Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables L OGA RITH MIC A ND TRIGONOMETRIC TA BLES RE VISED EDITION PREPA RED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF EARLE RAYMO ND HEDRICK ENTIRELY RE-SET IN TYPE FAC E NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY C O YRIGH T 19 13 A ND 1920 P , , B r T H E MA CMIL L A N COMPA NY. All rights reserved— no part of this book may be reprod uced in any formwithout mi i i ritin fr m h blish r per ss on n w g o t e pu e , except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in magazine or Dewspaper. e U and electrot d . Revis edition ublish A s 192 . Re rinte S t p ype ed p ed ugut , 0 p d A ril 1924 Ma Se tember D ecember 1925 A ril June 1926 January p , ; y , p , , ; p , , ; , l 2 mbe r 1 m m Juy, 19 7 ; March , D ece 928 ; Nove ber, 1929 October Nove ber 1930 ; , ; , , A ril October 19 1 F r ar 19 2 A r 3 a m r 1933 p , , 3 ; eb u y , 3 ; p il, 193 ; M y , 1933 ; Nove be , ; July, 1935. SET UP A ND EL E CT ROT YPE D BY TH E L NC ST ER RE S S INC . L NC STER PA A A P , , A A , . PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATE S OF AMERICA H E F ERRIS RINT ING CO . NE W YORK BY T P , - 3 5 5 PREFACE The present edition of this book contains all of the tables in the r i u i i ns All have been reset in a new and ver re l ev o s e o . a p d t y dab e type . Great care has been exercised to preserve and to increase the great e r r li ili ha xiste in th revio e i i n d g ee Of e ab ty t t e d e p us d t o . For careful rea in Of the roo s either in the first roo s ma e romt or i h d g p f , p f d f ype n t e roo s m romcast lates I amin ebte to m u h r h p f ade f p , d d y da g te Elisabet n i h r L Mill r e r l a d h r h n Mr R c a . e t s ve a Of m e usba d, . d , o y own students, and to h llowin rien s in other institutions some ims wi h h t e fo g f d , t e t t e i r a h en s : Pro ess r . urrier B own ni rsi d Of t eir stu t o H . ve Pr d f C C , U ty ; o ess r i ni ersit f In iana Pro s r o H T . Dav s v O e o H . B ht f . , U y d ; f s . Dwig , M hue s Insti ute of Technolo Pr ess r B F ni assac s tt t o o . r gy ; f W. o d , U versi Of Mi hi an Pro essor A . ar in ni r i ty c g ; f M H d g, U ve s ty Of Arkansas ; Pr r Pomona olle Pr s r L h o ssor G . Jae e e o es o S n ni fe C . g , C g ; f . Jo ston, U r s r A K n ver i i Pr s s . J m s t o et o t o e o . e n r a A hin n y f D ; f p e d C . Hutc so , ni rsi f olora o Pro essor G Mullin r r ll U ve ty o C d ; f . W . s, Ba na d Co ege ol mi i r it Pr ess r L M P n h i u a n ve s o o . assa o M sa nst (C b U y) ; f , as c usetts I u h l r r t O T no o P o esso s H . L . Rietz Ros n F te f ec gy ; f , coe Woods, a d J. i w Pr ss r rs Reill ni t Of o a o e o E . E . s n I h y, U vers y I ; f Wat o , owa State Teac e ll r Falls r E . ilson mri n r o e e at e a D . a b e ass a d P o C g C d ; W W , C dg , M . ; fess r a hr n ant Athens olle e A hen Al am h Of o K t y Wy , C g , t s , ab a. Eac h s ns or rou s has rea th omlet r i h lin t e e perso g p d e c p e p oof . W t deep fee g, I may record also that the late Professor Louis Ingold of the University Of Miss uri rea the roo s u a 54 n h n m h l of o d p f p to p ge , a d ad se t e t e ast h within a wee Of his en ath n nu r 5 1 5. t ese pages k sudd de o Ja a y 2 , 93 ’ These careful readings render the possibility Of printers errors ex r ml m il h l l i n h r h an t e e y re ote . Wh e t e ca cuat o of t e p obability t at un iscovere err r exists is not simle a s ri t a un has en e t Of d d o p , t c cco t be k p each error found and of the total number not found by any one group Of rea ers so that a basis for a statistical calculation is nown : the result d , k ’ ing probability that even one undiscovered printers error exists is not mre h n one in man th usan o t a y o ds . I esire to ex ress here m than s ll tho ar ic larl those d p y k to a se , p t u y mentione abo e who hav assis e in h eff r t ma h s tables d v , e t d t e o t o ke t e e so ree romerrors and there ore s relia l now of no comarable f f f o b e . I k p me h f r rin hi li t od o secu g t s qua ty in a set Of tables . I repeat also my acknowledgment made in the original edition to man reviousl existin tabl s r i l rl h f an those y p y g e , pa t cua y t ose O Vega d of Houl urin th ro - rea in h h ha have e . D e o o w o a si te g p f d g, t se ve s s d comare these tables wi h a rea ari in a l in lu in p d t g t v ety Of exist g t b es, c d g several hi h- lace tables and h val h n r al la an g p , t e ues ave bee ec cu ted d chec e whenever a isa r mn h n o r k d d g ee e t as bee disc ve ed . Finall I i h mn n y, w s to e tio the excellent cooperation Of the editorial stafi Of the Macmillan oman un r h l ir i n r F C p y de t e ab e d ect o Of M . T . h Sutp en. E . R. HEDRICK CONTENTS EX PLANATION or THE TABLES TABLES PRINCIPALLY TO FIVE PLACES T LE MM N LO RITHMS or NUM ERS AB I. CO O GA B T LE AB Ia. T LE II A r THE TRI ONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 21—44 AB . CT UAL VALUES o G T LE III or S AND T roa INTE RrOLATION AB a. VALUES T LE O L or TRI NOMETRIC F NC AB III. COMM N OGARrrHMS THE GO U TABLE REDUc rION or DE GREES TO RADIANS T L TRI N METRIC FUN TI NS r AN LES IN RADI NS 2- 3 AB E V. GO O C O o G A 9 9 T LE I r E REE S AB Va. REDUC T ON o RADIANS To D G TABLE 94- 111 T LE I 112- 114 AB VI . L r r l M TABLE VIII. MU TIPLES o M AND o / T LE IX ND L T M r HrrERBOLIC FUNCTI NS 116- 122 AB . VALUE S A OGARI H S o O T LE L ND R T MS r VE R NES 123—125 AB X . VA UES A LOGA I H o HA SI T LE F R LE— r PRIMES 120 - 127 AB X I. ACTO TAB LOGARITHMS o T LE X IIa AB . LE X IIb C M D TAB . O POUN DISCOUNT T LE X II AMOUNT or ANNUIT r AB c.
Recommended publications
  • Elementary Functions: Towards Automatically Generated, Efficient
    Elementary functions : towards automatically generated, efficient, and vectorizable implementations Hugues De Lassus Saint-Genies To cite this version: Hugues De Lassus Saint-Genies. Elementary functions : towards automatically generated, efficient, and vectorizable implementations. Other [cs.OH]. Université de Perpignan, 2018. English. NNT : 2018PERP0010. tel-01841424 HAL Id: tel-01841424 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01841424 Submitted on 17 Jul 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale 305 – Énergie et Environnement Et de l’unité de recherche DALI – LIRMM – CNRS UMR 5506 Spécialité: Informatique Présentée par Hugues de Lassus Saint-Geniès [email protected] Elementary functions: towards automatically generated, efficient, and vectorizable implementations Version soumise aux rapporteurs. Jury composé de : M. Florent de Dinechin Pr. INSA Lyon Rapporteur Mme Fabienne Jézéquel MC, HDR UParis 2 Rapporteur M. Marc Daumas Pr. UPVD Examinateur M. Lionel Lacassagne Pr. UParis 6 Examinateur M. Daniel Menard Pr. INSA Rennes Examinateur M. Éric Petit Ph.D. Intel Examinateur M. David Defour MC, HDR UPVD Directeur M. Guillaume Revy MC UPVD Codirecteur À la mémoire de ma grand-mère Françoise Lapergue et de Jos Perrot, marin-pêcheur bigouden.
    [Show full text]
  • Generating Highly Accurate Values for All Trigonometric Functions
    GENERATING HIGHLY ACCURATE VALUES FOR ALL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS INTRODUCTION: Although hand calculators and electronic computers have pretty much eliminated the need for trigonometric tables starting about sixty years ago, this was not the case back during WWII when highly accurate trigonometric tables were vital for the calculation of projectile trajectories. At that time a good deal of the war effort in mathematics was devoted to building ever more accurate trig tables some ranging up to twenty digit numerical accuracy. Today such efforts can be considered to have been a waste of time, although they were not so at the time. It is our purpose in this note to demonstrate a new approach for quickly obtaining values for all trigonometric functions exceeding anything your hand calculator can achieve. BASIC TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: We begin by defining all six basic trigonometric functions by looking at the following right triangle- The sides a,b, and c of this triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem- a2+b2=c2 we define the six trig functions in terms of this triangle as- sin()=b/c cos( )=a/c tan()=b/a csc()=c/b sec()=c/a) cot()=b/a From Pythagorous we also have at once that – 1 sin( )2 cos( )2 1 and [1 tan( )2 ] . cos( )2 It was the ancient Egyptian pyramid builders who first realized that the most important of these trigonometric functions is tan(). Their measure of this tangent was given in terms of sekels, where 1 sekhel=7. Converting each of the above trig functions into functions of tan() yields- tan( ) 1 sin( ) cos( ) tan( ) tan( ) 1 tan( )2 1 tan( )2 1 tan( )2 1 csc( ) sec( ) 1 tan( )2 cot( ) tan( ) tan( ) In using these equivalent definitions one must be careful of signs and infinities appearing in the approximations to tan().
    [Show full text]
  • A Dual-Purpose Real/Complex Logarithmic Number System ALU
    A Dual-Purpose Real/Complex Logarithmic Number System ALU Mark G. Arnold Sylvain Collange Computer Science and Engineering ELIAUS Lehigh University Universite´ de Perpignan Via Domitia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The real Logarithmic Number System (LNS) allows advantages to using logarithmic arithmetic to represent <[X¯] fast and inexpensive multiplication and division but more expen- and =[X¯]. Several hundred papers [26] have considered con- sive addition and subtraction as precision increases. Recent ad- ventional, real-valued LNS; most have found some advantages vances in higher-order and multipartite table methods, together with cotransformation, allow real LNS ALUs to be implemented for low-precision implementation of multiply-rich algorithms, effectively on FPGAs for a wide variety of medium-precision like (1) and (2). special-purpose applications. The Complex LNS (CLNS) is a This paper considers an even more specialized number generalization of LNS which represents complex values in log- system in which complex values are represented in log-polar polar form. CLNS is a more compact representation than coordinates. The advantage is that the cost of complex multi- traditional rectangular methods, reducing the cost of busses and memory in intensive complex-number applications like the plication and division is reduced even more than in rectangular FFT; however, prior CLNS implementations were either slow LNS at the cost of a very complicated addition algorithm. CORDIC-based or expensive 2D-table-based approaches. This This paper proposes a novel approach to reduce the cost of paper attempts to leverage the recent advances made in real- this log-polar addition algorithm by using a conventional real- valued LNS units for the more specialized context of CLNS.
    [Show full text]
  • Tables of Integrals and Ot,Her Mathematical Data the Macmillan Company New York
    A Series of Mathematical Texts For Colleges Edited by EARLE RAYMOND HEDRICK TABLES OF INTEGRALS AND OT,HER MATHEMATICAL DATA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK . CHICAGO DALLAS. dTI,ANTh . BAN FRANCISCO LONDON . M*NILA BRETT-MACMILLAN LTD. TORONTO f i i TABLES OF INTEGRALS AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL DATA HERBERT BRISTOL DWIGHT, D.Sc. Professor of Electrical Machinery Massachusetts Insta’tute of Technology THIRD EDITION .New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Third Edition @ The Macmillan Company 1957 All rights reserved-no part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in magazine or newspaper. Printed in the United States of America Firsl Printing Previous editions copyright, 1934, 1947, by The Marmillan Company Library of Congress catalog card number: 57-7909 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The first study of any portion of mathematics should not be done from a synopsis of compact results, such as this collection. The references, although they are far from complete, will be helpful, it is hoped, in showing where the derivation of the results is given or where further similar results may be found. A list of numbered references is given at the end of the book. These are referred to in the text as “Ref. 7, p. 32,” etc., the page num- ber being that of the publication to which reference is made. Letters are considered to represent real quantities unless other- wise stated. Where the square root of a quantity is indicated, the positive value is to be taken, unless otherwise indicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Tables of Trigonometric Functions in Non-Sexagesimal Arguments
    Tables of Trigonometric Functions in Non-Sexagesimal Arguments Excluding the ordinary tables of trigonometric functions in sexagesimal arguments the two principal groups of such tables are those with arguments in A. Radians,—tables of this type have been already listed in RMT 81; and B. Grades. But we shall also consider tables of the trigonometric functions with arguments in C. Mils; Dl. Gones; D2. Cirs; and E. Time. B. Grades. The first stage in the evolution of the centesimal division of the quadrant was by the division of each sexagesimal degree into 100 minutes and each of these minutes into 100 seconds. This was conceived already about 1450 by Theodericus Ruffi, in a Latin codex in Munich.1 The centesimal division of the degree was also presented by Vieta in his Calendarij Gregoriani, 1600, p. "29"(Opera M athematica, 1646, p. 487). It was this source which sug- gested to Henry Briggs the choice of every hundredth of a degree as the unit in the preparation of his wonderful "sine canon";2 see RMT 79. Late in the eighteenth century the centesimal division of the quadrant was definitely in the thought of scholars then in Berlin and especially of Johann Carl Schulze (1749-1790), author of Neue und erweiterte Sammlung logarithmischer, trigonometrischer und anderer zum Gebrauch der Mathematik unentbehrlicher Tafeln [also French t.p.], Berlin, 2v., 1778. He had studied under J. H. Lambert (1728-1778) and became a member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, in which Lagrange (following Euler) was director of its mathematical section for a score of years before he moved to Paris in 1787.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Trigonometric Tables
    Student Corner – Featuring articles written by students. eatures Creating F Trigonometric Tables ARADHANA ANAND ave you tried to create your own trigonometric tables and thus join the likes of several mathematician astronomers of the past who created tables of trigonometric functions H for their astronomical calculations? Sine tables in Bhāskarācārya’s Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi The great 12th century Indian mathematician and astronomer, Bhāskarācārya II, describes the creation of sine tables in his magnum opus, the Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi, in a section named Jyotpatti [1]. The very name Jyotpatti means ‘jyānām utpattiḥ’, i.e., creation or generation of sine tables. Jyotpatti is a part of Golādhyāya (dealing with Trigonometry), which is one of the four major parts of the Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi, the other three being Līlāvatī (dealing with Arithmetic), Bījagaṇita (dealing with Algebra) and Grahagaṇita (dealing with Planetary Motion). Bhāskarācārya describes methods for creating several sine tables of varying granularities (i.e., different angle intervals: 3°, 3.75° and so on) [2], [3]. Among these is a table of approximate sine values for each integral angle in the quadrant and a table of exact sine values for all angles that are multiples of 3° in the quadrant. Bhāskara states that sine values can be determined in several ways and lists various identities to illustrate the point. Among these, he specifically highlights the usefulness of the following identities in the creation of these tables • sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (1) (verse 21) • sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B (2) (verse 22) Keywords: trigonometry, table, sine table, astronomy, Bhāskarācārya II, Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Azim Premji University At Right Angles, July 2018 5 Creating Sine tables for angles at 3° intervals Let us see how we can create a sine table for angles that are multiples of 3° using just identity (2) and the values of sin 90°, sin 45° and sin 30°.
    [Show full text]
  • Trigonometric Tables
    Trigonometric tables Trigonometric table is useful in a number of areas. It is an essential tool for navigation, science, and engineering. Here is how to create Trigonometry Table in an easy way. Trigonometry Table. Trigonometry is a branch in mathematics, which involves the study of relationship involving the length and angles of a triangle. It is generally associated with a right-angled triangle, where one of the angles is always 90 degrees. It has a wide number of application in other fields of mathematics. Here is the table with the values of trigonometric ratios for standard angles. Trignometry Table of sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec, cot is useful to learn the common angles of trigonometrical ratios are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°. The values of trigonometrical ratios of standard angles are very important to solve the trigonometrical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to remember the value of the trigonometrical ratios of these standard angles. Values of Trigonometric Ratios for Standard Angles. Calculators and tables are used to determine values of trigonometric functions. Most scientific calculators have function buttons to find the sine, cosine, and. Tables of Trigonometric Functions. Calculators and tables are used to determine values of trigonometric functions. Most scientific calculators have function buttons to find the sine, cosine, and tangent of angles. The size of the angle is entered in degree or radian measure, depending on the setting of the calculator. Table of Trigonometric Identities. Download as PDF file. Reciprocal identities. Pythagorean Identities. Quotient Identities. Co-Function Identities. Even-Odd Identities. Trigonometric Table in Sexagesimal System.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Mathematics Through History: Some Trigonometric Concepts
    The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. nd Proceedings of the 2 ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) / Ed. by M. Kokowski. Mª Rosa Massa *, Fàtima Romero **, Iolanda Guevara *** Teaching mathematics through history: Some trigonometric concepts (1) History can be useful to teach science The History of Science can provide tools so that students will be able to achieve scientific concepts successfully. As John Heilbron said in his conference History as a collaborator of Science (2003): Historical material should have a prominent place in the pedagogy of Science; but not to recall the past for itself, or for anecdotes or sugar coating, but because, for some purposes, History may be the best way to teach Science.1 In fact, the History of Science is a very useful tool to help the comprehension of mathematical ideas and concepts. Also, the History of Science is a very useful tool to help the understanding of Mathematics as a useful, dynamic, humane, interdisciplinary and heuristic science.2 On the one hand, the History of Science can be used as an implicit resource in the design of a syllabus, to choose context, mathematical problems and auxiliary sources. In addition, History can be used to program the sequence of the learning of a mathematical concept or idea. However, students do not have to accurately follow the historical sequence of the evolution of an idea, it should be remembered that the historical process of the constitution of knowledge was collective and depended on several social factors. In the past, most of the mathematicians had the aim of solving specific mathematical problems and they spent a lot of years working on them.
    [Show full text]
  • A Restructured Trigonometry Course
    A RESTRUCTURED TRIGONOMETRY COURSE Nathan Ponder Mathematics Program Lyon College Batesville, AR 72501 [email protected] 1 Introduction College students take Trigonometry for a variety of reasons. Those concentrating in the sciences and engineering typically enroll in such a course to prepare themselves for Calculus and Differential Equations. Other students take Trigonometry to sat- isfy a university requirement that they show proficiency in College Algebra and one additional mathematics course. Many universities only offer one version of Trigonom- etry, so students find themselves in a course not necessarily designed for their specific needs. In this paper I propose an arrangement of topics which might better engage a diverse audience of students in a university trigonometry class. 2 Demarcation of Trigonometric Topics College Trigonometry as we teach it today is primarily comprised of two broad areas. One deals with trigonometric functions on angles of triangles and the other with trigonometric functions on the real line. In addition, trigonometry courses typically include some related topics such as polar coordinates, parametric curves, analytic geometry, or operations on complex numbers. The author is of the opinion that, when arranging these topics for presentation, the two broad areas of trigonometry can and should be separated to reduce confusion. To capture the students’ attention it makes sense to begin the course with trian- gle trigonometry using degree measures of angles. College students have a working knowledge of the degree system even before they study trigonometry formally. They know what is meant by making a 90 degree turn and typically understand that spin- ning around once involves traversing 360 degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Group Report: a Brief History of Trigonometry for Mathematics Educators
    Adams. G. (Ed.) Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics 36(1) February 2016 Working group report: a brief history of trigonometry for mathematics educators Leo Rogers and Sue Pope British Society for the History of Mathematics (BSHM); Manchester Metropolitan University Despite the words: ‘Mathematics is a creative and highly inter-connected discipline that has been developed over centuries, providing the solution to some of history’s most intriguing problems.’ in the Purpose of Study section, the new English mathematics curriculum alludes only to Roman Numerals in the primary programme of study, and there is no further mention of historical or cultural roots of mathematics in the aims, or in the programmes of study. In contrast, the increased expectations for lower and middle attainers in the new curriculum challenge teachers to make more mathematics accessible and memorable to more learners. The history of mathematics can provide an engaging way to do this. There are also many opportunities in post-16 mathematics. Further to our recent article on quadratic equations, we use trigonometry to illustrate some of the ways that history of mathematics can enrich teaching of this topic. Keywords: history of mathematics; trigonometry; BSHM Introduction In the 2014 National Curriculum for mathematics (DfE, 2014) all KS4 (ages 14-16) students are expected to make links to similarity including trigonometric ratios, and apply trigonometric ratios to finding lengths in right angled triangles and 2D figures. Higher attainers are expected to recognise, sketch and interpret graphs of trigonometric functions for angles of any size (in degrees), and extend application of trigonometric ratios to include 3D figures, the sine and cosine rules, and the area of a triangle .
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables of the French Cadastre: a Preliminary Investigation
    The great logarithmic and trigonometric tables of the French Cadastre: a preliminary investigation Denis Roegel 11 January 2011 This document is part of the LOCOMAT project: http://locomat.loria.fr 2 3 Important notice This report is supplemented by 47 volumes of tables, each as a PDF file. These tables replicate the structure of the Tables du cadastre and are provided to ease further research. They can be found on the LOCOMAT site, or at the location http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00543946/en. 4 Contents Introduction 9 1 The Tables du cadastre 11 1.1 The decimal metric system . 11 1.2 The need for more accuracy . 15 1.3 Prony and the cadastre . 17 1.4 History of the tables . 22 1.4.1 Work organization . 22 1.4.2 Computing (1793–1796) . 28 1.4.3 Printing . 33 1.4.4 Delays . 34 1.4.5 Revival under the Consulate . 38 1.4.6 Involvement of the British government (1819–1824) . 40 1.4.7 The waning of the project (1824–1833) . 45 1.4.8 Legalization of the decimal system . 46 1.4.9 The analysis of the tables (1858) . 47 1.4.10 Going beyond the Tables du cadastre .......... 51 1.5 Reduced tables . 52 1.6 The manuscripts . 55 1.7 Going further . 57 2 Computational methods and tables 59 2.1 Interpolation . 59 2.1.1 The method of differences . 59 2.1.2 Accuracy of the interpolation . 61 2.1.3 The influence on Babbage . 62 2.2 Lagrange’s formula for ∆nf(x) .................
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Trigonometry Education in the United States: 1776-1900
    A History of Trigonometry Education in the United States: 1776-1900 Jenna Van Sickle Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2011 ©2011 Jenna Van Sickle All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT A History of Trigonometry Education in the United States: 1776-1900 Jenna Van Sickle This dissertation traces the history of the teaching of elementary trigonometry in United States colleges and universities from 1776 to 1900. This study analyzes textbooks from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, reviews in contemporary periodicals, course catalogs, and secondary sources. Elementary trigonometry was a topic of study in colleges throughout this time period, but the way in which trigonometry was taught and defined changed drastically, as did the scope and focus of the subject. Because of advances in analytic trigonometry by Leonhard Euler and others in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the trigonometric functions came to be defined as ratios, rather than as line segments. This change came to elementary trigonometry textbooks beginning in antebellum America and the ratios came to define trigonometric functions in elementary trigonometry textbooks by the end of the nineteenth century. During this time period, elementary trigonometry textbooks grew to have a much more comprehensive treatment of the subject and considered trigonometric functions in many different ways. In the late eighteenth century, trigonometry was taught as a topic in a larger mathematics course and was used only to solve triangles for applications in surveying and navigation. Textbooks contained few pedagogical tools and only the most basic of trigonometric formulas.
    [Show full text]