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INTERACTIVE EXPLORATION of TEMPORAL EVENT SEQUENCES Krist Wongsuphasawat Doctor of Philosophy, 2012

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INTERACTIVE EXPLORATION of TEMPORAL EVENT SEQUENCES Krist Wongsuphasawat Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: INTERACTIVE EXPLORATION OF TEMPORAL EVENT SEQUENCES Krist Wongsuphasawat Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ben Shneiderman Department of Computer Science Life can often be described as a series of events. These events contain rich in- formation that, when put together, can reveal history, expose facts, or lead to discov- eries. Therefore, many leading organizations are increasingly collecting databases of event sequences: Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), transportation incident logs, student progress reports, web logs, sports logs, etc. Heavy investments were made in data collection and storage, but difficulties still arise when it comes to making use of the collected data. Analyzing millions of event sequences is a non-trivial task that is gaining more attention and requires better support due to its complex nature. Therefore, I aimed to use information visualization techniques to support exploratory data analysis|an approach to analyzing data to formulate hypothe- ses worth testing|for event sequences. By working with the domain experts who were analyzing event sequences, I identified two important scenarios that guided my dissertation: First, I explored how to provide an overview of multiple event sequences? Lengthy reports often have an executive summary to provide an overview of the report. Unfortunately, there was no executive summary to provide an overview for event sequences. Therefore, I designed LifeFlow, a compact overview visualization that summarizes multiple event sequences, and interaction techniques that supports users' exploration. Second, I examined how to support users in querying for event sequences when they are uncertain about what they are looking for. To support this task, I developed similarity measures (the M&M measure 1-2 ) and user interfaces (Similan 1-2 ) for querying event sequences based on similarity, allowing users to search for event sequences that are similar to the query. After that, I ran a controlled experiment comparing exact match and similarity search interfaces, and learned the advantages and disadvantages of both interfaces. These lessons learned inspired me to develop Flexible Temporal Search (FTS) that combines the benefits of both interfaces. FTS gives confident and countable results, and also ranks results by similarity. I continued to work with domain experts as partners, getting them involved in the iterative design, and constantly using their feedback to guide my research directions. As the research progressed, several short-term user studies were con- ducted to evaluate particular features of the user interfaces. Both quantitative and qualitative results were reported. To address the limitations of short-term evalu- ations, I included several multi-dimensional in-depth long-term case studies with domain experts in various fields to evaluate deeper benefits, validate generalizabil- ity of the ideas, and demonstrate practicability of this research in non-laboratory environments. The experience from these long-term studies was combined into a set of design guidelines for temporal event sequence exploration. My contributions from this research are LifeFlow, a visualization that com- pactly displays summaries of multiple event sequences, along with interaction tech- niques for users' explorations; similarity measures (the M&M measure 1-2 ) and simi- larity search interfaces (Similan 1-2 ) for querying event sequences; Flexible Temporal Search (FTS), a hybrid query approach that combines the benefits of exact match and similarity search; and case study evaluations that results in a process model and a set of design guidelines for temporal event sequence exploration. Finally, this research has revealed new directions for exploring event sequences. INTERACTIVE EXPLORATION OF TEMPORAL EVENT SEQUENCES by Krist Wongsuphasawat Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Advisory Committee: Dr. Ben Shneiderman, Chair/Advisor Dr. Catherine Plaisant Dr. Amol Deshpande Dr. Lise Getoor Dr. David Gotz Dr. Jeffrey Herrmann c Copyright by Krist Wongsuphasawat 2012 Dedication To the Wongsuphasawat Family ii Acknowledgments Doing a PhD is a long, complicated and devoted journey. Of course, there were good, fun, inspiring and exciting moments; otherwise, I would not have survived long enough to be sitting here writing this dissertation. However, there were also many challenges and obstacles, which I probably would not be able to go through without the advice, inspiration and support from these people, whom I deeply appreciate. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Ben Shneiderman. Ben introduced me to the world of information visualization and inspired me to continue for a PhD after completing my Master's degree. He is a truly devoted professor who constantly inspires people around him with his passion and energy. His tremendous work in HCI is nothing short of amazing. His warmth, encouragement, creativity, depth and breadth of knowledge, and great vision had helped me greatly throughout my PhD training. He taught me how to be a good researcher and also showed how to be a good colleague and a good person. He always supported me when I was in doubt and celebrated my success with his signature \Bravo!" I am grateful and feel very fortunate to have a chance to work with and learn from him. The second person that I would like to thank is Catherine Plaisant. By working with a great researcher like her, I have learned many design principles and valuable lessons about how to work with users. In addition, her enthusiasm and energy were like triple shot espressos that could cheer me up even on a depressing rainy day. I could not remember how many times I walked to her room (which was conveniently located right in front of my cubicle) and asked for help or suggestions. She always iii helped me with smiles no matter how big or small the problem was. The work in this dissertation could not have been completed without her invaluable feedback and suggestions. Similar to Ben, it was my honor and great pleasure to work with and learn from Catherine. I am thankful to Lise Getoor, Amol Deshpande, Jeffrey Herrmann and David Gotz for agreeing to serve on my dissertation committee, for sparing their invaluable time reviewing the manuscript, and for sharing their thoughtful suggestions that help me improve this dissertation. Additionally, I would like to thank David Gotz for offering me an internship at IBM, which was a great experience that led to the spin-off Outflow project. I am also thankful for the guidance from Samir Khuller when I started working on Similan. I owe my thanks to Taowei David Wang who had helped me start my PhD student life and set many good examples for me to follow. Taking care of his LifeLines2 while he was away to a summer internship also led me to many ideas that later became LifeFlow. I appreciate his generous help and suggestions during the time I was finding my dissertation topic and preparing my proposal. I appreciate John Alexis Guerra G´omez'shelp in the development of LifeFlow and thank him for taking care of LifeFlow while I was away to a summer internship. Many new datasets were made available for analysis in the late stage of my dissertation thanks to Hsueh-Chien Cheng, who developed DataKitchen and made data preprocessing a much more pleasurable experience. My colleagues in the Human-Computer Interaction Lab have made my PhD life such a great memory. I have enjoyed every moment of our discussion, collabora- iv tion (and procrastination). I will always remember the brown bag lunches (including the free pizzas), normal lunches (which people often found me with a bag of Chick- fil-A), annual symposiums (and the green t-shirts), helpful practice talks, fruitful brainstorming sessions (aka: productive-procrastination), yummy international cui- sine tasting, relaxing late-night hangouts in the lab, entertaining discussions in the cubicles, and all other memorable activities. I appreciate the support from Mark Smith and his team from the Washington Hospital, MedStar Health and MedStar Institute for Innovation, especially Phuong Ho and A. Zach Hettinger. Without the inspirations from their medical problems, none of the projects discussed herein would have materialized. In addition, I would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant RC1CA147489 and Center for Integrated Transportation Systems Manage- ment (CITSM), a tier 1 transportation center at the University of Maryland. Many thanks to the user study participants: Phuong Ho, Nikola Ivanov, Michael VanDaniker, Michael L. Pack, Sigfried Gold, A. Zach Hettinger, Jae-wook Ahn, Daniel Lertpratchya, Chanin Chanma, Sorawish Dhanaphanichakul and Anne Rose, as well as the anonymized participants in other studies. Their precious feed- backs have contributed greatly to my research. Studying abroad and living away from the place that I had been living for my entire life was never easy. I owe my thanks to the Thai communities in Maryland and DC area for making this place feel like a home away from home. Thank you for inviting me to dinners and fun activities on weekends. I am also thankful to my friends, no matter where you are, who chatted with me when I was bored, frustrated, v or just sleepy on Monday morning. Thank you for keeping my sanity in check and reminding me every once in a while that the dissertation is only a part of my life, not my entire life. Words cannot express the gratitude I owe my family. I would not be the person I am today without the nurture of my parents, grandparents and aunt. My family always stood by me when I questioned myself on my quest to earn a PhD. Their support and guidance gave me the strengths to overcome all challenges and obstacles. They celebrated my achievements, made fun of my photos on Facebook at certain times, and embraced me with love every time I went home.
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