Wind Energy Potential in Greece Using a Small Wind Turbine
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development Wind energy potential in Greece using a small wind turbine J. G. Fantidis, D. V. Bandekas*, N. Vordos and S. Karachalios Department of Electrical Engineering Kavala Institute of Technology St. Lucas, 65404 Greece [email protected] Abstract:-The aim of this study is to outline the wind speed distribution in Greece and examine the potential of using this resource for generation of wind power in the country. Long-term wind speed data from 69 stations are analyzed in order to calculate the energy output for a small 2.5 kW installed wind turbine at each site in Greece. The Homer software was used to predict the energy production, the cost of energy and the green house gas emissions reductions. Key-words: - Renewable energy, Homer software, Wind power, Cost Of Energy, GHG Emissions 1. Introduction calculated using Homer software. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is a modelling tool that facilitates design of electric power Energy has played a vital role in the development of systems [6-7]. The assessment criterion of the analysis human being since the industrial revolution of the 18th is the electricity production. The project takes for century. The significance of energy in economic granted a small-micro wind turbine of 2.5 kW, at each development has been recognized almost universally of the 69 locations to calculate the electricity and energy consumption is an index of prosperity and production, the Cost Of Energy (COE), the Capacity standard of living of people in a country. Basic life Factor (CF) and potential emission reduction due to requirements such as water and food are also obtained the wind turbine. and transported by the energy. Hence, supplying high quality and uninterruptible energy with the lowest costs is an essential requirement. Due to climate 2. Global trends of wind energy effects, air quality issues, rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and increasing of fuel prices national Wind energy technology has developed very fast decision makers increasingly emphasize deployment during the last 20 years and wind is rapidly becoming of less carbon-intensive and more sustainable a practical source of energy for electric utilities electricity sources [1-2]. around the world (Figure 1). The recently data of wind The idea of using wind to produce work is not a new energy development on various continents indicate concept. Wind power was used, inter alia, by that the growth rates is high not only in the European windmills and sailing ships, for water pumping and Union and in the USA but also on developing irrigation and for grinding grain [3]. Wind energy is countries. In 2010 China installed almost half the clean, inexhaustible, environmentally friendly, and global market (16.5 GW) and is the new leader of sustainable source of energy. Technology of the wind power in the world (Table 1) [5]. According to extraction of power from wind with modern turbines the forecasts of the Global Wind Energy Council [8] is a well established industry, at present. According to wind energy will supply approximately the 16% of the Resch et al. the global theoretical potential of wind worldwide electricity demand. energy was estimated at 6000 EJ however the technical potential of wind energy is 600 EJ [4]. The 200000 194527 158920 installed capacity in wind energy increased 150000 approximately 67 times in the last 18 years (from 121003 100000 93908 2900 MW in 1996 to 194527 MW in 2010) [3, 5]. 74390 59467 47489 The main objective of the present work was to 50000 39363 31412 24544 17684 13450 investigate the wind energy resources and the (MW) capacity power wind Installed 7584 9842 2900 2450 4800 6115 0 potential for wind energy generation for each of the 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 69 considered sites in Greece. This paper utilizes Year average monthly wind speed data of 69 locations in Figure 1. Global installed wind power capacity Greece. The annual energy production, the economic analysis and the environmental considerations Table 1 Wind power capacity installed world wide (in MW) in the last 5 years. ISBN: 978-1-61804-157-9 25 Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development Geographic area 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Greece from 1995 to 2010 is shown in Fig. 4. In terms European Union 48122.7 56614.6 65172.3 75106.4 84339 th Rest of Europe 564 608 1022 1377 1874 of installed capacity Greece is in the 11 position Total Europe 48686.7 57222.6 66194.3 78492.4 86213 while, if population numbers are considered is in the th United States 11603 16824 25237 35086 40180 10 position. Despite the financial crisis, 121 MW of Canada 1460 1846 2369 3319 4009 wind power installed in Greece in 2010 [5]. Total North America 13063 18670 27606 38405 44189 India 6270 7845 9655 10926 13065 1400 Japan 1394 1528 1880 2085 2304 1208 1200 1087 China 2594 7845 12104 25805 42287 985 1000 Other Asian countries 392 504 633 823 985 871 746 Total Asia 10650 15787 24272 39639 58641 800 573 600 465 375 Rest of the world 1990 2228 2931 4393 5484 400 294 294 226 200 82 Total World 74389.7 93907.6 121003,3 158920.4 194527 (MW) capacity power wind Installed 28 29 29 39 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Europe has the highest total installed capacity mainly Year Figure 4. Wind energy in Greece from 1995 to 2010. in the countries of the European Union (Table 1). The European Union has set a binding target of a 20% renewable energy contribution by 2020 [9]. Around 3. Wind resource 180 GW of onshore and offshore wind power could be installed in the European Union (estimates from the In order to calculate the power output from a wind European Commission [10] and the European Wind turbine it is necessary to collect accurate Energy Association [11]); meaning between 10 and meteorological data about the wind data in a targeted 15% of the total EU electricity demand. Leader of location. In this study the CRES [12] and the TEE- wind power in Europe is Germany followed by Spain, TCG [13] are the source for these data. CRES (Centre Italy, France and the UK (Figure 2). However, if for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving) is the population numbers are considered Denmark is the Greek national entity for the promotion of renewable pioneer in front of Spain, Portugal and Germany. energy sources, rational use of energy and energy France and the UK are low in the country rankings conservation. TCG (Technical Chamber of Greece) is (Figure 3). a public legal entity, with elected administration. It 100000 aims at developing Science and Technology in sectors 27214.7 20676.0 10000 5797.0 5660.0 5203.8 related to the disciplines of its members, for the 3897.8 3800.0 2245.0 2163.0 1428.0 1208.0 1185.0 1010.6 1000 888.0 economic, social, and cultural development of the 418.0 375.0 293.0 215.0 197.0 154.0 148.8 100 82.0 country, in accordance with the principles of 43.3 31.0 10 sustainability and environmental protection. 5.0 Installed wind power capacity (MW) capacity power wind Installed 1 0.0 0.0 In the present work 69 representative locations UK Italy Malta Spain Latvia Ireland Austria Poland Cyprus France Greece Estonia Finland Belgium Sweden Bulgaria Hungary Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Romania covering all areas of Greece have been identified for Denmark Germany Lithuania Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic Czech wind potential resource assessment. The average Country monthly and yearly wind speeds at these locations are Figure 2. European Union installed wind power given in Table 2. The geography in terms of latitude capacities at the end of 2010. and longitude are also presented in the same table. In the present study, wind turbine of 2.5 kW from Wind Energy Solution is used. The wind power curve of the 800 686.6 WES 5 Tulipo wind machine is shown in Fig. 5. WES 600 5 Tulipo, has 5 m rotor diameter and 10 m of tower 449.6 [14]. 400 366.4 332.7 319.6 231.6 200 135.4 Table 2. Long-term mean values of wind speed for 69 120.7 111.0 106.9 102.1 96.1 87.5 86.2 83.9 81.9 inhabitants (kW/1000 inhab) 49.6 46.3 36.8 31.0 29.3 Wind power capacity per 1000 20.5 19.5 13.8 locations in Greece. 0 0.0 0.9 0.0 UK Italy N. City Latitude Longitude Average Malta Spain Latvia Ireland Austria Poland France Cyprus Finland Greece Estonia Belgium Bulgaria Sweden Portugal Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Lithuania Romania Denmark Germany N E Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic 1 Agchialos 39° 13’ 22° 48’ 2.650 Country 2 Agria 39° 30’ 23° 00’ 4.389 Figure 3. Wind power capacity per 1000 EU 3 Agrinio 38° 37’ 21° 23’ 1.917 inhabitants in 2010. 4 Alexandroupolis 40° 51’ 25° 56’ 3.642 5 Aliartos 38° 23’ 23° 06’ 4.564 Greece has considerable wind energy potential 6 Andravida 37° 55’ 21° 17’ 2.533 because of its geographical characteristics, such as its 7 Araxos 38° 09’ 21° 25’ 2.683 8 Argos/Pirgela 37° 36’ 22° 47’ 3.963 shoreline (the maximum in the Europe) and the many 9 Argostoli 38° 11’ 20° 29’ mountains. The development of wind energy in 3.292 ISBN: 978-1-61804-157-9 26 Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development N.