Matean Ołbergut‛Ean – Das „Buch Der Klagelieder“

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Matean Ołbergut‛Ean – Das „Buch Der Klagelieder“ Matean ołbergut‛ean – das „Buch der Klagelieder“ Eine Konzeption aus der Klosterschule von Narek als eine Praktik der kulturellen Selbstverortung in dem sich transformierenden armenischen Kulturraum des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts Dissertation zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von Mekhak Ayvazyan aus Jerewan (Armenien) Göttingen 2011 Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einleitung................................................................................................................. 4 1. Zum „Buch der Klagelieder“ .................................................................................... 7 2. Reproduktion der Handschriften ............................................................................ 11 3. Forschungsstand zur Klosterschule von Narek ...................................................... 17 4. Methodische Orientierung ...................................................................................... 20 II. Formierung und Transformation des politischen und religiösen Feldes ....... 31 1. Fundierung der politischen Ordnung ...................................................................... 31 2. Transformation, Spannungsfelder, Grenzmarkierungen ........................................ 58 3. Konfessionelle Asymmetrien ................................................................................. 70 4. Antihäretische Diskursorganisation ....................................................................... 77 5. Positionsbestimmung der Kirchenpolitik ............................................................... 86 III. Gründung des monastischen Orts .................................................................... 95 1. Ausformung des Mönchtums ................................................................................. 95 2. Entwurf der monastischen Lebensform und des monastischen Wirkraums ........ 104 3. Monastische Deutungsformen der Lebenswelt .................................................... 123 4. Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................ 132 IV. Denkstile der Klosterschule von Narek: Reproduktion der kulturellen Sinnform ........................................................................................................ 134 1. Die Klosterschule als wissenschaftliche Deutungsinstanz ................................... 134 2. Theologisch-politische Exegese und Symbolisierung: Anania von Narek .......... 147 3. Kontinuität des Wissens: Kommentar zum Hohelied .......................................... 155 4. Wirkungsbereich der religiös-kultischen Poesie: Gregor von Narek ................... 164 2 5. Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................ 169 V. Konzeption des Matean und seine repräsentative Funktion in der Gesellschaft ...................................................................................................... 172 1. Problematik der Homogenität .............................................................................. 172 2. Transformation des monastischen Milieus. Entstehungssituation des Matean .... 187 3. Allgemeine Bemerkungen zum Matean ............................................................... 204 3.1 Thematische Verortung im monastischen Milieu ....................................... 209 3.2 Realisierung der Konzeption: Inhalt und Aufbau ....................................... 218 4. Matean: Errichtung eines Erinnerungsraums ....................................................... 245 4.1 Genese der Ich-Leib-Identität ..................................................................... 245 4.2 Matean als Mnemotop ................................................................................. 261 VI. Konklusion: Das Matean als kulturelle Selbstverortung.............................. 274 Anhang 1 ................................................................................................................. 283 A. .............................................................................................................................. 283 B. .............................................................................................................................. 284 Anhang 2 ................................................................................................................. 285 Transliteration des Armenischen .......................................................................... 286 Abkürzungen .......................................................................................................... 286 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................... 288 Quellen und Übersetzungen .................................................................................. 288 Sekundärliteratur ................................................................................................... 295 3 I. Einleitung Blickt man auf die Identitätsbildung der armenisch-christlichen Kulturlandschaft in der Zeitspanne vom 5. Jahrhundert bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, so spielt das 10. Jahrhundert eine entscheidende Rolle. Das ist die Zeit der politischen und sozioökonomischen Renaissance. Nachdem Byzanz die arabische Herrschaft geschwächt und zurückgedrängt hatte, kommt es zwischen der byzantinischen und armenischen Weltordnung und Weltauffassung unter den Umständen ungleicher Machtverteilung zu intensiven interkulturellen Interaktionen sowie konfliktreichen Friktionen. Der politische Aufstieg der armenischen Herrscher erneuert die soziale Ordnung und belebt das identitätskonstitutive Gedächtnis ihrer Dynastien, die beginnen, für das Heil und Gedächtnis ihrer Familien und verstorbenen Familienmitglieder Kirchen zu erbauen und Klöster zu renovieren. Das 10. Jahrhundert ist zudem die Zeit der Blüte der Städte, die an Transitwegen des intensiven Binnen- und Außenhandels entstehen. Gleichzeitig beginnt sich die national-religiöse Identität der armenischen Kulturlandschaft zu transformieren. Diese Transformation ist auf den Transfer von unterschiedlichen Denkströmungen und Wirklichkeitsauffassungen zurückzuführen, die aus den byzantinischen, arabischen und iranischen Kulturräumen in den armenischen Kulturraum auf den Handelswegen eindringen und zur Überlagerung und Vermischung unterschiedlicher Weltanschauungen und Identitätsbildungen führen. Als Repräsentantin der national-religiösen Einheit versucht die armenische Kirche die Gruppierungen, in denen diese Denkströmungen und Wirklichkeitsauffassungen Raum gewinnen und dort zur identitätsbildenden Erkenntnis werden, einzudämmen. Damit trägt das Vorgehen der Kirche identitätskatalytischen und - kondensierenden Charakter. Die Charakterzüge dieser im kirchlichen Rahmen stattfindenden Prozesse erkennt man vor allem im Wirken der Klosterschulen. Exemplarisch ist in diesem Zusammenhang die Schule des Klosters von Narek, in der das „Buch der Klagelieder“ (Matean ołbergut‛ean) an der Schwelle zum 11. Jahrhundert entsteht. Die Wiederetablierung der politischen Ordnung führt somit zur Aktualisierung der religiösen Ordnung. Dies begünstigt die Bildung von kulturimmanenten 4 Denkräumen in der Gestalt von Klosterschulen. Sie steigert unter anderem die Fähigkeit, systematisch auf das gespeicherte Wissen zurückzugreifen, um die eigene national-religiöse Identität wieder zu fundieren und ihre sakrale Ganzheit zu rechtfertigen. Diese Problematik prägt die Wirksamkeit der Kirche in der Zeitspanne des 10. Jahrhunderts bis zum Niedergang des letzten armenischen Königreichs von Ani (1045)1. In diesem Zusammenhang umfasst die Identität nicht nur den national- konfessionellen – und somit den definitorisch-distinguierenden – Aspekt, sondern auch den existentiell-anthropologischen Aspekt vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrung der Unvollkommenheit und der Vorstellung von Tugend und Vollendung. Die Tugend als Weg des Heils ist deshalb in unterschiedlichen Lebensformen und -führungen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Hierbei ist die Vorstellung der Auferstehung eng mit dem Weg der Tugend verknüpft. Die Auferstehung zum neuen Leben vervollkommnet den Menschen, vollendet sein Menschsein, seine Identität gemäß der Vollkommenheit und Ganzheit Christi. Die Sinnform der Welt- und Selbstauffassung sowie die daraus folgende Bildung der kulturreligiösen Identität und Wertordnung in der mittelalterlichen Zivilisation implizieren diese beiden Aspekte: Zugehörigkeit zu einer Identität (gemäß der göttlichen Weltordnung) und Heilung (Erlösung). Die Transformation der armenischen Kulturlandschaft, die die sakrale Wertordnung in Frage stellt und damit die national-religiöse Identität gefährdet, bezieht sich somit unmittelbar auf den Heilsweg als Weg der Identitätsbildung. Im Folgenden wird die Konzeptionierung des „Buchs der Klagelieder“ aus der Klosterschule von Narek im Zusammenhang mit der Transformation der armenischen Kulturlandschaft untersucht. Das Buch macht nicht nur den werdenden „Neuen Menschen“ in seiner dramatischen Identitätsbildung und -vollendung repräsentativ sichtbar, sondern verfolgt auch das Ziel, jeden Einzelnen an diesem durch Christus bewirkten Geschehen, teilnehmen zu lassen. Der Autor auf seinem Weg zu Christus als Beter für die ganze Welt – „Ich trage in mir das Ganze der Erde, / Und bin ein dem Gebet geweihter 1 Siehe zum Niedergang des Königreichs MAHÉ (1994): Kirche, S. 533f. 5 Abgesandter der ganzen Welt“2 – hinterlässt
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