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Understanding Productivity of East African Highland Banana

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Understanding Productivity of East African Highland Banana Ky’osimba onaanya Ky’osimba onaanya: Understanding productivity of East African highland banana Understanding productivity of East African highland banana Godfrey Taulya 2015 Godfrey Taulya KY’OSIMBA ONAANYA: UNDERSTANDING PRODUCTIVITY OF EAST AFRICAN HIGHLAND BANANA Godfrey Taulya Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr K.E. Giller Professor of Plant Production Systems Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr P.A. Leffelaar Associate professor, Plant Production Systems Group Wageningen University Dr P.J.A. van Asten Systems Agronomist, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda Other members Prof. Dr P.C. Struik, Wageningen University Prof. Dr R.L. Swennen, KU Leuven, Belgium Dr E. Malézieux, CIRAD, Montpellier, France Dr K.T. Rebel, Utrecht University This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School Production Ecology and Resource Conservation - PE&RC KY’OSIMBA ONAANYA: UNDERSTANDING PRODUCTIVITY OF EAST AFRICAN HIGHLAND BANANA Godfrey Taulya Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Thursday 12 November 2015 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Godfrey Taulya Ky’osimba Onaanya: Understanding Productivity of East African Highland Banana, 167 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2015) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6257-561-5 ABSTRACT Drought stress, potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) deficiencies are major constraints to East African highland banana (Musa spp. AAA-EA; hereafter referred to as ‘highland banana’), a primary staple food crop for over 30 million people in East Africa. This study explored the main and interactive effects of water, K and N on growth and yield of highland banana. The aim was to build a crop growth model geared towards a decision support tool for managing the crop water and nutrient requirements across agro-ecological zones. Individual plant data from three on-station fertilizer response trials in central and south-western Uganda were used to quantify the effect of drought stress on banana production and explore possible interactions with nutrient availability. Cumulative rainfall within 12 months to the date of harvest (CRF12_H) was computed from daily rainfall records for each plant harvested at maturity. Average bunch weight ranged from 8.0 to 21.9 kg between trials and cycles and was 8–28% less in dry (CRF12_H ≤ 905 mm) than in normal (905 < CRF12_H ≤ 1365 mm) rainfall periods. Linear relations were observed between CRF12_H and maximum bunch weight over the whole range of observed CRF12_H (500 – 1750 mm), whereby every 100 mm decline in rainfall caused maximum bunch weight losses of 1.5 – 3.1 kg or 8 – 10%. The drought-induced yield losses in areas with annual rainfall < 1100 mm are perhaps as high as 20 – 65%. To evaluate the highland banana dry matter allocation in response to drought stress and deficiency of K and N, individual plant measurements at harvest from two fertilizer response field trials in central and south western Uganda and the cumulative rainfall received 365 days from sucker emergence (CRF12_E) were analysed. Plants that received CRF12_E < 1100 mm were considered to have grown under dry conditions; otherwise they were considered to have grown under wet conditions. The impact of drought stress on dry matter accumulation and its partitioning between above- and below-ground biomass at harvest stage was evaluated. The main findings were verified through allometric analysis of pre-harvest stage plants sampled from farms of known K and N nutritional status and plants from a screenhouse drought stress pot trial in Uganda. Fresh bunch weight for plants that received K was about 15 kg plant‒1 irrespective of whether the plant grew under dry or wet conditions. Dry conditions without K application reduced fresh bunch weight by 50% compared to when the plant grew under wet conditions. Drought stress had no effect on DM allocation but enhanced DM allocation to below-ground biomass due to K deficiency. The phenology of highland banana was evaluated to test whether highland bananas’ flowering is independent of site (Kawanda vs. Ntungamo in central and south-western Uganda, respectively) effects. A growth analysis was also done to evaluate the relative contribution of morphological (specific leaf area and leaf mass ratio) vis-à-vis physiological (net assimilation rate) components of growth rate (RGR) to mitigation of growth reduction in response to limiting supply of water, K or N. Physiological age at flowering was delayed by 739 °C d at Kawanda compared with that at Ntungamo whose chronological age at flowering was in turn 51 d older. At both sites a threshold total dry mass of 1.5 kg per plant was required for flowering. Net assimilation rate contributed at least 90% to RGR increase due to wet conditions at both sites. A soil water balance model was adapted to the highland banana cropping system from an annual cropping system simulation framework. A sensitivity analysis was done on the adapted model to identify input parameters for calibration. The model output variables were most sensitive to the rooting depth and soil water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point. The adapted soil water balance model was linked to the model for potential highland banana production (LINTUL-BANANA1) to explore the water-limited growth and yield of highland bananas in central and south-western Uganda. The model accurately predicted total dry weight (RMSE <0.09; R2 > 0.85). The drought stress yield gap across sites was 55% and was higher (74%) at Kawanda than at Ntungamo (41%). Self-mulch reduced drought stress yield gap by 10% at Kawanda, but had no effect at Ntungamo. The model needs further calibration of the soil water balance parameters defining available water capacity and crop parameters defining dry matter partitioning between the plant structures for accurate simulation of yield components. Adding nutrient limitations, especially potassium, to the model is also recommended for comprehensive evaluation of the contribution of mulch to drought stress mitigation and sustaining highland productivity in the low-input production systems of Uganda. Keywords: Drought stress, Dry matter allocation, Growth analysis, Light interception, Light use efficiency, Musa spp. AAA-EA, Phenotypic plasticity, Potassium, Uganda. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: General Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 CHAPTER TWO: Drought is a major yield loss factor for rain-fed East African highland banana --------- 9 CHAPTER THREE: East African highland bananas (Musa spp. AAA-EA) ‘worry’ more about potassium deficiency than drought stress ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 CHAPTER FOUR: Phenological development of East African highland banana involves trade-offs between physiological age and chronological age --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 CHAPTER FIVE: Simulation of the East African highland banana soil water balance: model description and sensitivity analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 CHAPTER SIX: Water-limited production of East African highland banana cropping systems: experiments and simulations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 CHAPTER SEVEN: General Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 133 APPENDICES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 SUMMARY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 159 CURRICULUM VITAE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 161 PE&RC Training and Education Certificate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 FUNDING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167 1 CHAPTER ONE 1.0. General Introduction 1.1. Importance of East African highland bananas East African highland bananas (Musa spp. AAA-EA; hereafter referred to as ‘highland bananas’), constitute over 80% of the banana cultivars in the Great Lakes region of Africa (Karamura et al., 1998). The region straddles Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and the eastern part of Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). Highland bananas are cultivated on deep, well-drained loamy soils in areas with at least
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