Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development

Wind energy potential in using a small wind turbine

J. G. Fantidis, D. V. Bandekas*, N. Vordos and S. Karachalios Department of Electrical Engineering Kavala Institute of Technology St. Lucas, 65404 Greece [email protected]

Abstract:-The aim of this study is to outline the wind speed distribution in Greece and examine the potential of using this resource for generation of wind power in the country. Long-term wind speed data from 69 stations are analyzed in order to calculate the energy output for a small 2.5 kW installed wind turbine at each site in Greece. The Homer software was used to predict the energy production, the cost of energy and the green house gas emissions reductions. Key-words: - Renewable energy, Homer software, Wind power, Cost Of Energy, GHG Emissions

1. Introduction calculated using Homer software. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is a modelling tool that facilitates design of electric power Energy has played a vital role in the development of systems [6-7]. The assessment criterion of the analysis human being since the industrial revolution of the 18th is the electricity production. The project takes for century. The significance of energy in economic granted a small-micro wind turbine of 2.5 kW, at each development has been recognized almost universally of the 69 locations to calculate the electricity and energy consumption is an index of prosperity and production, the Cost Of Energy (COE), the Capacity standard of living of people in a country. Basic life Factor (CF) and potential emission reduction due to requirements such as water and food are also obtained the wind turbine. and transported by the energy. Hence, supplying high quality and uninterruptible energy with the lowest costs is an essential requirement. Due to climate 2. Global trends of wind energy effects, air quality issues, rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and increasing of fuel prices national Wind energy technology has developed very fast decision makers increasingly emphasize deployment during the last 20 years and wind is rapidly becoming of less carbon-intensive and more sustainable a practical source of energy for electric utilities electricity sources [1-2]. around the world (Figure 1). The recently data of wind The idea of using wind to produce work is not a new energy development on various continents indicate concept. Wind power was used, inter alia, by that the growth rates is high not only in the European windmills and sailing ships, for water pumping and Union and in the USA but also on developing irrigation and for grinding grain [3]. Wind energy is countries. In 2010 China installed almost half the clean, inexhaustible, environmentally friendly, and global market (16.5 GW) and is the new leader of sustainable source of energy. Technology of the wind power in the world (Table 1) [5]. According to extraction of power from wind with modern turbines the forecasts of the Global Wind Energy Council [8] is a well established industry, at present. According to wind energy will supply approximately the 16% of the Resch et al. the global theoretical potential of wind worldwide electricity demand. energy was estimated at 6000 EJ however the technical potential of wind energy is 600 EJ [4]. The 200000 194527 158920 installed capacity in wind energy increased 150000 approximately 67 times in the last 18 years (from 121003 100000 93908 2900 MW in 1996 to 194527 MW in 2010) [3, 5]. 74390 59467 47489 The main objective of the present work was to 50000 39363 31412 24544 17684 13450 investigate the wind energy resources and the (MW) capacity power wind Installed 7584 9842 2900 2450 4800 6115 0 potential for wind energy generation for each of the 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 69 considered sites in Greece. This paper utilizes Year average monthly wind speed data of 69 locations in Figure 1. Global installed wind power capacity Greece. The annual energy production, the economic analysis and the environmental considerations Table 1 Wind power capacity installed world wide (in MW) in the last 5 years.

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Geographic area 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Greece from 1995 to 2010 is shown in Fig. 4. In terms European Union 48122.7 56614.6 65172.3 75106.4 84339 th Rest of Europe 564 608 1022 1377 1874 of installed capacity Greece is in the 11 position Total Europe 48686.7 57222.6 66194.3 78492.4 86213 while, if population numbers are considered is in the th United States 11603 16824 25237 35086 40180 10 position. Despite the financial crisis, 121 MW of Canada 1460 1846 2369 3319 4009 wind power installed in Greece in 2010 [5]. Total North America 13063 18670 27606 38405 44189

India 6270 7845 9655 10926 13065 1400 Japan 1394 1528 1880 2085 2304 1208 1200 1087 China 2594 7845 12104 25805 42287 985 1000 Other Asian countries 392 504 633 823 985 871 746 Total Asia 10650 15787 24272 39639 58641 800 573 600 465 375 Rest of the world 1990 2228 2931 4393 5484 400 294 294 226 200 82 Total World 74389.7 93907.6 121003,3 158920.4 194527 (MW) capacity power wind Installed 28 29 29 39 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Europe has the highest total installed capacity mainly Year Figure 4. Wind energy in Greece from 1995 to 2010. in the countries of the European Union (Table 1). The

European Union has set a binding target of a 20% renewable energy contribution by 2020 [9]. Around 3. Wind resource 180 GW of onshore and offshore wind power could be installed in the European Union (estimates from the In order to calculate the power output from a wind European Commission [10] and the European Wind turbine it is necessary to collect accurate Energy Association [11]); meaning between 10 and meteorological data about the wind data in a targeted 15% of the total EU electricity demand. Leader of location. In this study the CRES [12] and the TEE- wind power in Europe is Germany followed by Spain, TCG [13] are the source for these data. CRES (Centre Italy, France and the UK (Figure 2). However, if for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving) is the population numbers are considered Denmark is the Greek national entity for the promotion of renewable pioneer in front of Spain, Portugal and Germany. energy sources, rational use of energy and energy France and the UK are low in the country rankings conservation. TCG (Technical Chamber of Greece) is (Figure 3). a public legal entity, with elected administration. It 100000 aims at developing Science and Technology in sectors 27214.7 20676.0

10000 5797.0 5660.0 5203.8 related to the disciplines of its members, for the 3897.8 3800.0 2245.0 2163.0 1428.0 1208.0 1185.0 1010.6 1000 888.0 economic, social, and cultural development of the 418.0 375.0 293.0 215.0 197.0 154.0 148.8

100 82.0 country, in accordance with the principles of 43.3 31.0

10 sustainability and environmental protection. 5.0 Installed wind power capacity (MW) capacity power wind Installed

1 0.0 0.0 In the present work 69 representative locations UK Italy Malta Spain Latvia Ireland Austria Poland Cyprus France Greece Estonia Finland Belgium Sweden Bulgaria Hungary Portugal Slovakia Slovenia

Romania covering all areas of Greece have been identified for Denmark Germany Lithuania Netherlands Luxembourg

Czech Republic Czech wind potential resource assessment. The average Country monthly and yearly wind speeds at these locations are Figure 2. European Union installed wind power given in Table 2. The geography in terms of latitude capacities at the end of 2010. and longitude are also presented in the same table. In

the present study, wind turbine of 2.5 kW from Wind

Energy Solution is used. The wind power curve of the 800

686.6 WES 5 Tulipo wind machine is shown in Fig. 5. WES 600 5 Tulipo, has 5 m rotor diameter and 10 m of tower

449.6 [14].

400 366.4 332.7 319.6 231.6 200

135.4 Table 2. Long-term mean values of wind speed for 69 120.7 111.0 106.9 102.1 96.1 87.5 86.2 83.9 81.9 inhabitants (kW/1000 inhab) 49.6 46.3 36.8 31.0 29.3 Wind power capacity per 1000 20.5 19.5 13.8 locations in Greece. 0 0.0 0.9 0.0 UK

Italy N. City Latitude Longitude Average Malta Spain Latvia Ireland Austria Poland France Cyprus Finland Greece Estonia Belgium Bulgaria Sweden Portugal Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Lithuania Romania Denmark Germany N E Netherlands Luxembourg

Czech Republic 1 Agchialos 39° 13’ 22° 48’ 2.650 Country 2 Agria 39° 30’ 23° 00’ 4.389 Figure 3. Wind power capacity per 1000 EU 3 38° 37’ 21° 23’ 1.917 inhabitants in 2010. 4 Alexandroupolis 40° 51’ 25° 56’ 3.642 5 38° 23’ 23° 06’ 4.564 Greece has considerable wind energy potential 6 Andravida 37° 55’ 21° 17’ 2.533 because of its geographical characteristics, such as its 7 Araxos 38° 09’ 21° 25’ 2.683 8 Argos/Pirgela 37° 36’ 22° 47’ 3.963 shoreline (the maximum in the Europe) and the many 9 Argostoli 38° 11’ 20° 29’ mountains. The development of wind energy in 3.292

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N. City Latitude Longitude Average N E 10 Arta 37° 47’ 20° 54’ 3.396 11 Athens/Filadelfia 38° 03’ 23° 40’ 4.557 12 Athens/Hellenkion 37° 54’ 23° 45’ 3.650 13 Chalkida 38° 28’ 23° 36’ 2.750 14 Chania 35° 29’ 24° 07’ 3.517 15 Chios 38° 28’ 26° 08’ 4.525 16 Chrysopouli 40° 54’ 24° 36’ 2.542 17 Elefsina 38° 10’ 23° 60’ 3.167 18 40° 48’ 21° 26’ 1.958 19 Ierapetra 35° 00’ 25° 44’ 4.725 Figure 5. Wind power curve of WES % Tulipo wind 20 Ioannina 39° 42’ 20° 49’ 3.438 turbine. 21 Iraklion 35° 20’ 25° 11’ 4.783 22 Kalamata 37° 04’ 22° 00’ 2.758 In order to characterize the wind regimes HOMER 23 39° 22’ 20° 48’ 2.592 uses the two-parameter Weibull distribution. The 24 Karistos 38° 01’ 24° 25’ 5.883 25 38° 54’ 21° 47’ probability density function is given by the equation: 4.300 26 Kastoria 40° 27’ 21° 17’ 1.508 kk−1 27 Kavala 40° 90’ 24° 40’ 4.643 kv  v 28 Kerkira 39° 37’ 19° 55’ 2.317 fv( )=  exp −  (1) 29 Kissamos 35° 50’ 23° 70’ 5.214 cc  c 30 Kithira 36° 17’ 23° 10’ 5.717 31 Komotini 40° 18’ 21° 47’ 3.008 32 Korinthos/Velo 40° 03’ 20° 45’ where: v is the wind speed (m/s), k is the Weibull 2.675 shape factor (unitless) and c is the Weibull scale 33 Kos 36° 47’ 27° 04’ 5.100 34 Kozani 40° 18’ 21° 47’ 3.089 parameter (m/s). The cumulative distribution function 35 38° 51’ 22° 24’ 3.648 is given by the following equation: 36 Lankadas 40° 60’ 23° 20’ 4.014 37 Larisa 39° 39’ 22° 27’ k 1.692 v 38 Leukada 38° 50’ 20° 43’ 3.175 Fv( )=−− 1 exp  (2) 39 Limnos 39° 55’ 25° 14’  4.975 c 40 Methoni 36° 50’ 21° 42’ 5.125 41 Milos 36° 43’ 24° 27’ 6.750 42 Mitilini 39° 04’ 26° 36’ 4.717 The following equation relates the two Weibull 43 Naxos 37° 06’ 25° 23’ 6.833 parameters and the average wind speed: 44 Neapoli 36° 50’ 23° 10’ 5.043 45 Paros 37° 01’ 25° 08’ 5.750 1 46 Patra 38° 15’ 21° 44’ 2.367 vc=Γ+1 (3) 47 Pirgos 37° 40’ 21° 18’ 2.458 κ 48 Poligiros 40° 23’ 23° 26’ 2.108 49 Preveza 39° 00’ 20° 80’ 3.617 where: Γ is the gamma function. 50 Rethimno 35° 21’ 24° 31’ 3.900 51 Rhodes 36° 24’ 28° 07’ Finally, HOMER calculates the yearly energy 4.617 production (YEP) using the following equation: 52 Samos 37° 42’ 26° 55’ 5.567 53 Serres 41° 05’ 23° 34’ 1.517 vC= 54 Sikiwna 38° 00’ 22° 70’ 3.963 out 55 Siros 37° 25’ 24° 57’ 6.925 YEPv(m )=∑ f ( v ) ×× Pv ( ) 8760 (4) 56 Sitia 35° 12’ 26° 06’ 5.271 vC= in 57 Skiros 38° 54’ 24° 33’ 5.500 58 Souda 35° 33’ 24° 07’ 3.683 where vm is the average wind speed, Cin is the Cut-in 59 Sparti 37° 04’ 22° 25’ 1.825 60 38° 19’ 23° 33’ speed of the wind turbine, Cout is the Cut-out speed of 3.000 the wind turbine, P(v) is the turbine power at wind 61 Thessaloniki 40° 31’ 22° 58’ 2.983 62 Thira 36° 25’ 25° 24’ 5.369 speed v, f(v) is the Weibull probability function for 63 Trikala Thessalias 39° 33’ 21° 46’ 3.396 wind speed v, calculated for the average wind speed 64 Trikala Imathias 40° 36’ 22° 33’ 3.128 vm [15]. 65 Tripoli 37° 32’ 22° 24’ 2.517 66 Tymbakion 35° 00’ 24° 46’ 5.378 67 Xanthi 41° 08’ 24° 53’ 3.420 68 Yition 36° 08’ 22° 60’ 4.767 69 Zakinthos 39° 10’ 21° 00’ 4.745

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Zakinthos 6205 Zakinthos 0.283 Yition 6227 Yition 0.284 Xanthi 2663 Tymbakion 7960 Xanthi 0.122 Tripoli 941 Tymbakion 0.363 Trikala Imathias 2100 Trikala Thessalias 2593 Tripoli 0.043 Thira 7860 Trikala Imathias 0.096 Thessaloniki 1775 Tanagra 1799 Trikala Thessalias 0.118 Sparti 258 Thira 0.359 Souda 3269 Thessaloniki 0.081 Skiros 8145 Sitia 7619 Tanagra 0.082 Siros 11330 Sparti 0.012 Sikiwna 4031 Serres 120 Souda 0.149 Samos 8361 Skiros 0.372 Rhodes 5792 Sitia 0.348 Rethimno 3884 Preveza 3171 Siros 0.517 Poligiros 507 Sikiwna 0.184 Pirgos 895 Patra 776 Serres 0.005 Paros 8718 Samos 0.382 Neapoli 6957 Rhodes 0.264 Naxos 11152 Mitilini 6088 Rethimno 0.177 Milos 10880 Preveza 0.145 Methoni 7279 Limnos 6787 Poligiros 0.023 Leukada 2181 Pirgos 0.041 Larisa 198 Lankadas 4130 Patra 0.035 Lamia 3190 Paros 0.398 Kozani 1996

Area Neapoli 0.318 Kos 7198 Korinthos 1211 Naxos 0.509 Komotini 1834 Mitilini 0.278 Kithira 8667 Kissamos 7467 Milos 0.497 Kerkira 704 Methoni 0.332 Kavala 5884 Limnos 0.310 Kastoria 113 Karpenisi 4906 Leukada 0.100 Karistos 9197 Larisa 0.009 Karditsa 1096 Kalamata 1353 Lankadas 0.189 Iraklion 6338 Lamia 0.146 Ioannina 2695

Area Kozani 0.091 Ierapetra 6097 Florina 374 Kos 0.329 Elefsina 2165 Korinthos 0.055 Chrysopouli 1009 Chios 5542 Komotini 0.084 Chania 2940 Kithira 0.396 Chalkida 1339 0.341 Athens/Hellenkion 3275 Kissamos Athens/Filadelfia 5647 Kerkira 0.032 Arta 2593 Kavala 0.269 Argostoli 2407 Argos/Pirgela 4031 Kastoria 0.005 Araxos 1235 Karpenisi 0.224 Andravida 1006 Aliartos 5667 Karistos 0.420 Alexandroupoli 3217 Karditsa 0.050 Agrinio 331 Kalamata 0.062 Agria 5182 Agchialos 1175 Iraklion 0.289 Ioannina 0.123 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Ierapetra 0.278 Production (kWh/year) Florina 0.017 Elefsina 0.099 Chrysopouli 0.046 Chios 0.253 Chania 0.134 Chalkida 0.061 Figure 6. Annual energy production for 69 locations Athens/Hellenkion 0.150 Athens/Filadelfia 0.258 in Greece. Arta 0.118 Argostoli 0.110 Argos/Pirgela 0.184 Araxos 0.056 Andravida 0.046 Aliartos 0.259 Zakinthos 7651 Alexandroupoli 0.147 Yition 7642 Xanthi 6773 Agrinio 0.015 Tymbakion 7922 Agria 0.237 Tripoli 5367 Agchialos 0.054 Trikala Imathias 6332 Trikala Thessalias 6732 Thira 7909 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 Thessaloniki 6104 Tanagra 6154 CF Sparti 3390 Souda 7009 Skiros 7916 Sitia 7885 Siros 8213 Sikiwna 7207 Figure 8. CF for 69 locations in Greece. Serres 2187 Samos 7942 Rhodes 7634 Rethimno 7125 Preveza 6871 Poligiros 4150 Pirgos 5183 Patra 4972 4. Economic analysis of hybrid energy Paros 8042 Neapoli 7782 Naxos 8195 Mitilini 7644 systems Milos 8178 Methoni 7755 Limnos 7736 Leukada 6359 Larisa 2818 Lankadas 7269 Lamia 6971 Kozani 6263 HOMER defines the levelized COE as the average Area Kos 7741 Korinthos 5632 Komotini 6142 cost/kWh of useful electrical energy produced by the Kithira 7972 Kissamos 7864 Kerkira 4859 Kavala 7631 system. In order to calculate the COE, HOMER Kastoria 2109 Karpenisi 7417 Karistos 8050 divides the annualized cost of producing electricity by Karditsa 5456 Kalamata 5775 Iraklion 7609 Ioannina 6773 the total useful electric energy production. The Ierapetra 7638 Florina 3734 Elefsina 6343 equation for the COE is as follows: Chrysopouli 5361 Chios 7570 Chania 6753 Chalkida 5760 Athens/Hellenkion 6898 Cann, tot Athens/Filadelfia 7587 Arta 6732 COE = (5) Argostoli 6540 Argos/Pirgela 7207 ++ Araxos 5643 EEEprim, AC prim ,, DC grid sales Andravida 5318 Aliartos 7597 Alexandroupoli 6929 Agrinio 3675 Agria 7501 where Cann,tot is the total annualized cost (€/yr), Eprim,AC Agchialos 5586

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 is AC primary load served (kWh/year), Eprim,DC is DC primary load served (kWh/year), E is total grid Hours of operation grid,sales sales (kWh/year). The initial capital cost, replacement cost, maintenance cost and lifetime of wind turbine is Figure 7. Hours of operations of the wind turbine. given in Table 3 [16]. The project life time has been

considered to be 15 yr and the annual real interest rate has been taken as 5%.

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COE (€/kWh) produce more energy during winter. Notably, the data 0.01 0.1 1 10 also shows that there is a considerable variation of the

Zakinthos 0.059 monthly average wind speed during summer. Yition 0.059 Xanthi 0.137 According to the data the Aegean Archipelago islands, Tymbakion 0.046 Tripoli 0.389 Trikala Imathias 0.174 especially Cyclades and Dodecanese, which are island Trikala Thessalias 0.141 Thira 0.047 complexes belonging in the South Aegean Prefecture Thessaloniki 0.206 Tanagra 0.203 and located in the south-eastern region of Greece and Sparti 1.418 Souda 0.112 the European Union possesses excellent wind Skiros 0.045 Sitia 0.048 Siros 0.032 potential. Is very interesting the fact that in most of Sikiwna 0.091 Serres 3.048 these islands the electricity production cost is Samos 0.044 Rhodes 0.063 extremely high (e.g. 0.5 h/kWh) [17]. Rethimno 0.094 Preveza 0.115 The electricity from the wind turbine, the number of Poligiros 0.721 Pirgos 0.409 Patra 0.471 hours of the year during which the wind turbine Paros 0.042 Neapoli 0.053 output was greater than zero, and the CF for the 69 Naxos 0.033 Mitilini 0.060 locations are given in Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 Milos 0.034 Methoni 0.050 respectively. According to the results Crete, Cyclades Limnos 0.054 Leukada 0.168 Larisa 1.847 and Dodecanese prefectures are the more attractive Lankadas 0.089 Lamia 0.115 areas. The lowest energy and CFs values are obtained

Area Kozani 0.183 Kos 0.051 in the North and (Thrace, Macedonia, Korinthos 0.302 Komotini 0.199 Thessalia and Epirus). Kithira 0.042 Kissamos 0.049 Kerkira 0.520 The COE is an important parameter in every power Kavala 0.062 Kastoria 3.237 system. As depicted in Fig. 9, the results show that the Karpenisi 0.075 Karistos 0.040 Aegean Archipelago islands (Crete, Cyclades and Karditsa 0.334 Kalamata 0.270 Dodecanese) have the lowest production cost of about Iraklion 0.058 Ioannina 0.136 Ierapetra 0.060 0.06 €/kWh while the areas in the North Greece have Florina 0.978 Elefsina 0.169 the higher cost (Kastoria 3.237 €/kWh). For the Chrysopouli 0.362 Chios 0.066 comparison the electricity price for the domestic users Chania 0.124 Chalkida 0.273 in all Greece is approximately 0.1 €/kWh [18]. From Athens/Hellenkion 0.112 Athens/Filadelfia 0.065 Arta 0.141 69 investigated areas the 32 has COE lower than 0.1 Argostoli 0.152 Argos/Pirgela 0.091 €/kWh so in these areas the installation of small Araxos 0.296 Andravida 0.364 turbine is financially sound. Aliartos 0.065 Alexandroupoli 0.114 Replacing energy generated by conventional methods Agrinio 1.105 Agria 0.071 Agchialos 0.311 with small wind turbines could provide further benefits to Greece in the form of reduced emissions of Figure 9. Cost of energy (COE). priority air pollutants and green house gas (GHG) as

the wind turbines has zero GHG emissions. The

Homer is capable of estimating the amount of GHG Table 3 Costs in connection with the WES 5 Tulipo which could be avoided as a result of usage of wind wind turbine. generators [19] [20]. Calculation of the annual Characteristics Wind turbine reduction in GHG emissions-estimated to occur if the Model WES 5 Tulipo proposed WES 5 Tulipo wind turbine is implemented Power 3 kW -was performed. The amount of GHG reduction for Life time 15 year the 69 locations is presented in Fig. 10. Based on Fig. Price 5000$/turbine 10 the highest GHG emissions mitigation of 11.22 Replacement 4000$/turbine tons/year was observed at Skiros. Maintenance 50$/turbine 6. Conclusion

5. Results and discussion Greece has high energy production potential for wind turbine power plants. This paper presented an Given the wind speed data at a certain site, the Homer extended study for placement a small 2.5 kW wind calculates the net energy output of the wind turbine. turbine in Greece. The long-term meteorological The long-term seasonal variation of wind speed at 69 parameters for each of the 69 considered sites in locations is examined in Table 2. As it can be seen Greece from CRES and TEE-TCG are analyzed and from the Table 2, wind speeds are generally higher the results corroborate that Greece has a high content during the months November to March as compared of wind power potential all over the year. to other months. This indicates that a wind generator

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Zakinthos 6.14 Yition 6.16 Xanthi 2.64 Figure 10. Green house gases reduction due usage of Tymbakion 7.88 Tripoli 0.93 Trikala Imathias 2.08 PV systems for different locations. Trikala Thessalias 2.57 Thira 7.78 Thessaloniki 1.76 Tanagra 1.78 Sparti 0.26 Souda 3.24 Skiros 8.06 The trend shows that wind speeds are relatively low in Sitia 7.54 Siros 11.22 Sikiwna 3.99 Serres 0.12 the north Greece and increases to relatively high Samos 8.28 Rhodes 5.73 Rethimno 3.85 speeds in the south. Preveza 3.14 Poligiros 0.50 Pirgos 0.89 Patra 0.77 The results of energy production analysis show that Paros 8.63 Neapoli 6.89 Naxos 11.04 Mitilini 6.03 the Agean Archipelago Islands have the maximum Milos 10.77 Methoni 7.21 Limnos 6.72 values of renewable energy production and CF. Based Leukada 2.16 Larisa 0.20 Lankadas 4.09 Lamia 3.16 on economical indicators, although the small wind Area Kozani 1.98 Kos 7.13 Korinthos 1.20 turbines are not that competitive as the bigger Komotini 1.82 Kithira 8.58 Kissamos 7.39 Kerkira 0.70 generators, 32 areas have COE lower than the Kavala 5.83 Kastoria 0.11 Karpenisi 4.86 electricity price for the domestic users. From Karistos 9.11 Karditsa 1.09 Kalamata 1.34 Iraklion 6.27 environmental point of view, it was calculated the Ioannina 2.67 Ierapetra 6.04 Florina 0.37 Elefsina 2.14 quantity of green house gases can be avoided entering Chrysopouli 1.00 Chios 5.49 Chania 2.91 into the local atmosphere each year. Chalkida 1.33 Athens/Hellenkion 3.24 Athens/Filadelfia 5.59 Arta 2.57 Argostoli 2.38 Argos/Pirgela 3.99 Araxos 1.22 Andravida 1.00 Aliartos 5.61 Alexandroupoli 3.18 Agrinio 0.33 Agria 5.13 Agchialos 1.16

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