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Banana Cultivar Names, Synonyms and Their Usage in Eastern Africa

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Banana Cultivar Names, Synonyms and Their Usage in Eastern Africa Banana Cultivar Names, Synonyms and their Usage in Eastern Africa D. A. Karamura E. Karamura W. Tinzaara Bioversity Kampala Bioversity International is an independent international scientifi c organization that seeks to improve the wellbeing of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cuttingedge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offi ces in more than 20 other countries worldwide. Currently the Institute operates through fi ve programmes: Agrobiodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Conservation and Availability, Commodity Systems and Genetic Resources, Forest Genetic Resources, and Nutrition and Marketing Diversity The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2008, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for Bioversity’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see Bioversity’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from Bioversity’s Web site (www.bioversityinternational.org). The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Bioversity or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Citation Karamura D.A., Karamura E.B. and Tinzaara W. (editors) 2012. Banana cultivar names, synonyms and their usage in Eastern Africa, Bioversity International, Uganda. Cover photo: D. A. Karamura Bioversity International – Headquarters Via dei Tre Denari 472a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy Bioversity – Uganda P.O. Box 24384 Plot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru Kampala, Uganda © Bioversity International, 2012 Contents Foreword..................................................................................................................................vi Introduction .......................................................................................................................... vii 1 The usage of banana names in East Africa, with reference to Lujugira-Mutika sub-group (Musa AAA) ...................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Local naming of bananas in East Africa ...........................................................................3 Value of local names in the standard naming system .....................................................5 2 The current classifi cation and naming of the East African highland bananas (Musa AAA) based on morphological characteristics ................6 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................6 Basic morphological descriptors of Lujugira- Mutika subgroup ..................................7 Mbidde (Beer) clone set ................................................................................................... 12 Musakala clone set .............................................................................................................15 Nakabululu clone set......................................................................................................... 16 Nakitembe clone set ......................................................................................................... 17 Nfuuka clone set ................................................................................................................ 20 3 The local nomenclature of the East African highland bananas (Musa AAA) in Rwanda and its challenges ............................................24 Importance of bananas in Rwanda ................................................................................. 24 Banana diversity in Rwanda ............................................................................................. 25 Threats and challenges to diversity of the East African highland bananas and their conservation efforts .......................................................................................................... 26 4 The local nomenclature of other Musa AAAs in East Africa (Musa AAA ‘Gros Michel’, ‘Red’ and ‘Green Red’ cavendish) ...................................30 Gros Michel ...................................................................................................................... 30 ‘Red’ and ‘Green Red’ ....................................................................................................... 30 Cavendish bananas in East Africa .................................................................................. 32 Varietal Characteristics observed in Kenya ................................................................... 34 5 Plantains (Musa AAB) in East Africa .....................................................41 Importance of plantains ................................................................................................... 41 General description ........................................................................................................... 42 Major clones of East Africa ............................................................................................. 47 6 Apple (AAB) and Muraru (AA) bananas in East African .........................49 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 49 Diversity of Apple bananas in East Africa .................................................................... 50 iii The Musa AA ‘Muraru’ dessert banana .......................................................................... 62 Determination of the distinctness of East African AA “Muraru” ........................... 63 Description of the AA Muraru bananas ........................................................................ 64 7 Musa ABBs and some introduced hybrids .............................................70 Musa ABB cultivars in East Africa.................................................................................. 70 FHIA hybrids in East Africa .......................................................................................... 74 8 Spatial patterns of farmer-named and distinct banana cultivar diversity in the East African region .........................................................79 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 79 Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 80 Results and discussion ...................................................................................................... 80 Number of observations .................................................................................................. 82 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 90 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 90 9 Morphological and molecular methods for the classifi cation of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) ......................................................................92 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 92 Classifi cation of bananas and plantains ....................................................................... 92 Morphological taxonomy ........................................................................................ 93 Molecular taxonomy ......................................................................................................... 94 Proteins: Isozymes ............................................................................................................ 94 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ................................................................................... 95 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers .................................... 95 Random amplifi ed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) .........................................................
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