Israel de Oliveira Andrade Leonardo Faria de Mattos Andrea Cancela da Cruz-Kaled Giovanni Roriz Lyra Hillebrand 251 DISCUSSION PAPER Brasilia, September 2020 BRAZIL IN ANTARCTICA: THE SCIENTIFIC AND GEOPOLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROANTAR IN THE BRAZILIAN STRATEGIC SURROUNDING AREA1,2 Israel de Oliveira Andrade3 Leonardo Faria de Mattos4 Andrea Cancela da Cruz-Kaled5 Giovanni Roriz Lyra Hillebrand6 1. This text corresponds to the translation of the research, published originally in Portuguese: O Brasil na Antártica: a importân- cia científica e geopolítica do PROANTAR no entorno estratégico brasileiro. Texto para Discussão n. 2425, Brasília, Ipea, 2018. 2. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Admirals Eduardo Bacellar Leal Ferreira and Marcos Silva Rodrigues, and Rear Admirals Sérgio Gago Guida and Paulo Roberto da Silva Xavier. We also thank the staff of the Secretariat of the Inter- ministerial Commission for Sea Resources (SECIRM), the PhD professors Alvaro Toubes Prata – State Secretary of Research and Development Policies and Programs of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communications (MCTIC) –, Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau and Paulo Eduardo Aguiar Saraiva Câmara – coordinators of graduate programs at the University of Brasilia (UnB) –, and Daniela Portella Sampaio (University of Leeds), as well as the researchers Luiz Gustavo de Aversa Franco, Maurício Kenyatta and Matheus Augusto Soares, of the Research Program for National Development (PNPD) at Ipea, exempt- ing them of any errors or omissions. Any remaining imperfections in the text are sole responsibility of the authors. 3. Researcher at Ipea. -
Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica Helmut Hornik and Cornelia Lüdecke
Berichte ??? / 2007 zur Polar- und Meeresforschung Reports on Polar and Marine Research Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany), 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Rückseite Titelblatt Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany) 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresfor. Xxx (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Cornelia Lüdecke, SCAR History Action Group, Valleystrasse 40, D- 81371 Munich, Germany Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .......... ................................................................................................I Figures List ....................................................................................................................V List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................VI Preface .................................................................................................................iX Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1 The Dawn of Antarctic Consciousnes J. Berguño ............................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................3