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The Lichen Genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida) Author(S): Frederick Seavey and Jean Seavey Source: the Bryologist, 114(4):764-784

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The Lichen Genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida) Author(S): Frederick Seavey and Jean Seavey Source: the Bryologist, 114(4):764-784 The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida) Author(s): Frederick Seavey and Jean Seavey Source: The Bryologist, 114(4):764-784. 2011. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.764 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.764 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida) Frederick Seavey1 and Jean Seavey South Florida Natural Resources Center, Everglades National Park, 40001 State Road 9336, Homestead, Fl 33034, U.S.A. ABSTRACT. In this paper we reassess 482 collections of the lichen genus Graphis from Everglades National Park using the recent world key of Lu¨cking and co-workers as the principal reference. We report a total of 31 species present in the Park. Of these, three species, Graphis brittoniae, G. elevata and G. hinnulea, are described as new to science. In addition, the following eleven species are newly reported from North America: Graphis analoga Nyl., G. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot, G. chlorotica A. Massal., G. crebra Vain., G. dendrogramma Nyl., G. filiformis Adaw. & Makhija, G. furcata Fe´e, G. modesta Zahlbr., G. neoelongata Zenker, G. renschiana (Mu¨ll. Arg.) Stizenb. and G. supracola A. W. Archer. Each species is described and discussed based upon Park collections. Notes concerning some species previously known from North America are also included where new or interesting information can be added to the literature. Conversely, species well documented elsewhere where we have nothing to add are excluded from that section. Graphis chlorotica, also new to North America but collected from outside the Park, is treated here since the key would be incomplete with its omission. Photos of all 32 species are provided including the degree of excipular carbonization. A key is provided for all species of Graphis known to occur in Florida. KEYWORDS. Mycoflora, Ostropales, taxonomy, North America. ¤¤¤ As with most wide-ranging lichen genera containing concepts was taken up by several authors (Lendemer a large number of species, the taxonomy of Graphis 2007, 2010; Lendemer & Knudsen 2008; Lendemer & Adans. prior to 2002 was badly in need of review. Yahr 2004; Tripp et al. 2010). However, still left When the family Graphidaceae was revised (Staiger undone was the revision of specific names within 2002) the genus Graphis was redefined, ultimately Graphis, the largest genus within the family. A causing most Graphina species to be merged into it worldwide analysis of the genus considered many while splitting of other members into various genera described species to be stenotypic or exhibiting little (Platythecium, Fissurina, Carbacanthographis, variation, and yet to have been described several Anomomorpha, etc.). The task of realigning North times, leading to various synonymization of names American Graphis collections with Staiger’s generic (Lu¨cking et al. 2009). Consequently, as many as six names were synonymized, bringing the genus to 1 Corresponding author’s e-mail: about 330 species. Under this revised current [email protected] treatment nearly 28% of Graphis have ranges that DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.764 extend into both hemispheres and many are now The Bryologist 114(4), pp. 764–784 0007-2745/11/$2.25/0 Copyright E2011 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. F. Seavey & J. Seavey: Graphis in the Everglades 765 regarded as pantropical. Based on this revision, we recent lichen inventory of nearby Fakahatchee Strand reevaluated the South Florida Natural Resources State Preserve (Lu¨cking et al. 2011). Center (FNPS) collection of 181 Graphis vouchers and Until 2006 the lichen flora of the Park had been added 300 plus more during a 2K year span from largely ignored. The possible reasons for this are 2008–2010. abundant. The Park is very remote and has only one The Everglades National Park is a flat expanse of drivable road often requiring collectors to wade to roughly 640,000 hectares (1.6 million acres) collection sites or to cross treacherous pineland to dominating the southern terminus of mainland reach upland hammocks. The abundance of poisonous Florida whose natural elevation does not exceed snakes, alligators, toxic plants, biting insects, heat, 3 meters above sea level. It lies wholly within a humidity and lack of shade all may be additional subtropical life zone as strictly defined by Tomlinson reasons as well as the strict permitting process to (1980). In Holdridge’s life zone classifications the collect within the Park. Furthermore, until recently tree islands and forests of the Park could perhaps best tropical and subtropical zones of the world were be considered Tropical Wet Forest (Holdridge 1947; thought to be incapable of harboring abundant lichen Holdridge et al. 1971). Although the Park is the populations when compared to temperate or sub- country’s third largest national park (excluding boreal climates (Lu¨cking et al. 2011). Although recent Alaskan parks), much of it is occupied by seasonally or ongoing lichen inventories in Costa Rica, Florida or permanently inundated graminoid prairies, which (U.S.A.), Mexico, Peru and Venezuela challenge this are largely incapable of supporting a lichen flora. preconception, the belief might have caused the area to Tree-dominated communities account for only 13– be overlooked as a worthwhile lichen habitat. 14% (88,000 hectares; 220,000 acres) of the Park’s total area (Welch & Madden 1999). These can be MATERIALS AND METHODS subdivided into pine, cypress and mangrove forests All collections were made by the authors from plus a variety of broad leaf tree islands locally known Everglades National Park except where noted and as hammocks and bayheads. Mangrove forests are were examined using standard stereoscopic and light often tidally flooded or inundated by summer rainfall microscope techniques. Sections were taken from while cypress domes and strands normally have lirellae occupying the center of the thallus. All superficial water year round at least in the central measurements given for Park lichens were made by parts. The pine forests of the Park are maintained by computer using Leica software and rounded to the wild fires or prescribed burns. The time span between nearest micron. In the accompanying key, burns rarely allows significant lichen formation measurements of species not collected by us were although neither fire consumes 100% of the taken from reference material. A 10% KOH solution vegetation. Occasional trees or rocks escaping at least was used to detect and verify the presence of one burn cycle in this habitat can host lichen anthraquinones. A 1% Lugol’s solution was colonization but overall the pine forests of the Park occasionally used to increase contrast for are lichen poor. Rock outcroppings throughout the photographic purposes. Images were taken with a Park are exclusively limestone either inorganic or Leica DFC295 camera mounted on a DM750 Leica biogenic and may be under water during the summer trinocular microscope and captured with Leica rain season. Due to all of the above, over 85% of Application Suite V3.6.0 software. The software’s lichen collections from the Park are corticolous, automatic setting was employed and may have lignicolous or foliicolous. Of these, by far the largest enhanced some of the images. No additional represented genus, in terms of species richness, is enhancement was used unless noted. The chemistry of Graphis. Considering the subtropical nature of the all 32 species occurring in the Park was verified by Park, it is no surprise that its Graphis collections TLC following Orange et al. (2001) using system C in a more closely resemble other parts of the tropical/ ratio of 170:30 toluene to acetic acid. All collections subtropical world than the rest of the continent to were made by the authors and will be deposited at the the north. This has also been demonstrated by a South Florida Collections Management Center (FNPS). 766 The Bryologist 114(4): 2011 The degree of carbonization of the exciple is an Ca´ceres & Lu¨cking, G. subamylcea Zahlbr., G. essential taxonomic character in Graphis. With supracola A.W.Archer, G. tenella Ach., G. xylophaga conventional methods we occasionally found it (R.C.Harris) Lendemer. difficult to separate lateral from complete Graphis chlorotica A. Massal. is hereby reported carbonization in certain species. Lu¨cking et al. (2009) as new to North America based on a collection from recommended inspecting sections at high power west central Florida. The species is included in our under a dissecting microscope against a white treatment since the accompanying key encompasses background. This method is sufficient in the majority all of Florida and its exclusion would make the key of cases. With the more difficult determinations as incomplete. mentioned above, we viewed sections at 1003 using dark field illumination. The increased contrast THE NEW SPECIES provided by this method leaves little doubt as to the Graphis brittoniae F.Seavey & J.Seavey sp. nov. degree of carbonization. Figs. 1A & E Although the keys presented in Lu¨cking et al.
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