Socio-Geographic Distribution O Phic Distribution of Livestock and Poultry
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Socio-geographic distribution of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh- A review Huque KS* and MYA Khan Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh Abstract Bangladesh, a country of 147,570 Km2, had a total human population of 144.0 million in 2011 which is estimated as 160 million in 2015. Livestock that includes cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep and poultry such as, chicken, ducks and pigeons are important to her food and agriculture. Their total population according to Agricultural Census (2008) is 25.67, 0.54, 16.3, 1.29, 97.8, 39.43 and 7.48 million, respectively. The objective of the study was to analyse the concentration of livestock and poultry and their proportional availability to humans of different regions and their distribution to different farm categories. The average distribution range of the above animals and poultry was 19.7 to 361.7, 0.39 to 15.4, 12.4 to 359, 0.3 to 43.0, 105 to 1212, 6 to 746 and 1.5 to 190 per square kilometre, respectively; and that of human population was 86.7 to 8229/Km2. Their distribution, comparing with that of human population, that excludes the use of non-habitable land for them, shows that the average range of each farm animal and poultry available in the country was 21 to 464, 0.28 to 32.3, 8.9 to 412, 1.4 to 46.6, 72.8 to 1875, 24 to 829, and 8.9 to 198 per 1000 people, respectively. The production areas of cattle were classified into four zones (Zone A, Zone B, Zone C and Zone D), and that of each of others into three zones (Zone A, Zone B, and Zone C). They were characterized using the socioeconomic attributes of their respective zone, and the geographic distribution map of each genotype was developed and reported. The Farm household rear 85.6%, 81.0%, 75.6%, 75.8%, 75.5%, 77.5%, and 82.2%, respectively, of the total population of the above animals and poultry, respectively; and the rest is kept by the Non-Farm households. The Non-Farm and the small households together rear 73.9%, 67.1%, 82.6%, 79.9%, 82.2%, 80.2%, and 70.3%, respectively, and this shows that livestock and poultry; in addition to the production of milk, meat and eggs; support livelihood improvement of the land poor farmer in the country. However, the database of animal sourced foods (ASF) produced by them in different regions, their consumptions, wet marketing and the extent of value additions, availability of feeds and fodder, and health problems in addition to regional planning for mitigation of climate pollution of animal origin are utmost concerns for doubling of livestock and poultry production and productivity by 2030. Key words: livestock and poultry, socio-economy, geography, farm and non-farm households Bangladesh Animal Husbandry Association. All rights reserved. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (1): 65-81 agricultural production unit having cultivated land Introduction of ≥0.05 acre. They are classified into i) small, ii) Bangladesh, a flat Bengal delta country of medium and iii) large category having 0.05 to 147,570 Km2 with sixty four districts, had a total 2.49 acres, 2.50 to 7.49 acres and ≥7.50 acres of human population of 139.0 million in 2008. Hilly operated land, respectively (BBS, 2010). The rest forest canopies in the northeast and southeast, having no operated or cultivated or <0.05 acres two elevated tracts in the northern and central of cultivated land are termed as Non-Farm region, and the delta of the Bay of Bengal in the households. south and of the major rivers made variations in Cattle, Buffalo, Goat, and Sheep are the farm the topography of the country. This, in addition to animals, and Chicken, Ducks and Pigeons are the other socioeconomic factors, affects the poultry; important to food and agriculture of the availability of farm animals and poultry to country and owned by different households; were different categories of farm holdings, an enumerated during the agricultural census of *Corresponding author: [email protected] 65 Distribution of livestock in Bangladesh-A review 2008; and their total population of 25.67, 0.54, social and geographic characteristics of an 16.3, 1.29, 97.8, 39.43 and 7.48 million, individual farm animal and poultry species, like respectively in 2008 was reported according to that of cereal crops, is important and essentially districts and farm categories, and all these data required to support their further improvement were used to determine socio-geographic programmes. FAO (2005) developed the map of distribution of farm animals and poultry of livestock population density using its population Bangladesh in order to provide a clear and logical data that differ with the data of the government. presentation for further use in research and Moreover, social attributes of each of the education. livestock species were not considered in the study. The study of distribution of farm animals and poultry and their ecosystem along the geographic The present research works, thus, were gradients in a country is gradually becoming undertaken with the objectives more and more important; taking consideration i) to determine the geographic of the continuous rising of human habitations on distribution of different species of land, changes in the climate and environment, farm animals and poultry in different and increasing agrarian practices for cereal crop regions of the country, and map out productions; for supporting resource base their concentration compared to production planning. In addition, research, a human population, and methodical searching of new knowledge and ii) to determine extent of ownership of practical solutions in the form of answers to pre- different species of farm animals and set questions, on the social and geographic poultry by different social categories distribution of farm animals and poultry in the of farmers and proportional sharing country is essential for generation of production of the animals and poultry by farm practices/systems to improve production and and non-farm holdings. productivity of milk, meat and eggs. The pre-set questions of the current research work are Methodology i) what is the distribution pattern of The population data on different farm animals farm animals and poultry compared and poultry, according to farm category and to human population or households districts of the agricultural Census 2008 (BBS, along the geographic area of the 2010), the district area and human population of country ? and according to the census 2011 (BBS, 2012) were ii) how the non-farm and farm holders used as original data of the present study. All the comparatively share the farm data were inserted in the computer using animals and poultry? Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to analyse the data Taking support of the farm animals and poultry according to the objectives of the research. population of the Agricultural Census 2008 (BBS, Descriptive statistics were performed to analyse 2010), the human population census of 2011, average, maximum or minimum values, standard and district areas published by Bangladesh deviation of a set of data, scattered distribution Bureau of Statics (BBS) 2012, methodical of data on any variable or relationship between multifarious analyses were done in searching of two variables, found appropriate, were computed. new knowledge and information to support the The data on the distribution of farm animals and answers to these pre-set questions succinctly. poultry compared to human population along the Some of the published data (Huque and Sarker, districts was used to develop an animal 2014; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), population map using ArcView GIS software 2005, Jahan and Rahman, 2003) are not (version 3.2). The different districts of the sufficient to respond to the questions posed here, country were grouped according to the and they are published in various forms to concentration of animals compared to a number support the objectives of the concerned research of people, and in the present study the number of works at various extents (Mia, 2013; FAO, 1999; each species of animals for a thousand heads, for FAO, 2000). A quantitative database on different 66 Huque and Khan (2017) Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 46 (1):65-81 thousand households, or in a square kilometre of Bangladesh resulted in the difference. The land area is computed and tabulated. database of a country is important but the ongoing globalization process requires Moreover, the proportional sharing of each of the minimization of differences in databases farm animals and poultry species between Non- irrespective of their sources for strategic farm (having no or ≤0.049 acres of land) and development of regional and global animal Farm (having ≥0.05 acres of land) holders, the agriculture. percent distribution of different species of farm animals and poultry among different categories of Map 1. Cattle production zones on Bangladesh Farm holders and Non-farm holders were computed according to different districts and all 300.1-463.6 C: 103H these attributes were used to characterize 200.1-300 C: 103H different districts. Clustering of the area, 100.1-200 C: 103H according to concentration of animals helped to 21.3-100 C:103H identify production zones of each animal or poultry and based on that geographical distribution map for each of the farm animal species were developed, and reported using tables and figures. Discussion The data of the last agricultural census (Census of Agriculture, 2008) published in 2010 and that of the human population census of 2011, were used to present the innate information of livestock and poultry distribution and their availability in different regions of the country.