Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

Study Guide 2006•2007 2007•2008

Study Guide of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

The Study Guide begins with a short introduction Useful internet addresses: to Finland and University of Helsinki. More• http://www.helsinki.fi/english/courses; detailed information can be found in theinformation on courses at the University of Orientation Handbook, which is intended Helsinki that are taught in English for international students at the University of• http://www.helsinki.¿ /weboodi; updated Helsinki. After this introduction, the Faculty of information about the actual teaching events Agriculture and Forestry and all its departments (when and where a particular course is held) are introduced in alphabetical order. Under each as well as descriptions of all courses. department, the disciplines are introduced and • http://www.helsinki.¿ /university; home page requirements for the Bachelor’s and Master’s of the University of Helsinki degrees are listed. The courses offered by each • http://www.helsinki.¿ /mmtdk/English; home department are also described. At the end of the page of the Faculty of Agriculture and Study Guide, regulations concerning degrees Forestry as well as postgraduate studies in the Faculty of • http://www.helsinki.fi/admissions/obh; Agriculture are given. Orientation Handbook for international students at the University of Helsinki CONTENTS

FINLAND IN BRIEF 6

UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI 7 Organisation 7 International Activities 7 Location 7 Degrees 8 Teaching Methods and Modes of Assessment 8 The Finnish Credit System and ECTS 8 Grading 8 Language of Instruction 9 Academic Calendar 9 Library Facilities 10 Language Learning Opportunities 10 Computer Facilities 11 Admission Procedures 11 Student Organisations 12 Health Care 12 Cost of Living 13 Public Transportation in the Helsinki city area 13 Visa and Residence Permit 13

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 14 Departments 14 Staff and Students 14 Location: Viikki Campus 14 Studies 14 NOVA 15

DEPARTMENTS AND INSTRUCTION 16

International Master’s degree programmes 17 Master’s Degree Programme in Biotechnology 17 Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business 19 Master’s Degree Programme in Plant Production Science 33

Helsinki Region Biotechnology Educational Programme (HEBIOT) 37

Biotechnology Minor 39

General Studies: Y courses 40

Department of Agrotechnology 44 Agricultural and Environmental Engineering 44

Department of Animal Science 48 Animal Science 48

4 Department of Applied Biology 55 Biology of Plant Production 55 Botany 75 Organic Food and Farming 76

Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology 82 Environmental Soil Science 83 Food Chemistry 86 Microbiology 90 Nutrition 93 General Chemistry 97

Department of Economics and Management 99 Agricultural Economics 100 Consumer Economics 106 Environmental Economics 109 Food Economics 114 Marketing 118 Extension Education 120 Rural Entrepreneurship 121

Department of Food Technology 122 Food Technology 122

Department of Forest Ecology 130 Forest Ecology 130

Department of Forest Economics 150 Forest Economics 150 Forest Products Marketing 158

Department of Forest Resource Management 163 Forest Resource Science and Technology 163 Forest Mensuration and Management 173 Geoinformatics 174 Logistics 177

REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES 178

Standing Regulations Concerning Degrees in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry 178 Guidelines for Postgraduate Studies at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry 186 Government Decree on University Degrees 794/2004 196

5 University of Helsinki FINLAND IN BRIEF

Forestsand lakes dominate Finland’s landscape, Finnish industry has traditionally been based but there is also geographical variety, ranging on forestry and the metal industry. High from the unique archipelago of the southern and technology is a relative newcomer, especially western coastlines to the rolling mountains and telecommunications, which currently leads clear•water rivers of Lapland. Finnish exports. However, less than a third of Finns work in industry, while 65% work in trade The climate in Finland is milder than in many and services. other areas of the same latitude, partly because of the warming inÀ uence of the Gulf Stream. The Finnish language belongs to the Finno• The population of Finland is about ¿ ve million. Ugric group of languages • it is closely related to Finland is a parliamentary republic with Estonian a and remotely to Hungarian. Finland’s multiparty political system. The Parliament’sspecial richness lies in its bilingualism: both 200 members are elected every four years and Finnish and Swedish are ¿ ofcial languages. the head of state is the President. English is currently the most popular foreign language in schools. Other languages widely Finland and Finnish national consciousnessstudied are German, French and Russian. have been moulded by the country’s location between East and West. Although Finns count themselves as part of Western culture, the Finnish lifestyle has undeniably been enriched Helsinki in a Nutshell by its close proximity to Russia. Finland today is, as it has always been, in close contact with Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is situated on both St Petersburg and Stockholm. the south coast of the country, on the Bay of Finland. It was founded in 1550 by King From the 13th century Finland was part of the Gustav Vasa of Sweden. Fires destroyed kingdom of Sweden. But in 1809, after Sweden the old wooden town many times, but it was had lost a war against Russia, Finland was always rebuilt. The capital was ¿ cially of ceded to Russia and became an autonomous changed from Turku to Helsinki in 1812, and Grand Duchy within Imperial Russia, its Grand after the university was moved to the new Duke being the Czar himself. After the October capital in 1827, Helsinki quickly became the Revolution in Russia in 1917, Finland declared cultural and intellectual centre of Finland. itself independent. Its harbour and location bolstered trade and made Helsinki an important city in the Baltic During World War II Finland managed region. to Today, Helsinki and the neighbouring retain its independence in the Winter War and cities of Espoo and Vantaa are home to a Continuation War against the Soviet Union.sixth of the Finnish population, or nearly a Since the war, it has pursued a policy of military million people. The capital offers the cultural, non•alliance. Finland joined the Europeaneducational and entertainment necessities of Union in 1995 and is among the eleven member student life in beautiful natural surroundings, states that adopted the common currency euro as the Helsinki metropolitan area is regarded (€) in the beginning of 1999. The ¿ nal transfer as one of the greenest cityscapes in the from national currencies to the euro occurred in world. January 2002.

6 University of Helsinki UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI • the leading multidisciplinary university in Finland

P. O. Box 33 (Yliopistonkatu 4) programs that the University is involved with FIN•00014 University of Helsinki include ALFA, ISEP, LEONARDO, NORDPLUS Finland and TEMPUS. Tel: +358•9•1911 (switchboard) http://www.helsinki.¿ Academic staff participates in European research programs and international research The University of Helsinki is the largest university networks. For details, please see http://www. in Finland with the widest range of disciplines. helsinki.¿ /research/index.htm It is also the only Finnish university invited to membership in the League of European Research Universities, an association of the best research•intensive universities of Europe. Location There are four main campus areas: the City Centre (theology, law, arts, social sciences, Organisation and behavioural sciences), Meilahti (medicine), Kumpula (science), and Viikki (biosciences, Teaching and research is carried out in eleven pharmacy, agriculture and forestry, and faculties, representing Theology, Law, Medicine, veterinary medicine). The University also Arts, Science, Behavioural Sciences, Socialmaintains nine units and training centres in Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Veterinary other parts of the country, some as far north as Medicine, Biosciences, and Pharmacy. TheLapland. faculties are divided into departments and institutes. Maps of each campus area are available at the website http://www.helsinki.¿ /maps/ The University receives the bulk of its funds from the national budget, but it also has income of its own for funding research, teaching and University of Helsinki in a nutshell: administration. At the present time, there are no tuition fees for students. Admission to higher • Established in Turku 1640, moved to education in Finland is based on the results Helsinki in 1828 of the annual entrance examinations and the • Main tasks: research, teaching and societal matriculation examinations taken at the end of interaction the upper secondary school. • Bilingual (Finnish and Swedish), tuition also provided in English • 11 faculties and 18 independent institutes • 38,000 degree students, 57,000 continuing International Activities education and Open University students • 7600 employees, of whom 3700 are International relations at the University of researchers and teachers Helsinki are based both on personal contacts • 4289 degrees granted in 2005, of which between members of the academic staff378 doctorates and on agreements between governments, • Operates on four campuses in Helsinki and universities, faculties and departments. The 20 other locations throughout Finland university has concluded bilateral agreements • Aims to establish its position as one of with approximately eighty universities and the leading multidisciplinary research it has 350 SOCRATES/ERASMUS partner universities in Europe universities across Europe. Other international

7 University of Helsinki

Degrees a book examination on any one of the scheduled examination dates during the academic year. As the Bologna process is moving steadily forward in Europe, a two•cycle model The for development of teaching methods has a degrees went into effect at the University ofhigh priority in the University of Helsinki. New Helsinki on 1 August 2005. approaches to complement the traditional classroom situation are constantly being In this new degree system, the basic degree developed,and alternative modes of assessment consists of the lower academic degree (theare being introduced. Bachelor’s degree, 180 credits/3 years), and the higher academic degree (the Master’s degree, 90•120 credits/2 years). The third cycle The Finnish Credit System encompasses postgraduate studies (leading to a postgraduate degree). The postgraduate and ECTS degrees are the Licentiate and the Doctoral degrees. Both require independent research What is ECTS? and a thesis. The doctoral thesis has traditionally The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) been published and then defended in a public was developed by the Commission of the debate. It should be possible to complete aEuropean Communities in order to provide Licentiate in two or three years and a Doctoral common procedures to guarantee academic degree in four. recognition of studies abroad. It provides a way of measuring and comparing learning achievements, and transferring them from one university to another. This is achieved through Teaching Methods and the use of a common ECTS credit unit and a Modes of Assessment common ECTS grading scale.

The University System Finnish credit system Finnish university teaching is based In on the context of the reform of the Finnish research; research is also included in university degree structures (the Bologna process), the studies even at the undergraduate level. The national credit allocation and accumulation independent nature of university studies insystems have been replaced by an ECTS• Finland allows for considerable freedom ofbased system. In the new system, the annual choice in most ¿ elds and therefore requires student workload amounts to 1600 hours. student initiative and individual work. Students The concept of the student workload refers to in most ¿ elds are usually free to decide thethe time required to achieve the set learning pace of their studies, and graduation times vary outcomes of a programme. A total of 60 credits considerably. Many students also combine their (opintopiste) will measure the workload of a full• studies with work, either for ¿ nancial reasons or time student during one academic year; a total to gain work experience related to their ¿ eld of of 30 credits is the full•time workload for one study. term. Consequently, credit conversions from the ECTS system to the Finnish system or vice versa The teaching framework at Finnish universities are no longer required (1 credit = 1 ECTS) is based on lecture courses with¿ nal a examination that the students are required to pass after attending the course in order to receive credit for their work. These basic courses Grading are supplemented by seminars, small groups introducing students to independent research, In its meeting on 24 March 2004, the Senate of as well as practical classes and various forms of the University of Helsinki decided that as of 1 written and oral assignments. Especially in the August 2005, the University shall apply a six• sciences, mid•term examinations are a typical level grading scale of 0•5 in the grading of basic form of assessment. Another common type of degrees. The of¿ cial name of the grading scale course is a reading course where students take is the General scale.

8 University of Helsinki

The General scale is directly comparable to the on the website http://www.helsinki.¿ /english/ ECTS grading scale, as shown below, where the courses/. Examinations may be taken in Finnish, corresponding ECTS grade is given in brackets. Swedish, or English. Taking an examination in However, there is one important difference: the English may require advance agreement with ECTS system is based on an expectancy ofthe teacher. Some teachers may also accept the distribution of different grades, the Finnish tests in other languages. system is not. That means that in the Finnish system there is no rule or expectation as to how large a proportion of the participants in any given course can be given what grade; each student Academic Calendar is graded on his/her individual performance, not The academic year consists of two terms in relation to the performance of others. (semesters). The autumn term begins of¿ cially on August 1 and lasts until December 31. The Grading scale: spring term begins of¿ cially on January 1 and 5 = excellent (A) lasts until July 31. Each term is divided into two 4 = very good (B) seven•week periods (I and II in the autumn term, 3 = good (C) III and IV in the spring term). The exact period 2 = satisfactory (D) dates vary somewhat from faculty to faculty. 1 = passable (E) 0 = fail (F or FX) Period dates in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in 2006•2007 and 2007•2008. In addition to applying this general grading system, pass/fail grading may be applied in Period 2006•2007 cases of practical training and practical skills I September 4 • October 22 courses, as decided by the Faculty Council. II October 30 • December 17 Bachelor’s theses, as all other studies, will III January 15 • March 4 be graded on the General scale. A seven• IV March 12 • May 6 level Latin grading scale will be applied in the grading of the Master’s theses (Laudatur being 2007•2008 the highest grade): Laudatur/Eximia cum laude I September 3 • October 21 approbatur/Magna cum laude approbatur/Cum II October 29 • December 16 laude approbatur/Non sine laude approbatur/ III January 14 • March 2 Lubenter approbatur/Approbatur IV March 10 • May 4

The orientation course for foreign students is Language of Instruction offered at the beginning of each term. For 2006• 2007, the dates are the following: September 4• The University of Helsinki is bilingual, with8, 2006 and January 8•12, 2007. instruction and student services offered in both Finnish and Swedish. Instruction in Swedish is Although there is no summer term, most offered in certain degree programmes. For more departments and libraries operate through the information, please see the information booklet summer holiday period. Also, some departments on instruction in Swedish, ‘Den svenskspråkiga arrange courses and examinations in the undervisningen’, www. helsinki.¿ /svenska/shb/. summer. The University of Helsinki organises a Summer School in August (see below). An increasing amount of instruction in English is available. Even when there is no instruction There are no formal examination periods at the available in English, it is often possible end to of the terms; exams are given throughout complete course requirements throughthe terms. independent study. There are also some independent Master’s degree programmes in which the language of instruction is completely English. Information on courses taught in English at the University of Helsinki is available

9 University of Helsinki

Library Facilities Aleksandria Learning Centre P.O. Box 53 (Vuorikatu 7/Fabianinkatu 28; As Helsinki is the capital of Finland, it houses entrance through the Fabianinkatu 26 gateway) the country’s central libraries and archives. The 00014 University of Helsinki Library of the University of Helsinki is also the http://www.opiskelijakirjasto.lib.helsinki.fi/ national library, which receives deposit copies koulutus/libtut/aleksandria.html of all printed matter published in Finland. In addition to the central library, faculties have their own libraries and some departments have Language Learning their own departmental libraries. Opportunities The University of Helsinki also has an Undergraduate Library, including a notableThe Department of Finnish arranges courses collection of both ¿ ction and scienti¿ c literature in Finnish for foreign students. International for the use of all students in the University. The students registered at the university are free to Undergraduate Library has a special sectiontake these courses, although students have to for texts required for examinations; basicallyregister for them in advance at the beginning of it is not necessary to purchase books. Waiting terms. Students who are already familiar with lists for a particular book may be long during Finnish may take a minor in Finnish language the weeks preceding the examination date.and culture. The programme is offered entirely Campus libraries provide course books for the in Finnish, and students can apply for admission students on their respective campuses,e.g. to the programme after they have completed the Viikki Science Library on the Viikki Campus. four basic Finnish courses. Passing the Finnish 1•4 courses by a placement test is also possible. The Undergraduate Library is part of the Alek• For details, see the Finnish for Foreign Students sandria Learning Centre, a service centre for webpage, address below. Courses in Swedish both university students and teachers at thefor Foreigners are arranged by the Language City campus. The facilities of the Aleksandria Centre. Learning Centre include 700 study places, of which 350 have computer terminals, as well as Department of Finnish/Finnish for Foreign open group work areas and workstations where Students students can use their own laptops or borrow P. O. Box 3 laptops from the Centre. FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Visiting address: Fabianinkatu 33, 5thÀ oor, University Main Library room 5030. P.O. Box 15 (Unioninkatu 36) tel. +358•9•191 22889 FIN•00014 University of Helsinki fax +358•9•191 22074 tel. +358•9•191 23196 skk•info@helsinki.¿ fax +358•9•191 22719 http://www.helsinki.¿ /hum/skl/inenglish/culture. HYK•palvelu@helsinki.¿ html http://www.lib.helsinki.¿ /english/index.htm The University of HelsinkiLanguage Centre Undergraduate Library provides language instruction to students P.O. Box 53 (Vuorikatu 7) from all eleven faculties. The major emphasis FIN•00014 University of Helsinki of the teaching programme is on the degree tel. +358•9•191 23920 requirements of the faculties. Additionally, fax +358•9•191 23931 the Centre offers a large number of voluntary http://www.opiskelijakirjasto.lib.helsinki.¿ /ugl/ courses in several other languages. The facilities also include a self•access language laboratory. In addition to courses at the Language Centre, the courses of the departments of less widely taught languages are usually open to all interested students.

10 University of Helsinki

Language Centre e•mail: studentexchange@helsinki.¿ P.O. Box 4 (Fabianinkatu 26) http://www.helsinki.¿ /exchange/ FIN•00014 University of Helsinki tel. +358•9•191 22690 Visiting students fax +358•9•191 24224 Visiting students not participating in an exchange http://www.helsinki.¿ /kksc/english/index.html programme may send an application directly to the faculty concerned. Application forms and information are available from the Admissions Computer Facilities website http://www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/. Some faculties have deadlines for visiting All students are given access to the University’s students’ applications. computer network. This includes a personal e•mail account, as well as access to wordDegree students processing, the Internet, and other applications. Foreign students who wish to complete a The computers are mostly personal computers, degree at the University of Helsinki should send including some Macintosh computers, andthe electronic application (available from http:// the network can be accessed from home bywww.helsinki.¿ /admissions/) by January 31. The modem. Computer facilities exist on all thedeadline applies to undergraduate and graduate campuses. Applications for access codesstudents (up to the Master’s degree), and in are processed through the faculty or some the faculties also to postgraduate students. department. You can also contact the personnel Many faculties have entrance examinations. For in the different computer facility locations. For more information, see the Admissions website. contact information and details on the computer facilities, see www.helsinki.¿ /atk/english/. International Admissions Services P. O. Box 3 (Fabianinkatu 33) FI•00014 University of Helsinki Admission Procedures Finland e•mail: admissions@helsinki.¿ http://www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/index.htm Exchange Students Exchange students participating in programmes Registration should contact the co•ordinator at their home A Finnish student from the local Erasmus university ¿ rst. If nominated for a period of study Student Network (ESN) will meetexchange at the University of Helsinki, they will receive students upon arrival, if they have ¿ noti ed further information and an application form International Student Services of their exact from the University’s International Services. time of arrival. This is done with a special Deadlines for submitting the application form form available in the “Welcome Guide” sent are: May 15 for the autumn term and November to admitted students. Students are advised to 1 for the spring term. Late applications will not arrive during the week preceding the start of be considered. classes (see the Academic Calendar, page 9) in order to register, settle accommodation matters The application forms are available on•line at and apply for a residence permit. There is also the address http://www.helsinki.¿ /exchange/ an orien tation programme for foreign students, The forms have to be completed and sent in on• which includes useful information and tutoring. line within the deadlines given above. Some social activities will be arranged. The orientation programme dates are also given in For more information, please contact: the Academic Calendar. International Student Services/Student Mobility Services Degree students and visitingstudents outside P.O. Box 3 (Fabianinkatu 33) the exchange programmes also register through FIN•00014 University of Helsinki the international co•ordinators of the faculties. FINLAND Degree students and visiting students are fax +358•9•191 22176 required to pay the Student Union membership

11 University of Helsinki fee (67 € for the whole academic year andtel. +358•9•1311 4211 34.50 € for one term; rates as of 2005 – 2006, fax +358•9•1311 4216 minor changes possible) before registration. e•mail: [email protected].¿ www.helsinki.¿ /hyy/en/ Accommodation More information can be found in the Orientation Erasmus Student Network (ESN) Handbook (www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/obh/). The ESN has a special counselling ¿ ofce in the Main Building at the start of every term For exchange students, housing is arranged by when international students arrive. The Finnish the International Services. students in the network act as mentors for international students, giving guidance and help Visiting students not participating in with an everyday problems. ESN also organises a exchange programme and degree students may pub night once a week, parties, trips, and other apply directly to the Helsinki Region Studentsimilar events. Housing Foundation (HOAS) after receiving con¿ rmation of acceptance. Applications can ESN•University of Helsinki only be submitted electronically through theAddress and telephone the same as the Student HOAS website www.hoas.¿ Union’s esn•helsinki@helsinki.¿ www.helsinki.¿ /hyy/esn/ Student Organisations “Nations” and Other Organisations Nations (osakunnat in Finnish) have traditionally Student Union been student associations for students The Student Union of the University of Helsinki coming from the same region in Finland. This (HYY) was founded in 1868. It has more than tradition still continues, but foreign students 30,000 members, which makes HYY the are also welcome as members. Most faculties biggest of all student unions in Finland. Every and departments have their own student basic degree student enrolled at the University organisations. of Helsinki automatically becomes a member of HYY. The basic purpose of HYY is to represent the members and to improve their study and social conditions. Over 200 organisations are Health Care within the compass of the Student Union. Health care services are provided by the HYY provides its members with a numberFinnish Student Health Service FSHS for the of services, such as health care, studentmembers of the Student Union. The services housing, low•cost meals and legal advice. The include appointments with general practitioners, student card entitles the holder to a numberdentist, other specialists and nurses, as well as of discounts in public transportation, theatres, laboratory and X•ray examinations. Small fees concerts, opera and certain shops. Different(a few euros) are charged for some services. organisations within HYY can apply for ¿ nancial Hospital treatment or emergency duty services aid, conference rooms, independent transport are not provided. and other services. Students from the EU are advised to bring For further information please contact: E111 or E128 forms from their home country International Secretary of the Student Unionin order to ensure the additional bene¿ ts of (tel. +358•9•13114 219, [email protected] health care services, if, for example, helsinki.¿ ). hospital treatment is needed. Students from outside the EU are advised to obtain private The Central Of¿ ce of HYY, services fortravel insurance to provide additional coverage. members Students who are not eligible for Student New Student House Union membership should provide health care Mannerheimintie 5 A, 2nd À oor coverage for themselves. FIN•00100 Helsinki

12 University of Helsinki

Finnish Student Health Services FSHSPublic transportation in the (YTHS in Finnish) Töölönkatu 37 A Helsinki city area FIN•00260 Helsinki tel. +358•9•405 051 Helsinki boasts a very ef¿ cient transportation fax +358•9•4050 701 system. There are four different forms of public www.yths.¿ transportation: underground (the metro), local trains, buses and trams. The same tickets can be used on all four. Further information is Cost of Living available at: http://www.hkl.¿ /english.html. Information on public transport in the Helsinki University higher education is funded region by (Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen) is available the State through the Ministry of Education.at http://www.ytv.¿ /eng Consequently, students enrolled in regular degree programmes or exchange students do not pay tuition fees. Students only have to pay for their study•related materials, plusVisa and Residence Permit their accommodation and living expenses. The total monthly living expenses of a single An address list of the Finnish embassies abroad student average around 700 – 800 €, including is available at the website of the Ministry for accommodation, provided the student lives in a Foreign Affairs: http://www.formin.¿ /english/ student À at. For more information, see the Orientation The Student Union membership fee (67 €) is Handbook, http://www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/ obligatory. However, exchange students have obh their fee paid by the International Student Services. The membership fee includes a health•care contribution that entitles students to inexpensive health•care services. Student Union cardholders are also entitled to subsidised student meals. Other discounts in various stores are also available to students upon presentation of the card.

Student meals Studentmeals are served at UniCafe restaurants, which are owned by the Student Union. There are numerous student cafés and restaurants in all the different University locations around the city. The restaurants typically offer three kinds of lunches, all of which include bread and salad. Prices range from 2.00 € to 5.00 €. For more information, see http://unicafe.¿ /.

13 Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Faculty of¿ ce and about 500 are postgraduate students P.O. Box 62 (Viikinkaari 11) (doctoral students). FIN•00014 University of Helsinki • Approximately 100 international students, Finland most of whom are completing their Master’s Fax +358 9 191 58 575 or Doctorate degree. www.helsinki.¿ /mmtdk/english/ • Annually about 50 international exchange students. The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Helsinki is responsible for academic, research•based instruction Location: in Viikki Campus the biological, technological, and economic sciences of its own ¿ elds: agricultural sciences, Thedepartments of the Faculty of Agriculture and nutrition and food sciences, forestry sciences, Forestry are located on the Viikki Campus, one and environmental sciences. The sustainable of the four campus areas of Helsinki University. use of natural resources forms the value basis The Viikki Campus is about 10 km northeast of for the teaching and research at the Faculty. downtown Helsinki and, with its Biosciences Centres, is one of the largest science parks in Europe. The Faculties of Biosciences, Departments Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine are also located on the Viikki Campus. Furthermore, The Faculty is divided into the following ninethe campus offers facilities for biotechnology departments, which cover all the major areas of enterprises for the ef¿ cient, practical application academic education and research in the¿ elds of the most recent scienti¿ c knowledge. of the Faculty: Agrotechnology The Viikki Science Library Animal Science The Viikki Science Library ensures that Applied Biology students, teachers, and researchers in the Applied Chemistry and Microbiology scienti¿ c community on the campus receive Economics and Management the up•to•date information they need. The nine Food Technology subject ¿ elds of the Viikki Science Library are Forest Ecology agriculture, biosciences and biotechnology, Forest Economics ecology, systematics and environmental Forest Resources Management science, food science, forestry, home economics and consumer research, pharmacy In addition to these departments, the Faculty and economics, social sciences, and veterinary of Agriculture and Forestry maintains twomedicine. The collections and services of the experimental farms; Hyytiälä Forest Station near library are available to everyone. The library Tampere and the subarctic Värriö Researchoffers in•class teaching for groups and personal Station in northern Finland. tutoring on information retrieval in English. For further information, see http://www.tiedekirjasto. helsinki.¿ /english/. Staff and Students

The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry has Studies • Nearly 600 staff persons. About 190 of them are teaching personnel: professors, lecturers, Degrees of the Faculty and assistants. The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry offers • Approximately 3000 students. About 2500 the Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Food students are completing their Master’s degree Sciences (elintarviketieteiden kandidaatti,

14 Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

ETK; elintarviketieteiden maisteri, ETM) andthesis of 40 credits and a written maturity essay), in Agriculture and Forestry (maatalous• a ja personal study plan, and practical training. metsätieteiden kandidaatti, MMK; maatalous• ja metsätieteiden maisteri, MMM). Quali¿ ed Language of instruction students may be accepted directly for studies In the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, the leading to the Master’s degree. Postgraduate Bachelor’s degree can be completed only in degrees include the Licentiate and Doctorate in Finnish or in Swedish. The Master’s degree can, Food Sciences or in Agriculture and Forestry. in most cases, be completed also in English.

Majors offered by the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Agricultural and Environmental Engineering1 Postgraduate studies Agricultural Economics1 Animal Science1 Students who have completed their Master’s Biotechnology degree can be accepted as postgraduate Biology of Plant Production1 students. Some of the postgraduate students Consumer Economics in the Faculty are members of Graduate Environmental Economics Schools, which offer speci¿ c postgraduate Food Chemistry studies in particular areas. Other postgraduate Food Economics students complete their study requirements Food Technology1 by participating in courses offered mainly by Forest Ecology the departments of the Faculty. Postgraduate Forest Economics1 students are required to complete 60 study Forest Resource Science and Technology1 credits and a doctoral dissertation in order Forest Products Marketing to complete a doctorate, or 60 study credits Marketing and a Licentiate thesis in order to complete Microbiology the Licentiate degree. Students make a Nutrition postgraduate study plan, which is processed by Soil and Environmental Science the Committee for Research and Postgraduate Education and approved by the dean. Research 1These major subjects are further dividedrequired for the doctorate or licentiate degree into specialisation lines. If a major hasis conducted in one of the research groups or specialisation lines, a student chooses one of more independently either in the Faculty or in a them and completes his/her studies according research institution. Full•time students should be to the degree requirements of that line. able to complete their doctorate in four years.

Some major subjects contain several different ¿ elds of research and teaching (e.g. nine in NOVA Forest Ecology). In these cases, students may direct their studies towards these according to The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry is a their interest. member of the Nordic Forestry, Veterinary and Agricultural University (NOVA) network. The Degree requirements Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry works in The Bachelor’s degree (180 credits) consists of close cooperation with its Nordic counterparts. major subject studies (basic and intermediate In 1995, the Nordic agricultural and veterinary studies, including a thesis and a written maturity universities signed an agreement and essay), minor subject studies, and generalestablished NOVA, the Nordic Forestry, studies including language studies, information Veterinary and Agricultural University. The and communication technology studies, general a aim of NOVA is to increase the range personal study plan, and practical training. and raise the quality of education and research through various cooperation projects. NOVA The Master’s degree (120 credits) consists ofalso has close contacts with corresponding advanced studies in the major subject (including a universities in the Baltic countries.

15 Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry DEPARTMENTS AND INSTRUCTION

In this part of the Study Guide you can¿ nd BIOT courses are biotechnology courses introductions of the departments of the Faculty, organized jointly by several departments, and requirements for the Bachelor’s and Master’s FOR courses are courses organized jointly by degrees in different majors, and coursethe three Forest departments. descriptions of courses offered in English or Finnish. Glossary of degree studies (adapted to the practices and programmes of Since the Study Guide is valid for two years, only the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry) general infomation on the course timetables is given here. The dates and places (teachingBasic studies (perusopinnot): Studies that events) for each course can be found from: give basic level knowledge and skills of the 1. WebOodi, www.helsinki.¿ /weboodi/ discipline. 2. the organising department (bulletin board and Intermediate studies (aineopinnot): The www•pages) main problems, theories, and methods of the 3. www.helsinki.¿ /english/courses discipline. Advanced studies (syventävät opinnot): WebOodi is an internet based tool for students In•depth studies of the discipline, including for accessing Oodi, an information systemindependent research and the Master’s thesis. used by several Universities in Finland. With General studies (yleisopinnot): Methodological WebOodi you can e.g. search descriptions and studies, studies supporting the major teaching events of courses, register for courses, Language studies and information and order transcripts and register for terms in the communication technology (ICT):Language University. studies, computer skills, communication studies. Other studies: This category may contain a wide variety of studies, often including studies Abbreviations used in the names in another discipline that are not understood as of courses indicate the responsible ‘general studies’. department: Free•choice studies: University level studies freely chosen by the student Agrotechnolgy: AGTEK, MMTEK, YFYS Elective studies: All categories (except free• Animal Science: KEL, KEJAL, KERAV,choice studies) can also include elective studies. KEBIOT Contrary to free•choice studies, selection of Applied Biology: KTB, AEKO, JAL, KVIL,courses in elective studies is more restricted RIKKA, KPAT, MPAT, MAEL, MEHI, PTARH,and must be approved by the department. KASV, LUOMU, KBIOT Minor subject studies (sivuaineopinnot): Applied Chemistry and Microbiology:Basic (or basic and intermediate) studies of a MMKEM, EK, MIKRO, RAV, YKEM, BKEM,discipline different from student’s own major. YBIOT, MAA Major subject studies (pääaineopinnot): Economics and Management: MMTAL, Studies of the discipline in which the Master’s COOP, EE, KE, MAE, MAL, MPOL, MARK, YE, thesis is written. Major subject studies are basic NEUVO, MY and intermediate studies (in the Bachelor’s Food Technology: ETT degree), and advanced studies (in the Master’s Forest Ecology: ME degree). Forest Economics: MMEKN, FEC, FECP,Study unit (opintojakso): e.g. a lecture course FECM, FPM or a laboratory course. Forest Resources Management: MMVAR, Study entity (opintokokonaisuus): A larger MARV, METEK, PTEK, MSUU, GIS, LOG entity consisting of several study units. E. g. ‘basic studies’ is a study entity. NB! Terms ‘study In addition, Y courses are common courses,unit’, ‘study module’, ‘study block’ are used in an intended for all interested students in the Faculty, inconsistent way in the University.

16 Biotechnology INTERNATIONAL MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAMMES

Master’s Degree Programme in Biotechnology

The International and interdisciplinary Master’s or proteins in isolation, systems biology Degree Programme in Biotechnology wassimultaneously studies the complex interaction initiated in 2005 by the University of Helsinki, of many levels of biological information to the Helsinki University of Technology and the understand how they interact. Helsinki School of Economics. In the University of Helsinki, the Faculties of Biosciences and Biotechnology of Natural Resources Agriculture and Forestry together with theBiotechnology of Natural Resources is a broad Institute of Biotechnology and the Neuroscience and diverse ¿ eld that offers an opportunity to Center, are the main organizers of the teaching specialize for example in food, plant, animal, in this Master’s Degree Programme. forest, microbial or environmental biotechnology. Food and microbial biotechnology have Studies in the Master’s Degreeapplications in the production of a variety Programme in Biotechnology of microbies, their enzymes and bioactive compounds. Plant and forest biotechnology, In the master courses the students will specialize enabled by genome studies, provide new tools to one of the ¿ ve ¿ elds of biotechnology, which for plant breeding and production of novel in the University of Helsinki are Bioinformatics products in plants. Animal and agricultural and Systems Biology, Biotechnology of Natural biotechnology have applications in nutrition Resourses, Neurobiotechnology, Cellular Bio• and breeding of domestic animals. The target technology and Structural Biology, and Health areas for environmental biotechnology can be and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. The studies pollution diagnostics, products for pollution in the Master’s Degree Programme containprevention and bioremediation. In addition it advanced practial courses in biotechnology,offers solutions and tools for the production of courses in economics, and ¿ nal examinations. A energy and fuels from renewable resources. central part of advanced studies is the Master’s thesis, which alone is worth 40 credits. Students Neurobiotechnology admitted to the Master’s Degree Programme The studies in the neurobiotechnology track are may be obligated to complete their knowledge organized by the Neuroscience Center (NC) in biotechnology with one year studies (at the in collaboration with faculties. Neuroscience most 60 credits). So student are able to¿ nish studies and research are directed to the their Master of Science degree in biotechnology molecular biology and the cell biology of the in 2•3 years. nervous system, developmental neuroscience, and basic research of diseases of the nervous Bioinformatics and Systems Biology system. Bioinformatics and Systems Biology are closely linked to each other. Bioinformatics appliesCellular Biotechnology and Structural mathematical, statisticaland computing methods Biology that aim to solve biological problems usingCellular Biotechnology refers to the utilization DNA and amino acid sequences and related of microbial, animal and plant cells. Structural information. Systems biology is an approach Biology solves the chemical function and three to studying complex biological systems made dimensional mechanisms of macromolecules possible through technological breakthroughs and macromolecular complexes. The Institute such as the human genome project. Unlikeof Biotechnology is heavily involved in the traditional biology that examines single genes education in this track. Within the areas of

17 International Master’s Degree Programmes their expertise, the Institute is responsibleCurriculum for providing essentially all the courses and training, as well as supervision of the M.Sc. theses according to a study plan approved by Degree Requirements the faculties. 2006•2008 Health and Pharmaceutical Bio• technology Master’s Degree Programme in The important areas of the Health and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology are Biotechnology bio• informatics and the genome research of human, drug designing and development of newGENERAL STUDIES, 12 CREDITS diagnostic methods as well as development of 529229 Business Economics, 8 cr functional food. 529208 Ethics, 3 cr 529242 Personal Study Plan for Achieving the How to apply Master’s Degree, 1 cr MAJOR STUDIES, 80•99 CREDITS The application deadline is Januaryst 31 Obligatory advanced studies, 51•53 cr annually. 882503 Final examination for the M.Sc. degree, 8•10 cr Special prerequisites for the Master’s Degree 882504 Master´s Thesis and Maturity Essay, Programme in Biotechnology are a completed 40 cr Bachelor’s degree or equivalent in the¿ eld of 529249 Advanced Seminar in Biotechnology, biosciences and a certi¿ cate of the knowledge 3 cr of English language. For more information, see Alternativestudies according to the specialisation http://www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/. track, 30•47 cr At least 20 credits from the following courses: Contact Persons 882505 Practical Training, max 10 cr 529212 Advanced Training in a research Niklander•Teeri, Viola, Coordinator, B•bldg, group, I and II, 8 + 8 cr and/or practical Room K111, tel. 191 58424, viola.niklander• courses. teeri@helsinki.¿ Other elective studies, at least 10 cr

Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry: LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Hatakka, Annele, Head of HEBIOT at the INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Biocenter 1, TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Room 3210, tel. 191 59314, annele.hatakka@ 1 cr of ICT studies is integrated in 529249 helsinki.¿ Advanced Seminar in Biotechnology

Faculty of Biosciences: FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 8•27 CREDITS Saarilahti, Hannu, Head of HEBIOT in the Faculty of Biosciences, Biocenter 2, Room 6025, tel. 191 59107, hannu.saarilahti@helsinki.¿ Advanced courses in English according to the specialisation Helsinki Region Biotechnology Educa• track tional Program (HEBIOT): Kauppinen, Leila, HEBIOT Coordinator, http://www.helsinki.¿ /biotech/ Biocenter 2, Room 4007, tel. 191 59088, leila. kauppinen@helsinki.¿

Further information http://www.helsinki.¿ /biotech

18 Forest Sciences and Business Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business

General Information Admission to the Programme

The Master’s Degree Programme in ForestThe programme is open to students holding a Sciences and Business aims to promoteBachelor’s degree (or the equivalent) in forest the sustainable use of forest resources andsciences, ecology, economics, social sciences, human well•being through education based on technology, or natural resources related scienti¿ c research. The programme is designed sciences. Prospective students with a B.Sc. in for quali¿ ed students who want to becomeforestry are primarily considered for admission experts in sustainable forestry and work into the programme. Additionally, holders of a an innovative, cross•cultural environment. All Bachelor’s degree in other¿ elds who also teaching is arranged in English. have a suf¿ cient forestry background (i.e. work experience) are encouraged to apply. Proof of TheProgramme is organized by the Departments pro¿ ciency in the English language is required. of Forest Ecology, Forest Economics, Forest The application deadline is Januaryst 31 Resource Management, and Applied Biology. annually. For further details, please see http:// Four major subjects are offered: Forest Ecology, www.helsinki.¿ /mscfb and http://www.helsinki. Forest Resource Science and Technology, ¿ /admissions Forest Economics, and Forest Products Marketing. Careers

Specialized studies are offered in two options: The Master’s Degree Programme in Forest 1) Science•based specialized studies consisting Sciences and Business will equip you with the of theoretical and methodological studiesprofessional skills necessary to work in the in one’s major subject; or 2) Theme•basedincreasingly challenging and global forestry multidisciplinary specialized studies in one of ¿ eld, both in Finland and abroad. In the wake the following two modules: ‘Sustainable Forest of climate change and increased pressures to Resource Management’ and ‘Global Forestexploit forests, societies everywhere are in great Enterprises’. need of professionals who are able to provide guidance in the wise use of forest resources Degree Structure now and in the future.

The Programme consists of general studies (15 The University of Helsinki has a long tradition credits), major subject studies (70 credits), other in forest sciences since 1908. There are studies (science•based specialized studiesapproximately 70 M.Sc. graduates annually. or theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized Graduatesof the programme will ¿ ndprofessional studies, 25 credits), and electives (10 credits) opportunities in forestry (and natural resources) totalling 120 credits credits. The estimatedand the forest industry, within governmental and duration of studies is two years. non•governmental organizations as well as in scienti¿ c research. Employment opportunities are available worldwide.

19 International Master’s Degree Programmes

Contact Persons Registration for Courses and Examinations Pearson, Meeri, planning ¿ ofcer/student adviser, B•bldg., room 520, tel. 191 57976,Students register for courses and general meeri.pearson@helsinki.¿ examinations primarily through Web•Oodi (http://www.helsinki.¿ /weboodi). Examinations Department of Forest Ecology: held on the last day of a given course do not Huuskonen, Saija, student adviser, B•bldg., require preregistration. room 217, tel. 191 58112, saija.huuskonen@ helsinki.¿ Registration of Study Attainments Department of Forest Economics: Department of Forest Ecology: Heliara, Varpu, Rekola, Mika, university lecturer, B•bldg., room departmental secretary, B•bldg., room 218, tel. 516, tel. 191 57972, mika.rekola@helsinki.¿ 191 58113, varpu.heliara@helsinki.¿ Department of Forest Resource Management: Department of Forest Economics:Juoperi, Talvitie, Mervi, student adviser/researcher, B• Sinikka, of¿ ce secretary, B•bldg., room 533, tel. bldg., room 333, tel.191 58165, mervi.talvitie@ 191 57987, sinikka.juoperi@helsinki.¿ helsinki.¿ Department of Forest Resource Management: Toivonen, Katriina, of¿ ce secretary, B•bldg., room 411, tel. 191 58175, katriina.a.toivonen@ helsinki.¿

Further Information

http://www.helsinki.¿ /mscfb

20 Forest Sciences and Business Curriculum Degree Requirements 2006•2008 Listed according to major subject.

Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business (MScFB) FOREST ECOLOGY

timing MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 credits credits (yr./period)

GENERAL STUDIES, 15 credits

FOR520 Introduction to Studies in Forest Sciences and Business 3 1/I MKV314 Interpersonal Communication in Intercultural Context 3 1/I MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management 5 1/III ME400 Personal Study Plan 1 1/III ICT Driving Licence (information technology skills) 3 1/I

MAJOR SUBJECT STUDIES, 70 credits

Advanced Studies, 70 credits

ME402 Special Practical Training 3 open ME403 Essays 3 1•2/I•IV FOR530 Master’s Thesis Seminar 5 1/II•IV – 2/I•II ME500 Master’s Thesis 40 2 Maturity Essay

One of the following specialization lines (A, B, or C):

A) Tropical Silviculture

ME450 Seminar: Agriculture and Forestry in Developing3 1/III Countries ME451 Field Course: Tropical Forest Ecology and Silviculture 5 1•2/January ME452 Special Topics on Silviculture in Developing Countries 3 1•2/II ME454 Agroforestry in the Tropics and Developing Countries 5 1/IV ME458 Advanced Literature: Tropical Silviculture 5 1•2/ open

B) Boreal Forest and Peatland Ecology

ME222 Structure, Dynamics and Biodiversity of Boreal Forests 3 1/II ME405 Sustainable Forestry 3 1/II ME413 Biogeochemistry of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Soils 5 1/III ME341 Ecology of Peatlands 3 1•2/I

21 International Master’s Degree Programmes

timing credits (yr./period)

One of the following (literature): ME441 Special Literature 1: Peatland Ecology 5 1•2/open And ME442 Special Literature 2: Peatland Ecology 3 1•2/open

ME411 Forest Soil Science Literature Review and Evaluation 6 1•2/open ME422 Advanced Literature: Silviculture 5 1•2/open ME433 Advanced Literature: Ecology of Forest Trees 6 1•2/open

C) Forest Tree Breeding

JAL505 Forest Tree Breeding 5 1•2/I JAL401 Selection Breeding and Experimental Designs 5 1•2/III JAL502 Advanced Literature: Plant and Forest Tree Breeding 10 1

OTHER STUDIES, 25 credits

Supportive studies based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge.

The student chooses between either science•based specialized studies or theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies. In science•based specialized studies, students strengthen their scienti¿ c knowledge and skills in forest ecology, with emphasis on their chosen specialization line: tropical silviculture, boreal forest and peatland ecology, or forest tree breeding. In theme•based, multidisciplinary studies, students broaden their knowledge of ecological, economical, social, and technical aspects of the forest sector.

Science•based Specialized Studies in Forest Ecology, 25 credits:

Specialization lines A and B:

ME407 Field Course on Methods in Forest Ecology 4 1•2/summer

Additionally, the student selects courses from the following list to ful¿ l the 25 credit requirement (Note: other courses may be accepted):

ME401 Special Project 3•8 1•2/open ME414 Forest Soil Hydrology and Water Balance 5 1•2/IV ME424 Introduction to Models of Growth and Yield Dynamics 4 1•2/III ME431 Methodology of Forest Tree Ecology 8 1•2/IV ME446 Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems 5 1•2/summer ME455 Workshop: National Forest Programmes 5 1•2/III ME457 Participatory Methods in Sustainable Management of 5 1•2/I Natural Resources ME351 Tropical Forest Ecology and Silviculture 3 1•2/III ME310 Soil Formation and Classi¿ cation 5 1•2/I ME311 Näytteenotto metsämaasta sekä maan ja kasvimateriaalin 5 1•2/I kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien mittaaminen/ Forest Soil Sampling and Analysis of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

22 Forest Sciences and Business

timing credits (yr./period)

ME343 Literature: Mires of the World 2 1•2/open ME443 Turvegeologia ja –teknologia/Peat Geology and3 1•2/IV Technology ME444 Turpeen käyttö Suomessa – tavoitteet ja ristiriidat / The 3 1•2/IV Use of Peat in Finland – Matching the Goals and the ConÀ icts ME345 Literature: Forest Management on Peatlands 3 1•2/open ME475 Forest Protection and Wildlife 5 1•2/IV ME504 Pohjois•Suomen kurssi / Field Course on Forestry in 3 1•2/late Aug., Northern Finland early Sept. ME462 Tropical Forest Pathology 3 1•2/open ME460 Epidemiology and Ecology of Plant Pathogens 5 1•2/IV ME560 Plant•microbe Interactions and Molecular Defence of 10 1•2/II Plants

Specialization line C:

JAL504 Breeding of Agricultural and Horticultural Crop Plants 5 1•2/I JAL402 Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources 5 1•2/IV JAL403 Molecular Methods in Plant Breeding 5 1•2/I KBIOT300 Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 5 1•2/III KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in Plant Biotechnology 5 1•2/IV KBIOT401 Laboratory Course in Plant Molecular Biology 5 1•2/III

Theme•based, Multidisciplinary Specialized Studies, 25 credits:

List of courses, see after curricula, page 28

ELECTIVES, 10 credits

Based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge. Language studies (i.e. Finnish offered by the Department of Finnish Language and Literature, or Swedish offered by the Language Centre) and Statistical Data Processing (Y136) are recommended.

MASTER’S DEGREE TOTAL 120

23 International Master’s Degree Programmes

Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business (MScFB) FOREST ECONOMICS

timing MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 credits credits (yr./period)

GENERAL STUDIES, 15 credits

FOR520 Introduction to Studies in Forest Sciences and Business 3 1/I MKV314 Interpersonal Communication in Intercultural Context 3 1/I MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management 5 1/III FEC201 Personal Study Plan 1 1/I ICT Driving Licence (information technology skills) 3 1/I

MAJOR SUBJECT STUDIES, 70 credits

Advanced Studies, 70 credits

FEC210 Advanced Forest Economics 4 1/I FECM210 Quantitative Methods in Forest Resource Management 5 1•2/IV

FECP210 Econometrics II 6 1/II Or FECP220 Introduction to Methods of Social Sciences 6 1/I•II

FECM280 Essays 3 2/open Or FECP280 Essays 3 2/open

FECM270 Literature 5 1•2/open Or FECP270 Literature 5 1•2/open

FEC270 Special Practical Training 2 open FOR530 Master’s Thesis Seminar 5 1/II•IV – 2/I•II FECM290/ Master’s Thesis 40 2 FECP290 Maturity Essay

OTHER STUDIES, 25 credits

Supportive studies based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge.

The student chooses between either science•based specialized studies or theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies. In science•based specialized studies, students strengthen their scienti¿ c knowledge and skills in forest economics. In theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies, students broaden their knowledge of ecological, economical, social, and technical aspects of the forest sector

24 Forest Sciences and Business

timing credits (yr./period)

Science•based Specialized Studies in Forest Economics, 25 credits:

The student selects from the following courses to ful ¿ l the 25 credit requirement (Note: courses from other departments, faculties, or universities can also be approved):

FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry 5 1•2/IV FECP230 Forest Policy Analysis 6 1•2/III•IV FECP271 Private Forestry and Forest Policy 3 1•2/III FECP250 Valuation of Environmental Bene¿ ts 3 1•2/I FECP240 International Forest Policy 3 open

FECP260 Special Topics in Forest Economics and Policy 3•7 open Or FECM260 Special Topics in Forest Economics and Management 3•7 open

LOG1 Basics of Logistics 3 1/II ME455 National Forest Programmes 5 1•2/III

Theme•based, Multidisciplinary Specialized Studies, 25 credits:

List of courses, see after curricula, page 28

ELECTIVES, 10 credits

Based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge. Language studies (i.e. Finnish offered by the Department of Finnish Language and Literature, or Swedish offered by the Language Centre) and Statistical Data Processing (Y136) are recommended.

MASTER’S DEGREE TOTAL 120

25 International Master’s Degree Programmes

Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business (MScFB) FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING

timing MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 credits credits (yr./period)

GENERAL STUDIES, 15 credits

FOR520 Introduction to Studies in Forest Sciences and Business 3 1/I MKV314 Interpersonal Communication in Intercultural Context 3 1/I MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management 5 1/III FPM64 Personal Study Plan 1 1/I ICT Driving Licence (information technology skills) 3 1/I

MAJOR SUBJECT STUDIES, 70 credits

Advanced Studies, 70 credits

FPM7 Structures and Functions of Forest Products Marketing 9 1/III FPM25 Strategic Planning of Forest Products Marketing 5 1/II•III FPM26 Marketing Planning and Research (Survey Research) 6 1/I•II FPM18 Master’s Thesis Seminar 5 1/I•IV FPM19 Articles 3 1/open FPM21b Special Practical Training 3 open FPM20 Master’s Thesis 40 2 Maturity Essay

OTHER STUDIES, 25 credits

Supportive studies based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge.

The student chooses between either science•based specialized studies or theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies. In science•based specialized studies, students strengthen their scienti¿ c knowledge and skills in forest products marketing. In theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies, students broaden their knowledge of ecological, economical, social, and technical aspects of the forest sector

Science•based Specialized Studies in Forest Products Marketing, 25 credits:

For example: FPM3 Marketing of Roundwood and Forestry Services 5 1/III FPM17 FPM •seminar 5 2/I•III FPM27 Advanced Literature 6 1•2/open

(Note: Other courses offered by the Department of Forest Economics, or by other faculties or universities can also be approved.)

26 Forest Sciences and Business

timing credits (yr./period)

Theme•based, Multidisciplinary Specialized Studies, 25 credits:

List of courses, see after curricula, page 28

ELECTIVES, 10 credits

Based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge. Language studies (i.e. Finnish offered by the Department of Finnish Language and Literature, or Swedish offered by the Language Centre) and Statistical Data Processing (Y136) are recommended.

MASTER’S DEGREE TOTAL 120

Master’s Degree Programme in Forest Sciences and Business (MScFB) FOREST RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

timing MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 credits credits (yr./period)

GENERAL STUDIES, 15 credits

FOR520 Introduction to Studies in Forest Sciences and Business 3 1/I MKV314 Interpersonal Communication in Intercultural Context 3 1/I MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management 5 1/III MMVAR36 Personal Study Plan 1 1/I ICT Driving Licence (information technology skills) 3 1/I

MAJOR SUBJECT STUDIES, 70 credits

Advanced Studies, 70 credits

MMVAR35 Special Practical Training 3 open MMVAR21 Essays 3 1•2/1•4 FOR530 Master’s Thesis Seminar 5 1/II•IV – 2/I•II MMVAR32 Research Workshop 5 1•2/I•IV MMVAR33 Master’s Thesis 40 2 Maturity Essay

One of the following: MSUU11 Literature: Forest Planning 6 1•2/open MINV11 Literature: Forest Inventory 6 1•2/open METEK38 Literature: Forest Technology 6 1•2/open PTEK7 Literature: Wood Technology 6 1•2/open

27 International Master’s Degree Programmes

timing credits (yr./period)

8 credits from one of the following specialization lines (A or B):

A) Forest Planning and Forest Inventory

MINV12 Advanced Studies in Remote Sensing 5 1•2/III MARV5/1 Multi•attribute Forest Planning 6 1•2/I MARV5/2 Decision Support Systems 3 1•2/3•4 MSUU14 Operational Methods in Forestry Planning 4 1•2/I GIS13 GIS in Logistics and Business 5 1•2/I•II GIS14 Environmental GIS 5 1•2/3•4 GIS15 Application Development and Applied Web GIS 5 1•2/III•IV

B) Forest and Wood Technology

LOG1 Basics of Logistics 3 1/II METEK24 International Wood Procurement 3 1•2/I•II METEK36 Operations Research in Wood Procurement 8 2/I•II METEK40 International Field Trip 2 1•2/III•IV METEK41 Current Topics in Forest Technology 3 1/III PTEK41 Current Topics in Wood Technology 3 1/III GIS13 GIS in Logistics and Business 5 1•2/I•II

OTHER STUDIES, 25 credits

Supportive studies based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge.

The student chooses between either science•based specialized studies or theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies. In science•based specialized studies, students strengthen their scienti¿ c knowledge and skills in forest planning and inventory or forest and wood technology. In theme•based, multidisciplinary specialized studies, students broaden their knowledge of ecological, economical, social, and technical aspects of the forest sector.

Science•based Specialized Studies in Forest Resource Science and Technology, 25 credits:

Student selects from the following courses to ful¿ l the 25 credit requirement (Note: courses from other faculties or universities can also be approved):

GIS4 Principles in GIS 4 1•2/III•IV GIS13 GIS in Logistics and Business 5 1•2/I•II GIS14 Environmental GIS 5 1•2/III•IV GIS15 Application Development and Applied Web GIS 5 1•2/III•IV MARV5/1 Multi•attribute Forest Planning 6 1•2/II MARV5/2 Decision Support Systems 3 1•2/III•IV LOG1 Basics of Logistics 3 1•2/II LOG2 Advanced Supply Chain Management 6 1•2/I•II MMVAR37 Basic Course in Programming 3 1•2/III

28 Forest Sciences and Business

timing credits (yr./period)

Y132C•H Statistical Models 3 open MINV12 Advanced Studies in Remote Sensing 5 1•2/III MSUU14 Operational Methods in Forestry Planning 4 1•2/II METEK16 The Environmental Effects of Wood Utilization, Wood 3 1•2/IV Procurement and Silvicultural Practices METEK24 International Wood Procurement 3 1•2/I•II METEK36 Operations Research in Wood Procurement 8 2/I•IV METEK40 International Field Trip 2 1•2/III•IV METEK41 Current Topics in Forest Technology 3 1/III PTEK41 Current Topics in Wood Technology 3 1/III

Courses in Systems Analysis Laboratory and in the Department of Forest Products Technology at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT).

Courses in statistics and geoinformatics at the Faculty of Science.

Optimization and business mathematics at the Helsinki School of Economics.

Theme•based, Multidisciplinary Specialized Studies, 25 credits:

List of courses, see after curricula, page 28

ELECTIVES, 10 credits

Based on the student’s personal study plan. To be approved by the professor in charge. Language studies (i.e. Finnish offered by the Department of Finnish Language and Literature, or Swedish offered by the Language Centre) and Statistical Data Processing (Y136) are recommended.

MASTER’S DEGREE TOTAL 120

29 International Master’s Degree Programmes

THEME•BASED, MULTIDICIPLINARY SPECIALIZED STUDIES (25 CREDITS)

Students choose between one of two themes: Sustainable Forest Resource Management (SFRM) or Global Forest Enterprises (GFE). The student must plan with his/her professor which courses he/she will take. The courses listed below are only examples, and other courses can be accepted (also from other faculties and universities), depending on the prior knowledge of the student.

timing credits (yr./period)

Theme I: Sustainable Forest Resource Management (SFRM)

FOR540 Group Investigation 5 2/IV

A minimum of 5 credits from each of the following blocks (A•C) for a combined total of 20 credits:

A Ecology For example: ME351 Tropical Forest Ecology and Silviculture 3 1•2/III ME310 Soil Formation and Classi¿ cation 5 1•2/I ME413 Biogeochemistry of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Soils 5 1•2/III ME457 Participatory Methods in Sustainable Management of 5 1•2/I Natural Resources ME405 Sustainable Forestry 3 1•2/II ME475 Forest Protection and Wildlife 5 1•2/IV

B Resource and Technology For example: METEK16 The Environmental Effects of Wood Utilization, Wood 3 1•2/IV Procurement and Silvicultural Practices GIS4 Principles in GIS 4 1•2/III•IV GIS14 Environmental GIS 5 1•2/III•IV MINV12 Advanced Studies in Remote Sensing 5 1•2/III MARV5/1 Multi•attribute Forest Planning 6 1•2/II MARV5/2 Decision Support Systems 3 1•2/III•IV

C Economics and Marketing For example: FECP250 Valuation of Environmental Bene¿ ts 3 1•2/I FECP220 Introduction to Methods of Social Sciences 5 1•2/I•II FECP240 International Forest Policy 3 open FECM210 Quantitative Methods in Forest Resource Management 5 1•2/IV FECP270 Literature 5 open FECP271 Private Forestry and Forest Policy 3 1•2/III

Theme II: Global Forest Enterprises (GFE)

FOR540 Group Investigation 5 2/I•IV

30 Forest Sciences and Business

timing credits (yr./period)

A minimum of 5 credits from each of the following blocks (A•C) for a combined total of 20 credits:

A Ecology For example: ME455 National Forest Programmes 5 1•2/III ME457 Participatory Methods in Sustainable Management of 5 1•2/I Natural Resources ME454 Agroforestry in the Tropics and Developing Countries 5 1•2/IV ME310 Soil Formation and Classi¿ cation 5 1•2/I ME405 Sustainable Forestry 3 1•2/II

B Resource and Technology For example: PTEK41 Current Topics in Wood Technology 3 1•2/III LOG1 Basics of Logistics 3 1•2/II METEK24 International Wood Procurement 3 1•2/I•II METEK40 International Field Trip 2 1•2/III•IV

C Economics and marketing For example: FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry 5 1•2/IV FPM7 Structures and Functions of Forest Products Marketing 9 1•2/III

Courses and Instruction:

Speci¿ c information on courses offered by the Forest Economics), MMVAR (Department Departments is found separately after eachof Forest Resource Management), SBL departmental presentation in the study guide. (Department of Applied Biology). Course Please see Web•Oodi at http://www.helsinki. abbreviations used include FOR (courses jointly ¿ /weboodi for updated course informationarranged by the forestry departments), ME (time, place, etc.). Please be aware that some (Forest Ecology), JAL (Forest Tree Breeding), courses are only offered every second year KBIOT (Plant Biotechnology), FECM (Forest (in even or odd years) ; check the course listing Economics and Management), FECP (Forest for further details under Courses and Instruction Economics and Policy), FPM (Forest Products of the department concerned in the study guide Marketing), MMVAR (Forest Resource Science or Web•Oodi. and Technology), PTEK (Wood Technology), METEK (Forest Technology), LOG (Logistics), The following departmental abbreviationsMSUU (Forest Planning), MINV (Forest are commonly used: MMEKO (DepartmentInventory), MARV (Forest Mensuration), of Forest Ecology), MMEKN (Department ofGIS (Geoinformatics), MKV (Multicultural Communication), Y (general studies).

31 International Master’s Degree Programmes

Courses in English collection of research data. Teaching events in WebOodi Realisation and working methods:lectures 60, group work 10, independent study 60 hours Introduction to Studies in Forest Sciences Evaluation: Presentation of research plan and and Business (FOR520) 3 credits results, active participation in the seminar. 837025 Timing: Master’s Degree Programme studies, Group Investigation (FOR540) 5 credits 1st year. period I, annually. 837027 Responsible person: Meeri Pearson Timing: Master’s Degree Programme studies, Relations to other study units: An introductory 2nd year. Periods I•IV. course to studies in the Master’s DegreeResponsible person: Master’s Programme Programme in Forest Sciences and Business. coordinator/ student adviser Compulsory for students of the Programme. Relations to other study units:Compulsory Objective: To familiarize students with studies for Master’s Programme students intending in the Master’s Programme and the organizing to complete theme•based, multidisciplinary departments. To give students a generalspecialized studies (25 ECTS). understanding of the ecological, economical, Contents: Introduction to the group investigation social and cultural aspects of present•dayprocess: aim, group formation, literature, forestry in Finland. meetings, presentation and reporting. The group Contents: Students are introduced to studies investigation delves into one of two themes: in their major subject and other study•related Sustainable Forest Resource Management or matters (student counseling, personal studyGlobal Forest Enterprises. plan, etc.). Lectures and a 3•day¿ eld trip covering topics related to the Finnish forestry sector, i.e. forest industry, boreal forest ecology, peatland utilization and restoration, forest ownership, nature conservation, family forestry, forest•related culture. Realisation and working methods:lectures 45, group work 10, independent study 25 hours Study materials and literature: Handouts Evaluation: Participation, ¿ eld trip report, course feedback

Master’s Thesis Seminar (FOR530) 5 credits 837026 Timing: Master’s Degree Programme studies, Part 1: 1st year, periods II•IV, Part 2: 2nd year, periods I•II. Responsible person: University Lecturer Mike Starr (and Master’s Programme student adviser) Objective: The seminar prepares students for making their Master’s thesis and guides them through the process. Contents: The course consists of two parts: 1) Planning and organizing the study: introductory lectures and preparation of individual research plans, 2) Preparing the oral report: oral presentations by students of the material, methods and results of the study. When the thesis is completed the results are presented in the seminar. The ¿ rst part should be taken before, and the second part following the

32 Plant Production Science Master’s Degree Programme in Plant Production Science

The Master’s Degree Programme in PlantThe programme consists of general studies ProductionScience aims to provide students with (20 credits), major subject studies (70 credits an understanding of the principles of sustainable including Master’s Thesis 40 credits), elective plant production and the knowledge necessary studies related to the chosen specialisation line to develop plant production on scienti¿ c bases. (25 credits), and free choice studies (5 credits). Studies are based on a personal study plan. The estimated duration of studies is two years. You may choose your studies from a wide range of course options, from molecular biology The Master’s Degree Programme in Plant to systems ecology. All teaching is arranged in Production Science will start in autumn term English. 2007. The application deadline is January 31st yearly. For further details, please see The Master’s Degree Programme in Planthttp://www.helsinki.¿ /mscpps and http:// Production Science offers ¿ ve specialisation www.helsinki.¿ /admissions. lines under the major subject Biology of Plant Production: Agroecology, Crop Science, Horticulture, Plant Breeding, and Further Plant information Pathology. You also have an opportunity to specialise in Plant Virology within PlantThurman, Tarja, A•bldg, room 303, tel. 191 Pathology. 58381, tarja.thurman@helsinki.¿ . Department of Applied Biology.

Curriculum Degree Requirements 2007•2008

Master’s Degree Programme in Plant Production Science (MScPPS)

timing MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 credits credits (yr./period)

GENERAL STUDIES, 20 credits

KTB410 Introduction to Studies in Plant Production Biology 3 1/I KTB411 Personal Study Plan 1 1/I Y155 Bioethics 3 1/II Y131A Statistical Models 5 1/III KTB402 Research Methodology in the Science of Plant Production 5 1/II ICT•Driving Licence (information technology s,kills) 3 1/I

33 International Master’s Degree Programmes

timing credits (yr./period)

MAJOR SUBJECT STUDIES, 70 credits

Advanced studies, 70 credits

KTB301 Special Practical Training 3 1•2/summer KTB501 Seminars in Plant Production Biology 2 1/II•IV • 2/I•IV Master’s Thesis 40 2 Maturity Essay

In addition, 25 credits of advanced studies listed below or other courses when there are reasonable grounds must be chosen within the specialisation line (Agroecology, Crop Science, Horticulture, Plant Breeding, and Plant Pathology) and approved by the professor of that line.

Agroecology

AEKO301 Ecology of Food Systems 3 2/III AEKO403 Agroecosystem and Agrobiodiversity 5 1/II AEKO501 Sustainability in Agri•Food Systems 10 1•2/IV AEKO502 Literature in Agroecology 7 1•2/open

Crop Science

KTB401 Physiology of Growth, Development and Yield Formation 5 1/III•IV KTB403 Stress Physiology 5 1/II KVIL303 Quality of Field Crops 5 2/I PTARH402 Photobiology 5 1•2/IV KVIL502 Literature in Crop Science 5 1•2/open

Horticulture

KTB401 Physiology of Growth, Development and Yield Formation 5 1/III•IV KTB403 Stress Physiology 5 1/II PTARH402 Photobiology 5 1•2/IV PTARH303 Postharvest Physiology and Technology 5 1•2/II PTARH502 Literature in Horticulture 5 1•2/open

Plant Breeding

JAL402 Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources 5 1•2/IV KBIOT300 Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 5 1/III JAL403 Molecular Methods in Applied Plant Genetics 5 2/I JAL502 Literature in Plant Breeding 10 1•2/open

34 Plant Production Science

timing credits (yr./period)

Plant Pathology

KPAT401 Epidemiology and Ecology of Plant Pathogens 5 1•2/IV KPAT501 Plant•Microbe Interactions and Molecular Defence in 10 2/II Plants KPAT 400 Special Studies in Plant Pathology 5 1•2/I•IV KPAT502 Literature in Plant Pathology 5 1•2/open

Specialisation in Plant Virology:

KPAT400 Special Studies in Virology 5 1•2/I•IV KPAT403 Bacteria, Viruses and Pathogen Diagnostics: Viruses and 5 1•2/IV Virus Diagnostics

ELECTIVE STUDIES, 25 credits

Theoretical, methodological or multidisciplinary studies related to the specialisation line. Courses from other faculties and universities can also be approved. Studies are based on personal study plan approved by the professor. For example, in addition to the major subject courses of other specialisation lines within the Master’s Degree Programme in Plant Production Science, studies may include the following courses:

Agricultural Zoology

MAEL402 Biological Control of Insects, Pests and Weeds 3 1•2/IV MEHI301 Bees, Beekeeping and Pollination 8 1•2/IV

Agroecology

NOVA courses in the Norwegian University of Life Sciences AEKO 401 Intermediate Agroecology and Farming systems 15 1•2/I AEKO402 Advanced Agroecology and Food Systems 15 1•2/II

Organic Agri•Food Systems Studies in Ruralia Institute, Mikkeli

LUOMU3 Basic Literature on Organic Farming and Foodstuffs 1•6 1•2/open LUOMU4 Practical Work 3 1/ summer LUOMU5 Organic Quality 8 1•2/I LUOMU6 Organic Food Systems 8 1•2/III LUOMU7 Case Study 8 1•2/IV LUOMU8 Literature for Subject Studies in Organic Farming and 3•9 1•2/open Foodstuffs

Crop Science and Horticulture

PTARH403 Horticulture for Human Well•being 5 2/III RIKKA502 Literature in Weed Science 3 1•2/ open

35 International Master’s Degree Programmes

timing credits (yr./period)

Environmental Soil Science

Soil•related aspects of crop quality 22 credits MAA540 Plant Nutrition and Crop Quality 2 1•2/I MAA360 Laboratory Practical 10 1•2/III MAA370 Readings in Soil Science 10 1•2/open

Plant Breeding

JAL504 Breeding of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants 5 1•2/I JAL401 Selection Breeding and Experimental Designs 5 1•2/III JAL505 Forest Tree Breeding 5 1•2/I KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in Plant Biotechnology 5 1•2/IV KBIOT401 Laboratory Course in Plant Molecular Biology 5 1•2/III

FREE CHOICE STUDIES, 5 credits

University courses chosen freely by a student.

MASTER’S DEGREE TOTAL 120

36 HEBIOT HELSINKI REGION BIOTECHNOLOGY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME (HEBIOT)

In 2004, the University of Helsinki, the Helsinki REQUIREMENTS FOR THE University of Technology and the Helsinki School BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS of Economics started a new interdisciplinary educational programme in biotechnology.GENERAL STUDIES, 15•16 CREDITS In the University of Helsinki, the Faculties55395 Introduction to Chemistry, 3 cr of Biosciences, Agriculture and Forestry,590171 Organic Chemistry for Biochemists Pharmacy, and Science, and the Institute of and Pharmacists (M.Sc.) I, 3 cr Biotechnology and the Neuroscience Center 590172 Organic Chemistry for Biochemists participate in this programme. and Pharmacists (M.Sc.) II, 3 cr or YKEM100 Chemistry Lectures, In the fall of 2004 and 2005, 27 biotechnology 8 cr students in the University of Helsinki (+ 5 in the YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr Helsinki University of Technology) started their or 52264 Biophysics, 3 cr + M.Sc. studies in this programme. In parallel, Exercises in Physics, 2 cr 12 (2004) + 16 (2005) students at the B.Sc. (or 529216 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr equivalent) level were selected to start studies in the separate Master’s Degree Programme in MAJOR STUDIES, 96•98 CREDITS Biotechnology. These students will receive their Basic studies, 25 cr M.Sc. diplomas from the Faculty of Biosciences 529201 Introduction to Biotechnology and the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Studies, 2 cr which also share the major responsibility for529001 Basics of Biosciences 1, 7 cr the B.Sc. studies and parts of the major subject 529002 Basics of Biosciences 2, 7 cr studies in the M.Sc. level. BIOT100 Biotechnology I – From Basic Research to Applications , 2 cr Basic studies in biotechnology include courses 52736 Gene Technology, 3 cr in chemistry, mathematics, biochemistry,MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr microbiology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, or 52818 Introduction to Microbial and biobusiness. In the study programmes Biotechnology and Physiology 4 cr leading to the Master’s degree, students + an essay, 1 cr will specialize in one of the six tracks Intermediate of studies, 71•73 cr biotechnology: Bioinformatics and Systems529203 Laboratory Course in Microbiology Biology, Biotechnology of Natural Resources, and Microbial Genetics, 3 cr Neurobiotechnology, Bioprocessing (in HUT), or MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Cellular Biotechnology and Structural Biology, Course in Microbiology, 5 cr and Health and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 529204 Practical Course in Gene For more information see http://www.helsinki. Technology, 5 cr ¿ /biotech. 52739 Genetic Bioinformatics, 2 cr 52097 Cell Physiology, 3 cr Contact person 529214 Practical Course in Bioinformatics, 5 cr Kauppinen, Leila, HEBIOT Coordinator,BIOT300 Biotechnology II – From Inventions Biocenter 2, Room 4007, tel. 191 59088, leila. to Commercialization, 3 cr kauppinen@helsinki.¿ 882500 Practical Training, 6 cr 882501 Final Examination in B.Sc. Degree, 8 cr 882502 B.Sc. Thesis and Maturity Essay, 6 cr

37 Helsinki Region Biotechnology Educational Programme

529219 Bachelor´s Seminar, 3 cr 529205 Laboratory Course in Biochemistry, 8 credits from the following: 9 cr 510012 Molecular Cell Biology 5 cr Elective studies of biochemistry or or BKEM300 Molecular Cell Biology, 5 cr biotechnology, 8 cr 52912 Genomes, 3 cr 52949 Molecular Genetics, 5 cr Taught at the Helsinki School of Economics: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 529228 Basics of Business Economics, 8 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Taught at the Helsinki University of Technology: 529238 Bioprocess Engineering I, 5 cr GENERAL STUDIES, 12 CREDITS 529239 Chemical Engineering I, 5 cr 529229 Business Economics, 8 cr 529240 Excercise Course in Bioprocess529208 Ethics, 3 cr Design, 5 cr 529242 Personal Study Plan for Achieving Master’s Degree, 1 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONMAJOR STUDIES, 80•99 CREDITS TECHNOLOGY (ICT), 14 CREDITS Obligatory advanced studies, 51•53 cr Second domestic language, 4 cr 882503 Final examination in M.Sc. degree, Foreign languages, 3 cr 8•10 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr 882504 Master´s Thesis and Maturity Essay, 40 cr OTHER STUDIES, 7•13 CREDITS 529249 Advanced Seminar in Biotechnology, Elective studies according to the Personal Study 3 cr Plan, 7•13 cr Alternative studies according to the specialisation track, 30•47 cr The following courses are recommendedAt least 20 credits from the following courses: (4•13 cr): 882505 Practical Training, max 10 cr 529212 Advanced Training in a Research Alternative 1: Programming and Algorithm Group, I and II, 8 + 8 cr and/or practical 581325 Introduction to Programming, 5 cr courses. 581326 Programming in Java, 4 cr Other elective studies, at least 10 cr 58160 Programming Project, 4 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Alternative 2: Data Management INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 581325 Introduction to Programming, 5 cr TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 581328 Introduction to Databases, 4 cr 1 cr of ICT studies is integrated in 529249 582203 Database Application, 4 cr Advanced Seminar in Biotechnology

MINOR STUDIES, 50 CREDITS FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 8•27 CREDITS 882507 Basic studies in Methodological Sciences , 25 cr Optional courses in mathematics, statisticsCourses in English and computer science. Courses selected from the course list of the methodological sciences See http://www.helsinki.¿ /biotech/ (“kurssikori”) offered by the Faculty of Science. The basic studies should include at least one course in mathematics and statistics.

882511 HEBIOT Basic studies in Biochemistry, 25 cr 51072 Biomolecules, 5 cr 529202 Basic Laboratory Course in Biochemistry and Chemistry, 3 cr

38 Biotechnology minor BIOTECHNOLOGY MINOR

Biotechnology minor (25 credits) Contents: The lecturers describe the Code: 850009 background of their own research¿ eld and present applications based on their own basic Obligatory prerequisites research. Students prepare a learning diary on Basics of Biochemistry (theory and laboratory some of the lecture topics. practicals) Other information: The language of instruction Basics of Microbiology (theory and laboratory is Finnish, but the course can be taken as a practicals) literature examination in English Basics of Genetics Basic Course in Gene Technology ( BIOT200) A. Obligatory studies, 10 cr 2 credits BIOT100 Biotechnology I • From Basic Research 850011 to Applications, 2 cr Literature : BIOT200 Basics of Gene Technology, 2 cr Suominen Ilari, Ollikka Pauli (•1)Yhdistelmä• BIOT201 Gene Technology Laboratory Course, DNA•tekniikan perusteet 3 cr Horton, R. H., Moran, L. A., Scrimgeour K. G., BIOT300 Biotechnology II • From Inventions to Perry, M. D., Rawn J. D. (2006) Principles of Commercialization, 3 cr biochemistry Objective: An introduction to nucleic acids and B. Elective studies, 15 cr to biological information À ow. The underlying You can ¿ nd examples of some electivetheory and the various procedures of gene courses at www.mm.helsinki.¿ /biotekniikka/ cloning, DNA sequencing, hybridization, and english/minor.htm, or you can choose otherPCR methods. Applications, ethics and laws biotechnology•related courses found in HEBIOT, related to gene technology are treated brieÀ y. as well as other appropriate courses offered on Other information: The language of instruction the Viikki Campus or even by other universities. is Finnish, but the course can be taken as a The four professors of the Biotechnology Major literature examination in English. Board are responsible for approval of the elective studies. Please contact the secretary of Laboratory Course In Gene Technology the Board with your list of suggestions for the (BIOT201) 3 credits elective courses. 850012 Objective: Ampli¿ cation of DNA by PCR, the Contact persons various steps of gene cloning, puri¿ cation and Hatakka, Annele, Professor, Head of theelectrophoretic analysis of DNA. Biotechnolgoy major, Biocenter 1, Room 3210, Other information: Instruction of one group is tel. 191 59314, annele.hatakka@helsinki.¿ arranged in English.

Niklander•Teeri, Viola, Student Adviser, B•bldg, Biotechnology II •From Inventions to Room K111, tel. 191 58424, viola.niklander•Commercialization (BIOT300) 3 credits teeri@helsinki.¿ 85059 Timing: Autumn term, period I Contents: Topics related to innovations, Courses in English patenting, licensing, technology transfer from laboratories to companies, patent databases, Teaching events in WebOodi legislation and the founding of start•up companies. Students prepare a learning diary Biotechnology I •From Basic Research to on some of the lecture topics. Applications (BIOT100) 2 credits Other information: The language of instruction 85058 is Finnish, but the course can be taken as a Timing: Spring term, period III literature examination in English.

39 Y courses GENERAL STUDIES: Y COURSES

Y courses are common courses, intended for It is possible to pass following courses all interested students in the Faculty. Thesealso in English: courses are organized by different departments of the Faculty. The language of instructionICT•driving licence, information technology is mainly Finnish, but some courses can beskills 3 credits completed in English as well. Computer Science 2 (Y10) 3 credits

Courses in English Isotope Technology, Lectures (Y35) Teaching events in WebOodi 4 credits

Bioethics (Y155) 3 credits Introduction to Scanning Electron 812092 Microscopy and X•ray Microanalysis (Y36) Timing: Participation is suggested during1 credit the ¿ rst year of Master’s studies (autumn). Compulsory registration via WebOodi. Isotope Technology, Laboratory Exercises Responsible person: Co•ordinator of the (Y40) 3 credits ESGEMO research programme, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. Courses in Finnish Objective: The aim is to familiarize students with ELSA (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) Farm Study and Practical Training of biological sciences. (MAATHARJ) 3 credits Contents: The course in composed of two times 81801 two days of lectures. These two sets of lectures Timing: Recommended after the ¿ rst year of are separated by a period when studentsstudies. participate in a WebCT discussion forum onContents: Practical training for 90 days and a different subjects. Lectures will provide basic written report describing the farm and production information on ethical principles, the role ofwith pro¿ tability calculations. More instructions science in society (and society in science), good from the training coordinator. conduct in science, biolegislation, popularization of science, and the role of scienti¿ c expertise ICT•driving licence, information technology in society. The discussions shall analyse ELSA skills 3 credits of different subjects, such as bio banks 80088 or changing agricultural practises. The outcome Timing: Autumn and spring terms of the WebCT discussions will be summarized Responsible person: Vesa Niskanen and presented during the second set of lectures Objective: Basic skills in information (lecture day). technology Realisation and working methods: The course Contents: Basic skills in information in composed of two times two days of lectures. technology These two sets of lectures are separated byRealisation and working methods: a period when students participate in WebCT Independent studies, remedial instruction discussions. Lectures 34 h; WebCT discussions Study materials and literature:Study and group work 20 h; independent study 26 h. materials, info and literature on the website: Study materials and literature: To be provided www.mm.helsinki.fi/users/niskanen/verped/ during the course. atkope.htm Evaluation: Participation in lectures; active Evaluation: Passed / not passed contribution to WebCT discussions; written summary report on the WebCT discussion subject of student’s choice.

40 Y courses

Computer Science 2 (Y10) 3 credits Introduction to Scanning Electron 80002 Microscopy and X•ray Microanalysis (Y36) Timing: Autumn and spring terms 1 credit Responsible person: Vesa Niskanen 80011 Relations to other study units:Relations to Timing: The dates to be agreed separately. other study units Responsible person: M.Sc. Simo Lehtinen, Objective: Additional skills in informationtel. +358 9 1915 8448, +358 400 475 288. technology By appointment at Mikrofokus Ltd. (Viikki, Contents: Additional skills in informationLatokartanonkaari 3). technology Objective: Theoretical and practical Realisation and working methods: Instruction, Foundations of scanning electron microscopy self•studies and X•ray microanalysis (EDS). Evaluation: Passed / not passed Realisation and working methods: Lectures 5, practical work 15, independent study 5 hours. Isotope Technology, Lectures Study (Y35) materials and literature: Hand•outs as 4 credits assigned. 80012 Evaluation: Final examination. Timing: Spring term, period III. Other information: All the students and Responsible person: Chief Engineer Antti researchers of the faculty who intend to use the Uusi•Rauva. scanning electron microscope, EDS or additional Relations to other study units:The courses equipment of Mikrofokus Ltd. have to pass this Y35 Isotope Technology, Lectures and Y40course or alternatively obtain corresponding Isotope Technology, Laboratory Exercisestraining given separately. The course is offered (with passed examination) qualify for radiation in cooperation with Mikrofokus Ltd. Department safety of¿ cer for the use of radiation in industry, in charge: Instrument Centre of the Faculty of research and teaching both with sealed andAgriculture and Forestry. unsealed sources and X•ray machines. A certi¿ cate of quali¿ cation will be issued. Isotope Technology, Laboratory Exercises Objective: After the course the student will have (Y40) 3 credits basic knowledge of atomic physics and nuclear 80013 physics, radioactive decay and its applications Timing: Spring term, period IV. In the Isotope in the scienti ¿ c ¿ elds of the Faculty of Agriculture Section of the Instrument Centre. and Forestry and radiation protection. Responsible person: Chief Engineer Antti Contents: Principles of nuclear physics,Uusi•Rauva. radioactivity and radioactive decay, interactions Relations to other study units:The courses of radioactive radiation with matter, detection Y35 Isotope Technology, Lectures and Y40 and measurement of radiation, mathematical Isotope Technology, Laboratory Exercises and statistical analysis of measurement results, (with passed examination) qualify for radiation applications of radioactive radiation and tracers, safety of¿ cer for the use of radiation in industry, radiation protection, biological effects research of and teaching both with sealed and radiation. Nuclear plant excursion. unsealed sources and X•ray machines. A Realisation and working methods:Lectures certi¿ cate of quali¿ cation will be issued. 44, practical work 10, independent study 56 h. Objective: Instruction in the use of isotope Evaluation: Revision tests, which must betechnology with analytical and research methods passed with a minimum grade of 1,5/3 and the and measuring instruments. Inculdes instruction ¿ nal examination, which must be passed with a in working safely with radioactive materials. minimum grade of 1/3. The course is compulsory Contents: Working safely with radioactivity in for those wishing to work at the Isotope Section. the isotope laboratory, monitoring of radiation The time of the examination will be announced exposure in radiation work, Geiger•Müller later. counting,gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation Other information: Organized by the Isotope counting, photosynthesis, autoradiography and Section of the Instrument Centre of the Faculty preparation of liquid scintillation samples. of Agriculture and Forestry. Realisation and working methods:Practical work 30, independent study 52 hours.

41 Y courses

Study materials and literature: Hand•outs as Managerial Accounting (Y75) 5 credits assigned. 80020 Evaluation: Approved report (1/3). Timing: Periods III and IV. Recommended in Other information: Organized by the Isotope 2nd year. Section of the Instrument Centre of the Faculty Contents: The basics of accounting and cost of Agriculture and Forestry. accounting.

Introduction to Economics (Y50) 3 credits Land and Water Law (Y85) 4 credits 80015 80023 Contents: The basics of micro• Contents: and Property formation, town planning, macroeconomics. Consumer theory, producer water rights legislation and environmental theory and market theory. Economic growth, protection law. The course includes lectures, market equilibrium, money and ¿ nancial politics, case studies and literature. open economy, European Monetary Union. Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in High School Environmental problems in agriculture (Y51) Mathematics (Y96) 5 credits 80025 80094 Timing: The examination will be held at autumn and spring Mathematics (Y54) 5 credits Contents: High school mathematics 81897 Mathematics I (Y100) 5 credits Basic Course in Economics (Y55) 10 credits 80085 80016 Timing: Autumn term, period II. Timing: Autumn term Contents: Equations,integration, differentiation, Contents: An introduction to 1) differential the equations, matrices, computer microeconomics of consumer and producermathematics. theory themes of competition and markets, and 2) the macroeconomics of economic cycles,Probability Theory (Y101C) 3 credits money and ¿ nancial politics, international trade 83483 and currency politics. Timing: To be arranged

Advanced Microeconomic Theory (Y56) 11 Basic Course in Marketing (Y105) 5 credits credits 80028 80096 Timing: Autumn term, periods I and II. Recommended in 1st year of studies. Basic Statistics (Y57) 5 credits Contents: Foundations and consumer 80090 orientation in marketing.

Presentation of Scienti¿ c Data (Y58)Operational Research (Y115) 3 credits 5 credits 80030 80092 Timing: Spring term, period III. Contents: Mathematical optimisation, Economics (Y59) 10 credits mathematical modelling and solving of 80093 optimisation problems with various algorithms.

Commercial Law (Y60) 4 credits Basic Course in Research (Y125) 2 credits 80017 837005 Timing: III period. Recommended in 2nd year Timing: Period III. of studies. Contents: Basics of argumentation. The course Contents: Contract law, tort law, company law includes an obligatory assignment. and competition law.

42 Y courses

Basic Course in Research 2 (Y126) 2 credits Other information: Liability: Department Of 837006 Forest Resource Management Timing: Period IV. Contents: The basics of scienti¿ c research Statistic models 2: Logistic models (Y132E) methods. The course includes an obligatory3 credits assignment. 83432 Contents: Logistical models Basics of Statistical Inference (Y130)Other information: Organizing Department: 5 credits Forest Resource Management 80033 Timing: Autumn term, periods I and II. Statistical Models 2: Multivariate Methods, Contents: The course includes scales,Continuation Course (Y132F) 3 credits statistical measures, graphical representations, 83480 introduction to probability, sampling from normal Contents: Multivariate methods distribution, statistical testing, ¿ condence Other information: Organizing Department: intervals, two•sample mean test, regressionForest Resource Management models, and tests for independence. Statistical Models 2: Complementary Course Statistical Models 1: Analysis of Variance in Analysis of Variance and Experimental and Models of Regression and Correlation Design (Y132G) 3 credits (Y131A) 5 credits 83485 83430 Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. Statistical Models 2: Response Surface Contents: The course covers sections (1)Techniques (Y132H) 3 credits analysis of variance and (2) regression and83433 correlation models. Other information: Organizing Department: Forest Resource Management Statistical Models 1: Models of Regression and Correlation and Sampling (Y131B)Statistical Data Processing (Y136) 5 credits 4•7 credits 83431 80035 Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. Timing: Autumn and spring terms Contents: The course covers sections (2)Contents: Basic skills for using statistical regression and correlation models and (3)software sampling techniques. Economicsof Form and Basics of Accounting Statistical Models 2. Variance Analysis(Y145) 4 credits (Y132A) 3 credits 80037 83479 Contents: Accounting theory, basics of Timing: Spring term, period III. accounting and ¿ nancial statements, pro¿ t calculation and taxation. The course includes Statistical Models 2/Sampling (Y132B)assignments. 3 credits 83478 Food Chain (Y150) 2 credits Timing: Spring term, period IV. 812054 Timing: Recommended to be taken in the ¿ rst Statistical Models 2: Multivariate Methods study year. (Y132C) 3 credits Objective: The structure of the food chain, the 83419 concept of quality, quality control systems and Timing: To be arranged environmental impacts of the food chain. Contents: Multivariate methods Other information: Organizing Department: Popularisation of Science (Y160) 3•5 credits Forest Resource Management 80062 Contents: Students are trained to write a Statistical Models 2: Time Series Analysis popular article of their studies. And, they will (Y132D) 3 credits get familiar with the role of science in different 83420 media. Contents: Time series analysis

43 Department of Agrotechnology DEPARTMENT OF AGROTECHNOLOGY

The Department of Agrotechnology offers one MAE1 Basics of Agricultural Economics, major subject, Agricultural and Environmental 5 cr Engineering. The major subject has two different MAATHARJ Farm Study and Practical Training, specialisation lines, Agricultural Engineering 3 cr and Environmental Engineering of Agriculture, AGTEK100 Personal Study Plan, 3 cr both of which have the same technological and scienti¿ c basis in common. The Department is MAJOR STUDIES also in charge of the instruction in physics and Basic studies work science given in common to students in YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr many departments of the Faculty of Agriculture YFYS2 Physics II, 5 cr and Forestry. YFYS3 Physics III, 5 cr YFYS4 Modelling, Numerical Solution and Head of the Department Simulation of Biosystems I, 5 cr Professor Jukka Ahokas Y100 Mathematics I, 5 cr Intermediate studies Contact information AGTEK301 Seminar and Literature on the Department of Agrotechnology Bachelor’s Thesis, 4 cr Koetilantie 3 (P.O. Box 28) AGTEK302 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Maturity Essay tel. +358 9 1911 Agricultural Engineering: fax +358 9 191 58 491 (Agricultural AGTEK210 Development and Organizing of Engineering) Research Work Processes, 7 cr Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtek/ AGTEK310 Principles of Implement Usage, 15 cr Teaching staff in joint courses At least 30 credits from the following Professor Jukka Ahokas courses: Professor Anna•Maija Sjöberg AGTEK320 Livestock Housing and University Lecturer Mikko Hautala Machinery, 5•15 cr Full•time Teacher Hanna•Riitta Kymäläinen AGTEK330 Environmental Engineering, 5•15 cr AGTEK340 Machine Design, 5•15 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AGTEK350 Soil Hydrology, 5•15 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS MMTEK360 Basic studies of clean• technology, 5•15 cr Applicable to both specialisation lines. Or other courses by agreement with the department GENERAL STUDIES Environmental Engineering of Agriculture: Y96 Demonstration of ¿ Prociency in MAA250 Soil Structure, 5 cr High School Mathematics, 0 cr MAA350 Soil Hydrology, 5 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr AGTEK330, Environmental Engineering in Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr Agriculture, 15 cr Y150 Food chain, 2 cr At least 30 credits from the following MMTEK102 Production Environment and courses: Hygiene, 2 cr AGTEK310 Principles of Implement Usage, YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr 5•15 cr KTB111 The Basics of Crop Production, AGTEK320 Livestock Housing and 5 cr Machinery, 5•15 cr KEL150 Introduction to Animal Production, AGTEK340 Machine Design, 5•15 cr 5 cr AGTEK350 Soil Hydrology, 5•15 cr

44 Department of Agrotechnology

MMTEK360 Basic studies of YFYS5 clean• Modelling, Numerical Solution and technology, 5•15 cr Simulation of Biosystems I Or other courses by agreement with AGTEK450 the Environmental Technology of Crop department Production, 15 cr AGTEK460 Environmental Technology of LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Animal Production, 15 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONOther studies by agreement with the TECHNOLOGY (ICT) department Second domestic language, 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN ICT driving licence, 3 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION AGTEK300 Scienti¿ c Communication TECHNOLOGY in (ICT) Technology, 7 cr Studies in ICT integrated in AGTEK402 (1 cr) and AGTEK405 (1 cr). MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS OTHER STUDIES, 16 CREDITS FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 11 CREDITS

Course in English REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Teaching events in WebOodi MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Introduction to Biosystems Engineering. Applicable to both specialisation lines. (NOVA•NORBE •Course) (IBE) 15 credits 822077 GENERAL STUDIES Y131 Statistical Models, 5 cr AGTEK400 Personal Study Plan (HOPS) and Courses in Finnish Tutoring for Master’s Studies, 2 cr Personal Study Plan (HOPS) and Tutoring for MAJOR STUDIES Bachelor’s Studies (AGTEK100) 2 credits Advanced studies 822049 AGTEK420 Advanced Practical Training, 3 cr AGTEK430 Development Prospects Development of and Organizing of Research Agricultural Technology, 10 cr Work Processes (AGTEK210) 7 credits AGTEK401 Research Practices 822044 in Agrotechnology, 7 cr AGTEK402 Prae Gradu Seminar, 5 cr Basics of Subdrainage (AGTEK220) 2•5 AGTEK403 Pro Gradu Seminar, 7 cr credits AGTEK404 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr 82208 Maturity Essay AGTEK405 Post Gradu Seminar, 5 cr Scienti¿ c Communication in Technology (AGTEK300) 7 credits At least 20 credits from the following courses by 822050 agreement with the department: Agricultural Engineering: Seminar and Literature on the Bachelor’s AGTEK440 Non•Food Technology, 5 cr Thesis (AGTEK301) 4 credits AGTEK410 Plant Production Machinery,822045 5•15 cr Other studies by agreement with Bachelor’s the Thesis (AGTEK302) 6 credits department 82252

Environmental Engineering of Agriculture: Principles of Implement Usage (AGTEK310) AGTEK440 Non•Food Technology, 5 cr 5•15 credits 822053

45 Department of Agrotechnology

Livestock Housing and MachineryDevelopment Prospects of Agricultural (AGTEK320) 5•15 credits Technology (AGTEK430) 10 credits 822054 82262

Environmental Engineering in Agriculture Non•Food Technology (AGTEK440) 5•15 (AGTEK330) 5•15 credits credits 822055 822062

Machine Design (AGTEK340) 5•15 credits Participation in a Research Project 822056 (AGTEK480) 3•10 credits 822070 Automation of Agricultural Machinery (AGTEK350) 5•15 credits Post•Graduate Seminar (AGTEK700) 822057 3 credits 822075 Special Course in Agrotechnology (AGTEK370) 5•15 credits Post•Graduate Course I (AGTEK710) 3•15 82243 credits 822076 Participation in Project Work (AGTEK380) 4•15 credits Post•Graduate Course II (AGTEK711) 3•15 822058 credits 82275 Personal Study Plan (HOPS) and Tutoring for Master’s Studies (AGTEK400) 2 credits Final Examination for the Licentiate Degree 822090 (AGTEK720) 82277 Research Practices in Agrotechnology I (AGTEK401) 7 credits Production Environment and Hygiene 822091 (MMTEK102) 2•4 credits 85218 Pro Gradu Seminar (AGTEK402) 5 credits 822092 Methods in Cleanability Studies (MMTEK362) 6 credits Research Practices in Agrotechnology822027 (AGTEK403) 7 credits 822093 Writing a Scienti¿ c Article (MMTEK770) 4•20 credits Master’s Thesis (AGTEK404) 40 credits 82281 822094 Physics I (YFYS1) 5 credits Post Gradu Seminar (AGTEK405) 5 credits 822014 822095 Timing: Recommended in the ¿ rst fall. Lectured autumn term, period I. Plant Production Machinery (AGTEK410)Contents: Physical model thinking, SI•unit 5•15 credits system, transportation phenomena (liquid, gas, 822059 heat and electricity), solid matter mechanical properties. Measured data processing, Advanced Practical Training (AGTEK420)terminology, instruments and their properties. 3 credits 82242 Physics II (YFYS2) 5 credits 822015 Timing: Recommended in the ¿ rst fall. Lectured autumn term, period II.

46 Department of Agrotechnology

Contents: Mass and energy balance, heat and matter transport and À ow. Special emphasis on water movements and its causes, such as osmosis and water activity. Factors inÀ uencing gas and heat transport in biological systems (soil and plants).

Physics III (YFYS3) 5 credits 822016 Timing: Recommended in the ¿ rst spring. Lectured spring term, period III. Contents: Introduction to the physics laboratory: basic instruments, wiring, multimeters and oscilloscope. Measuring signal: what they are like, disturbances. Computer aided measurement: ADC and data loggers. Mechanics, strength of materials, heat•,À ow• and moisture measurements. A course for everyone interested in measurement..

Modelling, Numerical Solution and Simulation of Biosystems I (YFYS4) 5 credits 822017

Modelling, Numerical Solution and Simulation of Biosystems I (YFYS5) 5•15 credits 822018

47 Department of Animal Science DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

The Department of Animal Science has chairs in Head of the Department Animal Breeding (KEJAL) and Animal Nutrition Professor Matti Näsi (KERAV). These chairs are responsible for teaching and research in de ¿ ned areas of animal Contact information production focusing on breeding, nutrition,Department of Animal Science feeding, physiology and health as well P.O. as Box 28 management of the major species of domestic FIN•00014 University of Helsinki, Finland animals (cattle, pig, poultry, sheep, horse, fur tel. + 358 9 1911 animals, dog, reindeer). The department is also fax + 358 9 191 58 379 responsible for teaching and research in Animal http://www.animal.helsinki.¿ / Biotechnology. Teaching staff The requirements for the Bachelor’s degreeUniversity Lecturer Kari Elo are common for all students majoring University in Lecturer Seija Jaakkola Animal Science. At the Master’s level, students Assistant Tuomo Kokkonen specialise in Animal Breeding or AnimalUniversity Lecturer Anna•Elisa Liinamo Nutrition, which are the two specialisation lines Professor Matti Näsi of the major. A degree in Animal Science leads Professor Matti Ojala to career opportunities in teaching, research, Professor Aila Vanhatalo consultative and administrative ¿ elds related to Several external teachers agriculture both nationally and internationally.

Animal Science

Animal Breeding Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. In other faculties at the University of Helsinki, minor (KEJAL) subjects may be taken in genetics, statistics, data processing, biochemistry, and physiology, The objective of animal breeding is to improve among other ¿ elds. The department assists the genetic level of animals and animal groups students in the selection of alternative courses. with regard to economically important traits by observing the principles of sustainable development and taking into account the ethical aspects of animal production. The designing and the realisation of breeding schemesAnimal Nutrition require, among other things, assessment of(KERAV) the heritability of different traits and of breeding values of animals, as well as assessment of the Animal nutrition studies the nutrition physiology, development ofappropriate selectionand mating metabolism and the nutritional requirements of procedures. Animal breeding research and the domestic animals, and the composition of feeds application of research results require suf¿ cient and their suitability to various animal species. basic knowledge of genetics, statistics, andAnimal nutrition also covers the ef ¿ ciency of feed data processing. Students specialising in animal utilisation in various branches of production, breeding can elect, as their supplementarythe effects of feeding on the quality of animal minor, subjects in meat technology, dairyproducts and the health of the animal. The care technology, genetics, statistics, agriculturalof domestic animals as well as environmental, business economics, or biotechnology in the

48 Department of Animal Science economical and behavioural aspects are taken Intermediate studies into consideration. KEL200 Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Feeds, 5 cr Chemistry and biology are important basicKEL210 Production Physiology, Nutrition and subjects. Minor subject studies for those Breeding of Cattle, 10 cr specialising in animal nutrition may include plant KEL220 Production Physiology, Nutrition and production, agricultural business economics, Breeding of Swine and Poultry, 10 cr agricultural engineering, meat technology, dairy KEL230 Animal Biotechnology, 8 cr technology, microbiology, and biotechnology. KEL260 Practical Training in an Animal Production Organization or Company, 2 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE KEL310 Literature Examination 1, 5 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS KEL320 Research Process and Seminars 1, 5 cr Applicable to both specialisation lines KEL330 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Maturity Essay GENERAL STUDIES At least 3 credits from the following courses: KEL110 Introduction to Studies in Animal KEL250 Special Topics in Animal Production Science, 4 cr Other courses by agreement with the Y96 Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in High department School Mathematics, 0 cr Y150 Food chain, 2 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN KTB111 The Basics of Crop Production, 5 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION MAE1 Basics of Agricultural Economics,TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 5 cr Second domestic language, 4 cr MAATHARJ Farm Study and Practical Training, Foreign language, 3 cr 3 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr KEL120 Anatomy of Farm Animals, 3 cr KEL130 Physiology of Farm Animals, 4 cr OTHER STUDIES KEL135 Physiology of Farm Animals,Studies in Animal Science according to a Laboratory Exercises, 4 cr Personal Study Plan, 5 cr YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, 5 cr MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS 51019 Introduction to Biochemistry and CellMinor studies according to a Personal Study Biology (In Faculty of Biosciences), Plan 3 cr 52081 Basics of Genetics (In Faculty of Biosciences), 3 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Y131A Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr Applicable to both specialisation lines

MAJOR STUDIES GENERAL STUDIES Basic studies 30 credits, selected from among the following KEL150 Introduction to Animal Production,courses according to a Personal Study Plan, at 5 cr least 5 credits from at least one group KEL160 Health and Welfare of Farm Animals, 5 cr Group A: Chemistry, Biochemistry and KEL170 Principles of Farm Animal Nutrition,Microbiology 5 cr BKEM100 Biochemistry I, 5 cr KEL180 Introduction to Animal Breeding, 5 cr BKEM101 Biochemistry I Laboratory Other courses in Animal Science, 5 cr Course, 5 cr BKEM200 Biochemistry II, 5 cr

49 Department of Animal Science

BKEM201 Biochemistry II LaboratoryOther courses according to a Personal Study Course, 5 cr Plan BKEM300 Molecular Cell Biology, 5 cr MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology,Advanced studies in Animal Nutrition 5 cr KERAV410 Ruminant Nutrition Physiology, or other studies by agreement 10 cr KERAV420 Feed Technology and Hygiene, Group B: Computer Science, Statistics, 5 cr Mathematics KERAV430 Practical Training in a Research Y132 Statistical Models 2D, E and/or G Institute, 2 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing KERAV510 Literature Examination 2, 7 cr Y100 Mathematics I, 5 cr KERAV520 Research Process and Seminars 2, Studies in methodology (offered by the 7 cr Faculty of Natural Sciences) KERAV530 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Maturity Essay Group C: Genetics Other courses according to a Personal Study Studies in genetics (offered by the Faculty of Plan Biosciences) LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Group D: Biotechnology, Physiology andINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Veterinary Medicine TECHNOLOGY (ICT) BIOT100 Biotechnology I: From BasicICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KEJAL520 and Research to Applications, 2 cr KERAV520 BIOT300 Biotechnology II •From Inventions to Commercialization, 3 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 7•12 CREDITS Courses from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Courses in Finnish Group E: Other courses according to a Personal Study Plan Introduction to studies in animal science (KEL110) 4 credits Personal study plan (HOPS, 1 cr) integrated in 815010 KEJAL520 and KERAV520 Timing: Autumn term, period I•II, recommended in the 1st year of studies MAJOR STUDIES Contents: Introduction to the Department of Advanced studies in Animal Breeding Animal Science, teaching and research areas, KEJAL410 Linear Models and Breedingand research resources. Demonstrations and Planning, 10 cr exercises on milking, calving, feeding, heat KEJAL420 Methods of Predicting Breedingdetection and body condition scoring of dairy Values, 5 cr cows. Creation of the personal study plan KEJAL460 Practical Training at a Research(HOPS). Introduction to study techniques. Institute, 2 cr KEJAL510 Literature Examination 2, 7 cr Anatomy of farm animals (KEL120) 3 credits KEJAL520 Research Process and Seminars 2, 815014 7 cr Timing: Autumn term, period II, recommended KEJAL530 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr in the 1st year of studies Maturity Essay Contents: The application of the general 10 Credits from the following courses: knowledge of natural sciences to animal KEJAL430 Genetic Resources and Animalscience. Biotechnology, 8 cr KEJAL440 Molecular Genetic Markers Physiology in of farm animals (KEL130) Animal Breeding, 5 cr 4 credits KEJAL450 Methods of Assessing Variance815018 Components, 5 cr Timing: Spring term, period III•IV, recommended

50 Department of Animal Science in the 1st year of studies change; mating systems; basics of planning a Contents: The basics of the physiologicalbreeding program. functions of domestic animals. Chemical composition and evaluation of Physiology of farm animals, laboratoryfeeds (KEL200) 5 credits exercises (KEL135) 4 credits 815046 815020 Timing: Autumn term, period II, recommended Timing: Spring term, period III•IV, recommended in the 2nd year of studies in the 1st year of studies Contents: The basics of feed chemistry, the Contents: Practicals in blood, circulation,methods of feed analysis and determination respiration, digestion, metabolism and sensory of feed energy and protein values. The course organs. includes two weeks of intensive laboratory work. Introduction to animal production (KEL150) 5 credits Production physiology, nutrition and 815026 breeding of cattle (KEL/KEBIOT210) Timing: Autumn term, period II, recommended 10 credits in the 1st year of studies. 815050 Contents: Basics of animal nutrition, animal Timing: Spring term, period III•IV, recommended husbandry, animal breeding, and technologyin the 2nd or 3rd year of studies, offered in even• used in animal production. numbered years (2008). Contents: Production physiology of beef and Health and welfare of farm animals (KEL160) dairy cattle. Nutrient requirements, ruminant 5 credits feeds and feed intake, feeding in various 815030 production stages, feeding strategies, managing Timing: Autumn term, period I•II, recommended meat and milk production and composition. in the 2nd year of studies Objectives of cattle breeding, collection and Contents: The principles of ethology, theanalysis of data, traits in breeding program, total concept of animal welfare, the environmental merit index and breeding program. needs of farm animals and the principles farm animal health care. Production physiology, nutrition and breeding of pigs and poultry (KEL/ Principles of farm animal nutrition (KEL170) KEBIOT220) 10 credits 5 credits 815054 815034 Timing: Spring term, period III•IV, recommended Timing: Autumn term, period I, recommended in the 2nd or 3rd year of studies, offered in odd• in the 2nd year of studies numbered years (2007). Contents: Chemical composition andContents: The physiology of growth, physiological functions of nutrients. Digestion of metabolism, nutritional requirements, feeding nutrients in monogastric and ruminant animals. and management in different areas of pig Central metabolic pathways. production. Goals and methods in swine breeding, testing methods, selection indexes, Introduction to Animal Breeding (KEL180) a breeding program and crossbreeding. The 5 credits physiology and metabolism of egg production, 815038 chick production and nutritional requirements, Timing: Autumn term, period I, recommended feeding and management of laying hens and in the 2nd year of studies broilers. Contents: Breeding goals; quantitative traits; basic concepts of inheritance; frequencyAnimal Biotechnology (KEL/KEBIOT230) of genotypes and genes in a population;8 credits relationship and inbreeding; genetic model;815058 variation in production traits;genetic variation, Timing: Part A: Autumn term, period II, heritability and genetic correlations; breeding recommended in the 2nd or 3rd year of studies, value and its prediction; selection and genetic offered in even•numbered years (2006). Part

51 Department of Animal Science

B: Autumn term, period II, recommended in the seminars based on a Bachelor’s thesis. 2nd year of studies. Presentation of a seminar on the topic of one’s Contents: Part A: Female and own male essay. reproduction, basic reproduction anatomy and physiology, basics of reproduction animal Bachelor’s thesis (KEL330) 6 credits biotechnology. 815094 Part B: physiological biotechnology, geneticTiming: Recommended in the 3rd year of biotechnology, animal genomes, geneticstudies variation, changes in gene and genotypeObjective: Practise in conducting literature frequencies, molecular genetic markers, gene searches and in writing a scienti¿ c essay. maps and linkage maps, simply inherited traits, probabilities for carriers of recessive genes,Linear models and breeding planning quantitative trait locus, QTL mapping, main(KEJAL410) 10 credits results of QTL mapping studies, marker assisted 81510 selection and marker assisted introgression,Timing: Spring term, period III•IV, recommended animal biotechnology today and tomorrow,in the 3rd or 4th year of studies. ethical considerations. Contents: Part A: Describing data with linear models, statistical analyses (assuming¿ xed The special topics in animal productionmodels) and interpretation of results. (KEL250) 2•5 credits Part B: Expected values, genetic (co)variances 815066 and genetic parameters, selection index for Timing: Recommended in the 2nd to 4th year single and multiple traits, expected genetic of studies change. Contents: Breeding, nutrition and management of different animals (for example horses, furMethods in prediction of breeding values animals, sheep, dogs) and current topics in(KEJAL420) 5 credits animal production. 81568 Timing: Spring term, period IV, recommended Practical training in an animal production in the 4th or 5th year of studies, offered in odd• organization or company (KEL260) 2 credits numbered years (2007). 815070 Contents: Variances and covariances of Timing: Recommended II study year, summer random variables, statistical models, the Contents: This practical training period makes inverse of relationship matrix, estimation of the students familiar with the activities of animalparameters of a model, mixed model equations, production organisations. Training consists of a BLUP applications and their computing. period of at least one month of work for example in advisory organisation, feed industry, breeding Genetic resources and animal biotechnology organisation, AI organisation, test station, or (KEJAL/KEBIOT430) 8 credits some other equivalent establishment. 81572 Timing: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year of Literature examination 1 (KEL310) 5 credits studies, will be offered in 2007•2008. 815086 Contents: Part A: Reproduction Physiology and Timing: Spring term, recommended in the 3rd Endocrinology in Farm Animals: induction and year of studies. synchronisation of ovulation, embryo À ushing, Objective: The examination compiles and embryo transfer and freezing, collection of reviews the knowledge acquired during separate semen, evaluation and freezing of semen, and study periods. arti¿ cial insemination. Part B: Embryo Transfer Technology: animal Research process and seminars 1 (KEL320) breeding using embryo transfer technology, 5 credits major genes, molecular genetic markers, 815090 QTL•analysis, marker assisted selection, gene Timing: Autumn/spring term, period I • IV, transfer and ethics. recommended in the 3rd year of studies. Part C: Signi¿ cance of Genetic Variation in Contents: Literature searches, writing a Animal Breeding: rationale for conservation of scienti¿ c essay. Participation in at least eight

52 Department of Animal Science genetic resources, evaluation of endangered Research process and seminars 2 populations, methodology for the conservation (KEJAL520) 7 credits of genetic resources. 81592 Timing: Period I•IV, recommended in the 4th or Molecular genetic markers in animal5th year of studies. breeding (KEJAL/KEBIOT440) 5 credits Contents: Methodsused in editing and analyzing 81576 ¿ eld data sets, and some programs used. Timing: Spring term, period III, recommended Discussion in group meetings, presentation of in the 4th or 5th year of studies, offered in odd• a study and work plan, and the results of the numbered years (2007). study. Participation in at least eight seminar Contents: Journal club, principles of working based on a Master’s thesis and presentation of in a DNA laboratory, collecting samplesa seminar on the topic of one’s own study. and extracting DNA, the utilization of DNA sequences, selection of genetic markers, DNA Master’s thesis (KEJAL530) 40 credits ampli¿ cation, genotyping of microsatellite81596 markers, parentage testing and pedigreeTiming: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year checking, construction of linkage map, visit to a of studies. DNA diagnostics laboratory. Objective: The thesis requires an in•depth knowledge of the research work conducted Variance component estimation methodsin the student’s own¿ eld and the ability to (KEJAL450) 5 credits formulate and solve problems independently. 81580 Timing: Spring term, period IV, recommended Literature 3 (KEJAL610) 7 credits in the 4th or 5th year of studies, offered in even• 81516 numbered years (2008). Responsible person: Professor Matti Ojala Contents: Statistical models used in estimating Objective: A review of the most recent results variance components; simulation of data;pertaining to the ¿ eld of animal breeding. properties of estimation methods, expected values and variances; Henderson’s methods Research seminar (KEJAL620) 2•3 credits I, II and III; Maximum Likelihood; Restricted81564 Maximum Likelihood; computing algorithms; the Responsible person: Professor Matti Ojala functioning of variance component estimation Contents: Presentations and discussions of programs. new research projects.

Practical training at a research instituteInternordicpost•graduate course (KEJAL630) (KEJAL460) 2 credits 5 credits 81584 81565 Timing: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year Responsible person: Professor Matti Ojala of studies Contents: Changing topics according to the Objective: The training period offers students course programme of the Nordic workgroup. an opportunity to familiarise themselves with the activities of a research institute in their own International post•graduate course ¿ eld of study, as well as with the research in (KEJAL640) 2•5 credits progress, the literature and the publication of 81566 results. Development of report writing skills. Responsible person: Professor Matti Ojala Contents: The course subject varies according Literature examination 2 (KEJAL510)to current research topics. 7 credits 81588 Ruminant nutrition physiology (KERAV/ Timing: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year KEBIOT410) 10 credits of studies 81672 Objective: The examination reviews the acquired Timing: Autumn term, period I•II, recommended knowledge and shows the ability of the students in the 3rd or 4th year of studies, offered in odd• to apply their knowledge in their future duties. numbered years (2007).

53 Department of Animal Science

Contents: Regulation of feed intake. Rumen Master’s thesis (KERAV530) 40 credits fermentation and digestion kinetics of feed81696 nutrients. Digestion and absorption of nutrients Timing: Recommended in the 5th year of fromvarious parts of alimentary tract. Metabolism studies. of nutrients in liver, tissues and mammary gland. Objective: Preparing the thesis teaches the Biology of lactation. Introduction to dynamicstudent to scienti¿ cally analyse and solve modeling with the POWERSIM® •program and animal nutrition•related problems and to present studying ruminant digestion on the basis of the the results both in written and oral form. internordic model. Literature 3 (KERAV610) 7 credits Feed Technology and Hygiene (KERAV/81634 KEBIOT420) 5 credits Objective: A review of the most recent results 81677 pertaining to the ¿ eld of animal nutrition. Timing: Spring term, period III, recommended in the 3rd or 4th year of studies, offered in even• Research seminar (KERAV620) 2•3 credits numbered years (2008). 81635 Contents: Composition and quality of feedResponsible person: Professor Matti Näsi ingredients, processing methods, design and Contents: Presentations and discussions of production of industrial feeds, feed hygiene and new research projects. feed legislation. Theory and methods of ensiling on farm level. Post•graduate course (KERAV630) 2•5 credits Practical training in a research institute81636 (KERAV430) 2 credits Contents: The course subject varies according 81684 to current research topics. Timing: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year of studies. Internordic post•graduate course Contents: Training in research institutes(KERAV640) 5 credits offers students practical experience in animal 81637 nutrition research and an opportunity to see the Contents: Topics selected according to the implementation of acquired knowledge. course programme of the Nordic workgroup.

Literature examination 2 (KERAV510) 7 credits 81688 Timing: Recommended in the 4th or 5th year of studies. Objective: The aim is to deepen the student’s theoretical knowledge obtained during previous courses.

Research process and seminars 2 (KERAV520) 7 credits 81692 Timing: Period I•IV, recommended in the 4th or 5th year of studies. Contents: Use of experimental animals, experimental models and the methods of animal nutrition research; experimental protocols and experimentation; calculation, analysis, interpretation and application of results; scienti¿ c writing. Participation in at least eight seminars based on a Master’s thesis and giving a seminar on the topic of one’s own study.

54 Department of Applied Biology DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED BIOLOGY

The Department of Applied Biology (DAB)The study subjects at DAB are linked to provides instruction in 11 teaching subjectsmany others on the Viikki campus, including that have many factors in common. Thesebiosciences and veterinary sciences as well disciplines share biology as the commonas the more ecologically oriented sciences. scienti¿ c basis and represent applied sciences. Biotechnology is a study subject that links Nevertheless, they also carry out basic research departments and faculties in Viikki and at in order to strengthen the theoretical basisthe Technical University in Helsinki. DAB is on which applications can rest. Most of theresponsible for plant biotechnology in the disciplines address questions that are essential teaching programme. to agricultural and horticultural crop production and that form the study subject Biology Head of of the department Plant Production (horticulture, crop science,Professor Kari Heliövaara (until December 31, plant breeding, plant pathology, agricultural2006) zoology, apiculture, agroecology), for which DAB carries the teaching responsibility Contact at information the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. A few Department of Applied Biology study areas within Forest Ecology (forest tree P.O. Box 27 breeding, forest pathology, forest zoology,FIN•00014 University of Helsinki game management) are currently also placed Finland in DAB, but will be found in the Department of tel. +358 9 191 58348 Forest Ecology from 2007 onwards. Studies of fax +358 9 191 58 582 game management are associated with both agricultural and forestry environments.

Biology of Plant Production

Biology of Plant Production covers plantAt the M.Sc. level, the Biology of Plant Production production in agriculture and horticulture, itsincludes six specialisation tracks: Agroecology, biological foundation and a broad spectrum of Plant Breeding, Crop Science, Plant Pathology, applications. The study and instruction provide Agricultural Zoology, and Horticulture. Students the opportunity to go deeply into the biologychoose one of these specialisation tracks of the plant production from molecular according to to their own interests. If the placement ecosystem levels of biological organization. It of students in these six specialisation tracks has is also possible to specialise in biotechnology. to be done by the department, it is based on the The acquired academic expertise quali¿ es for a study success in the ¿ rst year’s courses. broad range of employment opportunities in the public and private sector.

At the B.Sc. level, the studies are common to all the students, with only some specialisation in the ¿ nal year. In addition to the courses offered on the campus, practical training is required at both the B.Sc. and M.Sc. levels.

55 Department of Applied Biology

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE KTB212 Physiology of Growth and BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS Development of Crop Plants, 5 cr KTB121 Introduction to Plant Pathology, 5 cr Applicable to all specialisation lines KTB222 Weed Science: Introductory Course, 5 cr GENERAL STUDIES KTB123 Agricultural Zoology, 5 cr KTB101 Introduction to Plant Production,Intermediate studies 3 cr KTB201 Agroecology Introductory Course, Y150 Food chain, 2 cr 5 cr Y96 Demonstration of ¿ Prociency inKTB213 Crop Production I ¿ (eld crops), 5 cr High School Mathematics, 0 cr KTB214 Crop Production II (horticulture), Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr 5 cr YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr KTB220 Plant and Forest Tree Breeding, BKEM100 Biochemistry I, 5 cr 5 cr 52081 Principles of Genetics, 3 cr MAA200 Principles of Soil Science, 5 cr 52550 Plant Physiology and KTB202 Plant Basics of Scienti¿ c Writing, 5 cr Anatomy, Lectures, 3 cr KTB302 Bachelor’s Thesis and Seminar, 52086 Basic Microbiology, Lectures, 3 cr 10 cr KTB106 Elementary Botany (plant Maturity Essay morphology and small identi¿ cation At least 10•20 credits from the following: of plants in plant production), 3 cr Agroecology KTB203 Practicals in Plant Physiology and AEKO403 Agroecosystem and Anatomy, 4 cr Agrobiodiversity, 5 cr KTB244 Plant Geography and Ecology, 3 cr AEKO301 Ecology of Food Systems • Web MAATHARJ Farm Study and Practical Training, Course, 3 cr 3 cr or PTARH101 Obligatory Practical LUOMU1.1Organic Production Systems, Training, 3 cr 2 cr MAE1 Introduction to Agricultural LUOMU1.2 Organic Plant Production, 5 cr Economics, 5 cr ME350 Agriculture and Forestry in KEL150 Introduction to Animal Production, Developing Countries, 3 cr 5 cr Agricultural Zoology KTB304 Fundamentals of Agricultural 10•15 credits of elective studies from following Zoology, 5 cr courses or courses according to personal study KTB224 Introduction to Apiculture, 3 cr plan: MAEL401 Ecology of Soil Fauna, 3 cr YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, 5 cr MAEL404 Special Courses in Agricultural YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr Entomology, 2–9 cr 535026 Introduction to Meteorology and ME298 Pest Vertebrates, 3 cr Weather Observations, 5 cr ME472 Insect Ecology, 3 cr BIOT200 Basic Course in Gene Technology, ME474 Special Courses in Applied 2 credits Entomology, 2–9 cr BIOT201 Laboratory Course in Gene MEHI301 Bees, Beekeeping and Pollination, Technology, 3 cr 8 cr MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr MEHI404 Special Courses in Apiculture, MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in2–9 cr Microbiology, 5 cr YMPS101 Basic Lectures in EnvironmentalBotany Science, 5 cr KASV451 Identi¿ cation of Plants in 52073 Lectures in Ecology, 3 cr Agriculture, 3–4 cr KASV452 Identi¿ cation of Plants in MAJOR STUDIES Environmental Sciences, 3 cr Basic studies KASV442 Plant Systematics, 3 cr KTB111 The Basics of Crop Production, 5 cr KASV432 Course on Macrofungi, 2 cr

56 Department of Applied Biology

KASV371 Literature Examination in Botany, Courses in Finnish 2–3 cr Crop Science Introduction to Plant Production (KTB101) 3 KVIL305 New Trends in Plant Production,credits 5 cr 812022 KVIL403 Book Summary, 3 cr Contents: During this course the¿ rst year KVIL303 Quality of Field Crops, 5 cr studentS are introduced to university studies, KVIL304 Quality of Field Crops/Practicals,especially the programme of plant production 5 cr biology. They receive training in Finnish, KTB403 Stress Physiology/Practicals, 5 cr including written and oral presentation, and write a personal study plan. RIKKA502 Literature in Weed Science, 3 cr Horticulture Elementary botany (plant morphology and KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in small Plant identi¿ cation of plants) (KTB106) Biotechnology, 5 cr 3 credits PTARH302 Controlling Growth Factors, 5 cr 812076 PTARH303 Postharvest Physiology and Technology, 5 cr The basics of crop production (KTB111) 5 PTARH304 Horticultural Botany, 5 cr credits PTARH401 Urban Greening and Urban812000 Ecology, 5 cr Timing: Autumn term, Period I PTARH403 Human Issues in Horticulture,Contents: History of crop production, climate 5 cr aspects, ecological aspects, cultivation technology, soil and nutrition. Plant Breeding JAL201 Population and QuantitativePhysiology of growth and development of Genetics, 5 cr crop plants (KTB112) 5 credits KBIOT200 Plant Biochemistry and 812057 Cell Biology, 3 cr Timing: Autumn term, period II. KBIOT300 Plant Biotechnology Contents: and Seed propagation, vegetative Molecular Biology, 5 cr propagation, micropropagation. Seed KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in germination, Plant seed testing, regulations involved in Biotechnology, 5 cr seed production. Development of monocot and dicot species. Flowering and fruit maturation. Plant Pathology Overwintering and stresses. KPAT401 Epidemiology and Ecology of Plant Pathogens, 5 cr Introduction to plant pathology (KTB121) KPAT402 Fungal Pathogens of Plants, 5 cr 5 credits KPAT403 Bacteria, Viruses and Pathogen812060 Diagnostics, 10 cr Contents: Basic facts about fungal, bacterial and viral plant pathogens and their control, the LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES INcommon plant diseases in Finland, laboratory INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONexercises on plant pathogens, and an overview TECHNOLOGY (ICT) of the disease control methods used in Second domestic language, 4 cr agricultural and horticultural plant production in Foreign language, 3 cr Finland ICT driving licence, 3 cr Weed science: introductory course (KTB122) MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS 5 credits 812061 Timing: Autumn term, period II, every odd year Contents: Basics of weed biology and ecology, management and control of weeds by biological, cultural, mechanical, chemical etc. methods.

57 Department of Applied Biology

Species identi¿ cation, a collection of samples Plant and forest tree breeding (KTB220) of 30 weed species, and a weed management 5 credits plan for these species. Lectures, weed sample 81000 collection and the management plan. Contents: Introduction to the principles of traditional selection breeding and applications Agricultural zoology (KTB123) 5 credits of biotechnology and gene technology in plant 812062 breeding. Contents: Basic knowledge of animal pests of cultivated plants, including their biology,Apiculture (KTB224) 3 credits signi¿ cance and methods of control. Bene¿ cial 83106 species and their utilization. Contents: Basic knowledge of bees, beekeeping, and pollination ecology, and their Agroecology introductory course (KTB201) signi¿ cance to plant production and natural 5 credits plants. 812006 Timing: Autumn term, period II. Recommended Plant geography and ecology (KTB244/ during the 2nd year. KASV244) 3•4 credits Contents: Basics of structure and function of 812078 agricultural ecosystems. Ecosystem services. Timing: second year or later, autumn term I Diversity in agriculture. Production cultures,Contents: climates and thermic processes, production systems, cropping systems.circulation of water, nutrients and solids, Environmental impacts of plant production.tolerance and competitiveness of plants, Natural resources of production. Environmental structure, types and regionality of vegetation and natural resource indicators. Sustainability and sustainable development in Special plant training (KTB301) 3 credits production. 812063 Timing: 3rd or 4th summer Basics of scienti¿ c writing (KTB202)Contents: The students will be acquainted with 5 credits operations and working methods of a research 812039 institute for a period of 3 months. Contents: Introduction to structure and writing of a scienti¿ c report and peer review process. Bachelor’s thesis and seminar (KTB302) 10 credits Practicals in plant physiology and anatomy 812071 (KTB203) 4 credits Timing: 3rd year 812077 Contents: Students enter in detail into crop Timing: Second year scienti¿ c problem solving via an examination of the scienti¿ c literature. During the process Crop production I ¿ (eld crops) (KTB213) the students process text, write a thesis and 5 credits introduce the thesis with public discussion and 812058 evaluation Timing: Spring term, period III Contents: Cereals, grassland, oilseeds, root Fundamentals of agricultural zoology and tuber plants, ¿ eld grown vegetables, ¿ bre (KTB304) 5 credits plants, non•food plants and herbs. Basics of812075 management techniques, yield formation and Contents: Basic concepts and research factors affecting quality. methods of agricultural zoology, practicals on insect systematics and identi¿ cation; separate Crop production II (horticulture) (KTB214) sections on mites and nematodes. 5 credits 812059 Research methodology in the science of Timing: Spring term, period IV. plant production (KTB402) 5 credits Contents: Vegetables, À owers, fruits, berries 81237 and nursery plants. Timing: Recommended for the fourth study

58 Department of Applied Biology year. Given in autumn term, period II. Teaching staff Contents: General scienti¿ c methodology, Professor Heikki Hokkanen planning of research,¿ eld and laboratory University Lecturer Päivi Lyytikäinen• experimentation as well as selected methods of Saarenmaa statistical analysis. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S Stress physiology/ practicals(KTB404) 3DEGREE, 120 CREDITS credits 812074 GENERAL STUDIES Timing: Autumn term 2006 KTB402 Research Process in the Science of Contents: Techniques to evaluate the Plant Production, 5 cr physiological and metabolical changes in crops Y131A Statistical Models 1, 5 cr (photosynthesis, proteins, lipids, etc.) Basic courses in ecology or environmental protection, 5 cr Practicals (KTB405) 5 credits KTB411 Personal Study Plan in the Master’s 812040 Degree, 1 cr Timing: Spring term Contents: Measurement and analysis methods MAJOR STUDIES used in crop sciences. Information is obtained Advanced studies by conducting experiments and studying the KTB301 Special Training, 3 cr scienti¿ c literature. Results will be reported in a KTB501 Seminar, Plant Production, 3 cr written form and in a seminar. MAEL401 Ecology of Soil Fauna, 3 cr MAEL402 Biological Control of Insect Pests Seminar, plant production (KTB501) 2•3 and Weeds, 3 cr credits MAEL403 Integrated Plant Protection, 5 cr 81238 ME473 Entomology, 4 cr Timing: 5th year ME472 Insect Ecology, 3 cr Contents: Students prepare and give an oral MAEL502 Advanced Literature of Agricultural presentation on the results and the conclusions Zoology, 5 cr of their research. or MEHI502 Advanced Literature of Apiculture, 5 cr MAEL503 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr or MEHI503 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Maturity Essay Agricultural Zoology At least 14•19 Credits from following: MAEL404 Special Courses in Agricultural Agricultural Zoology is applied zoologyEntomology, 6 cr involving the study of animals that are harmful MAEL501 Identi¿ cation and Systematics, to plant production. The objective of studies 2 cr MEHI301 Bees, Beekeeping and Pollination, in Agricultural Zoology is to provide basic 8 cr information about ¿ eld cultivation and horticulture MEHI404 Special Courses in Apiculture, using ecologically and economically acceptable 11 cr methods about the appearing pests and about ME474 Special Courses in Applied other animals which are signi¿ cant from the Entomology, 6 cr point of view of the plant production and about ME298 Pest Vertebrates, 3 cr the reasons for the tuholaisongelma and about solving. The ¿ elds of specialisation are among LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN others biological and integrated the pest control. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION In the studies of the apiculture the questions of TECHNOLOGY (ICT) the beekeeping are studied from many sides for ICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 example as the pollinators of cultivated plants as for wintering of bees, for diseases and pests OTHER STUDIES, 16•21 CREDITS and the bees’ productive use. KTB304 Fundamentals of Agricultural Zoology, 5 cr KTB224 Apiculture, 3 cr

59 Department of Applied Biology

Courses in English Study materials and literature:Provided by Teaching events in WebOodi organiser Evaluation: Oral and written tests as well as Biological control of insect pests and weeds exercise reports (MAEL402) 3 credits Other information: Part of NOVA Apiculture 83208 Program, Replaces the former course Timing: Spring term, 2008, period IV MEHI110 Responsible person: Prof. Hokkanen Objective: Student understands the theory and practice of biological control in agriculture, Courses in Finnish horticulture and forest management. Contents: Basics of biological pest control, its Ecology of soil fauna (MAEL401) 3 credits applications and potential in pest management. 83134 Principles and practice, microbiologicalTiming: Spring term, 2008, period IV control, use of entomophages, mass rearing Contents: Basics of biological pest control, its and inundation, insect pathology, populationapplications and potential in pest management. dynamics. Principles and practise, microbiological Realisation and working methods:Lectures control, use of entomophages, mass rearing 26, practical work 20, independent study 134 h. and inundation, insect pathology, population Study materials and literature:Hokkanen, dynamics. H. M. T. & Lynch, J.M. (Eds:) 1995. Biological Control: Bene¿ ts and Risks. CambridgeIntegrated plant protection (MAEL403) University Press. 290 pp. 5 credits Evaluation: Final exam. 83136 Other information: Previously SEL230. Contents: Principles, possibilities and limitations of methods to control pests, diseases Bees, Beekeeping and Pollination (MEHI301) and weeds; currently used chemical pesticides 8 credits and biological control agents, their properties 83107 and mutual compatibility. Cultural, mechanical, Responsible person: Prof. Ingemar Fries, biological, biotechnical, and genetic control Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,methods, and their environmental impacts. Uppsala (See: http://www.slu.se/index_eng.Integration of various plant protection methods cfm)Phone: +46•18•672073, Fax: +46•18•so that an optimal outcome is reached for the 672890, E•mail: [email protected] farmer as well as for the environment and Objective: After completing the course thesociety as a whole. student will: · understand how beekeeping as an industry Special courses in agricultural entomology is organised, as well as of its importance and (MAEL404) 2•9 credits scope 83112 · know how bee colonies function as unit in Contents: Special topics in agricultural order to understand how they should bezoology, such as contemporary pest problems, cared for to obtain optimal returns biodiversity, etc. · be familiar with pollinating insects and their importance for our natural À ora, their berries Identi¿ cation and systematics (MAEL501) and fruits as well as seed production, and 2 credits cultivation of fruits and berries 83133 · know the most important groups of solitary Contents: Most important pest and bene¿ cial and social bees species, exam on 316 arthropod species. · be familiar with their biology and how they are affected in human farming landscapes and by disturbance of surrounding areas. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 25 h, Exercises 75 h (compulsory), Excursions 25 h (compulsory)

60 Department of Applied Biology

Literature in agricultural zoology (MAEL502) AEKO503 Master’s Thesis in Agroecology, 5 credits 40 cr 83119 Maturity essay Contents: In•depth literature on some speci¿ c At least 10 credits from the following: topic in agricultural zoology, such as population AEKO301 Ecology of food systems • web dynamics, expert systems, biological control, course, 3 cr integrated control, entomological microbiology. AEKO401 Intermediate agroecology and Farming systems, 15 cr AEKO402 Advanced agroecology and food systems, 15 cr LUOMU2 Organic food production, 10 cr Agroecology LUOMU5 Organic quality, 8 cr LUOMU6 Organic food systems, 8 cr Agroecology serves sustainable development LUOMU7 Case study, 8 cr in agriculture and food systems, with the focus ME350 Agriculture and forestry in the tropical on ecological sustainability. The coursescountries, 3 cr are devoted to a study of agroecosystems, ME457 Participatory methods in natural agrobiodiversity, and production systems. resource management, 5 cr Issues of adaptive management of natural resources in agriculture, food system analysis, LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN as well as ecological foundations of food security INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION are included. Agroecologists are increasingly TECHNOLOGY (ICT) needed in society as experts to meet local and ICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 global development challenges for ecologically sustainable agriculture and food systems. OTHER STUDIES, 18 CREDITS According to personal study plan.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Courses in English Teaching events in WebOodi GENERAL STUDIES KTB402 Research process in the science ofEcology of food systems •web course plant production, 5 cr (AEKO301/AE301) 3 credits Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr 812053 KEL150 Introduction to animal production, 5 cr Timing: Spring term, period III. Recommended Basic courses in environmental protection or 3rd year. biology of environmental protection, 5 cr Responsible person: In Helsinki: Juha Studies which support master thesis Helenius. by See: http://www.agroasis.org/ agreement with the department, 10 cr Personal Study Plan in the Master’ s Degree, Intermediate agroecology and farming 1 cr systems (AEKO401/AE302) 15 credits 812023 MAJOR STUDIES Timing: Autumn term, period I. Recommended Advanced studies 3rd or 4th year. The course is primarily for AEKO403 Agroecosystem and agrobiodiversity, students who have completed the Bachelor of 5 cr Science degree or its equivalent in agriculture, AEKO501 Sustainability in agrifood systems, economics, natural resources, human nutrition 5•10 cr or other relevant applied social or natural or LUOMU6 Organic food systems,sciences. 8 op Responsible person: see: http://www.agroasis. KTB501 Seminar, plant production, 3 cr org/ KTB301 Special training, 3 cr Relations to other study units:KTB201 or AEKO502 Agroecological literature, 5 cr equivalent studies Objective: After completing the course the

61 Department of Applied Biology students should: end of the course there is a 2•3 hour whole · Be able to describe and analyse farmingcourse evalaution in a plenary meeting. In systems addition, the students make a comprehensive · Know how to link theoretical knowledge and written evaluation of the course. They also are concrete action encouraged to participate in the web•based · Know how to acquire knowledge about their evaluation (ReÀ eks). Feedback from students own learning is continuously used to improve the course. A · Understand the structure and functioning of self evaluation is carried out annually by the conventional and ecological (organic) food NOVA working group of Agroecology/Ecological systems. Agriculture together with teachers carrying · Understand the links between disciplinary major responsibilities in the PAE courses (301, (sub•system) knowledge and systemic302 and 302) and the M.Sc. programme in (holistic) approaches. Agroecology. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/PAE302 · Be familiar with the methods for systemsStudy materials and literature: Literature will analysis, including assessment of overallbe presented in class. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/ system sustainability. PAE302/ · Have the ability to handle complexity and Evaluation: Group report 30%, individual report change 30%, oral exam 30%, course contribution 10%. · Have the ability to link theory to real•lifeBasis for the evaluation is a written group report situations (’client document’), a written individual paper · Have the ability to communicate (’learner and document’), an oral presentation facilitate and discussion of each student’s individual · Have the ability to learn autonomously and paper (oral exam), and overall contribution to lifelong the course process. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/ Through real•life case studies focusing onPAE302/ change processes in the farming system,Other information: The course is organized students will learn how to deal critically andin Ås, Norway, by Norwegian University of Life constructively with attitudes and value•based Sciences. Course grants are available through choices as important system elements. Through NordPlus. See: http://www.agroasis.org/ this process, attitudes of both students and actors in the farming system will be madeAdvanced agroecology and food systems explicit. Important attitudes of the students are (AEKO402/AE303) 15 credits being open minded, critical, spirited, determined, 812026 approachable, exploring and communicative. Timing: Autumn term, period II. Recommended See: http://kurs.nlh.no/PAE302/ 3rd or 4th year. Contents: The course consists of Responsible two person: see: http://www.agroasis. interlinked parts. The real•life project workorg/ includes description, analysis and redesignRelations to other study units:AEKO401 / of farming systems. Lectures and seminarsAE302 deal with Agroecology, Ecological agriculture, Objective: After completing the course the Systems thinking, Learning, Group dynamics, students should: Agroecosystems, Sustainability, Ecological· Be able to describe and analyse food principles of farm design, Social Dimensions, systems Agronomic and Economic issues, and From farm · Know how to link theoretical knowledge and to global scales. Students write a group report concrete action with regard to food systems for their clients in the farming system. They also · Know how to acquire knowledge about their write an individual report where they reÀ ect on own learning agroecological issues of the project work as well · Understand the structure and functioning of as their own learning while preparing the group conventional and alternative food systems. report. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/PAE302 · Understand the links between disciplinary Realisation and working methods:Every (sub•system) knowledge and systemic week throughout the course, different aspects (holistic) approaches. of the course are evaluated by students and · Be familiar with the methods for systems teachers in a plenary meeting. Towards the analysis, including assessment of overall

62 Department of Applied Biology

system sustainability. PAE303/ . · Have the ability to handle complexity and Other information: The course is organized change in Ås, Norway, by Norwegian University of Life · Have the ability to link theory to real•lifeSciences. Course grants are available through situations NordPlus. See: www.agroasis.org · Have the ability to communicate and facilitate Agroecosystem and agrobiodiversity · Have the ability to learn autonomously and (AEKO403) 5 credits lifelong 812017 Through real•life case work that emphasises Timing: Autumn term, period II. Recommended change processes in the food system, thetiming 3rd or 4th year. In even•numbered years students meet many different actors in theonly, next time 2006. food system. In this way, attitudes of bothResponsible person: Juha Helenius students as well as food system actors will be Relations to other study units:KTB201 made explicit. Important attitudes are beingAgroecology:introductory course (Agroekologian open•minded, critical, spirited, determined,perusteet), or other basic knowledge on approachable, exploring and communicative. agroecosystems and issues of sustainable See: http://kurs.nlh.no/PAE303/ . The course management. Basic studies in plant production. consists of two interlinked parts. In the real•Basic studies in agricultural sciences. life project work, redesign of food systems are Objective: The objective is to: dealt with. Students write a group report for· Learn to understand and use the concepts their clients in the food system and an individual of ecology, ecosystem research, biodiversity report where they reÀ ect on their own learning research, and landscape ecology in the while preparing the group report. In lectures and context of agricultural ecosystems. seminars the following themes are dealt with: · Get familiar with the major types of global Extension and rural development, global and agroecosystems local food systems, food distribution, consumer · Learn to conceptualize agroecosystems issues on food, systems ecology, food security, as complex human biotic, learning, and nutrient À ows and recycling, intercultural socioeconomic systems learning, interview techniques, visionaryContents: Agricultural ecosystem: structure, thinking, dialogue, force ¿ eld analysis, creative biotic diversity, and communities in the producer, problem solving, facilitation. See: http://kurs.nlh. consumer, and decomposer subsystems. no/PAE303/ . Production processes as energy and material Realisation and working methods:Every À ows in the ecosystem. Management options week throughout the course, different aspects interpreted as regulation of the ecosystem of the course is evaluated by students andstructure and function. Characteristics of teachers in a plenary meeting. Towards thedominant agricultural ecosystems in major end of the course there is a 2•3 hour wholebiomes of the world. Cropping systems course evalaution in a plenary meeting. Inand production. Expansion from the natural addition the students make a comprehensive sciences interpretation of agroecosystems to written evaluation of the course. Feedback from include human learning, and socioeconomic students is continuously used to improve the sub•systems. course. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/PAE303/ . Realisation and working methods:Lectures Study materials and literature: Literature will 30, practical work 10, group work 20, be presented in class. See: http://kurs.nlh.no/ independent study 70 hours. PAE303/ . Study materials and literature: Course binder Evaluation: Group report: 30%, Individualand other pertinent material report 30%, oral exam 30%, course contribution Evaluation: Assignments and learner 10%. Basis for the evluation is a written group documents report (client document), a written individual paper (learner document), an oral presentation Sustainability in agri•food systems and discussion of their individual paper (oral (AEKO501) 5•10 credits exam), and the students’ overall contribution 812018 to the course process. See: http://kurs. nlh.no/ Timing: Spring term, period III. 4th or 5th year.

63 Department of Applied Biology

In even•numbered years only, next time 2008. Study materials and literature:Literature as Responsible person: Juha Helenius agreed with the professor Relations to other study units: BSc thesis. Evaluation: Book exams 100% Objective: The objective is to learn about human food ecology, to create conceptual models of M.Sc. thesis in Agroecology (AEKO503) agriculture•based product systems, especially 40 credits plant production•based food systems. Students 812021 also learn to identify variable qualitative andResponsible person: Juha Helenius quantitative methods to gather information for Relations to other study units: BSc thesis. analysing issues of ecological sustainability of Objective: To learn the processes of scienti¿ c such systems in their human socio•economic research, analysis and interpretation of the context. results, and reporting in scienti¿ c writing. Contents: Currentissues of human food ecology, Contents: Formulationof a research hypothesis, especially food security. Conceptualizingtesting it using appropriate methodology, hierarchical models. Food chain models, global analysis of results and their interpretation in vs. local food system models. Global change relation to scienti¿ c literature; reporting the and natural resources (esp. agrobiodiversity) study as a thesis and an oral presentation. in relation to food security. AgroecosystemsRealisation and working methods: as human biotic communities. Methods Independent of research work, writing process, industrial ecology of agri•food systems.peer workshops (Optional 5 credits:) Rapid rural•urban appraisal Study materials and literature:Scienti¿ c of a local alternative food system (as a group literature relating to the research problem assignment). Evaluation: Grading is based on each student’s Realisation and working methods:Lectures own contribution in planning and executing the 30, group work 130 (optional), independentresearch, and on quality of the report study 100 hours Study materials and literature: Course binder and pertinent material. Atkins, P. & I. Bowler (2001)Food in society, 3 cr . Crop Science Evans, L.T. (1998) Feeding the ten billion, 2 cr . Mononen, T. & T. Silvasti (toim.) (2006)Crop Science ¿ (eld crops, formerly crop Ruokakysymys, 1 cr . husbandry) is a discipline that studies the Millstone, E. & T. Lang (2003) The atlas of food. crop physiological phenomenon of cultivated Who eats what, where and why, 2 cr . plants. In addition to understanding the genetic, Tansey, G. & T. Worsley (1995) The food system: morphological, physiological, biochemical and a guide, 2 cr . ecological properties of the cultivated plants Evaluation: Essay 30%, Exam 70%.their response to the different environmental (Assignment: passed / failed) and growth factors should be managed. A central subject in crop science is to seek and Literature in agroecology (AEKO502) 5•10 provide solutions to produce high quality crops credits both ecologically and economically, taking into 812025 account the environmental factors. The methods Timing: 5th year. used in crop science vary from the molecular and Responsible person: Juha Helenius cell level up to the single plant and¿ eld level. Relations to other study units:BSc thesis. The present study subjects in crop science are, AEKO403 or equivalent studies. among others, the response of cultivated plants Objective: Widening and deepeningto environmental stresses, the possibilities to of knowledge and understanding aboutaffect the yield and quality of the crops. The main agroecological research and its relevance as an objective in teaching is to orientate the students applied science in the biology of ¿ eld crops. Contents: Reading (and optionally, reporting) Realisation and working methods: Literature The objective in teaching weed science is to exams and / or learner reports provide strong basic knowledge of weed biology and ecology, weed population dynamics and

64 Department of Applied Biology control of weeds. The research in weed science LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN is mainly concentrated on the interaction ofINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION weeds with the cultivated plants. Weed science TECHNOLOGY (ICT) is closely connected to agroecology, plantICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 pathology and agricultural zoology. The control OTHER STUDIES, 18 CREDITS of weeds includes cultivation techniques,KVIL305 Current Issues in Crop Science, 3 chemical, mechanical and biological control cr which link weed science closely to crop science. RIKKA502 Literature in Weed Science, 3 cr Weed science is also closely connected MAA240 to Plant Nutrition, 5 cr environmental sciences.

Teaching staff Courses in English Professor Pirjo Mäkelä Teaching events in WebOodi University Lecturer Mervi Seppänen Physiology of growth, development and Contact information yield formation (KTB401) 5 credits Department of Applied Biology 812002 P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5) Timing: Every second year. Next time on spring FIN•00014 University of Helsinki term 2007, period III/IV Finland Responsible person: Pirjo Mäkelä tel. +358 9 191 58 356 Objective: To understand physiology of yield fax +358 9 191 58 463 formation of crops through nitrogen, carbon and Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmsbl/kvil phytohormone metabolism. Contents: Growth, development and yield formation of crops. Effect of carbon and REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S nitrogen metabolism on production biology. DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Phytohormones and plant growth regulators. Realisation and working methods: Lectures GENERAL STUDIES 38, practical work 0, group work 45, independent KTB402 Research Methodology in the Science study 50 hours of Plant Production, 5 cr Study materials and literature: Taiz, L. ja Y131A Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Zeiger, E. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3. ed. YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, 5 cr Evaluation: Examination and group work 535026 Introduction to Meteorology and Weather Observations, 5 cr Stress physiology (KTB403) 5 credits Personal Study Plan in the Master’ s Degree, 812016 1 cr Timing: Next time in autumn term 2007. Responsible persons: Mervi Seppänen and MAJOR STUDIES Kurt Fagerstedt Advanced studies Relations to other study units: KTB404 KVIL303 Quality of Field Crops, 5 cr Objective: Introduce students to most important KVIL304 Quality of Field Crops/Practicals,abiotic stresses and the effect of those on 3 cr physiological and biochemical changes in KVIL404 Seeds and Seedlings of Weeds and crops. Cultivated Plants, 2 cr Contents: Effect of different stresses such as KTB401 Crop Physiology, 5 cr drought, temperature, salinity and air pollutants KTB405 Crop Physiology, Practicals, 5 cr to physiology, growth, development and yield KTB403 Stress Physiology, 5 cr formation of crops. Stress tolerance KTB404 Stress Physiology/Practicals, 3 cr Realisation and working methods: Lectures 36, KTB301 Special Training, 3 cr practical work 0, group work 40, independent KTB501 Seminar, Plant Production, 3 cr study 57 hours. KVIL502 Literature Pxam, 5 cr Evaluation: Examination KVIL503 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Maturity Essay

65 Department of Applied Biology

Literature in weed science (RIKKA502)Other studies on crop science (KVIL401) 3 credits 81248 81254 Contents: Studies on crop science completed Responsibleperson: professorsin agroecology in other universities. Contact the professor for and crop science arrangements. Relations to other study units: KTB122 Objective: To learn and understand currentPractical training in research group issues and central themes in weed science. (KVIL402) 3 credits Contents: Learning diary and review based on 81249 the literature. Contents: Students can earn credits by working Realisation and working methods:in a research group of crop science. Contact the Independent working (instructions from theprofessor for arrangements. teachers). Study materials and literature:Latest Book summary (KVIL403) 3 credits textbooks in weed science 81245 Evaluation: Review 70%, learning diary 30% Contents: The student will choose a book dealing with crop science. The book will have to Literature in crop science (KVIL502)be accepted by the professor. The student will 5 credits study the book, gather information and write a 812056 referate. Timing: 5th year Responsible person: Pirjo Mäkelä Seeds and seedlings of weeds and cultivated Objective: Introduce the students to theplants (KVIL404) 2 credits essential scienti¿ c literature of crop science. 812079 Study materials and literature:Hay, R. and Timing: 3rd or 4th year Porter, J. 2005. Physiology of Crop Yield. InObjective: Identi¿ cation of the most important addition another scienti¿ c publication, arranged seeds and seedlings of weeds and cultivated with professor. plants. Evaluation: Examination

Courses in Finnish Horticulture

Quality of ¿ eld crops (KVIL303) 5 credits Instruction and training in horticulture provides 81244 students with a basic knowledge of production Timing: Autumn term, period II and storage of horticultural crops: fruits, Contents: The course will give an overviewberries, vegetables and ornamentals. The of the requirements for processing quality ofhorticulture courses also cover skills needed in various crop species. Genetic and non•genetic the landscaping industry. The main emphasis factors affecting crop quality are discussed. is on the biological aspects of horticulture including the molecular level. The courses Quality of ¿ eld crops/ practicals (KVIL304) embrace cultivation techniques and their effects 5 credits on the quality and quantity of crops and on the 812073 environment. The research•based teaching Timing: Autumn term, period II aims to educate students to¿ nd, produce, Contents: Techniques to evaluate the quality of evaluate and apply new information related to ¿ eld crops. horticulture. Studies include practical working experience in horticultural industry. Studies of Current issues in Crop Production (KVIL305) horticulture can also be supported with studies 5 credits in economics, technology, biotechnology and 81236 environmental protection. Timing: Spring term, period III Contents: The course will introduce new applications in crop production.

66 Department of Applied Biology

Contact information PTARH401 Urban Greening and Urban Department of Applied Biology Ecology, 5 cr Horticulture PTARH403 Horticulture for Human Well• P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5) being, 5 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki PTARH404 Project Study, 5•10 cr Telefax +358 9 191 58582 KVIL303 Quality of Field Crops, 5 cr Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmsbl/ptarh BIOT200 Basic Course in Gene Technology, Teaching staff 2 cr Professor Paula Elomaa BIOT201 Laboratory Course in Gene University Lecturer Pauliina Palonen Technology, 3 cr University Lecturer Leena Lindén KBIOT200 Plant Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 5 cr KBIOT300 Plant Biotechnology and REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S Molecular Biology, 5 cr DEGREE, 120 CREDITS JAL504 Breeding of Agricultural and Horticultural Crop Plants, 5 cr AEKO403 Agroecosystem and GENERAL STUDIES Agrobiodiversity, 5 cr Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr AEKO501 Sustainability in Agri•food System, KTB402 Research Methodology in the 5 cr Science of Plant Production, 5 cr AEKO503 Literature in Agroecology, 5 cr MAA240 Plant Nutrition, 5 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 5•7 cr KTB411 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr

MAJOR STUDIES Advanced studies Courses in English PTARH402 Photobiology, 5 cr Teaching events in WebOodi KTB401 Physiology of Growth, Development and Yield Formation, 5 cr Postharvest physiology and technology KTB403 Stress Physiology, 5 cr (PTARH303) 5 credits KTB404 Stress Physiology/Practicals, 3 cr 824000 KTB405 Practicals, Plant Production, 5 cr Timing: Autumn term, period II. Offered in odd• KTB501 Seminar, Plant Production, 3 cr numbered years; recommended in the 3rd year KTB301 Special Training, 3 cr of studies. PTARH502 Literature in Horticulture, 5 cr Responsible person: Paula Elomaa PTARH503 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Relations to other study units:KTB213 and Maturity Essay KTB214 Objective: The student will learn the principles LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES INof plant postharvest physiology, storage INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONtechnology and the factors affecting the inner TECHNOLOGY (ICT) and outer quality of horticultural crops. ICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 Contents: Postharvest physiology and technology. Pre• and postharvest factors OTHER STUDIES inÀ uencing the quality of horticultural products KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in (vegetables, Plant fruits, berries and ornamental Biotechnology, 5 cr plants). PTARH302 Controlling Growth Factors, 5 cr Realisation and working methods:Lectures PTARH303 Postharvest Physiology 26 and h, practical work 0 h, group work 10 h, Technology, 5 cr independent study 90 h. PTARH304 Horticultural Botany, 5 cr Study materials and literature: Additional elective studies 10•20 credits, forWills, R., McGlasson, B., Graham, D. & Joyce, example: D. 1998. Postharvest. An introduction to the PTARH305 Alternative Studies in Horticulture, physiology & handling of fruit, vegetables & 3•5 cr ornamentals. Wallingford, CAB International. 292 p.

67 Department of Applied Biology

Kader, A. A. (ed.). 1992. Postharvest technology Courses in Finnish of horticultural crops. 2nd ed. Oakland, CA, University of California. 296 p. Obligatory practical training (PTARH101) Evaluation: Written examination. 3 credits 82405 Photobiology (PTARH402) 5 credits Timing: Practical training is recommended to be 82422 taken after the ¿ rst or second year of studies. Timing: Spring term, period IV. Offered in odd• Contents: Practical training and working at numbered years; recommended in the 3rd or different training and working places for 80 4th year of studies. days. Training can be performed in two different Responsible person: Paula Elomaa phases (40 + 40 days). More instructions from Objective: The student will learn to know the the teachers. effects of light on plants and the use of arti¿ cial lighting in greenhouse production. Voluntary practical training (PTARH201) 3 Contents: InÀ uence of light on growth andcredits development of plants. Interaction of light824002 and other growth factors. Arti¿ cial lighting in Contents: Practical training and working at greenhouse production. different training and working places for 60 Realisation and working methods:Lectures days. More instructions from the teachers. 26 h, practical work 0 h, group work 10 h, independent study 90 h. Controlling growth factors (PTARH302) Study materials and literature:Relevant 5 credits literature will be indicated during the course. 82485 Evaluation: Written examination. Timing: Teaching is given every other spring term Horticulture for human well•beingObjective: Student will acquire basic knowledge (PTARH403) 5 credits of controlling growth factors (light, temperature, 82492 air constituents) in greenhouse production. Timing: Spring term, period III. Offered in odd• numbered years; recommended in the 3rd or Horticultural botany (PTARH304) 5 credits 4th year of studies. 82400 Responsible person: Erja Rappe Timing: Teaching is given every other autumn Objective: The student will learn to know the term. inÀ uence of plants, gardens and landscape on Contents: Taxonomy of horticultural plants the well•being of individuals and communities. and basics of species identi¿ cation. The most Contents: The inÀ uence of plants, gardens and important horticultural species produced in landscape on the well•being of individuals and Finland or used as landscape plants (420 communities. Therapeutic use of horticulture. species) are examined in one exam. Planning of healing landscapes. Horticulture in environmental education. Alternative studies in horticulture Realisation and working methods:Lectures (PTARH305) 5•7 credits 20 h, practical work 20 h, group work 40 h,82416 independent study 50 h. Contents: Special lectures or practical courses Study materials and literature: in horticulture or studies completed in other Cooper Marcus, C. & Barnes, M. 1999. Healing universities. To be included, the course must be Gardens. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. agreed with professor before it is taken. Chapters 1 and 2. Lewis, C. A. 1996. Green Nature / HumanUrban greening and urban ecology Nature. The meaning of plants in our life.(PTARH401) 5 credits University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 82487 Articles provided during the course. Timing: Autumn term, offered in odd•numbered Evaluation: Accepted practical work / seminar. years. Contents: Ecologicalrequirements of landscape design, construction and maintenance. The

68 Department of Applied Biology value of urban greenery and principles Contact of information landscape design. Department of Applied Biology P.O. Box 27 Project study (PTARH404) 5•10 credits FI•00014 University of Helsinki 82435 Finland Timing: Advanced level. tel. +358 9 1911 Contents: An advanced level course, where fax +358 9 191 58 434 the student will apply horticultural methods to Internet: http:// www.helsinki.¿ /mmtdk an independet study involved in horticultural planning and development. The project work and extent have to be discussed and agreed with REQUIREMENTS FOR THE the professor before the start of the project. MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS

Literature in horticulture (PTARH502)GENERAL STUDIES, 21 cr 5 credits KTB402 Research Process in the Science of 82495 Plant Production, 5 cr Objective: Literature required for Master’sY131A Statistical Models 1, 5 cr degree. The aim is to deepen the knowledge KTB411 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr acquired on previous courses in horticulture. At least 10 credits from the following: Y100 Mathematics 1, 5 cr Master’s Thesis (PTARH503) 40 credits Y132 Statistical Models 2, 5 cr 82443 Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 5 cr Contents: Formulationof a research hypothesis, KTB401 Physiology of Growth, Development testing it using appropriate methodology,and Yield Formation, 5 cr analysis of results and their interpretation in KTB403 Stress Physiology, 5 cr relation to scienti¿ c literature; reporting the KTB405 Practicals, 5 cr study as a thesis and an oral presentation. BIOT200 Basic Course in Gene Technology, 2 cr BIOT201 Laboratory Course in Gene Technology, 3 cr Plant Breeding MAJOR STUDIES, 73•81 cr Plant Breeding is applied genetics. Plant Advanced studies breeding aims to increase the exploitation of KTB301 Special Training, 3 cr plants and the ability to react swiftly to changing JAL401 Selection Breeding and Experimental climatic and opinion environments. Instruction Designs, 5 cr is provided in the basics of plant genetics and JAL504 Breeding of Agricultural and in population genetic methods as applied to Horticultural Crop Plants, 5 cr plant breeding. In addition, plant breeding also KTB501 Seminar, Plant Production, 3 cr utilizes modern methods of biotechnology and JAL502 Literature, 10 cr DNA studies. The objective of instruction in plant JAL503 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr breeding is to prepare students for employment Maturity Essay as plant breeders and researchers in Finland 7•15 credits from the following: and abroad. Studies include also practical JAL402 Conservation of Plant Genetic laboratory and summer courses, and training in Resources, 5 cr plant breeding organizations. JAL403 Molecular Methods in Applied Plant Genetics, 5 cr Teaching staff JAL505 Forest Tree Breeding, 5 cr Professor Teemu Teeri JAL506 Other Studies in Breeding, 3•5 cr University Lecturer Helena Korpelainen KBIOT300 Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 5 cr KBIOT301 Laboratory Course in Plant Biotechnology, 5 cr

69 Department of Applied Biology

KBIOT401 Laboratory Course in Independent Plant study 96 h. Molecular Biology, 5 cr Studymaterials and literature: Lecturematerial ME463 Advanced Molecular + additional and reading given by the lecturers in Conventional Methods in Forest Pathology, the net (WebCT). Literature: Buchanan, B.B, 8 cr Gruissem, W & Jones, R.L, 2002: Biochemistry KPAT501 Plant•microbe Interactions andand Molecular Biology of Plants. 1408 pages Molecular Defense of Plants, 10 cr (relevant parts). PTARH303 Postharvest Physiology andEvaluation: Short written assignment, ¿ nal Technology, 5 cr examination PTARH402 Photobiology, 5 cr Other information: Previously KASV67. Other courses in accordance with the personal The course is given jointly by the Faculty of study plan Agriculture and Forestry and the Faculty of LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES INBiosciences INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Laboratory Course in Plant Biotechnology ICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 (KBIOT301) 5 credits 81028 OTHER STUDIES, 16•24 CREDITS Timing: Spring term, period IV JAL201 Population and QuantitativeResponsible person: Prof. Teemu Teeri Genetics, 5 cr (Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry) and Doc. KBIOT200 Plant Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Annikki Welling (Faculty of Biosciences) 3 cr Relations to other study units: KBIOT300 Other studies according to Personal StudyObjective: Learning of the basic techniques of Plan. plant cell culture and plant gene transfer Contents: The laboratory practicals include relevant techniques in plant cell culture (callus Courses in English and suspension cultures, haploid cultures, Teaching events in WebOodi protoplast isolation and micropropagation) as well as techniques related to plant gene transfer Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology methods (agrobacterium•mediated, particle (KBIOT300) 5 credits bombardment, reporter genes and in¿ ltration) 81085 Realisation and working methods:Lectures Timing: Spring term, period III 0 h, Practical work 120 h, Group work 0 h, Responsible person: Prof. Teemu Teeriindependent study 15 h. (Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry), Doc.Study materials and literature:Course Pekka Heino and Prof. Jaakko Kangasjärvimanual (Faculty of Biosciences) Evaluation: Laboratory report Relations to other study units: KBIOT200 Other information: Previously KASV70. Objective: Learning of different aspects of plant The course is given jointly by the Faculty of biotechnology and molecular biology Agriculture and Forestry and the Faculty of Contents: Lectures include: Molecular biology Biosciences of agrobacterium•mediated gene transfer; Gene transfer methods and vectors for plant Laboratory Course in Plant Biology transformation; Plant genome structures;(KBIOT401) 5 credits Molecular biology of light perception and812010 signal transduction in plants; Pathways to plant Timing: Spring term, period III. secondary metabolites; Molecular basis ofResponsible person: Prof. Teemu Teeri vegetative•reproductive transitions and À ower Relations to other study units:BIOT200, development; Molecular basis of abiotic andBIOT201, KBIOT200 and KBIOT300 biotic stress responses in plants; Applications Objective: Learning of some basic techniques in plant biotechnology; Forest biotechnology; in plant molecular biology Basics of legislation and risk assessment inContents: Construction of À oral cDNA libraries; plant biotechnology Basics of sequence analysis and bioinformatics; Realisation and working methods:Lectures Analysis of gene expression in transgenic lines 39 h, Practical work 0 h, Group work 0 h,

70 Department of Applied Biology using Northern hybridisation literature will be indicated during the course. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Evaluation: Examination 70%, presentation 0 h, Practical work 104 h, Group work 0 h,30%. Independent study 31 h. Other information: The course will be offered Study materials and literature:Course in even•numbered years in the spring term. manual Evaluation: Laboratory report Molecular methods in applied plant genetics Other information: Previously KAT5. Priority (JAL403/KBIOT403) 5 credits given to advanced level students. The course 81037 will be offered in even•numbered years. Timing: Recommended to be taken during the fourth or ¿ fth year of studies. Course will be Selection breeding and experimental designs offered in the autumn term, period I. (JAL401) 5 credits Responsible person: Teemu Teeri 81039 Objective: To learn the range of molecular Timing: Recommended to be taken during the applications available. To understand their fourth or ¿ fth year of studies. Course will be principles and the methodology used. offered in the spring term, period III. Contents: Recent advances in the use of Responsible person: Teemu Teeri molecular methods in plant and forest tree Objective: To understand the process ofbreeding. Marker•assisted selection, genetic selection breeding and to learn how to plantransformation and genomics approaches are experiments in plant breeding and forest tree discussed in detail. Case studies prepared and breeding. presented by the students. Contents: The role of genotype, environment, Realisation and working methods:Lectures G*E interaction and random effects28, independent in study 105 hours determining variation in plants. The structure Study materials and literature:Relevant of breeding trials to separate genetic andliterature will be indicated during the course. environmental effects. Applications of selection Evaluation: Examination, case studies. work. Other information: The course will be offered Realisation and working methods:Lectures in even•numbered years in the autumn term. 28 h, independent study 105 h. Study materials and literature:Relevant Literature in plant and forest tree breeding literature will be indicated during the course. (JAL502) 10 credits Evaluation: Examination 70%, presentation 81043 30%. Responsible person: Teemu Teeri Other information: The course will be offered Objective: To understand the principles, genetic in odd•numbered years in the spring term. background and applications of plant and forest tree breeding. Conservation of plant genetic resourcesContents: Introduction to the theoretical (JAL402) 5 credits background and applications of plant and forest 81041 tree breeding. Selection A in plant breeding, and Timing: Recommended to be taken during the selection B in forest tree breeding. fourth or ¿ fth year of studies. Course will be Realisation and working methods: offered in the spring term, period IV. Independent study Responsible person: Helena Korpelainen Study materials and literature: Objective: The importance of genetic variation Selection A or B: and plant genetic resources. Methods (A) of Plant Breeding assessing and conserving genetic resources. 1. Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. 1996. Applications in plant breeding. Introduction to quantitative genetics. Contents: The nature of biological diversity, Longman, 4th Ed. applications of ecological genetics to plant 2. Smart, J. and Simmonds, N.W. (Eds.) breeding, practical management of germplasm. 1995. Evolution of crop plants. Longman. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 3. Other textbook as agreed.. 28, independent study 105 hours (B) Forest Tree Breeding Study materials and literature:Relevant 1. Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. 1996.

71 Department of Applied Biology

Introduction to quantitative genetics.Objective: To learn current theories and Longman, 4th Ed. practices in forest tree breeding. 2. Fins, L. et al. (Eds.) 1992. Handbook of Realisation and working methods:Lectures quantitative forest tree improvement.28, independent study 105 hours Kluwer Academic Publishers. Study materials and literature:Relevant 3. Other textbook as agreed. literature will be indicated during the course. Evaluation: Examination Evaluation: Examination. Other information: The exam can be taken in Other information: The course will be offered one or two parts. in even•numbered years in the autumn term.

Master’s Thesis (JAL503) 40 credits Other studies in breeding (JAL506) 2•5 81052 credits Responsible person: Teemu Teeri 81001 Contents: Formulationof a research hypothesis, Contents: Relevant studies, e.g. courses in testing of the hypothesis using appropriateother countries, can be included in the degree. methodology, analysis of results and their interpretation in relation to scienti¿ c literature, Nordic post graduate (NOVA) course in plant and reporting the study in a thesis and an oral breeding (JAL601) 5 credits presentation. 81003 Realisation and working methods:Timing: Recommended to be taken during Independent study, writing process, Thesispostgraduate studies. Course will be offered groups during summer terms. Evaluation: Grading based on student’s own Responsible person: Teemu Teeri input in planning and execution of research, and Objective: To learn modern theories and on written research report. practices in plant breeding, and to meet students and teachers in plant breeding internationally. Breeding of agricultural and horticulturalContents: Determined separately for each crop plants (JAL504) 5 credits course. 81045 Realisation and working methods: Laboratory Timing: Recommended to be taken during the experiments fourth or ¿ fth year of studies. Course will be Study materials and literature:Relevant offered in the autumn term, period I. literature will be indicated during the course. Responsible person: Teemu Teeri Evaluation: Determined separately for each Objective: Familiarization with national and course. international breeding of agricultural andOther information: The course will be horticultural crop plants. organized each summer term in a different Contents: Introduction to the practical breeding Nordic country. of agricultural and horticultural plants. Lectures by expert breeders. Presentations by students. Realisation and working methods:K 28 • I Courses in Finnish 105 Study materials and literature:Relevant Plant Biochemistry and Cell Biology literature will be indicated during the course. (KBIOT200) 3 credits Evaluation: Examination (70%), presentation 81084 (30%). Timing: Autumn term, period II Other information: The course will be offered Contents: Lecture topics include the plant cell in odd•numbered years in the autumn term. structure as well as biochemistry, physiology and regulation of different plant cell processes Forest tree breeding (JAL505) 5 credits both at gene and biochemistry level. 81100 Timing: Recommended to be taken during the Population and quantitative genetics fourth or ¿ fth year of studies. Course will be (JAL201) 3•5 credits offered in the autumn term, period II. 81038 Responsible person: Pertti Pulkkinen Contents: Introduction to theoretical and

72 Department of Applied Biology molecular population and quantitative genetics. Docent Sari Peltonen The inÀ uence of different factors on Docent the Elina Roine population genetic structures, the nature ofDocent Risto Tahvonen genetic variation, and the research methodsDocent Sari Timonen used. Mathematical exercises. Contact information Department of Applied Biology P.O. Box 27 FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Plant Pathology Finland tel. +358 9 1911 Plant Pathology is a discipline that examines fax +358 9 191 58 727 plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria and viruses) and develops the means for control of plant diseases. Central subjects of studies are plant• REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S pathogen interactions and their Àin uence on DEGREE, 120 CREDITS plant physiology, resulting either in disease or GENERAL STUDIES resistance. These interactions are examined KTB402 Research Methodology in the at all biological levels, from molecules to the Science of Plant Production, 5 cr ecosystem. Studies of plant pathology provide MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in an in•depth understanding of plant pathogens Microbiology, 5 cr and plant diseases and how various research BIOT200 Basic Course in Gene Technology, methods are used for their study. A knowledge 2 cr of botany, plant physiology, plant production, BIOT201 Laboratory Course in Gene soil sciences, ecology, genetics, biochemistry Technology, 3 cr and molecular biology is important. Elective The studies (at least 10 credits): studies also include the biology and ecology MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, of plant pathogens, as well as the spread of 5 cr diseases and recognition and control of their Other elective studies consequences. Identi¿ cation of the mostKTB 411 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr harmful plant pathogens in crop production and horticulture takes place using conventional MAJOR STUDIES and molecular methods. The aforementioned Advanced studies knowledge lays a foundation for economically KPAT401 Epidemiology and Ecology of Plant and ecologically sustainable plant protection. Pathogens, 5 cr New pathogens and the variation of existingKPAT402 Fungal Pathogens of Plants, 5 cr pathogens constitute a continuous threat toKPAT403 Bacteria, Viruses and Pathogen crop production and horticulture that requires Diagnostics, 10 cr development of new and better methods forKPAT501 Plant•microbe Interactions and Molecular Defence of Plants, 10 cr diagnostics and disease control. Experts in KPAT502 Literature Lourse in Plant Pathology, plant pathology are needed in companies 5 cr working in the agricultural and horticultural KTB301 Special Training, 3 cr sectors, extension and advisory organisations, KTB501 Seminar, Plant Production, 3 cr teaching, administration, research and KPAT503 in Master’s Thesis, 40 cr various international posts. Maturity Essay

Teaching staff LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Academy Professor Jari Valkonen INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION University Lecturer Minna Pirhonen TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Amenuensis Hilkka Koponen ICT studies (1 cr) integrated in KTB501 Docent Reijo Karjalainen Docent Aarne Kurppa OTHER STUDIES, 13 CREDITS Docent Kirsi Lehto KPAT400 Additional studies in plant pathology Docent Andres Merits or other studies according to Personal Study Docent Kristiina Mäkinen Plan

73 Department of Applied Biology

Courses in English independent study 30 hours. Teaching events in WebOodi Study materials and literature:Will be given during the course Epidemiology and ecology of Other plant information: The course will be pathogens (KPAT401/ME460) 5 credits organised jointly and taught simultaneously with 81331 the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Timing: Autumn term, period I (SLU). For the arrangements, see the course Responsible person: Professor and University home page: http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmsbl/ Lecturer in Plant Pathology. Kpat/ creditspe/index.htm Relations to other study units: KTB121 Objective: To understand the factors andAdditional studies in plant pathology processes behind plant disease epidemics in (KPAT400) forest and agricultural ecosystems. 81350 Contents: Basic epidemiology and examples. Contents: Individual courses and lecture series The biological background for epidemics, risk in plant pathology, other than those offered at assesment, epidemiological mechanisms,University of Helsinki, or studies carried out modelling. abroad can be credited based on an agreement Realisation and working methods:Lectures between the student and the professor. 30, practical work 10, group work 0, independent studies 70 hours. Study materials and literature:Wolfe, M.S. Courses in Finnish & Caten, C.E. eds. 1987. Populations of Plant Pathogens, Their Dynamics and Genetics.Fungal pathogens of plants (KPAT402) Blackwell Scientic Publications. 280 5 pp.credits Jones, D. G. (ed.) 1998: The Epidemiology of 81304 Plant Diseases. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Contents: Taxonomy and biology of fungi Dordrecht. Tainter, F.H. & Baker, F.A. 1996.infecting plants, especially those prevalent in Principles of Forest Pathology. John Wiley & Finland. Laboratory exercises on identi¿ cation Sons, New York. pp. 237•271. Other relevant of fungal pathogens in plant samples. literature will be given during the course. Evaluation: Examination Bacteria, viruses and pathogen diagnostics Other information: The course will be given in (KPAT403) 10 credits uneven years. Dates, times and other details 81351 will be announced at the home page of theContents: Taxonomy and biology of bacteria Department of Applied Biology and in Oodi. and viruses infecting plants. Serological, biochemical and molecular methods and in vitro Plant•microbe interactions and molecular culture techniques for pathogen diagnostics, defence of plants (KPAT501) 10 credits including laboratory exercises. 81352 Timing: Autumn term, period II Literature in plant pathology (KPAT502) Responsible person: Professor and university 5 credits lecturer in Plant Pathology. 81312 Relations to other study units:KPAT402, Contents: Latest knowledge in plant pathology KPAT403 will the studied in a selected subject area Objective: To understand the molecularbased on literature. The student agrees about mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulencethe literature with the professor and writes a in plant pathogens, the molecular basis learning of diary about it. symbiotic interactions, and the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of disease resistance in Master’s Thesis (KPAT503) 40 credits plants. 81322 Contents: The biology of pathogen infections, Contents: Formulationof a research hypothesis, plant defence responses and symbiotictesting it using appropriate methodology, interactions at the molecular level. The course analysis of results and their interpretation in includes laboratory work sessions. relation to scienti¿ c literature; reporting the Realisation and working methods:Lectures study as a thesis and an oral presentation. 60, practical work 50, group work 30,

74 Department of Applied Biology Botany KASV432 Course on Macrofungi, 3 cr KASV371 Literature Examination in Botany, 2 cr As Botany is a minor subject in the Faculty of Courses in plant biology, 4–5 cr Agriculture and Forestry, only a minor studies module is offered to the students. Study modules on levels A and C were discontinued in 2005. A personal study plan is requiredCourses in Finnish and needs consultation with the study advisor. The language of instruction is mainly Finnish. Elementary botany (plant morphology and Botany can be studied as a major in the Faculty small identi¿ cation of plants) (KTB106) of Science. 3 credits 812076 The aim of studies in botany is to give students adequate theoretical and practical knowledge Basics of botany (plant morphology and to deal with botanical terminology related tocomprehensive identi¿ cation of plants) the biology of plants, plant products (also(KASV105) 4•6 credits macrofungi) and vegetation, and to support86006 instruction in various ¿ elds of applied biology. Contents: Structural variation in the plant body, Agriculture and forestry degree programmesgrowth process, differentiation of vegetative include obligatory studies during the¿ rst shoots and tissues, growth forms (Plant academic year. These studies highlight themorphology lectures).Identi¿ cation of 355 forest structural and physiological characteristicsspecies. of plants that are related to the identi¿ cation of species and functions of the plant body.IDENTIFICATIONS THAT MAY BE CHOSEN Advanced studies emphasise the diversity and TO KASV105: evolution of reproductive structures and the relationships between species, communitiesIdenti¿ cation of plants in agriculture and environments. Studies include practical(KASV451) 3•4 credits work. 86035 Contents: Identi¿ cation of 378 or 456 species Contact information (during the restoration of C•building in 2006•07): Identi¿ cation of plants in forestry (KASV148) 2 credits Of¿ ces, A•bldg, 3rd À oor, Latokartanonkaari 9 86025 Thurman, Tarja, tel. 191 58381, e•mail: tarja. Contents: 355 species of forest À ora thurman@helsinki.¿ Kuokka, Ilpo, Teacher, student advisor, tel. 191 Identi¿ cation of plants in environmental 58420, e•mail: ilpo.kuokka@helsinki.¿ sciences (KASV452) 3 credits 86027 Student herbarium, B•building,À oor •1,Contents: Identi¿ cation of 393 species Latokartanonkaari 7 Järvinen, Irma, tel. 191 58425, e•mail: irma. Identi¿ cation of aquaticÀ ora (KASV147) jarvinen@helsinki.¿ 1 credit 86020 Contents: 151 species of aquatic À ora Minor studies, 25 credits Practicals in plant physiology and anatomy KASV105 Basics of Botany (plant morphology (KTB203) 4 credits and identi¿ cation of plants), 4•5 cr 812077 52550 Plant Physiology and Plant Anatomy Timing: Second year Lectures, 3 cr KTB203 Plant Anatomy, 2 cr (in part) KTB244 (KASV244) Plant Geography and Ecology, 3 cr KASV442 Plant Systematics, 3 cr

75 Department of Applied Biology

Course on macrofungi i (KASV432) 3 credits perspective is comprehensive and it covers the 86052 whole food chain. Contents: Ca. 200 species, collection and presentation of material Contact teaching periods that include expert lectures and visits to enterprises and farms are Literature in botany (KASV371) 2•3 credits offered mostly in Mikkeli. We use e•learning as 86005 a tool for learning on all of our courses. Some of the courses (13 ECTS altogether) are carried STUDIES REQUIRING ADVANCE PASSING out entirely via the internet. OF IDENTIFICATION EXAMINATION: Progressiveinquiry• and problem•basedlearning Plant geography and ecology (KTB244/methods are applied, utilising student•oriented KASV244) 3•4 credits and multidisciplinary team work. Theory and 812078 practice are combined with the help of selected Timing: second year or later, autumn term I business partners. The aim is also to support Contents: climates and thermic processes, the students in developing their learning, self• circulation of water, nutrients and solids,assessment and teamwork skills. Participation tolerance and competitiveness of plants,in the web course LUOMU0.1 Introduction to structure, types an regionality of vegetation. Organic Food and Farming is a prerequisite for most of the other courses. Plant systematics (KASV442) 2•4 credits 86001 Completion of the study programme in Organic Timing: Spring term, period IV Food and Farming demonstrates that the Objective: Structures of steles, sporophylls, student is quali¿ ed to participate in the critical À owers, fruits and seeds, economic plants,examination and sustainable development families and orders of vascular plants. of organic food and farming. It thus prepares students to work particularly in jobs related to Course on vegetation (KASV431) 3•6 credits the food chain and its support activities where 86050 knowledge of organic farming and food industry Contents: Field work, principles of sampling and is required. analysis, sites, layers of vegetation, dominants and associates. The studies are organised by Ruralia Institute’s Mikkeli unit at the University of Helsinki. The Dendrology of garden plants (KASV434)responsible department within the Faculty of 3 credits Agriculture and Forestry is the Department 86033 of Applied Biology. The course LUOMU2.4 is Contents: Identi¿ cation, ecology and success carried out in cooperation with the Department of woods in Finland. of Economics and Management. With the studies related to organic animal husbandry both the Department of Animal Science and the professorship of livestock welfare in the Faculty Organic Food and of Veterinary Medicine are involved. Farming Responsible professor Helenius, Juha, Professor, e•mail: juha. The multidisciplinary study programme helenius@helsinki. of ¿ Organic Food and Farming is common to all study programmes. Additional information for students Nupponen, Sirpa, Study Secretary, e•mail: Organic production is an important, ¿ ofcially sirpa.nupponen@helsinki.¿ controlled production system and a sector of Taskinen, Aija, Study Planner, e•mail: aija. food industry that aims at responding to thetaskinen@helsinki.¿ challenges set by sustainable development. Its Hakala, Harri, Specialist in Network•based Education, e•mail: harri.hakala@helsinki.¿

76 Department of Applied Biology

Mynttinen, Ritva, Study Planner, e•mail: ritva. LUOMU11 Livestock Welfare and Special mynttinen@helsinki.¿ Topics in Organic Animal Husbandry, 8 cr Other personnel LUOMU12 Current Questions in Organic Plant Kujala, Jouni, Research Director, e•mail: jouni. Production, 8 cr kujala@helsinki.¿ Other elective studies, 1•5 cr Saikkonen, Kari, Professor, e•mail: kari. saikkonen@mtt.¿ The elective studies are to be agreed with Prof. Seppänen, Laura, Research Director, e•mail: Helenius. laura.seppanen@helsinki.¿ Valros, Anna, Professor, e•mail: anna.valros@ helsinki.¿ Courses in English Teaching events in WebOodi More information: www.ecostudies.¿ Basic Literature on Organic Food and Farming (LUOMU3) 1•6 credits Basic Studies, 25 credits 812042 LUOMU0.1 Introduction to Organic Food and Timing: Examinations monthly Farming, 3 cr Responsible person: Aija Taskinen LUOMU1.1 Organic Production Systems, 2 cr Objective: Students are encouraged to extend LUOMU2.1 Organic Food Chains, 2 cr their knowledge of the topics contained in the Elective Studies: basic study module according to their own LUOMU1.2 Organic Plant Production, 5 cr interests. LUOMU1.3 Organic Animal Husbandry, 5 cr Contents: Sustainability of organic food and LUOMU2.2 Social and Economic Aspects of farming systems, organic animal husbandry, Organic Food and Farming, 3 cr organic plant production, organic food and LUOMU2.3 Organic Food Processing andmarkets. Organic Food, 5 cr Realisation and working methods:lectures LUOMU2.4 Basic course in Marketing Organic 0 h • practical work 0 h • group work 0 h • Foodstuffs, 5 cr independent study 27•160 h LUOMU3 Basic Literature on Organic FoodStudy materials and literature:Course and Farming, 1–6 cr literature folder. LUOMU4 Practical Training, 3 cr Evaluation: Examination and/or discursive Other elective studies 1•5 cr book review. Other information: The course makes use of The elective studies are to be agreed withtheWebCT learning environment. Arrangements Prof. Helenius. It is recommended that bothcan be made to include texts of the student’s LUOMU1.2 and LUOMU1.3 are chosen. own choice.

Intermediate Studies, 60 credits Practical Training (LUOMU4) 3 credits Basic Studies, 25 credits 812043 LUOMU5 Organic Quality, 8 cr Timing: To be agreed with the responsible LUOMU6 Organic Food Systems, 8 cr person LUOMU7 Case Study, 8 cr Responsible person: Aija Taskinen Elective Studies: Relations to other study units:LUOMU0.1 LUOMU8 Literature for Intermediate Studies required in Organic Food and Farming, 3•9 Objective: To give students the opportunity to cr apply their theoretical studies in practice. LUOMU9 Work in a Research Group, 3 cr Contents: Practical training for 40 working days LUOMU10 Study Projects in Organic Food and on an organic farm, in a company producing Farming, 2•8 cr organic foodstuffs, in an organization working in the ¿ eld of organic food and farming, or in public administration, followed by the writing of a report discussing the experiences gained.

77 Department of Applied Biology

Evaluation: Submission of a report Relations for to other study units:Basic studies approval. in organic food and farming required or Other information: Practical arrangements corresponding studies as agreed. The course with the training organisation made by theis offered jointly with AEKO501 Sustainable student and accepted by the responsible person Agri•Food Systems, please see also Objectives beforehand. and Contents of that course. Lectures will mostly be held in Viikki. The course includes a Organic Quality (LUOMU5) 8 credits contact teaching period in the Mikkeli campus 812044 concentrating on organic food systems (see Timing: Autumn term, period I, contact teaching objective and contents below). period in Viikki week 38. Offered every other Objective: The course examines organic year, in even•numbered years. production from a social and ecological Responsible person: Dr. Kujala, otherperspective. Students are introduced to the lecturers multifunctionality of food systems. They will Relations to other study units:Basic studies learn to recognize various food system models in organic food and farming required and or to make critical assessments of these corresponding studies as agreed. systems and of their prospects for sustainability Objective: Organic food and farming areand development. approached from the viewpoint of the demand Contents: A food system as a framework chain and as an issue of consumption. Thefor organic production, sustainability of food course concentrates on quality issues systems, in sustainability of food systems in a organic production and offers means global for perspective. Food systems analysis: working on these aspects. The students willfamiliarization with a real food system model learn to understand quality as a comprehensive in a multidisciplinary student team. The team concept and the background to consumers’ food will produce an analysis of the functions and choices in general and their choices of organic sustainability of the food system and a well• food in particular. The students will familiarize grounded proposal for its further development. themselves with special issues and challenges Realisation and working methods: lectures 55 for the development of the organic food sector. h, practical work 0, group work 30, independent Contents: A comprehensive approach to food study 129 h. quality: the comprehensive concept of quality, Study materials and literature:Finnish ethical quality, social and ecological quality.and international literature on food systems, Product properties: nutritional, technical and selected articles aesthetic quality; food safety. Experiencing,Evaluation: Examination (70 %) and food assessing and communicating quality:system analysis (30 %). experiencing quality and the values connected with it, measuring quality; quality strategies and Case Study (LUOMU7) 8 credits systems, transparent value•added chains and 812046 sustainable pricing policies. Timing: Spring term 2008, period IV, offered Realisation and working methods:lectures every other year, in even•numbered years. 35 h, practical work 0 h, group work 40 Responsible h, person: Dr. Kujala, Professor independent study 139 h Valros, Dr. Seppänen, other lecturers. Study materials and literature:Finnish and Relations to other study units:Basic studies international literature on organic quality issues, in organic food and farming required or selected articles corresponding studies as agreed. LUOMU6/ Evaluation: Written report, exercises AEKO501 required. Other information: www.ecostudies.¿ . Objective: A multidisciplinary team of 3 to 4 students will concentrate on a real•life Organic Food Systems (LUOMU6) 8 credits problem or development challenge concerned 812045 with organic food and farming or organic food Timing: Spring term 2008, period III, offered systems. A systems approach will be employed every other year, in even•numbered years. in this tutored research work. In addition to Responsible person: Prof. Helenius, Dr.strengthening students’ abilities to develop Kujala, lecturers. organic food systems, the course aims to give

78 Department of Applied Biology them tools for interdisciplinary research work, Objective: An opportunity to apply the problem de¿ nition, literature searches, analysis theoretical organic food and farming studies in and synthesis, and presentation of the results in an expert community. the form of a collective report. Contents: Students will spend 40 working Contents: Special challenges and methodology days familiarizing themselves with research on for research on organic agri•food systems,organic food and farming and the methods used making a research plan, implementation of the in this research, followed by the writing of a research, interpretation and synthesis of thereport on the work done or experiences gained. results, preparation of a report. Evaluation: Submission of a report for Realisation and working methods:lectures approval. 20 h, practical work 0 h, group work 20 Other h, information: Arrangements will be made independent study 174 h jointly by the student and by the responsible Study materials and literature: Methodological person. literature, applicable literature acquired by the team. Study Projects in Organic Food and Farming Evaluation: Research plan and report,(LUOMU10) 2•8 credits participation in group meetings, 812052 oral presentation, self and peer assessment Timing: in To be agreed with the responsible groups (opponents). person. Responsible person: Dr. Kujala Literature for Intermediate Studies in Organic Relations to other study units:LUOMU0.1 Food and Farming (LUOMU8) 3•9 credits required 812047 Evaluation: Submission of a report for Timing: To be agreed with the responsibleapproval person Other information: Credits may be awarded Responsible person: Dr. Kujala for other study courses or modules connected Relations to other study units:Basic study with or supporting those in organic farming and module in organic food and farming required or foodstuffs, e.g. membership in study groups, others by agreement. separate series of lectures or seminars, followed Objective: To deepen the knowlegde of topics of by the writing of a report. Agreement should be particular interest arising from the intermediate reached with the teacher responsible on the study module. validity of the suggested studies and number of Contents: The literature is divided to teaching credits to be awarded before commencement of and advisory activities, entrepreneurship,the studies. research and society sections. Realisation and working methods:lectures Current Questions in Organic Plant 0 h • practical work 0 h • group work 0 h • Production (LUOMU12) 8 credits independent study 80•240 h 812102 Study materials and literature:Literature Timing: Autumn term, I•II periods. The course to be determined individually on the basis ofis intended especially for students who are a bibliography available from the responsible preparing a thesis or other research and know person. the basics of organic plant production. Evaluation: Examination and/or discursive Responsible person: Professor Helenius, book review. Professor Saikkonen Relations to other study units:LUOMU0.1, Work in a Research Group (LUOMU9)LUOMU1.1, LUOMU1.2 required or other 3 credits corresponding studies as agreed. 812048 Objective: The study module takes up current Timing: To be agreed with the responsiblequestions in organic plant production and person examines the latest research results in the Responsible person: Dr. Kujala area. It strengthens the ability to do scienti¿ c Relations to other study units:Basic study research, especially in the ¿ eld of organic plant module in organic food and farming required; production. The student takes a view of organic other preliminary studies may be accepted. plant production and its research needs. The

79 Department of Applied Biology module provides the students with an opportunity and food supply systems. Students will also to further thesis work concerned with organic be made familiar with the history and current plant production. If the student is not writing a state of organic food an farming and will visit thesis, the research skills are practiced by doing an organic farm. The course is designed both to exercises on given themes. Student considers stand independently and to serve as a basis for his/her professional goals and searches for his/ other parts of the study module. her role in the multidisciplinary ¿ eld of organic food and farming. The lectures also introduce Organic Production Systems (LUOMU1.1) future employment options dealing particularly 2 credits with organic plant production. 812065 Contents: Discussion and topical researchTiming: Autumn term, periods I and II; Web results in organic plant production, focusingcourse. on following themes: ecological approaches to Contents: Cooperation between farms and at plant production; soil ecology; ecological plant the regional level, the farm as an operational protection, plant breeding and propagation;system, farm entities and their analysis. energy use and sources and the possibilities of using renewable energy at a plant production Organic Plant Production (LUOMU1.2) farm; future prospects. Lectures and exercises 5 credits on research of organic plant production: Present 812066 state, characteristics and methods of organic Timing: Autumn term 2006, period I plant production research; phases of research Contents: Ecological foundations of organic project; choosing the research topic; fundingcultivation, functioning of the ¿ eld ecosystem, sources and procedures; factors affectingcrop rotation, nutrient supplies and soil fertility, funding decisions; writing a CV, a fundingplant protection, supplementary materials. application and a research plan; the importance of publication. This content will be connected to Organic Animal Husbandry (LUOMU1.3) issues of organic plant production. Employment 5 credits options and skills needed in the ¿ eld of organic 812067 plant production. Timing: Autumn term 2006, period II Realisation and working methods:Lectures Contents: Livestock behaviour, species 75, practical work 0, group work 0, independent management and welfare, breeding, feeding study 139 hours and fodder. Study materials and literature:Current scienti¿ c literature as instructed. Organic Food Chains (LUOMU2.1) 2 credits Evaluation: Attendance, active participation 812068 (lectures, on•line discussions), exercises. Timing: Spring term, period III; Web course. Other information: www.ecostudies.¿ . Contents: Food chains from the¿ eld to the table, food chains in food systems.

Courses in Finnish Social and Economic Aspects of Organic Food and Farming (LUOMU2.2) 3 credits Introduction to Organic Food and Farming 812069 (LUOMU0.1) 3 credits Timing: Spring term, period III 812101 Contents: Company and community economic Timing: Autumn term, period II and spring term, perspectives, the political dimension of organic period IV; Web course. production, markets for organic produce, Contents: Organic food and farming areentrepreneurship. approached by examining the problems of sustainable development, the concept Organic of Food and Manufacture of Organic sustainability, various understandings of nature, Foodstuffs (LUOMU2.3) 5 credits visions of the future, the public debate over812070 organic food and farming, interpretations and Timing: Spring term, period III perspectives regarding organic production and Contents: Quality requirements for raw objectives for the development of production materials, product and process development,

80 Department of Applied Biology manufacturing and packaging technology, eco•ef¿ ciency in manufacturing, regulations governing organic foodstuffs and their supervision. Quality and safety, sustainability of an organic diet and organic food culture.

Basic Course in Marketing Organic Foodstuffs (LUOMU2.4) 5 credits 812100 Timing: Spring term, period IV Contents: Essential terms of marketing and competitive methods of marketing and planning. The course takes into account special characteristics of organic food which need to be taken into consideration while planning marketing.

Livestock Welfare and Special Topics in Organic Animal Husbandry (LUOMU11) 8 credits 90380 Timing: Autumn period Contents: Animal politics, animal ethics, organisations working with protection of animals, legislation concerning protection of animals, preventive health care, welfare measurement.

81 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY

The Department of Applied Chemistry andCourses in Finnish Microbiology has chairs in agricultural chemistry and physics, soil and environmental chemistry, Introduction to University studies environmental biotechnology, food chemistry, (MMKEM100) 5 credits microbiology and nutrition. The Division of871055 General Chemistry has chairs in both chemistry Contents: Introductory lectures on studies and and biochemistry and offers courses in these research at the department and information on subjects to students of the entire Faculty ofthe facilities of the campus. Working in small Agriculture and Forestry. The Departmentgroups, preparing and presenting a project work currently has approximately 200 undergraduate of a selected subject, and preparing a personal and 60 postgraduate students. Annually, 30• study plan for the ¿ rst year. 40 students complete the Master’s degree and about 5•10 complete a postgraduate degree. HOPS• Updating your personal study plan (MMKEM200) 1 credit Head of the department 871056 Professor Maija Tenkanen (until December 31, Contents: To update and revise a personal 2006). study plan for further BSc studies.

Contact information Environment and developing countries • Department of Applied Chemistry from and biology to economics (MMKEM250) Microbiology 4 credits P.O. Box 27 871054 FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel. +358 9 1911 fax +358 9 191 58 475

82 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology Environmental Soil Science

Environmental soil science focuses on soilREQUIREMENTS FOR THE processes and phenomena. The interactions BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS of soil with plants, watercourses and air are studied as chemical, physical and biologicalGENERAL STUDIES processes. We concentrate on mechanismsY120 Orientation to Studies, 0•1 cr that control the reactions and impacts of native MMKEM100 Introduction to University Studies, and anthropogenic substances on the functions 5 cr of ecosystems in soil and sediment. Y96 Demonstration of ¿ Prociency in High School Mathematics, 0 cr Thestudies include, for example, characterisation YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr and roles of different soil components, including Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr the solid phase, water and soil air. The reactions YMPS101 Basic Lectures in Environmental of various solutes, such as fertilizers, pesticides Science, 5 cr and different organic and inorganic harmfulMIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr substances, and their transport from soil toMIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in plants, watercourses and atmosphere are Microbiology, 5 cr investigated. The objective of the studies isPlant Physiology, 3 cr to gain a thorough understanding of how soil MMKEM200 HOPS• Updating Your Personal processes can be utilized to achieve sustainable Study Plan, 1 cr plant production, to prevent environmental problems and to remediate deteriorated sites. MAJOR STUDIES All students pursue basic studies in chemistry Basic studies and in the principles of other basic sciences.MAA200 Principles of Soil Science, 5 cr Thereafter the students specialise in MAA240 soil Plant Nutrition, 5 cr chemistry, soil physics or plant nutrition. This MAA250 Soil Structure, 5 cr specialisation can be further supported by taking MAA255 Soils and Environment, 5 cr related courses in other disciplines. Those who MAA270 Readings I, 5 cr include certain courses in agriculture in theIntermediate studies Master’s degree of Environmental Soil Science MAA300 Advanced Course in Soil Science, are also entitled to use the title of agronomist (in 5 cr Finnish: agronomi). MAA350 Soil Hydrology, 5 cr MAA330 Producing and Utilising Information Teaching staff in Soil Science, 5 cr Professor Helinä Hartikainen, email helina.MAA360 Laboratory Practical I, 10 cr hartikainen@helsinki.¿ MAA370 Readings II, 10 cr Professor (acting) Markku Yli•Halla, emailMAA380 Bachelor’s Seminar, 4 cr markku.yli•halla@helsinki.¿ MAA390 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr University Lecturer Asko Simojoki (Student Maturity Essay Advisor), email asko.simojoki@helsinki.¿ LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Contact information INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Environmental Soil Science TECHNOLOGY (ICT) P.O. Box 27, (Viikki, Latokartanonkaari 11) Second domestic language, 4 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Foreign language, 3 cr Finland ICT driving licence, 3 cr tel. +358•9•1911 fax +358•9•191 58 475 MINOR STUDIES Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmkem/maa Minor subject, free•choice, 25 credits Basic studies in Chemistry, 25 credits YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr

83 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course,13. Ed. 960 p. Prentice Hall, 2002. 5 cr Other information: By passing this literature YKEM110 Physical Chemistry, Lectures,examination non•Finnish speaking students who 6 cr have suf¿ cient knowledge of chemistry become YKEM200 Applied Organic Chemistry, 6 cr eligible to enrol in the Laboratory Practicals of Environmental Soil Science. FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 15•16 CREDITS Laboratory practical I a (MAA265) 5 credits 817860 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Timing: Spring term, Period III MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Responsible person: University Lecturer Relations to other study units:Lectures and GENERAL STUDIES laboratory practicals of chemistry (YKEM100, Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr YKEM101) and Principles of Soil Science (MAA200, MAA270), or corresponding MAJOR STUDIES knowledge. Advanced studies Objective: Principles of analytical methods and MAA505 Special Practical Training, 2 cr equipment used in agricultural, environmental MAA560 Laboratory Practical II, 10 cr and food sciences. MAA580 Master’s Seminar, 3 cr Contents: Safety issues of laboratory work. MAA570 Readings III, 10 cr Inorganic analyses of soil, plant and water MAA590 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr samples. Written report of the analyses and Maturity Essay their results. At least 10 credits from the following courses: Study materials and literature: 1) Laboratory MAA540 Advanced Course in Plant Nutrition, manual and 2) parts of L.P. van Reeuwijk (ed.): 5 cr Procedures for soil analysis. 6. ed. Technical MAA550 Research Methods of Soil Physics, paper 9. ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 5 cr Evaluation: Evaluation of the report. Written MAA555 Soil Chemistry of examination. Organic Chemicals, 5 cr Other information: If foreign students are ME310 Soil Formation and Classi¿ cation, enrolled, the language of instruction is English; 5 cr otherwise Finnish. This short course is offered concurrently with the more comprehensive OTHER STUDIES, 30 CREDITS Laboratory Practicals (MAA360). Enrolment in MAA265 is limited. Contact the student advisor FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 10 CREDITS for further information.

Laboratory practical I (MAA360) 10 credits Courses in English 817838 Timing: Spring term, Period III Teaching events in WebOodi Relations to other study units:Lectures and laboratory practicals of chemistry (YKEM100, Readings I (MAA270) 5 credits YKEM101) and Principles of Soil Science 817834 (MAA200 or MAA270), or corresponding Timing: Certain examination dates in all knowledge. semesters Objective: Comprehensive command of Responsible person: Professor Markku Yli• analytical methods and equipment used in Halla agricultural, environmental and food sciences. Relations to other study units:Basic Contents: Safety issues of laboratory work. knowledge of chemistry Inorganic analyses of soil, plant and water Objective: Understanding the principles of soil samples. The analyses include, among science and plant nutrition others, the determination of pH and electrical Contents: Written + oral examination conductivity of soil, soil organic carbon content Study materials and literature: N.C. Brady & and particle size distribution, cation exchange R.R. Weil: The Nature and Properties of Soils.

84 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology capacity, water retention properties of soil,The interaction of chemical, physical and contents of soil and plant material, and basic biological properties and soil formation are also water analysis. Written report of the analyses discussed. and their results. Study materials and literature: 1) Laboratory Producing and utilising information in soil manual and 2) L.P. van Reeuwijk science (ed.): (MAA330) 5 credits Procedures for soil analysis. 6. ed. Technical 817837 paper 9. ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Evaluation: Evaluation of the report. Written Soil hydrology (MAA350) 5 credits examination. 817836 Other information: If foreign students are Contents: The properties of water in relation enrolled, the language of instruction is English; to porous media, the À ow of water in saturated otherwise Finnish. The number of participants and unsaturated soil, the movement of solutes, taking MAA360 is limited. Contact the student and the ¿ eld water cycle. Laboratory sessions advisor for further information. included.

Readings II (MAA370) 10 credits Courses in Finnish 817839 Timing: Certain examination dates in all Principles of soil science (MAA200)semesters 5 credits 817830 Bachelor’s seminar (MAA380) 4 credits Contents: Introduction to soil formation in817841 Finland and to the basic chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. Bachelor’s thesis (MAA390) 6 credits 817840 Plant nutrition (MAA240) 5 credits 817831 Special practical training (MAA505) Contents: Knowledge of factors affecting plant 2 credits growth and principles of plant nutrition. 817845

Soil structure (MAA250) 5 credits Advanced course in plant nutrition (MAA540) 817832 5 credits Contents: Knowledge of soil structure817842 formation and changes in relation to different soil management systems. Emphasis on the Research methods of soil physics (MAA550) inÀ uence of soil tillage upon soil physical5 credits properties and processes, plant productivity817843 and the quality of the environment. IncludesContents: Integration of theories and equations laboratory sessions. employed in soil physics with plant productivity and the quality of the environment; taught in Soils and environment (MAA255) 5 credits collaboration with soil scientists working on 817833 their research problems. Includes laboratory Objective: Study of the properties of various sessions. elements and compounds and their common reactions in soil, sediment, watercourses, and Soil chemistry of organic chemicals air. (MAA555) 5 credits 817844 Advanced course in soil science (MAA300) Contents: Theoretical basis of reactions and 5 credits mobility of organic chemicals in soil, sediment 817835 and water. Contents: The chemical properties of inorganic and organic soil components andLaboratory practical II (MAA560) 10 credits their signi¿ cance for the properties of soil.817846

85 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Readings III (MAA570) 10 credits Writing a scienti¿ c paper (MAA610) 3•15 817848 credits Objective: Readings on theories and their817850 application to practical issues leading to Contents: a Exercise in utilising the literature and thorough understanding of matters pertaining to in writing scienti¿ c reports. soil science, plant nutrition and environmental chemistry. Optional readings in advanced studies (MAA620) 3•6 credits Master’s seminar (MAA580) 3 credits 817851 817847 Tutored research (MAA630) 2•7 credits Master’s thesis (MAA590) 40 credits 817852 817849 Study team (MAA640) 1•3 credits 817853

Food Chemistry

The main educational objective of Internet: food http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /MMKEM/ek/ chemistry is to teach and study the composition, index_english.htm structures, reactions and analysis of foods and their components on the basis of organic and analytical chemistry and biochemistry. FoodREQUIREMENTS FOR THE safety and control is also one important¿ eld BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS in food chemistry. Food chemists are usually employed by the food industry or by foodGENERAL STUDIES chemical, agricultural or environmental research Y120 Orientation to Studies, 0•1 cr and control laboratories and also as teachers MMKEM100 Introduction to University Studies, either in Finland or abroad. Their specialities are 5 cr analytics, quality control, product development, Y96 Demonstration of ¿ Prociency in research and information services. The main High School Mathematics, 0 cr research subjects are chemistry and YFYS1 the Physics I, 5 cr analysis of nutrients and other health•related Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr substances as well as of lipid oxidation andMMKEM200 HOPS • Updating Your Personal natural antioxidants. Study Plan, 1 cr

Teaching staff MAJOR STUDIES Professor Vieno Piironen Basic studies Professor Marina Heinonen ETT130 Principles of Food Technology, University Lecturer Riitta Kivikari 10 cr University Lecturer Anna•Maija Lampi EK110 Basics of Food Chemistry, 3 cr University Lecturer Velimatti Ollilainen MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr RAV090 Introduction to Nutritional Science, Contact information 4 cr Department of Applied Chemistry Elective and Studies in Food Science, 3 cr Microbiology/Food Chemistry Intermediate studies P.O. Box 27 EK120 Chemical Analysis, 3 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki EK125 Basics of Food Analysis, 5 cr Finland EK211 Carbohydrates, 3 cr tel. +358 9 1911 EK212 Proteins, 3 cr fax +358 9 191 58 475 EK213 Lipids, 3 cr

86 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

EK215 Macromolecules in REQUIREMENTS Foods: FOR THE Concluding Project, 1 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS EK130 Food Safety and Control, 5 cr EK240 Scienti¿ c Communication, 4 cr MAJOR STUDIES EK245 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Advanced studies Maturity Essay EK322 Laboratory quality assurance, 5 cr At least 10 credits from the following or optional Elective studies of analysis, 5 cr courses: EK331 Research methods, 8 cr EK221 Vitamins and Other BioactiveEK310 Exam in food chemistry, 8 cr Compounds, 5 cr EK355 Seminars, 3 cr EK222 Food Enzymes, 3 cr EK360 Advanced literature, 5 cr EK223 Food Additives, 3 cr Elective studies in Food chemistry, 6 cr EK224 Functional Foods and Novel Foods,EK350 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr 5 cr Maturity essay EK225 Introduction to Food•based Hypersensitivity, 2 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN YKEM310 Bioinorganic Chemistry, 3 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ETT225 Physical Chemistry of Foods, 5 cr TECHNOLOGY (ICT) EK321 Food chemistry research, 3 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONOTHER STUDIES TECHNOLOGY (ICT) YKEM210 Spectrometry, Lectures, 3 cr Second domestic language, 4 cr YKEM220 Chromatography, Lectures, 3 cr Foreign language, 3 cr YKEM211 Organic Structural Analysis, 4 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr EK340 Research Training, 1 cr EK300 Personal Study Plan for M.Sc., 1 cr OTHER STUDIES Elective studies, either a minor subject or other EK230 Orientation to the Labour Market,specialised studies, 25 cr 1 cr MIKRO575 Food and Environmental Hygiene and Control, 5 cr Courses in Finnish BKEM100 Biochemistry I, 5 cr BKEM101 Biochemistry Basic Principles, Basics of food chemistry (EK110) 3 credits Laboratory Course, 5 cr 87150 MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in Contents: Chemical structures and the most Microbiology, 5 cr important properties and reactions of food YKEM111 Physical Chemistry, Laboratory components. Course 3 cr MINOR STUDIES Chemical analysis (EK120) 3 credits Basic studies in Chemistry, 25 credits 87154 YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr Contents: The basics of the analytical YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, methods and instrumentation, laboratory quality 5 cr assurance and general quality standards. The YKEM110 Physical Chemistry, Lectures, course includes also sampling, validation of 6 cr analytical methods and evaluation of result YKEM200 Applied Organic Chemistry, 6 cr reliability. Second minor subject, 25 credits Can be chosen freely Basics of food analysis (EK125) 5 credits 87153 FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 12 CREDITS Contents: This is a six week long course that combines laboratory work and lectures. Basic chemical food analysis are carried out in the laboratory. Lectures cover the theory of the analyses.

87 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Food safety and control (EK130) 5 credits engineering, enzyme production, industrial 871058 enzymes, applications in food industry, Timing: Autumn term, I & II period legislation. Contents: Initiates students into risk assessment of chemical factors in foods, role of Food additives (EK223) 3 credits food authorities and regulations. 87148 Timing: Autumn term, II period Carbohydrates (EK211) 3 credits Contents: Chemical properties, functional 87142 properties, legislation, safety evaluation, Timing: Spring term, III period estimation of intake. Contents: Chemical structures and reactions of food carbohydrates. Special emphasis on Functional foods and novel foods (EK224) Maillard reaction. Effects on technological,5 credits nutritional and sensory properties and safety of 87137 foods. Timing: Autumn term, I and II period Contents: The total concept of functional Proteins (EK212) 3 credits foods and novel foods including their de¿ nition, 87143 legislation, labelling, marketing, necessity, the Timing: Spring term, IV period bioactivity of functional ingredients and the Contents: Chemical structures of amino acids health claim, and the safety of novel foods and and proteins, the chemical reactions andgenetically modi¿ ed foods. technological properties of amino acids and proteins. Hypersensitivity related to food (EK225) 2 credits Lipids (EK213) 3 credits 871065 87144 Timing: Autumn term Timing: Autumn term, I period Contents: Describes the basics of Contents: Chemical structures and reactions of hypersensitivity to certain food components; food lipids. Special emphasis on lipid oxidation. reactions and factors affecting it. Effects on technological, nutritional and sensory properties and safety of foods. Orientation to labour market (EK230) 1 credit Macromolecules in foods: concluding871061 project (EK215) 1 credit Contents: Orientation to the labour market. A 871057 one•day seminar including an excursion. Contents: An essay on the effects and interactions of macromolecules in a certain food Scienti¿ c communication (EK240) 4 credits application is written. 871059 Contents: Oral and written communication in Vitamins and other bioactive compoundsscience. Finnish language in scienti¿ c writing. (EK221) 5 credits Ethical questions. Orientation towards writing a 87145 bachelor’s thesis. Presentations in a seminar. Contents: Chemical and biochemical properties, modes of action (bioactivities)Bachelor’s thesis (EK245) 6 credits and analytical methods of vitamins and other 871060 bioactive compounds including carotenoids,Contents: Writing of a scienti¿ c report on a À avonoids and phenolic acids, phytoestrogens, given topic. purines and phytosterols Personal study plan for MSc (EK300) Food enzymes (EK222) 3 credits 1 credit 87146 871064 Timing: Autumn term, II period Objective: To set a personal study plan for MSc Contents: Properties of food enzymes,studies. principles of enzymatic catalysis, enzyme

88 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Exam in food chemistry (EK310) 8 credits Master’s thesis (EK350) 40 credits 87131 87174 Contents: The examination covers the most important food components (water,Seminars (EK355) 3 credits carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes,87172 vitamins,minerals, pigments, aroma compounds, Contents: Participation in 12 seminar sessions, additives, toxic compounds) as well as plant and presenting two seminars based on student’s own animal•based food raw materials. master’s thesis, and acting as an opponent.

Food chemistry research (EK321) 3 credits Advanced literature (EK360) 5 credits 871062 87175 Contents: Planning of a research project and Contents: To strengthen knowledge of a writing a research plan. Research funding.selected ¿ eld/topic. An examination on food Research in food sciences in Finland. Ethical chemical literature of choice. questions. Orientation for a master?s thesis. Postgraduate studies in food chemistry Laboratory quality assurance (EK322)(EK410) 5 credits 87180 871063 Timing: Spring term, IV period Postgraduate studies, examination on Contents: Familiarizes students with quality literature of choice (EK420) assurance in a laboratory, quality norms and 87135 standards, validation of an analytical method, evaluation of the correctness of measurements Project Work in Food Chemistry (EK136) and experimental design. Computer•assisted 1 credit course. 87129 Contents: Participation in the research projects Research methods (EK331) 8 credits or teaching activities of the food chemistry 87163 division. Contents: The course consists of four extensive laboratory exercises including report writing.

Research Training (EK340) 1 credit 87176 Contents: A 12•weeks practical working in a food sector laboratory.

89 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology Microbiology

The courses and the research activity MAA200 in Principles of Soil Science, 5 cr microbiology are directed towards appliedMMKEM200 HOPS • Updating your personal microbiology, i.e. understanding the bene¿ ts study plan, 1 cr and risks that microbes pose to agriculture and forestry, the pulp and paper industry, food MAJOR STUDIES industry and environmental biotechnology.Basic Studies Microbiology offers a specialisation MIKRO200 in Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr Environmental Biotechnology. The Bachelor’s MIKRO210 Basic Seminar in Microbiology degree in Microbiology may be completed within (MIKRO210), 5 cr three years, and the Master’s degree within ¿ ve MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in years. Graduated microbiologists are employed Microbiology, 5 cr mainly in research and administrative sectors, MIKRO231 Food Microbiology, 5 cr as well as in the food, food processing, medical, MIKRO241 Environmental Microbiology, 5 cr brewing and dairy industries. Intermediate Studies MIKRO 232 Food Microbiology, Laboratory Teaching staff practicals, 5 cr Mirja Salkinoja•Salonen, Professor MIKRO242 Environmental Microbiology, Per Saris, Professor of Food Microbiology Laboratory practicals, 5 cr Annele Hatakka, Professor of Environmental MIKRO401 Introduction to Employment for Biotechnology Microbiologists, 1 cr Kristina Lindström, University Lecturer MIKRO450 Intermediate Level Examination, Taina Lundell, University Lecturer 10 cr Sari Timonen, University Lecturer MIKRO480 Bachelor’s Seminar, 4 cr Pauliina Lankinen, Post•doctoral AssistantMIKRO490 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr (Student Adviser) Maturity Essay Elective Studies in Microbiology, Biotechnology Contact information and Genetics 15 cr Division of Microbiology P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9) OTHER STUDIES FIN•00014 University of Helsinki BKEM100 Biochemistry, 5 cr Finland BKEM101 Biochemistry Basic Principles, tel. +358 9 1911 Laboratory Course, 5 cr fax +358 9 191 59 322 BIOT200 Basic Course in Gene Technology, Internet: http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmkem/ 2 cr, mikro/ BIOT201 Laboratory Course In Gene Technology, 3 cr

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Second domestic language, 4 cr GENERAL STUDIES Foreign language, 3 cr MMKEM100 Introduction to University Studies, ICT driving licence, 3 cr 5 cr Y96 Demonstration of ¿ ciency pro in MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS high school mathematics, 0 cr Y100 Mathematics 1, 5 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 5•30 CREDITS Y130 Basics of statistical inference, 5 cr YFYS1 Physics 1, 5 cr Y10 Computer Science 2, 3 cr

90 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Basic Laboratory Course in Microbiology MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS (MIKRO220) 5 credits 86463 MAJOR STUDIES Timing: Period I or II in the ¿ rst or second study year. Several times and groups annually. MIKRO501 Personal Study Planning for Contents: The methods of basic microbiology, Achieving Master’s Degree, 1 cr including aseptic working conditions, safety Advanced studies in the laboratory, Gram staining, microscopy, MIKRO500 Advanced Laboratory Courses,inoculation, viable counting methods and 10 cr identi¿ cation of microbes. MIKRO510 Comprehensive Laboratory Course, 20 cr Food Microbiology (MIKRO231) 5 credits MIKRO575 Food and Environmental Hygiene 864065 and Control, 5 cr Timing: Period III MIKRO600 Master’s Thesis in Microbiology,Contents: Water and food standard methods 40 cr of analysis, food pathogens, microbiological MIKRO610 Practical Training and Report, 3 cr spoilage of food, fermentation products. MIKRO630 Research Seminar in Microbiology, Microbiological safety in food production. 3 cr Microbiological quality of drinking water. MIKRO650 Master`s Readings, 10 cr Food Microbiology, Laboratory practicals (MIKRO232) 5 credits MINOR STUDIES 25 CREDITS 864067 Timing: Period IV FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 3•28 CREDITS Contents: Standard methods used in food and water control, isolation and characterisation of food and water pathogens, anaerobic Courses in Finnish techniques, fermentation, hygiene, HACCP. Uncertainty of microbiological measurements. Basic Course in Microbiology (MIKRO200) 5 credits Environmental Microbiology (MIKRO241) 86425 5 credits Timing: Spring term, period III 864068 Contents: The biology of microorganisms, cell Timing: Period I structure and function at the molecular andContents: Knowledge of the most important cellular levels, microbial ecology, microbialmicroorganisms and microbiological processes safety, interactions and taxonomy. in soil and water ecosystems.

Basic Seminar in Microbiology (MIKRO210) Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory 5 credits Practicals (MIKRO242) 5 credits 864064 864069 Timing: period IV. It is recommended that this Timing: Period II course is taken in the ¿ rst study year. Students Contents: Knowledge of the most important who take microbiology as their minor subject research methods in microbial ecology with can substitute for this course by writing an essay special emphasis on soils and waters. (MIKRO290), in case it is evident that the skills achieved on this course have been acquired in Writing an Essay in Microbiology (MIKRO290) the major. 5 credits Contents: Introduction to the creation and864063 publication of microbiological knowledge.Timing: During basic studies. Current research at the division of microbiology; Contents: See MIKRO210. use of the internet and scienti¿ c library; source criticism; oral presentations and the use ofMicrobial Biotechnology (YBIOT315) Power Point. 5 credits 86481 Timing: Recommended during the second or third study year, period II. Contents: Production of proteins and enzymes,

91 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology bioactivemetabolites and organic compounds by Biotechnology of Fungi and Renewable microbialcells; microbial diversity, environmental Natural Materials (YBIOT525) 5 credits biotechnology, and bioremediation. 864062 Timing: Recommended during the third study Introduction to Employment year, or forin Master’s degree. Period IV. Microbiologists (MIKRO401) 1 credit Contents: Fungi as living organisms; ecology 864081 and biotechnology of fungi; degradation of Timing: Third study year, periods I and II. organic matter by fungi; details of fungal Contents: Presentations given exoenzymes by in wood decay; edible fungi; microbiologists involved in different tasks,applications and use of fungi in pulp and paper excursions to research institutes and factories, industry. group work. Research Methods for Fungal Biotechnology Intermediate Level Examination (MIKRO450) (YBIOT540) 5 credits 10 credits 86485 86471 Timing: Master’s studies. Given every second Timing: 3rd study year. year. Contents: Microbial metabolic diversity,Contents: Isolation and cultivation of forest genetics, evolution, microbial diversity andfungi as enzyme producers; protein puri¿ cation, ecology, immunology, microbial diseases and electrophoretic and kinetic characterisation microbes in industry and research. Studyof enzymes; enzymes as biocatalysts; RNA material: Madigan & Martinko. 2006. Brockextraction, RT and quantitative PCR of fungal Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed. genes.

Bachelor’s Seminar (MIKRO480) 4 credits Microbial Genetics, Laboratory Course 864076 (MIKRO560) 5 credits Timing: 3rd year 864039 Contents: Use of the scienti¿ c library (1 credit); Timing: period IV. language studies (2 credits); oral presentation Contents: Gene transformation, conjugation, of a scienti¿ c topic (1 credit). Offered cloning, in and sequencing; marker and reporter collaboration with other divisions within ourgenes. department. Forest Microbiology and Biotechnology Bachelor’s Thesis (MIKRO490) 6 credits (YBIOT570) 5 credits 864021 864050 Timing: 3rd year Timing: Period I, given every third year. Contents: Acquisition of a scienti¿ c style of Contents: Excursions to Finnish forests, writing and preparation of a written report ofresearch institutes and factories, collection and suf¿ cient scienti¿ c depth. isolation of microbes from forest and forest soil, laboratory work and demonstrations. Personal study planning for achieving Master’s degree (MIKRO501) 1 credit Food and Environmental Hygiene and 864077 Control (MIKRO575) 5 credits Timing: In the beginning of Master’s studies. 864073 Timing: Period III Comprehensive Laboratory CourseContents: Epidemiological studies; food (MIKRO510) 20 credits control in Finland and elsewhere; hygiene, self• 86477 control, HACCP, certi¿ cate of hygiene skills; Timing: Periods III and IV water, environmental and food standards; Contents: Isolation and characterisation of a food, zoonotic and environmental pathogens; bacterial culture by various methods (traditional, isolation and typing of pathogens. microscopy, API, Biolog, DNA¿ ngerprinting, phylogeny, FAME, processing results). Good laboratory practice (GLP).

92 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Research Methods for CyanobacteriaPractical Training and Report (MIKRO610) (MIKRO580) 5 credits 3 credits 864074 86489 Timing: Periods I or II, usually every second Timing: In Master’s degree year. Master’s degree studies. Contents: Three months obligatory practical Contents: Cultivation and microscopy oftraining in a microbiological laboratory. Training cyanobacteria from water samples and toxinoutside the Department of Microbiology is analyses (ELISA, PPIA, LC•MS). Molecularrecommended. methods of cyanobacteria: DNA isolation, PCR, DGGE, sequencing and analysis of sequences Teaching Practice (MIKRO620) 2•4 credits 864027 Working in Research Group (MIKRO590)Timing: Advanced studies 5 credits Contents: Working as a course assistant in 86493 MIKRO220 laboratory course. Timing: Recommended as a part of Master’s studies. Microbiology, Research Seminar(MIKRO630) Contents: Laboratory work for 4•6 weeks is 3 credits primarily supervised and performed in one of the 864072 research groups at the Division of Microbiology. Timing: Free of choice. The students own presentation of the work performed for the Master’s Thesis (MIKRO600) 40credits Master’s thesis. 86434 Contents: Participation in 14 sessions, tutoring Timing: Master’s degree and presentation of one’s own Master’s work. Contents: Completion of an individual laboratory project in microbiology of 3•6 months Readings (MIKRO650) 10 credits and preparation of a coherent, written thesis 86436 report book. The thesis book shall be divided Timing: In Master’s degree into a review of relevant literature and a detailed Contents: Written and oral examinations based report of the laboratory work and results. on suggested literature (books and/or review articles).

Nutrition

The degree programme in nutrition deals with Nutrition majors graduate with the degree of questions related to human nutrition. The main Bachelor or Master of Science in Food Science. objective is to understand the signi¿ cance of Studies abroad may also be included in the nutrition in promoting health and preventingdegree. diseases. Teaching staff Studies of nutritional physiology provide theProfessor Marja Mutanen basis for an understanding, e.g. of the digestion Professor Leena Räsänen and metabolism of nutrients in the humanUniversity Lecturer Riitta Freese body. As social, economical, cultural andUniversity Lecturer Christel Lamberg•Allardt psychological factors inÀ uence individual and Lecturer Endla Lipre general food consumption, nutrition studies draw not only upon the biological sciences, but Contact information also upon the social and behavioural sciences. Division of Nutrition An understanding of food preparation andP. O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Viikki, the physicochemical properties of foods building is EE) essential.

93 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

FIN•00014 University of Helsinki MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS tel. + 358 9 191 51 Basic studies in Food Sciences, 25 credits fax + 358 9 191 58 269 MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, Internet: http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmkem/rav 5 cr EK110 Basics of Food Chemistry, 3 cr EK130 Food Safety and Control: Chemical REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Risk Factors, 5 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS EK225 Hypersensitivity Related to Food, 2 cr GENERAL STUDIES Elementary Courses in Food Technology, 5 Y96 Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in High cr School Mathematics, 0 cr Elective Courses in Nutrition, 5 cr Y120 Orientation to Studies, 0•1 cr Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 crOTHER STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr As agreed with the professor YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, 5 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 7•8 CREDITS BKEM100 Biochemistry I, 5 cr BKEM101 Biochemistry Basic Principles, Laboratory Course, 5 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 52081 Principles of Genetics, 3 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS

MAJOR STUDIES GENERAL STUDIES Basic studies Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr RAV100 Basics of Human Anatomy and Cell Statistics, 5 cr Biology, 5 cr Lectures and exercises in physiology, 15 cr MAJOR STUDIES BKEM200 Biochemistry II, 5 cr Advanced studies Intermediate studies RAV200 Nutrition 4, 10 cr RAV101 Nutrition 1, 8 cr RAV201 Practical Training, 1 cr RAV102 Nutrition 2, 8 cr RAV202 Advanced Seminars in Nutrition, 4 cr RAV103 Nutrition 3, 4 cr RAV203 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr RAV120 The History and Meanings of Food Maturity Essay Consumption, 2 cr RAV204 Literature Examination, 4 cr RAV121 Basics of Nutritional EpidemiologyRAV205 Personal Study Plan and Portfolio, and Food Consumption Studies, 1•2 cr 3 cr Elective studies in different ¿ elds of research RAV130 Basic Cooking, 5 cr and teaching, 23 credits RAV131 Foods as Dietary Components, 3 cr A. Nutrition Physiology RAV132 Experimental Food Preparation, RAV210 Advanced Nutritional Physiology, 5 cr 10 cr RAV133 Foods in Diet Therapy, 4 cr RAV211 Methods in Experimental Nutrition, RAV104 Academic Writing in Nutrition, 4 cr 10 cr RAV105 The Nutrition Expert in Working Life, Elective studies, 3 cr 2 cr RAV106 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr B. Nutrition of Populations Maturity Essay RAV220 Methodology for Studies on Food Consumption and Food Behaviour, 7 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN RAV221 Socio•cultural Food Research, 3 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION RAV222 Nutritional Epidemiology, 5 cr TECHNOLOGY (ICT) RAV223 Nutrition and Society, 4 cr Second domestic language, 4 cr Elective studies, 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr

94 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

C. Nutrition and Food Service Management Nutrition 3 (RAV103) 4 credits RAV220 Methodology for Studies on Food882006 Consumption and Food Behaviour, 7 cr Objective: To understand the relationship RAV223 Nutrition and Society, 4 cr between diet and diseases. To know the basics RAV231 Food Service Planning, 8 cr of diet therapy. Elective studies, 4 cr Academic writing in nutrition (RAV104) D. General Nutrition 4 credits Elective studies, 23 cr 88267 Objective: To practise professional and LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN scienti¿ c writing skills, to get an insight into INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION sources of scienti¿ c information. TECHNOLOGY (ICT), 1 CREDIT Nutrition expert in working life (RAV105) OTHER STUDIES, 25 CREDITS 2 credits As agreed with the professor 88227 Objective: To make students familiar FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 4•5 CREDITS with employment available for nutrition professionals

Courses in Finnish Bachelor’s thesis in nutrition (RAV106) 6 credits Introduction to nutritional science (RAV090) 88273 4•6 credits Objective: To learn how to acquire and use 88235 scienti¿ c information and to write a scienti¿ c Timing: First year in Bachelor’s studies, periods report III•IV Objective: To know the basics of nutrients,Tutoring of peer groups (RAV107) 3 credits public health nutrition and the association882020 between nutrition and health Participation in a research project (RAV108) Basics of human physiology (RAV091)1•5 credits 4 credits 88263 882016 Timing: Written exam at common department The history and meanings of food exam dates consumption (RAV120) 2 credits Objective: Basic knowledge of human88228 physiology Objective: To know the history of food consumption and the cultural, social and Basics of human anatomy and cell biology emotional aspects of food behaviour (RAV100) 5 credits 88294 Basics of nutritional epidemiology and food Objective: Basics of human anatomy andconsumption studies (RAV121) 3 credits histology 882007 Contents: Methods in nutritional epidemiology Nutrition 1 (RAV101) 8 credits and food consumption studies 882004 Objective: To understand the basics of public Basic cooking (RAV130) 5 credits health nutrition and physiology of food digestion 88250 and energy nutrients Objective: To know the basics of practical cooking Nutrition 2 (RAV102) 8 credits 882005 Objective: To understand energy metabolism, physiology of vitamins and minerals.

95 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Foods as dietary components (RAV131)Methodologyfor studies in food consumption 3 credits and food behaviour (RAV220) 3•7 credits 88217 882012 Objective: To know the foods and foodstuffs Objective: To know the methodology used and their nutrient content in studies on food consumption and food behaviour Experimental food preparation (RAV132) 5 credits Socio•cultural food research (RAV221) 88257 3 credits Contents: Changes in foodstuffs during882013 cooking (vegetables, grain products, milk and Objective: To know the theory and concepts of milk products, egg, meat, ¿ sh and fats) nutritional anthropology and sociology of food

Foods in diet therapy (RAV133) 4 credits Nutritional Epidemiology (RAV222) 3 credits 88240 88222 Objective: To know the common needs for diet therapy Nutrition and society (RAV223) 4 credits 88218 Nutrition 4 (RAV200) 10 credits Timing: Second year of Master’s studies, 882008 period I. Objective: To deepen the understanding of the Objective: To know the state of health in association between nutrition and health. different populations and the means to interact

Practical training (RAV201) 1 credit Food service planning (RAV231) 3•8 credits 88271 882015 Objective: To know about food service Advanced seminars in nutrition (RAV202) planning. 4 credits 88266 Postgraduate Studies in Nutrition(RAV300) 1•10 credits Master’s thesis in nutrition (RAV203)882022 40 credits 88272

Literature examination (RAV204) 4 credits 88274

Personal study plan and portfolio (RAV205) 1•2 credits 882009

Advanced nutritional physiology (RAV210) 4•10 credits 882010

Methods in experimental nutrition (RAV211) 3•10 credits 882011 Objective: To learn the methods used in experimental nutrition

96 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology General Chemistry Applied organic chemistry (YKEM200) 6 credits 850004 Timing: Autumn term, period I/II Courses in chemistry, biochemistry and Objective: Introduction to the reactions, biotechnology may be taken by students of the reaction mechanisms and behaviour of organic Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry; however, molecules and functional groups. Transport one cannot earn a degree in general chemistry effects and behaviour of organic matter in the in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. environment are also covered Students majoring in agricultural sciences, forestry, food sciences, environmental sciences Spectrometry, Lectures (YKEM210) 3 credits or biotechnology are required to take certain 85045 courses in chemistry, biochemistry and Timing: Spring term, period IV biotechnology listed in the study requirements Objective: The principles of spectroscopic of each major. methods (UV, IR, NMR, MS, ASS) and reading the spectra

CHEMISTRY Organic Structural Analysis (YKEM211) 4 credits Courses in Finnish 85035 Timing: Spring term, period III Chemistry, Lectures (YKEM100) 8 credits Objective: An introduction to the instruments, 85011 equipment and reagents used in organic Timing: Autumn term, period I/II analytical work, and safety precautions. The Objective: Basics of general, inorganic and isolation, puri¿ cation and structural analysis of organic chemistry unknown organic compound

Chemistry, Laboratory Course (YKEM101) Chromatography, Lectures (YKEM220) 5 credits 3 credits 85012 85046 Timing: Autumn term, period I/II, spring term Timing: Spring term, period III period III/IV Contents: An introduction to the principles Objective: Basic working methods, with anof chromatographic separations and emphasis on quantitative methods chromatographic techniques and instruments

Physical Chemistry, Lectures (YKEM110)Gas Chromatography (YKEM221) 2 credits 6 credits 85053 85043 Contents: An introduction to practical capillary Timing: Spring term, period III/IV gas chromatographic work and optimisation of Objective: An introduction to the principlesgas chromatographic separation of kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamics, character of solutions, chemical equilibrium,Liquid Chromatography (YKEM222) chemical kinetics and electrochemistry 2 credits 85054 Physical Chemistry, Laboratory CourseObjective: An introduction to practical reverse (YKEM111) 3 credits and normal phase liquid chromatographic work 85044 and optimisation of separation Timing: Autumn term, period I Objective: To make students familiar withBioinorganic Chemistry (YKEM310) scienti¿ c measuring, handling of results,3 credits estimation of errors and reporting results 850005 Timing: Autumn term, period II, every other year. Objective: An introduction to the chemical

97 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology character of the elements, their biologicalMolecular Cell Biology (BKEM300) 5 credits function and analytical determination 850008 Timing: Autumn term, period II Project Work (YKEM400) 2•5 credits Contents: Introduction to the lifecycle of proteins 85085 starting from their synthesis and targeting until Objective: Participation in a research project their degradation. The functions of the various or in teaching at the division. Amount cellular of organelles and differences between credits obtained depends on the nature of the animal and plant cells, as well as biosignaling participation and interactions between cells, are also covered.

BIOCHEMISTRY BIOTECHNOLOGY Information about the gene technology lecture BIOT200 and the laboratory courses BIOT200 can be found under the Biotechnology minor, p. Courses in English 39. Basic Course in Gene Technology ( BIOT200) Courses in Finnish 2 credits

Biochemistry I (BKEM100) 5 credits Laboratory Course In Gene Technology 850006 (BIOT201) 3 credits Timing: Spring term, period IV Contents: The general structure and mainSeecourse descriptions under the Biotechnology functions of proteins, enzymes, lipids andminor, p. 39. carbohydrates. Transport and basics of biosignaling in biological membranes. Includes an overview of energy metabolism in cells.

BiochemistryI Laboratory Course (BKEM101) 5 credits 85074 Timing: Autumn term, period I or II, Spring term, period III or IV Contents: Isolation, puri¿ cation and characterization of an enzyme; quantitative measurements of proteins and carbohydrates.

Biochemistry II (BKEM200) 5 credits 850007 Timing: Autumn term, period I Contents: Biochemical pathways of energy metabolism, biosynthesis of macromolecular precursors, and regulation of the cellular metabolism.

Biochemistry II Laboratory Course (BKEM201) 5 credits 85069 Timing: Period II/III, every second year. Contents: Functions and regulation of activities of tyrosinase and galactosyl transferase (in vitro) and malo•lactic enzyme (in vivo)

98 Department of Economics and Management DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

The Department of Economics and Management Basic course in political science (MMTAL4) at the University of Helsinki is an education5 credits and research unit in agriculture economics,851034 food economics, consumer economics and environmental economics. The countryside,Introduction to Rural Policy (MMTAL12) nature, the environment and food are part of 5 credits everyday life in Finland. At the Department of 80027 Economics and Management, these important topics are examined from the perspectivePlanning and decision•making systems in of economics. Teaching and research in therural development (MMTAL13) 4 credits division are based on the economic and social 80064 sciences, applied according to the special requirements of each subject. Theoretical Approaches and Research Themes in Rural Policy (MMTAL14) 5 credits Subjects taught at the Department of 80071 Economics and Management: Agricultural Economics Principles of social economy and co• Consumer Economics operation (COOP1) 5 credits Environmental Economics 899002 Extension Education Timing: Autumn term, period I/II Food Economics Objective: In this study module students Marketing will become acquainted with different forms Rural Entrepreneurship of entrepreneurship from the point of view of social economy and co•operation and the Head of the department ideas and values behind economic thinking. Professor Markku Koskela The module will give students a good ground for understanding the special social•economical Contact information nature of co•operation in the context of social Department of Economics and Management economy, the market and the public sector. P.O. Box 27 During the course the history of co•operatives 00014 University of Helsinki and other organisations of social economy, Finland their judicial bases, values and economical and tel. +358•9•191 58081 social meaning are introduced to the student, as fax +358•9•191 58 096 well as the current situation with its de¿ nition of Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/ concepts in Finland and internationally.

The Cooperative as a Solution to Socio• Courses in Finnish economic Problems and a Means of Development (COOP5) 5 credits Basic Course in the Social and Behavioral 899018 Sciences (MMTAL1) 5 credits Timing: Spring term, period III/IV 851032 Contents: A synthesis of the block of studies will be made co•operatively in the study Introduction to Studies at the Department module. After the common introduction the of Economics and Management (MMTAL2) students will choose the area which they will 2 credits become familiar with in their individual work. 80069 As a theme for the work they can choose e.g.

99 Department of Economics and Management traditional co•operation, wellbeing services, the Co•operation in Finland: Memory, Past, new forms of employing and entrepreneurship, Present and Future (COOP7) 5 credits housing, ecology, the needs of civic society, the 899009 possibilities of consumer co•operation, social Contents: The study module will give students enterprises or the study of co•operation anda good basic understanding of the birth, spread social economy. and growth of consumer and producer co• operation, and on its distribution and relevance Sustainable Development of for Local the Finnish societal development. Economies (COOP6) 5 credits 899008 The Cooperative as a Solution to Socio• Timing: Autumn term, I/II period economic Problems and a Means of Contents: This study module will look at the Development (COOP5) 5 credits status of local institutions in the globalising899018 economy and the meaning of the changes for Timing: Spring term, III/IV period the future of local institutions. The course will Contents: A synthesis of the block of studies give students a good ground in the adoptionwill be made co•operatively in the study and dissemination of innovations in institutions. module. After the common introduction the The student will choose either a rural or a town students will choose the area which they will context as his/her emphasis on the course. become familiar with in their individual work. As a theme for the work they can choose e.g. traditional co•operation, wellbeing services, the new forms of employing and entrepreneurship, housing, ecology, the needs of civic society, the possibilities of consumer co•operation, social enterprises or the study of co•operation and social economy.

Agricultural Economics

Students majoring in Agricultural Economics models are typical for this study direction. Tools complete a uniform programme of Bachelor’s and techniques offered by other sciences are degree studies. Students studying for theiralso used in Production Economics and Farm Master’s degree choose between two separate Management, whose scienti¿ c foundations are specialisation lines: 1) Production Economics closely related to those of the study of rural and Farm Management or 2) Agriculturalenterprises, food economics and marketing. Policy. Students holding the Master’s degree Microeconomic theory also provides linkages to in Agricultural Economics will be able agricultural to policy. analyze and deal successfully with economic issues facing individual farms and agricultural Studies in Agricultural Policy focus on the enterprises as well as with larger, sector•level effects of market forces and public policy on the domestic and international questions. welfare of society, rural development and the functioning of the entire food chain extending The central goal in Production Economics and from producers to consumers. This¿ eld of Farm Management is to develop the abilityscience could be divided into two separate main to analyze the economic performance areas. of One examines agriculture as a part of the farms and small•scale rural enterprises, andeconomy, while the other focuses on the practical to identify factors contributing to it. Appliedeffects of agricultural, rural and food policies in Business Management is based on theoriesdomestic and international contexts. Practical of management and administration, theories of studies in Agricultural Policy are also engaged enterprise, theories of planning and accounting in ¿ nding and analyzing new policy measures and evaluation. Empirical and problem•in these areas. Studies in Agricultural Policy orientated efforts to¿ nd internal solutionbelong to discipline of Applied Economics. As

100 Department of Economics and Management such, their main focus is on price theory, supply Agricultural Policy and demand theory, theory of international trade and welfare economics. It is also concerned with the approach of the so•called new political economics. Contact information Department of Economics and Management/ Agricultural Policy, PL 27 (Viikki, Building A, 6th À oor), 00014 University of Helsinki, telephone. 1911(exchange), telefax 191 58096 Production Economics Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/mae/index. and Farm Management htm

Of¿ ce Contact information Outi Huuhka, of¿ ce secretary Department of Economics and Management/ Production Economics and Farm Management, Student Adviser PL 27 (Viikki, Building A, À oor), 6th Assistant Antti Simola 00014 University of Helsinki, telephone. 1911(exchange), telefax 191 58096 Teaching staff Professor Jukka Kola Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/mae/index. Panu Kallio, Ph.D. htm Heikki Lehtonen, D.Sc. (Tech.) Jyrki Niemi, D.Sc. (Agr. & For.) Of¿ ce Nina Niemeläinen, Of¿ ce secretary REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Student Adviser BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS Heikki Mäkinen, M.Sc., Assistant GENERAL STUDIES Teaching staff MMTAL2 Introductoion to Studies at the Professor Matti Ylätalo Department of Economics and Professor John Sumelius Management, 2 cr University Lecturer Matti Ryhänen Y150 Food Chain, 2 cr Lecturer Aimo Turkki KTB111 The Basics of Crop Production, 5 cr Researcher Stefan Bäckman KEL150 Introduction to Animal Production, Researcher Heikki Mäkinen 5 cr Olli Rantala, M.Sc. Practical agricultural training, 3 cr Arto Latukka, Lis. Sc. Y96 Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in High Kyösti Pietola, Docent, Ph. D. School Mathematics, 0 cr YE19 A+B Introduction to Mathematics I and II, 6 cr Y55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Y145 Economics of Form and Basics of Accounting, 4 cr Y85 Land and Water Law, 4 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr 2•7 credits of the following courses are recommended: NEUVO1 Course in Communications Principles, 2 cr

101 Department of Economics and Management

MMTAL1 Basic Course in the Social andForeign language, 3 cr Behavioural Sciences, 5 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr MMTAL4 Basic Course in Political Sciences, 5 cr OTHER STUDIES YE1 Basic Course in EnvironmentalStudies of agricultural economics according to Economics, 5 cr Personal Study Plan, 5 cr

MAJOR STUDIES MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Basic studies Basic studies in one subject. Can be chosen MAE1 Basics of Agricultural Economics, 5 cr freely MPOL1 Agricultural and Rural Policy of the European Union, 5 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 8•10 CREDITS MAL4 Basics of Farm Management, 10 cr MAL6 Productions Economics, 5 cr Intermediate studies REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAE11 Bachelor’s Seminar, 4 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS MAE12 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Maturity essay GENERAL STUDIES Production Economics and Farm Management A minimum of 4•28 credits from the following and Agricultural Policy: courses according to the ¿ eld of research and MPOL3 The Structural Development teaching of (Production Economics and Farm Countryside, Agriculture and Food Management at least 21 cr; Agricultural Policy Economy, 6 cr at least 28 cr; Rural Entrepreneurship at least MPOL4 Economics of Agriculture 4 cr): and Agricultural Policy, 7 cr Y56 Advanced Microeconomic Theory, 11 cr MAL8 Farm Planning, 8 cr Y115 Operational Research, 4 cr MAL10 Investment, Finance and Liquidity of Y126 Basic course in research 2, 2 cr Farm Business, 7 cr Y132 Statistical Models 2, 8 cr MAL5 Elementary Production Theory, 4 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 7 cr At least two courses from the following: MAL15 Econometrics, 6 cr MPOL5 Special Topics on EU and World MAL16 Dynamic Optimization in Natural Agriculture, 5 cr Resource Management and Agriculture, 5 cr MAL9 Financial Accounting and Analysis of MY3 Strategic Orientation of an Expanding Farm Business, 5 cr Sme MY1 Basics of Entrepreneurship, 5 cr KE62 Qualitative Research Methods, 5 cr YE1 Basic Course in Environmental EE081 Survey Research Methods, 4 cr Economics, 5 cr FECP210 Econometrics II, 6 cr Rural Entrepreneurship FECM210 Quantitative Methods in Forest MY2 Theories of Entrepreneurship,Resources Management, 5 cr literature review, 5 cr MY3 Strategic Orientation of an ExpandingIn the ¿ eld of research and teaching of Rural Sme, 9 cr Entrepreneurship also the following courses are MY4 Theories of Entrepreneurshipobligatory: • literature review, 5 cr EE037 Finacial Planning and Management, MY6 Service Industry in Forestry, 4 cr 8 cr MARK6 Strategic Management, 5 cr EE038 Management Accounting, 5 cr EE061 Quality Management, 7 cr EE051 Product Pricing, 5 cr NEUVO8 Communication in Organizations, FECM230 Business Strategy and 6 cr Management Simulations, 5 cr MARK14 Service Marketing, 5 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONMAJOR STUDIES TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Advanced studies Second domestic language, 4 cr MAE31 Essays, 3 cr

102 Department of Economics and Management

MAE32 Readings, 5 cr principles of production planning and of the MAE33 Special Practical Training, 1 cr general conditions for practicing agriculture. MAE34 Seminar, 4 cr MAE35 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Introduction to agricultural economics Maturity Essay (MAL1c) 3 credits 81805 A minimum of 21•25 credits from the following Timing: Autumn term, period II courses according to the ¿ eld of research and Contents: An introduction to agricultural teaching (Production Economics and Farmeconomics and farm management, involving Management at least 25 cr; Agricultural Policy basic concepts, basic production theory, at least 21 cr; Rural Entrepreneurship at least cost theory and calculation. Presentation of 21 cr): production planning and of general conditions MPOL6 Research Methods and Models in for practicing agriculture. This course is given Agricultural Policy, 7 cr in Swedish. MPOL7 Political Economy of Decision Making, 7 cr Bachelor’s seminar (MAE11) 4 credits MPOL18 International Agricultural Trade and 81806 Trade Theory, 7 cr MAL11 Valuation of Agricultural Resources, Bachelor’s thesis (MAE12) 6 credits 5 cr 81815 MAL12 Advanced Course in Farm Management, 6 cr Essays (MAE31) 3 credits MAL14 Production and Cost Analysis, 6 cr 81820 MAL17 Operational Research in Agriculture, Contents: Essays on agreed topics. 8 cr Readings (MAE32) 5 credits FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 14•21 CREDITS 81821 Contents: A literature exam on major texts in agricultural economics and its research Courses in Finnish or Swedish methodology.

Basics of Agricultural Economics (MAE1) Special practical training (MAE33) 1 credit 5 credits 81822 82027 Timing: During the summer of 3rd or 4th year Contents: Introduction to selected relevant Introduction to agricultural economicsinstitutions in Agricultural Economics. (MAE1a) 2 credits 81802 Seminar (MAE34) 4 credits Timing: Autumn term, period II 81823 Contents: The contents and tasks of agricultural Contents: Presentation and discussion of policy as science, as well as the objectives and research plans and completed Master’s thesis. means of agricultural policy in practise. The course provides background and knowledgeMaster’s thesis (MAE35) 40 credits needed for more advanced courses in minor 81824 or major studies in agricultural economics and Timing: During the 4th and 5th year policy. Contents: Students write a scienti¿ c thesis on a selected subject in their specialisation track. Introduction to agricultural economicsThe Master’s thesis is based on independent (MAE1b) 3 credits empirical research based on existing scienti¿ c 81804 literature and research results in the subject. Timing: Autumn term, period II Contents: An introduction to agricultural economics and farm management involving basic concepts, basic production theory, cost theory and calculation. Presentation of the

103 Department of Economics and Management

Basics of Farm Management (MAL4)Investment, Finance and Liquidity of Farm 10 credits Businesses (MAL10) 7 credits 81817 81814 Timing: Spring term, period I Timing: Spring term, period III Contents: The business concept of ¿ a rm; Contents: The foundationof agricultural ¿ nance, production planning, budgeting, accounting,¿ nancial management, investment theory and investment analysis, production and cost theory, evaluation of capital investments. Presentation calculation of pro¿ tability and economic results, of various techniques of investment appraisal as well as the functions of management. Course and of the relationship between repayment and also includes exercises in production planning. cash À ow. The course includes an exercise as a Basic tools and calculations of productiontake•home assignment. planning are applied to a sample dairy farm. Exercises also include calculations for farmValuation of Agricultural Resources (MVTAL/ pro¿ tability, production costs and investment MAL11) 5 credits planning. 81838 Timing: Autumn term, period I Elementary Production Theory (MAL5)Contents: Discussion of farm appraisal and 4 credits valuation in terms of the value of the farms 81819 and their components. Includes discussion Timing: Spring term, period IV of the relationships between the pro¿ tability Contents: Basic production theory, input•output of agricultural and forest production and the relationships, input•input relationships, product• values of the components. Completion of the product relationships, optimisations withoutcourse will involve the appraisal of a farm as a constraints, graphic solutions with constraints, take•home assignment. practical Excel examples. Economics of the scale, basic analysis of effectiveness andAdvanced Course in Farm Management productivity. (MVTAL/MAL12) 6 credits 81842 Productions Economics (MVTAL/MAL6)Timing: Spring term, period IV 5 credits Contents: The operation of a farm as a 81841 management system. Special attention is Timing: Autumn term, period I directed to methods pf planning, controlling, Contents: The factors affecting the pro¿ tability accountancy, and analysis. of crop and livestock enterprises. Production and Cost Analysis (MVTAL/ Farm Planning (MVTAL/MAL8) 8 credits MAL14) 6 credits 81844 81861 Timing: Autumn term, period I Timing: Autumn term, periods I and II Contents: Analysing and planning the farm Contents: Basic tools for the analysis of business. Special emphasis will be on farmdecision•making from the perspective of dual management in different production lines. production and cost theory.

Financial Accounting and Analysis of Farm Econometrics I (MVTAL/MAL15) 6 credits Businesses (MAL9) 5 credits 81859 81846 Timing: Spring term, period III Timing: Spring term, period I Contents: Introduction to econometric Contents: The methods of ¿ nancial accounting methods and their applications with particular and ¿ nancial statement analysis appliedreference to agriculture and agrobusiness: speci¿ cally to agricultural holdings. Presentation Ordinary Least Squares, Maximum Likelihood, of the special characteristics of accountingGeneralised Least Squares, and Weighted practices of farming and related businessLeast Squares, logit models. Special emphasis activities. is on the interpretation of results. Diagnostic tests for multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation. A selected number of scienti¿ c

104 Department of Economics and Management articles are read and interpreted. Exerciseseconomics are employed as major theories and in class with either Excel work sheets or themethods to assess the economic effects of the Eviews econometric package program. goals and means of agricultural policies.

Dynamic Optimization in Natural Resource Special Topics in EU and World Agriculture Management and Agriculture (MAL16)(MPOL5) 5 credits 5 credits 82015 81863 Timing: Autumn term, period II Timing: Spring term 2008, period III Contents: An examination of international Contents: The course will cover basics ofissues and problems relating to agriculture in dynamic optimization, dynamic programming the EU and the rest of the world. Lectures are and their applications to management augmented of by seminar reports prepared by renewable natural resources and agriculture. students on current topics linked to the theme of the course. Operational Research in Agriculture (MVTAL/ MAL17) 8 credits ResearchMethods and Models in Agricultural 81865 Policy (MPOL6) 7 credits Contents: Special emphasis on analysing82010 various ¿ nancial calculations included in both Timing: Spring term, period III the selection of a development plan and itsContents: We employ different methods, taught implementation. during the course, to analyse agricultural policy impacts. These methods include econometric Agricultural and rural policy of the European estimation of demand and supply, comparative Union (MPOL1) 5 credits statics, mathematical programming, and sector 82001 models and partial equilibrium models. Timing: Spring term, period III Contents: Overview of the background and Political Economics of Decision Making origins, development and future visions of the (MPOL7) 7 credits EU’s Common Agricultural Policy and rural82011 development programmes in the framework of Timing: Autumn term, period II economics and the new political economy. Objective: We apply welfare economics, the theory of new political economy and game The Structural Development of Countryside, theory to examine and analyse impacts of Agriculture and Food Economy (MPOL3)agricultural, food and rural policies and political 6 credits decision•making processes. We employ the 82026 income transfer ef¿ ciency analysis of policy to Timing: Autumn term, period I study interest groups and identify their goals Contents: Structural development and in restrictions. We provide instruction in the agriculture and in the food sector. Causescomparison and evaluation of various different and consequences of structural development policy means in terms of national economic and in agriculture, food industry and rural regions budgetary implications and ef¿ ciency. are evaluated through alternative models of structural change. International Agricultural Trade and Trade Theory (MPOL22/18) 7 credits Economics of Agriculture and Agricultural 82064 Policy (MPOL4) 7 credits Timing: Spring term, period III 82008 Contents: Examination of the nature of Timing: Spring term, period IV international trade of agricultural products, Contents: Special characteristics of pricetrade policies and practices, and trade formation and of supply and demand negotiations of in both an applied and a theoretical agricultural and food products. Several different setting. Students will be introduced to the tools instruments and impacts as well as priceeconomists use to analyse international trade. systems are also examined. Demand and supply analyses, cost•bene¿ t analysis and welfare

105 Department of Economics and Management Consumer Economics

Consumer economics is a multidisciplinaryKE31 Family and Property Legislation, 5 cr subject utilising approaches and methods from or KE32 Consumer Protection economic, social and behavioural sciences. Legislation, 5 cr Consumer economics studies current issues and provides a comprehensive understanding Intermediate studies of consumer behaviour and of the welfare and KE41 Resources in Household, 5 cr environmental effects of consumption. KE42 Practicum, 5 cr KE50 Advertising as a Medium in a Teaching staff Consumer Society, 5 cr Professor Visa Heinonen KE52 Consumption and Society, 5 cr KE53 Consumer Sociology, 5 cr Contact information KE54 Economic Approaches to Consumer Department of Economics and Management Behaviour, 5 cr P.O. Box 27 (Viikki A•building, 4th À oor) KE71 Vocational Training, 3 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki KE64.1 Proseminar, 4 cr Finland KE64.2 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr tel. +358 9 1911 Maturity Essay fax +358 9 191 58 096 Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/ke LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Second domestic language, 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS ICT driving licence, 3 cr NEUVO1 Course in Communications Principles, GENERAL STUDIES 2 cr Y55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr KE64.4 Scienti¿ c Writing, 3 cr Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr Y105 Basic Course in Marketing, 5 cr MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Y145 Economics of Form and Basics of Accounting, 5 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 23 CREDITS Y150 Food Chain, 2 cr MMTAL1 Basic Course in the Social and Behavioural Sciences, 5 cr MMTAL2 Introductoion to Studies at REQUIREMENTS the FOR THE Department of Economics andMASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Management, 2 cr Basic studies in statistics, 5 cr GENERAL STUDIES MARK3 Marketing Research, 5 cr Studies in statistics, 5 cr MY1 Basics of Entrepreneurship, 5 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 7 cr

MAJOR STUDIES MAJOR STUDIES Basic studies Advanced studies KE1 Principles of Consumer Economics,KE56 The Study of Household Resources, 5 cr 5 cr KE2 Introduction to Consumer Behaviour,KE55 Consumer Economics and Alternative 5 cr Economic and Social Science KE44 Consumer, Family and Society, 5 cr Approaches, Readings 3, 5 cr KE51 Ethics of Consumption and Consumer KE55.1 Consumer Economics and Alternative Policy, 5 cr Economic and Social Science Approaches, 5 cr

106 Department of Economics and Management

KE61 Research Approaches in ConsumerResources in household (KE41) 5 credits Economics, 5 cr 850001 KE62 Qualitative Research Methods, 5 cr Objective: Theories and research in household KE63 Current issues in resource consumer and time management. A household economics, 5 cr as an acting unit. KE72 Advanced Level Practical Training, 3 cr Practicum (KE42) 5 credits KE66 Seminar on Research Design and850002 Planning, 5 cr KE67 Thesis Seminar, 5 cr Consumer, Family and Society (KE44) KE68 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr 5 credits Maturity essay 851008 Objective: The interaction between consumer FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 25 CREDITS and society. An essay is required.

Advertising as a Medium in a Consumer Course in English Society (KE50) 5 credits Teaching events in WebOodi 851050

Current issues in consumer economicsEthics of Consumption and Consumer Policy (KE63) 5 credits (KE51) 5 credits 851019 851012 Objective: An introduction to ethical issues, consumer policy and consumer policy in Finland Courses in Finnish and the EU. Consumption and Environment (KE52) Principles of Consumer Economics (KE1) 5 credits 5 credits 851013 851000 Objective: The interaction between Objective: The course presents the concept consumption and the environment. The role system in consumer economics, theoretical of the environment in questions concerning and methodical approaches and position in the consumption is taken into account ¿ eld of economics. The roles of consumers and households in society are also treated. Consumer Sociology (KE53) 5 credits 851014 Introduction to Consumer Behavior (KE2) Objective: A comprehensive study of 5 credits consumption as a cultural, social and economical 851044 phenomenon. Objective: An introduction to the theories of consumer behaviour. Economic Approaches to Consumer Behaviour (KE54) 5 credits Family and property legislation (KE31) 851015 5 credits Objective: An introduction to economic 850000 approaches to consumer and household Objective: An introduction to the Finnish legal behaviour. system with special emphasis on legislation concerning households and families Consumer Economics and Alternative Economic and Social Science Approaches, Consumer Protection Legislation (KE32) Readings 3 (KE55) 5 credits 5 credits 851016 851003 Objective: An in•depth study of the theoretical Objective: An introduction to legislation that approaches to consumer behaviour and the protects and obligates consumers.

107 Department of Economics and Management theories based on economics and society used Thesis Seminar (KE67) 5 credits in consumer economics. 851023 Objective: Students engage in practical training Consumer economics and alternativefor 12 weeks and make a report on their work economic and social science approaches (related to advanced studies). (KE55.1) 5 credits 851047 Master’s Thesis (KE68) 40 credits Objective: An in•depth study of the theoretical 851024 approaches to consumer behaviour and theObjective: A written report on a certain theories based on economics and society used phenomenon or current issue in consumer in consumer economics. economics.

The Study of Household Resources (KE56) Vocational Training (KE71) 3 credits 5 credits 851025 850003 Objective: Students engage in practical training for 12 weeks and write a report on their work Research Approaches in Consumer(related to intermediate studies). Economics (KE61) 5 credits 851017 Advanced Level Practical Training (KE72) Objective: An introduction to the theories of 3 credits economics and social science that are used851026 in the studies in consumer economics. TheObjective: Students engage in practical training course also presents the basics of philosophy for 12 weeks and make a report on their work of science, as well as theoretical approaches (related to advanced studies). and methodologies in economics and social science. Research Seminar (KE81) 5 credits 851027 Qualitative Research Methods (KE62) 5 credits Post•Graduate Literature Requirements 851018 (KE82) 10 credits Objective: An introduction to qualitative851028 research methods

Proseminar (64.1) 4 credits 851020

Bachelor’s Thesis (KE64.2) 6 credits 851039 Objective: A written report on a certain phenomenon or current issue in consumer economics.

Special Projects in Consumer Economics (KE64.3) 4 credits 851041

Scienti¿ c writing (KE 64.4) 3 credits 851051

Seminar on Research Design and Planning (KE66) 5 credits 851022

108 Department of Economics and Management Environmental Economics

Environmental economics examines howMAE1 Basics of Agricultural Economics, economic activities affect the interaction 5 cr between society and environment, the use of FEC110 Introduction to Forest Economics, natural resources and environmental protection. 8 cr In environmental economics research two approaches are used: positive and normative MAJOR STUDIES analysis. Positive analysis studies Basic how studies economic activities affect natural resourcesY55 Economics Principles, 10 cr and environment. Normative analysis examines or Y59 Economics, 10 cr what goals in environmental protection andYE19A Fundamental Methods of natural resource management are bene¿ cial to Mathematics for Economists I, 3 cr society and how these goals could be reached YE1 Introductory Course in Environmental by using economic incentives. Environmental Economics, 8 cr economics also aims to ¿ nd means to correct YE2 Environmental Policy in Finland and existing market distortions in order to promote in the European Union, 4 cr sustainable use of natural resources andIntermediate studies prevent the degradation of the environment. Y56 Microeconomics, 11 cr YE19B Fundamental Methods of Teaching staff Mathematics for Economists II, 3 cr Professor Markku Ollikainen YE3 Intermediate Environmental University Lecturer Marko Lindroos Economics, 8 cr University Lecturer Chiara Lombardini•Riipinen YE4 Intermediate Natural Resource Economics, 8 cr Contact information YE7 Seminar on Environmental Department of Economics and Management Economics, 4 cr P.O. Box 27 YE8 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Maturity Essay Finland One course from the following special courses: tel. +358 9 1911 YE5.1 Social Evaluation, 3 cr fax +358 9 191 58 096 YE5.2 Agriculture and the Environment, 3 cr Internet: http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/ye YE5.3 Forestry and the Environment, 3 cr YE5.4 Environmental Management, 3 cr Two courses from the following special REQUIREMENTS FOR THE courses: YE6.1 Energy Economics and the BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS Environment, 3 cr YE6.2 Ecological Economics, 3 cr GENERAL STUDIES YE6.3 Material ¿ Efciency and Life•Cycle MMTAL2 Introductoion to Studies at the Analysis, 3 cr Department of Economics and YE6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment, Management, 2 cr 3 cr Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr YE6.5 Economics of Waste, 3 cr MAL15 Econometrics, 6 cr YE6.6 Special Topics in Environmental Y85 Land and Water Law, 4 cr Politics, 3 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr YE6.7 Others, 3 cr YMPS101 Basics of Environmental Protection E6.E Current Issues in Environmental and (in Faculty of Biosciences), 5 cr Resource Economics Environmental studies according to Personal Study Plan, 6 cr

109 Department of Economics and Management

LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN YE13.7 The Valuation of the Environment, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 4 cr TECHNOLOGY (ICT) YE13.8 Free Trade and the Environment, Second domestic language, 4 cr 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr YE13.9 Environmental Politics and Climate ICT driving licence, 3 cr Change, 4 cr Y10 Computer Science 2, 2 cr B) Agriculture YE13.2 Agriculture and the Environment, OTHER STUDIES 4 cr Elective studies according to the Personal Study MAL4 Basics of Farm Management, 10 cr Plan, 20 cr MAL6 Productions Economics, 5 cr Recommended: MAL5 Elementary Production Theory, 4 cr KA6.2 Public Economics (at the Faculty of MAL14 Production and Cost Analysis, 8 cr Political Science), 5 cr MPOL4 Economics of Agriculture and KA8 Methods of Mathematical Economics Agricultural Policy, 7 cr (at the Faculty of Political Science), 9 cr C) Forestry MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS YE13.3 Forestry and the Environment, 4 cr YE13.7 The Valuation of Environmental FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 6 CREDITS Bene¿ ts, 4 cr FECP230 Forest Policy Analysis, 6 cr FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry, REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 5 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS FECM210 Quantitative Methods in Forest Resource Management, 5 cr MAJOR STUDIES ME350 Agriculture and Forestry in Advanced studies Developing Countries, 3 cr YE9 Advanced Environmental Economics,D) Ecomanagement 10 cr YE13.4 Corporate Environmental YE10 Advanced Natural ResourceManagement, 4 cr Economics, 6 cr Y145 Economics of Farm and Basics of FECP210 Advanced Forest Economics, 4 cr Accounting, 4 cr YE11 Cost•Bene¿ t Analysis, 4 cr Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr YE12.1 Numerical Models in Environmental Y105 Principles of Marketing, 5 cr and Resource Economics, 6 cr KE52 Consumption and Society, 5 cr Alternatively YE12.21 Dynamic YE6.3 Material ¿ Efciency and Life•Cycle Optimization, 6 cr Analysis, 3 cr YE14 Practical Training, 3 cr YE15 Advanced Seminar, 5 cr OTHER STUDIES YE16 Oral Examination, 1 cr KA6.2 Public Economics (at the Faculty of YE18 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Political Science), 5 cr Maturity Essay KA8 Methods of Mathematical Economics At least 16 credits from the following courses of (at the Faculty of Political Science), different ¿ elds of research and teaching: 9 cr A) Environment KA11/S2 Advanced Microeconomics, 15 cr YE13.1 Environmental Regulation, 4 cr YE13.2 Agriculture and the Environment,FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 6 CREDITS 4 cr YE13.3 Forestry and the Environment, 4 cr YE13.4 Corporate Environmental Management, 4 cr YE13.5 Energy Economics and the Environment, 4 cr YE13.6 Ecological Economics, 4 cr

110 Department of Economics and Management

Courses in English Courses in Finnish Teaching events in WebOodi Basic Course in Environmental Economics Current Issues in Environmental(YE1) 8•5 credits and Resource Economics (YE6.E)863000 3 credits Timing: Autumn term 863037 Contents: Basic concepts and approaches in Timing: Spring term, period III environmental economics and their relationship Responsible person: Chiara Lombardini• to other economic theories. Riipinen Objective: Students will Environmental policy in Finland and in the • become familiar with some of the current issues European Union (YE2) 4 credits in environmental and resource economics. 863043 • learn how to correctly acknowledge sources Timing: autumn term, period II and to avoid plagiarism. Contents: The course consists of lectures, • learn how to search for articles using electronic reading exercises and case studies. databases and peer•reviewed e•journals • improve their English writing and oral skills Intermediate Environmental Economics Realisation and working methods:Oral and (YE3) 8 credits written presentations and discussions 863044 Evaluation: The grades will be based upon: Timing: Spring term, period IV 1. Paper (content, organization and style), 50% Contents: Market failures, Coase theorem, 2. Oral presentation (organization, content and Pigouvian tax, optimal abatement, cost delivery), 30% effectiveness principle in local and global 3. Class participation (quality and consistency pollution, environmental policy instruments, of contributions), 20% environmental valuation techniques, non•point Other information: The language of instruction pollution, international trade and environment. is English. Intermediate Natural Resource Economics Valuation of the Environment (YE13.7)(YE4) 8 credits 4 credits 863045 863056 Timing: Autumn term, period I and II Timing: Autumn term, period I Contents: Scarcity of resources, Hotelling rule, Responsible person: Mika Rekola Faustmann model, Hartman model, Gordon• Relations to other study units:YE3, YE4, Schäfer model, ¿ shery policy instruments, YE9 required waste recycling models, biodiversity policies Objective: An overview of environmentaleconomics of biodiversity. valuation methods. Contents: Use of valuation methods in a Social Evaluation (YE5.1) 3 credits policy context, history of non•market valuation 863004 methods, welfare change measures, surveyContents: Principles and basic methods of techniques, contingent valuation, choicepolicy analysis, optimization and measuring and experiment, travel cost method, hedonic pricing. valuing environmental goods Assignments in processing valuation data. Realisation and working methods: Lectures Agriculture and Environment (YE5.2) 16, practical work 10, group work 3 credits 14, independent study 40 hours. 863082 Study materials and literature: To be given Contents: Nutrient leaching, biodiversity, during the course pesticides, cultivation techniques, policy Evaluation: Assignments 30%, essay 50%,instruments, input intensity, land allocation group work 20% Other information: The lectures are given in English

111 Department of Economics and Management

Forestry and Environment (YE5.3) 3 credits Special Topics in Environmental Politics 863083 (YE6.6) 3 credits Contents: Nutrient leaching, biodiversity,863050 recreation, silviculture, rotation models Contents: Exploration of such topics as ¿ shery economics, transport economics, energy Environmental Management (YE5.4)economics, etc. 3 credits 863038 Fisheries Economics (YE6.K) 2•3 credits Timing: Autumn term, period II 863097 Contents: Concepts of environmentalTiming: Autumn term, period II management, environmental accounting,Contents: Schäfer•Gordon model, ¿ sheries environmental management systems and their management and international ¿ sheries issues. theoretical foundations. Seminar on Environmental Economics (YE7) Energy Economics and the Environment4 credits (YE6.1) 3 credits 863007 863070 Timing: Autumn or spring term Contents: Foundations of energy economics, Contents: Preparation and presentation of a environmental impacts of energy production, seminar paper. Students will serve as opponents nonrenewable energy sources and marketsand as chairpersons. for fossil fuels, renewable energy sources, investments and choice of productionBachelor’s Thesis (YE8) 6 credits technology, incentives to develop 863026 new production technologies, liberalization of electricity markets. Advanced Environmental Economics (YE9) 10 credits Ecological Economics (YE6.2) 3 credits 863052 863047 Timing: Spring term, period IV Timing: Spring term Contents: Theory of externalities, policy Contents: Applications of ecologicalinstruments of pollution control, public goods, economics valuation of the environment.

Material Ef¿ ciency and Life•Cycle Analysis Advanced Natural Resource Economics (YE6.3) 3 credits (YE10) 6 credits 863049 863053 Timing: Spring term Timing: Spring term Contents: The concept of eco•ef¿ ciency and its Contents: Hotelling model, dynamic applications in environmental politics. optimisation of renewable resources, international ¿ sheries negotiations and game Practicals in Social Evaluation (YE6.4)theory, multispecies bioeconomic models. 3 credits 863017 Cost•Bene¿ t Analysis (YE11) 4 credits Timing: Spring term 863054 Contents: Principles of environmental impact Contents: Main concepts and techniques for assessment, legislation, with special emphasis the choice of appropriate policies considering on the path from assessment to design andthe ef¿ cient allocation of resources; review of decision making. the microeconomic foundations of cost•bene¿ t analysis; valuation methods for assessing Economics of waste (YE6.5) 3 credits environmental services and natural resources; 863071 inÀ uence of the discount rate on the valuation Objective: To familiarize students with theof public projects, impact of risk and uncertainty management of waste from an environmental on the outcome of an analysis; various case economic viewpoint. studies.

112 Department of Economics and Management

Numerical models in Environmental andEcological Economics (YE13.6) 4 credits Resource Economics (YE12.1) 6 credits 863059 863068 Contents: Applications of ecological Timing: Spring term, period IV economics Contents: Class and individual assignments using Matlab. Free Trade and the Environment (YE13.8) 4 credits Dynamic Optimization (YE12.2) 6 credits 863055 863065 Contents: Effectsof liberalization and integration Contents: Examples from natural resource of international trade on the environment, effects economics and optimal pollution control theory. of environmental politics on international trade

Environmental Regulation (YE13.1) 4 credits Environmental Politics and Climate Change 863069 (YE13.9) 4 credits Timing: Spring term, period III 863057 Contents: Problems in the permit marketContents: Theory of international agreements, design, multiple pollutant market, mechanism optimal choice of instruments, assessment of design, static and dynamic price and quantity the economic impacts of climate change and instruments, environmental regulation withtheir mitigation. asymmetric information Sectors and the Environment (YE13.10) Agriculture and the Environment (YE13.2) 4 credits 4 credits 863058 863084 Contents: By agreement Contents: Nutrient leaching, biodiversity, pesticides, cultivation techniques, agricultural Practical Training (YE14) 3 credits policy tools, land allocation, input intensity 863062 Timing: During 4th and 5th study year Forestry and the Environment (YE13.3)Contents: Three•month training in 4 credits environmental research institutes, in 863085 environmental administration or in ¿ rms Contents: Biodiversity, nutrient leaching, recreation, silviculture, forest policy, rotationAdvanced Seminar (YE15) 5 credits models 863064 Timing: Autumn term and spring term Corporate Environmental ManagementContents: Preparation and presentation of (YE13.4) 4 credits the Master’s thesis. Students will serve as 863066 opponents and as chairpersons. Contents: Strategic dimensions of environmental management Oral Examination (YE16) 1 credit 863061 Energy Economics and the EnvironmentTiming: Once a month (YE13.5) 4 credits Contents: Discussions led by a teacher of 863072 central theories of environmental and resource Contents: Foundations of energy economics, economics and their applications. environmentalimpacts of energy production, non• renewable energy sources and markets for fossil Master’s Thesis (YE18) 40 credits fuels, renewable energy sources, investments 863014 and choice of production technology, incentives Contents: Writing the Master’s thesis to develop new production technologies, liberalization of electricity markets

113 Department of Economics and Management

Fundamental Methods of Mathematics for Fundamental Methods of Mathematics for Economists I (YE19a) 3 credits Economists II (YE19b) 3 credits 863063 863073 Timing: Autumn term, period I Timing: Autumn term, period II Contents: Function types, solution of equation Contents: Determination of extreme values system by elimination of variables, limit of function with two or more variables;¿ rst• function, continuity of function, slope andand second•order conditions; determinant of derivative of function, rules of differentiation, 3x3 matrix; Hessian matrix; differential, total determination of extreme values of function,differential and total derivative; implicit function ¿ rst and second derivative test, convexity,rule; multiple constraint optimization; bordered discounting, constrained optimization, matrix Hessian matrix; inequality constraints and Kuhn• calculus, partial derivatives of functions with two Tucker theorem; basics of integral calculus. or more variables

Food Economics

Food economics is business economics and Teaching staff management applied to food industry, trade and Professor Markku Koskela services. The aim of this major is to educateUniversity Lecturer Sirpa Tuomi•Nurmi experts for management and developmentUniversity Lecturer Pekka Lehtonen functions who can respond to the challenges Senior Assistant Helena Immonen (absent until of the changing food sector. B.Sc. and M.Sc. 31.12.2006) degrees in Food Sciences are offered. TheActing Senior Assistant Eeva Lindroth (Student completion of the integrated M.Sc. programme Advisor) takes 4 • 5 years. Contact information Fields of research and teaching in FoodViikki Campus, A• building, 8th À oor Economics P.O. Box 27 In food economics it is possible to study general 00014 University of Helsinki food economics or to specialise in (1) Hotel, restaurant and tourism management or (2)Secretary Nina Niemeläinen Entrepreneurship. Studies in accounting, quality e•mail:nina.niemelainen@helsinki.¿ management, logistics and marketing aretel. +358•9•191 58 516 included in this subject. There is also a minor in fax +358•9•191 58 520 catering in food economics. Internet: www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/ee

The aim of hotel, restaurant and tourismStructure of the Studies management studies is to educate experts for The Bachelor’s degree consists of basic studies, management and development functions inintermediate studies and studies in at least one hotel, restaurant and tourism companies and minor. The scope of the advanced studies is organisations as well as for education andlimited. The Master’s degree consists mainly research. Instruction is arranged in co•operation of advanced and methodological studies. A with Haaga Polytechnic (Haaga Institute) and practical training component lasting 12 weeks the Swedish School of Economics and Business is included in the B.Sc. programme and an Administration in Helsinki. additional 12 weeks in the M.Sc. programme. The extent of the study modules is given in Almost all courses are lectured in Finnish.credits. Lecture hours, exercises and other International students please contact forms the of instruction as well as independent Student Advisor for more information. studying are all regarded as work for which credits are granted.

114 Department of Economics and Management

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS

GENERAL STUDIES GENERAL STUDIES Basic studies in statistics, 5 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 7 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 5 cr Y145 Economics of Form and Basics MAJOR of STUDIES Accounting, 4 cr Advanced studies Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr EE037 Financial Planning and Management, Y55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr 8 cr MMTAL2 Introductoion to Studies at EE051 the Product Pricing, 5 cr Department of Economics EE081 and Survey Research Methods, 5 cr Management, 2 cr EE082 Exercises in Research Methods, 5 cr Y150 Food Chain, 2 cr KE62 Qualitative Research Methods, 5 cr Y60 Commercial Law, 5 cr (only EE089 when Literature 2, 8 cr specialising in Entrepreneurship) EE086 Research Seminar, 5 cr EE088 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr MAJOR STUDIES Maturity Essay Basic studies One of the following courses: MY1 Basics of Entrepreneurship, 5 cr EE078 Individual exercise Master studies, EE047 Organizational Behaviour, 5 cr 5 cr, or EE038 Management Accounting, 5 cr MARK15 International Marketing, 5 cr EE050 Demand and Consumption of Food Products, 5 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Y105 Basic Course in Marketing, 5 cr INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Intermediate studies TECHNOLOGY (ICT) EE090 Practical Training 1, 3 cr Language studies (4 cr) for those who want to EE099 Readings, 5 cr specialise either in Hotel, restaurant and tourism EE085 Research Methods, 5 cr management or Entrepreneurship EE068 Bachelor Seminar, 4 cr EE098 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr OTHER STUDIES Maturity Essay EE091 Practical Training 2, 3 cr Elective studies in different ¿ elds of research Elective studies, 8•10 cr and teaching, 30 credits FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 10•16 CREDITS LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Courses in Finnish Second domestic language, 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr Finacial Planning and Management (EE037) ICT driving licence, 3 cr 8 credits NEUVO1 Course in Communications Principles, 87037 3 cr Timing: period III Elective language studies, 3 cr Management Accounting (EE038) 5 credits OTHER STUDIES, 15•25 CREDITS 87038 Timing: period I MINOR STUDIES, 25•50 CREDITS Basic studies in one or two subjects depending Literature 1 (EE039) 5 credits on the interest in the¿ elds of research and 87039 instruction in Food Economics Timing: On a general examination day. Contents: The list of books is found on the FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 6•11 CREDITS www•pages of Food Economics.

115 Department of Economics and Management

Knowledge•based entrepreneurship (EE043) Quality Management (EE061) 7•5 credits 5 credits 87061 87043 Timing: period IV Timing: period II Objective: The purpose of this course Bachelor is seminar (EE068) 4 credits to give students a holistic understanding of87068 entrepreneurship , to consider it from individual Timing: Autumn or Spring and legal points of view Contents: The course includes seminar working, mother tongue studies, information Establishing One’s Own Company (EE044) searching and communication studies 5 credits 87044 Food Industry in Finland (EE072) 4 credits Timing: period III 87072 Contents: Documents needed in the beginning, Timing: Is not organised in 2006•2008. marketing, ¿ nancing and taxation of smallContents: A lecture series with several lecturers enterprises. Comparison of legal forms from of within the Finnish food industry. enterprises, among other things. Catering Industry, Special Features of Food Business plan development (EE045)Service (EE076) 5 credits 7 credits 87076 87045 Timing: period IV Timing: period III Contents: Actual issues to be examined are Objective: The purpose of this course is toprivatisation and organisational changes of compile a business plan. operations

Organizational Behavior (EE047) 5 credits Individual exercise in Food Economics 87047 (EE077) 5•7 credits Timing: period I 87077 Contents: The student does an individual Demand and Consumption of Food Products exercise, where he/she focuses on one chosen (EE050) 5 credits subject. 87050 Timing: period III Indivudual exercise Master studies (EE078) Objective: The course will acquaint the5 credits students with demand and consumption of food 87078 products, changes in consumption behaviour Timing: Master’s degree studies and in markets. The point of view is that ofContents: The contents are to be discussed the food sector primarily in Finland, but alsowith the responsible teacher. It can consist of internationally. an essay, an exam or different exercises. The subjects to be chosen from are the ones taught Product pricing (EE051) 5 credits in food economics. 87051 Timing: Three different examination days in a Survey Research Methods (EE081) 4 credits year. 87081 Timing: period I From Idea to Product • Introduction Objective: to The course initiates the student into Product Development (EE054) 5 credits empirical methods of business and managerial 87054 research concentrating especially on survey Timing: period I research.

Production Economics and LogisticsExercises in Research Methods (EE082) (EE060) 5 credits 5 credits 87060 87082 Timing: period IV Timing: Alternatively Autumn or Spring

116 Department of Economics and Management

Objective: The course prepares the student for Practical Training 1 (EE090) 3 credits thesis writing by means of analysis of research 87090 reports and scienti¿ c articles. Timing: Summer after ¿ rst or second study year Research Methods, Literature (EE083) 4 credits Practical Training 2 (EE091) 3 credits 87083 87091 Timing: Any time, on a general examination Timing: Summer after third or fourth year of day. study. Contents: Quantitative and qualitative research Objective: Practical training included in literature. advanced studies.

Advanced seminar in food economicsBachelor’s Thesis (EE098) 6 credits (EE084) 6 credits 87098 87084 Objective: Bachelor’s thesis improves students’ Timing: II period ability to utilise previous research results and to Contents: Seminar working, including serving critically evaluate them. as an opponent. Readings (EE099) 5 credits Research Methods (EE085) 5 credits 87099 87085 Contents: Literature examination Timing: 3. year, on a general examination day. Contents: Quantitative and qualitative research literature.

Research seminar (EE086) 5 credits 87086 Timing: Autumn and Spring Contents: Seminar working, presentation of the research plan, serving as an opponent, presentation of the research results and seminar essay.

Technical Report Writing (EE087) 2 credits 87087

Master’s Thesis (EE088) 40 credits 87088 Objective: Master’s thesis improves students ability to independently prepare and present scienti¿ c discourse and to critically evaluate new research.

Literature 2 (EE089) 8 credits 87089 Timing: Final year, on a general examination day Contents: Accounting, management, food industry

117 Department of Economics and Management Marketing

As a discipline, marketing concentrates onY55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr issues applied particularly to organisationsY60 Commercial Law, 4 cr functioning in the ¿ eld of agriculture and food Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr economics. Accordingly, marketing offers aY145 Economics of Form and Basics of degree programme in both food science and Accounting, 4 cr agriculture that enables students to Y150 Food Chain, 2 cr (only Bachelor of • Understand the marketing problems of Food Sciences) products and services • Develop marketing strategies MAJOR and STUDIES procedures Basic studies • Understand consumer/user needs andY105 Basic Course in Marketing, 5 cr respond to them MARK1 Basics of Consumer Behaviour, 5 cr MARK3 Marketing Research, 6 cr Marketing aims at giving its students MARK14 an Service Marketing, 5 cr understanding of marketing in general. It also NEUVO6A Marketing Communication, Lectures, creates a framework for managing and planning 4 cr marketing for a deeper understanding Intermediate of studies corporate issues and corporate planning. Our MARK2b Marketing Management and marketing courses cover the following issues: Planning (literature), 5 cr marketing strategies, distribution management, MARK6 Strategic management, 5 cr how to create competitive advantage, marketing MARK20 Brand Management, 5 cr communications, industrial and serviceEE038 Management Accounting, 5 cr marketing, secondary livelihoods in agriculture MARK22 Special Lecture Series, 4 cr and their marketing, and internationalMARK18 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr marketing. Maturity Essay At least 15 credits from the following: Teaching staff MARK4 Basics of Bcquisition, 5 cr Professor Saara Hyvönen MARK5 Business•to•Business Marketing, University Lecturer Petri Ollila 5 cr University Lecturer Eiren Tuusjärvi EE037 Financial Planning and Management, 8 cr Contact information EE047 Organizational Behaviour, 5 cr Department of Economics and Management EE054 From Idea to Product • Introduction to Marketing Product Development, 5 cr P.O. Box 27 MY1 Basics of Entrepreneurship, 5 cr FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Finland LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN tel. +358 9 1911 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION fax +358 9 191 58096 TECHNOLOGY (ICT) www: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmtal/mark/ Second domestic language, 4 cr Foreign language, 3 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Elective studies in languages and ICT, 4 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS OTHER STUDIES Agricultural training, 3 cr (only Bachelor of GENERAL STUDIES Agriculture and Forestry) Basic studies in statistics, 5 cr EE090 Practical Training 1, 3 cr (only Bachelor MMTAL2 Introductoion to Studies at the of Food Science) Department of Economics and Management, 2 cr

118 Department of Economics and Management

MINOR STUDIES aspects of export marketing operations, and in Basic studies in Agricultural Science, 25 credits international marketing. (only Bachelor of Agriculture and Forestry) Realisation and working methods:Lectures, Basic studies in Food Science, 25 credits (only cases, exercises Bachelor of Food Sciences) Evaluation: Exam, cases, exercise One elective minor subject, 25 credits Other information: Requires basic studies in marketing. Intensive course. FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 11•13 CREDITS

Courses in Finnish REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Basics of Consumer Behavior (MARK1) 5 credits GENERAL STUDIES 81914 Studies in statistics, 5 cr (e.g. Y131 or Objective: an The aim of the course is to give a advanced course in statistics offered by thegeneral overview of theories and practices in Faculty of Social Sciences) consumer behaviour. EE081 Survey Research Methods, 3 cr Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 7 cr Essential theories in marketing (MARK2a) KE62 Qualitative Research Methods, 5 cr 5 credits 81919 Timing: Masters studies. Recommended to 4th MAJOR STUDIES year students Advanced studies MARK2a Essential Theories in Marketing, 5 cr Marketing management and planning MARK7 Logistic Management, 5 cr (literature) (MARK2b) 5 credits MARK15 International Marketing, 5 cr 81959 MARK11a Special Theoretical Readings I, 5 cr Timing: Recommend to 3rd year students MARK11b Special Theoretical Readings II, 10 cr Marketing Research (MARK3) 6 credits MARK9 Seminars, 5 cr 81904 MARK12 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Timing: Recommend to 2nd year students Maturity Essay Objective: The purpose of the course is to become familiar with different marketing LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES INresearch approaches and with planning and INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONimplementation. TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 2. foreign language, 3 cr Basics of Acquisition (MARK4) 5 credits 81918 OTHER STUDIES Timing: Recommend to 2nd year students MARK13 Special Training, 3 cr Business•to•Business Marketing (MARK5) 5 FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 19 CREDITS credits 81911 Timing: Recommend to 2nd year students

Course in English Strategic management (MARK6) 5 credits Teaching events in WebOodi 81917 Timing: Recommend to 3rd year students International Marketing (MARK15) 5 credits Objective: The aim of the course is make 81953 students familiar with strategic management Timing: 4th year. Offered in the spring. and with different competition strategies. Responsible person: Ilkka Ronkainen Relations to other study units: Y105 Logistic management (MARK7) 5 credits Objective: The aim of the course is to give a 81941 general overview of theoretical and practicalTiming: Recommend to 3rd year students

119 Department of Economics and Management

Seminars (MARK9) 5 credits leadership theories and applied interpersonal 81966 and organisational communication.

Special theoretical readings I (MARK11a)Extension education is an optional subject 5 credits that complements any major subject. We offer 81920 three courses (10 credits) in English. Although Timing: Recommended to 5th year students the division of Extension Education is situated at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, it Special theoretical readings II (MARK11b) accepts students from any department within 10 credits the University. 81921 Timing: Recommended to 5th year students Teaching staff Master’s Thesis (MARK12) 40 credits Professor Harri Westermarck 81992 Amanuensis Aune Kankkunen

Special Training (MARK13) 3 credits Contact information 81993 Department of Economics and Management Timing: This course should be taken in theExtension Education summer after the 4th year. PO Box 27 00014 University of Helsinki Service Marketing (MARK14) 5 credits Finland 81952 tel. +358 9 191 58 055 Timing: Recommended to 2nd year students fax +358 9 191 58 049

Bachelor Thesis (MARK18) 6 credits 81956 Courses in English Brand Management (MARK20) 5 credits Teaching events in WebOodi 81912 Timing: Recommended to 4th year students Management and Leadership in Extension (NEUVO5) 5 credits Special lecture series (MARK22) 4 credits 82316 81933 Timing: Spring term, period III/IV, intensive course. Responsible person: Professor Harri Westermarck Objective: After the course the student Extension Education understands the concept of change agent systems (extension, research and education), knowledge management, communication and The key issue for studies in extension education leadership. is how to manage change. In order to provide Contents: Networking research, education a better understanding of the processes ofand extension, corporate image, performance change we provide a theoretical background appraisals, leadership theories, extension through interactive lectures and seminars,systems in different countries. An optional increase personal competence, and improve study trip to Agricultural University Research ability to communicate through practicalInformation Systems in Uppsala Sweden. exercises. As students are not trained forLiterature studies may be substituted for the extension activities as such, they can seektrip. challenges in any occupation that calls for the Realisation and working methods:lectures theoretical understanding and practical skills of 40, practical work 20, independent study 75 communication and change agents. hours (trip to Uppsala). Evaluation: Report on the study trip and The curriculum of extension education draws optional literature. on concepts from sociology, adult education,

120 Department of Economics and Management Other information: Pre•registration by Rural Entrepreneurship WebOodi. Rural entrepreneurship is concerned with Special Topics in Extension and Marketing entrepreneurship and management of small and (NEUVO10) 3 credits medium•sized start•up enterprises, especially 82321 in rural areas. Special attention is paid to Timing: Spring term, period IV, minimum 10 recognising opportunities to start and manage students. a new and growing venture. Responsible person: Professor Harri Westermarck Objective: Increased knowledge aboutTeaching staff Professor Pekka Mäkinen marketing, communication theories, brand and University Lecturer Pekka Lehtonen image building, consumer education and selling techniques. Contents: Lectures, visits and report writing on Contact information extension topics of interest to participants. Department of Economics and Management Realisation and working methods:Lectures Rural Entrepreneurship 20, practical work 10, group work P.O. 10, Box 27 independent study 40 hours. FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Evaluation: Report writing. Finland Other information: Pre•registration by Tel. +358 9 1911 WebOodi. Fax +358 9 191 58 096

Special topics in extension (NEUVO10a) 2 credits Courses in Finnish 82328 Timing: Fall term, period I, minimum 10Basics of Entrepreneurship (MY1) 5 credits students. 899107 Responsible person: Professor Harri Westermarck Advanced course of Rural Entrepreneurship Objective: Increased knowledge about(MY2) 5 credits leadership and marketing theories , marketing 899109 studies and 1:1 approaches. Contents: Lectures, visits. Strategic Orientation of an Expanding Sme Realisation and working methods:Lectures (MY3) 15, group work 10, independent study 899108 30 hours. Other information: Pre•registration by Theories of Entrepreneurship • literature WebOodi. review (MY4) 5 credits 899110

Business Concepts in the Woodworking Industry (MY5) 5 credits 899111

Rural Service Industry (MY6) 4 credits 899112

Business analysis (MY7) 4 credits 899113

121 Department of Food Chemistry DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY

The mission of the Department of Foodtake part in research projects throughout their Technology is to study and teach methods to studies, and they can earn credit by doing so. make wholesome, safe and enjoyable foods available to the consumer. As the language of instruction is Finnish, courses in Food Technology may not be taken The focus of research is on physical, chemical, by students who do not have a command biological and sensory properties of foods, as of Finnish. However, visiting and exchange well as on specialized and commodity•based students can earn credit by participating in technologies. research projects.

Students major in Food Technology, both at the Head of the Department Bachelor’s and Master’s level. The Master’sProfessor Hely Tuorila degree has four specialisation lines: General Food Technology, Cereal Technology, DairyContact information Technology and Meat Technology. Department of Food Technology P.O. Box 66 The permanent academic staff of FI•00014 the University of Helsinki Department consists of ¿ ve professors, ¿ ve Finland lecturers, and eight other staff members. About tel. +358 9 1911 15•20 post•graduate or post•doctoral students fax +358 9 191 58460 and researchers work in the Department onInternet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmett/english/ external funding. Students are encouraged to

Food Technology

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RAV090 Introduction to Nutritional Science, BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS 4 cr Common to all four specialisation lines MIKRO200 Basic Course in Microbiology, 5 cr Elective studies in Food Sciences, 3 cr GENERAL STUDIES Intermediate studies Y120 Orientation Course, 0 cr ETT210 Packaging Technology 1, 5 cr Y96 Demonstration of ¿ Prociency inETT215 Food Design and Processing, 10 cr High School Mathematics, 0 cr ETT220 Food Physics, 5 cr Y100 Mathematics I, 5 cr ETT225 Physical Chemistry of Foods, 5 cr YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr MIKRO220 Basic Laboratory Course in YFYS2 Physics II, 3 cr Microbiology, 5 cr YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr MIKRO231 Food Microbiology, 5 cr YKEM101 Chemistry, Laboratory Course, 5 cr ETT230 Principles of Sensory Research, YKEM110 Physical Chemistry, Lectures, 6 cr 10 cr BKEM100 Biochemistry I, 5 cr ETT235 Environmental Technology of the Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr Food Industry, 2 cr Y131A Statistical Models 1, 5 cr ETT240 Pathogens in Foods, 3 cr ETT270 Practical Training 1, 1 cr MAJOR STUDIES ETT280 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Basic studies Maturity Essay ETT110 Food Science and Technology ETT285 at Seminars 1, 2 cr the University, 4 cr ETT290 Literature Examination 1, 2 cr ETT130 Principles of Food Technology, 10 cr

122 Department of Food Chemistry

LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES INmost important methods of ensuring the safety, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONwholesomeness and preservation of foods. TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Second domestic language, 4 cr Meat Technology 1 (ETT150) 2.5 credits Foreign language, 3 cr 8720005 ICT driving licence, 3 cr Timing: 1st year, spring term, period III Y10 Computer Science 2, 3 cr Contents: Introduction to meat structure, ETT275 Introduction to ¿ Scienticchemistry, microbiology and technology. Basic Communication, 3 cr meat biochemistry and foundations of the production of the most common types of meat OTHER STUDIES foods and meat products. ETT100 Planning and Follow•up of B.Sc. Studies, 1 cr Dairy Technology 1 (ETT160) 2.5 credits 8720006 MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Timing: 1st year, spring term, period IV Basic studies in Food Chemistry Contents: Introduction to milk chemistry, microbiology and technology. Basic operations FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 4 CREDITS of dairy processing and of the processes of manufacturing the most common dairy products. Courses in Finnish Cereal Technology 1 (ETT170) 2.5 credits Planning and Follow•up of B.Sc. Studies8720007 (ETT100) 1 credit Timing: 1st year, autumn term, period II 8720001 Contents: Introduction to cereal grain Timing: 1st•3rd year composition, structure and technologies. Basics Contents: Preparation and follow•up of of a cereal processes and products, including personal study plan for Bachelor’s degree.factors affecting quality. Group and personal meetings with teacher tutor. Packaging Technology 1 (ETT210) 5 credits 8720008 Food Science and Technology at Timing: the 2nd year, autumn term, periods I and University (ETT110) 4 credits II 8720002 Contents: Functions of a package; packaging Timing: 1st year, autumn term, periods I and II materials; package design; marketing and Contents: Introduction of the main subject,environmental aspects of packaging; packaging specialisation lines and courses available.regulations. Excursions to companies in the food ¿ eld. Group work by inquiry learning. Library education.Food Design and Processing (ETT215) Initial planning of B.Sc. studies. Studies (110 credits credit) in mother tongue are included. 8720009 Timing: 2nd year Principles of Food Technology (ETT130)Contents: Basic knowledge and practical 10 credits acquaintance of the most important unit 8720003 operations used in food processing. Course Timing: 1st year includes lectures, outlines, discussions and 4 to Contents: Includes courses ETT140, ETT150, 6 practical assignments. ETT160 and ETT170 Food Physics (ETT220) 5 credits Food Technology 1 (ETT140) 2.5 credits 8720010 8720004 Timing: 2nd year, autumn term, period II Timing: 1st year, autumn term, period I Contents: Thermal, mass transfer, mechanical, Contents: Introduction to the properties ofrheological and electrical properties of foods. foods and risks of food handling. Focus on the

123 Department of Food Chemistry

Physical Chemistry of Foods (ETT225)Literature Examination 1 (ETT290) 3 credits 5 credits 8720019 8720011 Timing: 3rd year Timing: 2nd year, spring term, period III Contents: Selected passages from Fellows, Contents: Water activity and water sorption P.J. Food Processing Technology, 2nd ed. of foods and their modelling. Phase and state transitions and their inÀ uence on processing, storage stability and kinetics of chemical reactions. Foods as dispersed systems. Emulsions and their stability. Gel formation and General Food Technology properties. Foams and their properties. Particle technology. Aroma•food matrix interactions. The programme in General Food Technology covers the preparation, packaging, storage and Principles of Sensory Research (ETT230) distribution of food. The physicochemical and 10 credits sensory changes that occur during these stages 8720012 are studied, together with ways of controlling Timing: 3rd year them. Instruction is provided in the use of food Contents: Sensory research methods.processing equipment and in the measurement Application of statistical methods in dataof sensory quality and consumer reactions to analysis. foods and their components. After graduation, students will have career opportunities primarily Environmental Technology of the Foodin research, development and production in the Industry (ETT235) 2 credits food industry; however opportunities also exist 8720013 in research institutes, regulatory authorities Timing: 3rd year, spring term, period IV and in teaching positions in various educational institutes. Pathogens in Foods (ETT240) 3 credits 8720014 Teaching staff Timing: 3rd year, spring term, period IV (inProfessor Lea Hyvönen May) Professor Hely Tuorila Contents: An introduction to food pathogens University Lecturer Harry Helén and their inhibition in food. A laboratory course. University Lecturer Kirsi Jouppila

Practical Training 1 (ETT270) 1 credit 8720015 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Timing: Practical Training 1 should be taken MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS during the summer after one or two years of study. MAJOR STUDIES Advanced studies Introduction to Scienti¿ c Communication ETT410 Packaging Technology 2, 6 cr (ETT275) 3 credits ETT415 Separation Methods, 5 cr 8720016 ETT420 Extrusion, 5 cr Timing: 3rd year, autumn term, period I ETT425 Potential Novel Processing Contents: Procurement of information, planning Technologies, 5 cr and execution of a research project; oral and ETT430 Literature Examination on Sensory written reporting of research results. Research, 4 cr ETT470 Practical Training 2, 2 cr Bachelor’s Thesis (ETT280) 6 credits ETT475 Exercise in Research, 5 cr 8720017 ETT480 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Timing: 3rd year Maturity Essay ETT485 Seminars 2, 3 cr Seminars 1 (ETT285) 1 credit ETT490 Literature Examination 2, 6 cr 8720018 Timing: 3rd year

124 Department of Food Chemistry

OTHER STUDIES Literature Examination on Sensory Research ETT400 Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc.(ETT430) 4 credits Studies, 1 cr 8720025 Timing: 4th year MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Contents: Literature examination.

FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 13 CREDITS Special Courses (ETT450) 0•10 credits 8720026 Timing: 4th•5th year Courses in Finnish Contents: Additional courses in food technology. Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Studies (ETT400) 1credit Supervised Research (ETT460) 1.5•6 credits 8720020 8720027 Timing: 4th•5th year Timing: 1st•5th year Contents: Preparation and follow•up of Contents: a Active participation in the research personal study plan for the Master’s degree. projects of the department, including Individual meetings with teacher tutor. presentation of a short report. A maximum 1.5 credits can be earned by participating as a Packaging Technology 2 (ETT410) 6 credits subject in the sensory evaluation studies. 8720021 Timing: 4th year, spring term, periods III and Practical Training 2 (ETT470) 2 credits IV 8720028 Contents: Barrier properties of packagingTiming: Practical training 2 should be taken materials and their measurement, modi¿ ed during the summer after four years of study. atmosphere packaging, aseptic packaging, biodegradable packages. Exercise in Research (ETT475) 5 credits 8720029 Separation Methods (ETT415) 5 credits Timing: 5th year, autumn term, period I 8720022 Contents: To learn the different phases of Timing: 4th year, spring term, period IV research work. Contents: Separation methods, including their principles, and equipment used in the foodMaster’s Thesis (ETT480) 40 credits industry, especially in the manufacture of sugar 8720030 products. Timing: 5th year

Extrusion (ETT420) 5 credits Seminars 2 (ETT485) 3 credits 8720023 8720031 Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Contents: To learn how to follow and participate Contents: Construction, operation principles in the presentation of scienti¿ c research: and applications of extruders; À inuence of Students will give two seminar presentations on process parameters on extrudate and their its own thesis work, one at the planning stage properties;use of response surface methodology and one during the ¿ nal stages. and processing of data using Matlab software. Literature Examination 2 (ETT490) 6 credits Potential Novel Processing Technologies 8720032 (ETT425) 5 credits Timing: 5th year 8720024 Contents: Literature examination. Profound Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period II knowledge of some area of food technology. Contents: Working in small teams, students will study the literature related to a potential novel food processing method, write a report on the method and teach it to other students in the class.

125 Department of Food Chemistry Meat Technology Courses in Finnish

Meat Technology focuses on the chemical,Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Studies physical and biological aspects of meat, meat (ETT500) 1 credit microbiology, meat processing and the scienti ¿ c 8720033 methods of meat research. Graduates areTiming: 4th•5th year familiar with meat as a raw material, as wellContents: Preparation and follow•up of a as with meat processing methods, legislation personal study plan for the Master’s degree. and the economic aspects of the meat sector. Individual meetings with teacher tutor. Graduates will be able to use scienti¿ c methods to solve a wide range of problems in the meat Basic Processes of Meat Technology sector. (ETT505) 3 credits 8720034 Meat technology graduates are employed inTiming: 1st year, spring term, period IV production management, planning, qualityContents: An introduction on fresh meat and control and marketing positions in the foodprocessed meats technologies. A pilot plant industry and related areas, as well as in teaching course. and research. Lectures on Meat Science (ETT510) 6 credits Teaching staff 8720035 Professor Eero Puolanne Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Senior Assistant Marita Ruusunen Contents: Meat structure, biochemistry, water Pilot Plant Manager Olavi Törmä retention capacity and nutritional value of meat. Laboratory Exercises in Meat Science REQUIREMENTS FOR THE (ETT515) 5 credits 8720036 MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Contents: To practise methods used in MAJOR STUDIES research on meat and meat products and the Advanced studies interpretation of these methods. A laboratory ETT510 Lectures on Meat Science, 6 cr course. ETT515 Laboratory Exercises in Meat Science, 5 cr Lectures on Meat Microbiology (ETT520) ETT520 Lectures on Meat Microbiology, 5 cr 5 credits ETT525 Laboratory Exercises in 8720037 Meat Microbiology, 6 cr Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period II ETT530 Lectures on Meat Technology, 6 cr Contents: Spoilage and keepability of meat and ETT535 Practicum in Meat Technology, 12 cr meat products as well as meat fermentations. ETT570 Practical Training 2, 2 cr ETT580 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Laboratory Exercises in Meat Microbiology Maturity Essay (ETT525) 6 credits ETT585 Seminars 2, 3 cr 8720038 ETT590 Literature Examination 2, 6 cr Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period II Contents: The microbiological control of the OTHER STUDIES quality of meat and meat products. A laboratory KEL120 Anatomy of Farm Animals, 3 cr course. KEL130 Physiology of Farm Animals, 4 cr Elective studies according to Personal Study Lectures on Meat Technology (ETT530) Plan, 15 cr 6 credits ETT500 Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc.8720039 Studies, 1 cr Timing: 4th year, spring term, period III Contents: An advanced course on fresh meat FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 6 CREDITS and processed meats technologies.

126 Department of Food Chemistry

Practicum in Meat Technology (ETT535) 12 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE credits MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS 8720040 Timing: 4th year, spring term, periods III and MAJOR STUDIES IV Advanced studies Contents: The processing of meat andETT610 Dairy Technology 2, 9 cr meat products as well as their chemical andETT620 Dairy Technology 3, 9 cr microbiological analysis. A short independent ETT630 Dairy Technology 4, 9 cr project will also be completed. This course is ETT640 Dairy Technology 5, 9 cr held in the pilot plant and the laboratory. ETT650 Dairy Technology 6, 9 cr ETT670 Practical Training 2, 2 cr Special Courses (ETT550) 0•10 credits ETT675 Exercise in Research, 5 cr 8720041 ETT680 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Timing: 4th•5th year Maturity Essay Contents: Additional courses in meatETT685 Seminars 2, 3 cr technology. ETT690 Literature Examination 2, 6 cr

Practical Training 2 (ETT570) 2 credits OTHER STUDIES 8720042 Elective studies according to Personal Study Timing: Practical Training 2 should be taken Plan, 15•24 cr during the summer after four years of study. ETT600 Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Contents: Training at the Master’s degree Studies, 1 cr level in the ¿ eld of meat technology. Students complete a written training report. FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 3•12 CREDITS

Master’s Thesis (ETT580) 40 credits 8720043 Courses in Finnish Timing: 5th year Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Studies Seminars 2 (ETT585) 3 credits (ETT600) 1 credit 8720044 8720046 Timing: 4th•5th year Literature Examination 2 (ETT590) 6 credits Contents: Preparation and follow•up of a 8720045 personal study plan for the Master’s degree. Individual meetings with teacher tutor.

Dairy Technology 2 (ETT610) 9 credits Dairy Technology 8720047 Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Dairy technology is based on natural sciences, Contents: The fundamentals of dairy chemistry, primarily applied chemistry, microbiologymicrobiology and technology of milk and and technology. These sectors of researchcream products. Practical training in the Viikki and education are connected to the practical Research Dairy Plant is an essential part of the functions of the dairy industry. The maincontent of this course. objective of studies in dairy technology is to provide the necessary skills for employment in Dairy Technology 3 (ETT620) 9 credits research, product and process development and 8720048 management in dairy science and technology. Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period II Contents: The fundamentals of dairy chemistry, Teaching staff microbiology and technology of fermented milk products and dairy spreads. Practical training in Professor Tapani Alatossava the Viikki Research Dairy Plant is an essential Lecturer Asmo Kemppinen part of the content of this course. Dairy Engineer Jyri Rekonen

127 Department of Food Chemistry Dairy Technology 4 (ETT630) 9 credits Cereal Technology 8720049 Timing: 4th year, spring term, period III Cereal technology is a product•oriented Contents: The fundamentals of dairy chemistry, specialisation line within the M.Sc. programme microbiology and technology of cheese.Practical in Food Technology. The cereal technology training in the Viikki Research Dairy Plant is an specialisation line is engaged in teaching essential part of the content of this course. research and development of the industrial uses of cereals on the basis of food science and Dairy Technology 5 (ETT640) 9 credits technology. Cereal technologists may expect 8720050 to ¿ nd employment in research, development Timing: 4th year, spring term, period IV and production positions in companies that are Contents: The fundamentals of dairy chemistry, involved in cereal processing. microbiology and technology of cheese ripening, dairy powders and ice cream. Practical training in the Viikki Research Dairy Plant is an essential Teaching staff Professor Hannu Salovaara part of the content of this course. University Lecturer Tuula Sontag•Strohm Dairy Technology 6 (ETT650) 0•9 credits 8720051 Timing: 4th•5th year REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Contents: Additional courses in dairyMASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS technology. MAJOR STUDIES Practical Training 2 (ETT670) 2 credits Advanced studies 8720052 ETT710 End•use Quality of Cereals 1, 3 cr Timing: 4th year (summer) ETT715 End•use Quality of Cereals 2, 4 cr Contents: Training at the Master’s degreeETT720 Cereal Chemistry and Biochemistry, level in the ¿ eld of dairy technology. Students 10 cr complete a written training report. ETT730 Cereal Processes and Technologies, 10 cr Exercise in Research (ETT675) 5 credits ETT740 Biobusiness, 3 cr 8720053 ETT770 Practical Training 2, 2 cr Timing: 5th year ETT775 Exercise in Research, 5 cr Contents: Students participate in the research ETT780 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr projects of dairy technology, perform research Maturity essay under supervision and complete a written report. ETT785 Seminars 2, 3 cr ETT790 Literature Examination 2, 6 cr Master’s Thesis (ETT680) 40 credits 8720054 OTHER STUDIES Timing: 5th year ETT700 Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Studies, 1 cr Seminars 2 (ETT685) 3 credits 8720055 MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Timing: 4th•5th year According to a Personal Study Plan

Literature Examination 2 (ETT690) 6 credits FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 8 CREDITS 8720056 Timing: 5th year Contents: The exam consists of two parts. The Courses in Finnish ¿ rst part covers three books common for every student, and the second part covers 1•2 books Planning and Follow•up of M.Sc. Studies proposed by each student. (ETT700) 1 credit 8720057 Timing: 4th•5th year

128 Department of Food Chemistry

Contents: Preparation and follow•up of Supervised a Research (ETT760) 1.5•6 credits personal study plan for the Master’s degree. 8720064 Individual meetings with teacher tutor. Timing: 1st•5th year Contents: Students participate in the research End•use Quality of Cereals 1 (ETT710) 3projects of the cereal technology group, work credits as research assistants under supervision and 8720058 complete a written report. Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Contents: The basic factors in the end•usePractical Training 2 (ETT770) 2 credits value of cereals, quality classi ¿ cations, methods 8720065 of analysis, understanding and interpretation of Contents: Training at the Master’s degree quality parameters. Hygienic questions, storage level in the ¿ eld of cereal technology. Students conditions, mycotoxins. Quality of millingcomplete a written training report. products. Malting barley and quality of malt. Exercise in Research (ETT775) 5 credits End•use Quality of Cereals 2 (ETT715)8720066 4 credits Timing: 4th year, autumn and spring terms, 8720059 periods II and III Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period I Contents: To learn the different phases of Contents: The methods used in the grain,research work. À our and malt quality assessments/grading. Interpretations of the quality parameters. Master’s Thesis (ETT780) 40 credits 8720067 Cereal Chemistryand Biochemistry(ETT720) Timing: 5th year 10 credits 8720060 Seminars 2 (ETT785) 3 credits Timing: 4th year, autumn term, period II 8720068 Contents: Chemical and biochemical properties Contents: To learn how to follow and participate and reactions in the grain material and in cereal in the presentation of scienti¿ c research: products. Analytical methods used in cerealStudents will give two seminar presentations on research. their own thesis work, one at the planning stage and one during the ¿ nal stages. CerealProcesses and Technologies (ETT730) 10 credits Literature Examination 2 (ETT790) 6 credits 8720061 8720069 Timing: 4th year, autumn term, periods I and II Timing: 5th year Contents: Cereal processes; fractionation, Contents: Literature examination. Profound milling, bread making, fermentation, malting. knowledge of some area of cereal technology. Practical work included.

Biobusiness (ETT740) 3 credits 8720062 Timing: 4th year, spring term, period III Contents:Innovativefood process development. Creation of new business on a virtual basis. Content modi¿ ed for each course.

Special Courses (ETT750) 0•10 credits 8720063 Timing: 4th•5th year Contents: Additional courses in cereal technology.

129 Department of Forest Ecology DEPARTMENT OF FOREST ECOLOGY

The mission of the Department of Forest52550 Plant Physiology (In the Faculty of Ecology is to carry out scienti ¿ c research and to Biosciences), 3 cr provide teaching based on its disciplines. The ME201 Dendrology of Forest Trees, 3 cr Department has chairs in Silviculture, Tropical ME250 Forests of the World, 2 cr Silviculture, Forest Tree Ecology, Forest SoilY100 Mathematics I, 5 cr Science and Peatland Ecology and Forestry. Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr Y131 A or B; Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Graduate studies in Forest Ecology relate to the Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr functions of forest and peatland ecosystems MMEKN120 Ethics and Social Responsibility in during natural succession and how these the Forest Sector, 3 cr systems can be changed by forest management ME200 Personal Study Plan, 2 cr and human impacts. The emphasis is on the boreal forest zone, including the northern timber MAJOR STUDIES line. Courses in tropical silviculture are alsoBasic studies offered by the section of Tropical Forestry. ME101 Basics of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, 3 cr Students may complete a joint major subject in ME102 Finnish Forest Soil Properties and Forest Ecology, but they can specialise in any Processes and the Forest Site Type of the ¿ ve ¿ elds of research and instruction Classi¿ cation, 5 cr represented by the above•mentioned chairs or ME103 Forest Ecology, 6 cr in the four ¿ elds of Forest Pathology, Forest ME104 Silviculture, 5 cr Tree Breeding, Forest Zoology or WildlifeME105 Field Course on Forest Ecology and Management represented by the Department of Silviculture, 6 cr Applied Biology. Intermediate studies ME106 The Metabolism, Growth and Head of the Department Structure of Trees, 5 cr Professor Carl Johan Westman ME107 Systems Analysis 1, 4 cr ME222 Structure, Dynamics and Contact information Biodiversity of Boreal Forests, 3 cr P.O. Box 27 ME311 Forest Soil Sampling and Analysis FIN•00014 University of Helsinki of Soil Physical and Chemical tel. +358 9 191 58115 (of¿ ce) Proper, 5 cr fax +358 9 191 58100 ME301 Practising for Working Life, 2 cr Internet: www.helsinki.¿ /mmtdk/mmeko ME300 Seminar, 4 cr ME305 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Visiting address Maturity Essay Viikki campus Elective studies in one or more ¿ elds of research Forest Sciences Building and teaching, 23 cr Latokartanonkaari 7 LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Second national language, 4 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS Foreign language, 3 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr GENERAL STUDIES MMVAR11 Excel Exercise in Forest Mensuration ME100 Introduction to Studies in Forest and Management, 2 cr Sciences, 3 cr KASV105 Basics Botany, 4 cr OTHER STUDIES According to Personal Study Plan

130 Department of Forest Ecology

MINOR STUDIES, 25 CREDITS while considering personal competencies, skills Basic Studies in Forest Mensuration and goals in relation to career aims. Management, 25 credits Special project (ME401) 3•8 credits 835011 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th•5th year). (Master’s Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Responsible person: Professor of chosen specialization line GENERAL STUDIES Objective: The student will become acquainted Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr with a special question of forest ecology. ME504 Field Course on Forestry in Northern Contents: The special project can take the Finland, 5 cr form of 1) a literature review, 2) planning a ME400 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr company project, 3) writing a research plan, Elective Methodological Studies, 5 cr 4) a development project to solve a practical problem, or 5) a video, an exhibition, etc. MAJOR STUDIES Evaluation: Professor will evaluate the project. Advanced studies ME406 Systems Analysis 2, 3 cr Special training (ME402) 3 credits ME407 Field Course at Forest Ecological 835012 Methods, 4 cr Timing: M.Sc. studies (4•5th year). (Master’s ME405 Sustainable Forestry, 3 cr, or Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). ME457 Participatory Methods in Sustainable Responsible person: Professor of chosen Management of Natural Resources, 5 cr specialization line ME408 Speci¿ c Topics on Forest Ecology, 4 cr Objective: The student becomes familiar with ME402 Special Training, 3 cr his/her ¿ eld and the demands of working life, ME403 Essays, 3 cr and learns to apply theoretical knowledge to ME404 Thesis Seminar, 5 cr solve practical problems while learning on•the• ME500 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr job. The purpose of the training period is also Maturity Essay to support career planning and promote future Elective studies in¿ elds of research and employment. teaching, 19•21 cr Contents: Training related to the department’s teaching and/or ¿ eld of research. Consists of OTHER STUDIES, 23 CREDITS practical or research•related tasks. Training may also take place abroad. The student must receive professor approval before the start of Courses in English the training period. Teaching events in WebOodi Realisation and working methods: At least 4 weeks of training. Personal study plan (M.Sc.) (ME400)Evaluation: The student writes a report on 1 credit the training period and presents a letter of 83675 reference. Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th year). (Master’s Degree Programme studies, 1st year). Essays (ME403) 3 credits Responsible person: Professor of chosen 835013 specialization line Timing: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s Objective: To facilitate the smooth completion of Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). degree studies by the student while supporting Responsible person: Professor of chosen his/her career aims and interests. specialization line Contents: The student will make a personal Objective: To develop critical thinking capacities study plan for completing the Master’s degree. and learn to present facts and personal The aim of the personal study plan is to setviewpoints clearly in written form. The student study targets and plan the timing of studiesdevelops competencies necessary to produce À uent, grammatically correct factual text in the

131 Department of Forest Ecology

¿ eld of forest ecology. most recent measurement technology and the Contents: Practise in À uent writing in the ¿ eld problems associated with ¿ eld experiments. of forest ecology. Two to four reports are written Contents: By using instruments and data from on subjects agreed with the professor. SMEAR station, the students will get acquainted Realisation and working methods:Lectures with forest material À ows, especially the carbon 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent cycle. In groups, the students will make a report study 80 hours. on a topic to be agreed upon. Evaluation: Professor will evaluate the work on Realisation and working methods:Practical a pass/fail basis. The completion of this course work 107 hours is a prerequisite for participating in the maturity Evaluation: Participation essay. Other information: Teaching in Finnish and in English. Sustainable forestry (ME405) 3 credits 83677 Master’s degree thesis (ME500) 40 credits Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th year). (Master’s835015 Degree Programme studies, 1st year). TheTiming: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s course is given in autumn term, II period. Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). Responsible person: University Lecturer Responsible person: Professor of chosen Objective: The student will acquire knowledge specialization line of the various elements and interactions related Contents: The student prepares a scienti¿ c to the ecological, economical and socio•cultural thesis (on an agreed upon subject), which sustainability of forest management. In addition, is primarily based on data collected by the students will be acquainted with differentstudent, but may also be based on existing strategical, tactical and operational solutions data. The thesis should demonstrate that have been used, and can be used, readiness to for scienti¿ c thought, command of achieve biodiversity in forest management. necessary research methods, familiarity with Contents: : The course explores the concepts the subject matter and readiness for scienti¿ c and theory of sustainable forestry and thecommunication in one’s ¿ eld. The student must de¿ nitions of ecological, economical and socio• present an acceptable thesis plan prior to the cultural dimensions of sustainability. Specialstart of thesis work. emphasis is placed on how sustainable forestry Evaluation: Evaluation based on the opinion can be implemented in practice and on thegiven by two examiners. relationships and trade•offs between different dimensions of sustainability. It is possible to pass the following Realisation and working methods:Lectures course also in English (see description 28, practical work 0, group work 24, independent under courses in Finnish): study 28 hours. Study materials and literature:Literature Field course on forestry in Northern Finland handed out during the course. (ME504) 3 credits Evaluation: Participation, presentation of written and oral report, and ¿ nal exam.

Field course on forest ecological methods Courses in Finnish (ME407) 4 credits 83666 Introduction to studies in forest sciences Timing: M.Sc. studies; course will be held for (ME100) 3 credits the ¿ rst time in the summer of 2007. 83634 Responsible person: Professor Hari Contents: A general introductory course for all Relations to other study units:The following forestry students. The course gives a general courses are recommended as prerequisites:overview of the forestry curricula and essential ME331,ME332, ME432 and ME435. topics in forestry. The students are introduced Objective: The student will test and demonstrate to the forestry departments, teachers and staff, principles and theories presented in the lectures. and study practise and options. The student will also get acquainted with the

132 Department of Forest Ecology

Basics of forest ecology and silviculturethe effects of silvicultural measures on stand (ME101) 3 credits development. The course is carried out through 83636 a series of practical exercises that make use of Contents: The structure and function of boreal forest ecological research and measurement forest ecosystems; boreal climate, soil, andmethods. vegetation types; tree growth and reproduction; the basics of silviculture; current The forest metabolism, growth and structure of legislation in Finland with particular reference to trees (ME106) 5 credits silviculture. 835029 Timing: B.Sc. studies Finnish forest soil properties and processes Contents: Basic mechanisms of whole tree and the forest site type ¿ classi cation ecophysiology. Main interest is on the hierarchy (ME102) 5 credits of the tree response to environment and the 83637 balanced functioning of tree. This course treats the ecophysiology of photosynthesis, respiration Forest ecology (ME103) 6 credits nutrient and water uptake and long distance 83640 transport in tree, impact of seasonality on tree Timing: B.Sc. studies functions and that of functional balance on tree Contents: The course deals with the basics growth and growth allocation, ecophysiology of ecology, ecological methods and theory,and whole tree strategies of reproduction. and speci¿ cally the structure, processes and scales of forest ecosystems. Themes in theSystems analysis 1 (ME107) 4 credits course include: the history of ecology and its 83643 subdisciplines, the structure and development of forests at the stand and landscape levels, forest Personal study plan (B.Sc.) (ME200) soils, material balances of forest ecosytems, 2 credits and biodiversity. 830003 Objective: Students prepare their own personal Silviculture (ME104) 5 credits study plan for completing the Bachelor’s 835032 degree. Timing: B.Sc. studies Contents: Students learn how to grow andDendrology of forest trees (ME201) 3 credits regenerate forests in different edaphic and830002 climatic conditions taking into considerationContents: Identi¿ cation and use of trees economic, ecological and social sustainability occurring in Finland. of forests. Course topic includes: regeneration biology, production of tree seeds and seedlings, Field Course on Forest Ecology (ME205) natural and arti¿ cial regeneration in mineral and 6 credits peat soils, economy and environmental effects 835033 of forest regeneration, growth and yield of different kinds of tree stands growing on mineral Seminar (ME300) 4•5 credits and peat soils. 835009 Timing: B.Sc. studies Field course on forest ecology Contents: and Written and oral scienti¿ c silviculture (ME105) 6 credits presentation skills, evaluation of both written 83642 and oral presentations. Planning of the student’s Timing: B.Sc. studies compulsory B.Sc. thesis will be made during the Contents: The course covers site typecourse. classi¿ cation of mineral soil sites and peatlands, stand growth and development in the framework Practising for working life (ME301) 2 credits of material À ows and balances, as well as83646 disturbance and succession dynamics andTiming: B.Sc. studies the main pathogens of boreal forests. On the Contents: Students update their personal study basis of forest ecology, the students analyseplans, engage in career planning, work with job

133 Department of Forest Ecology applications and their CV’s, practice for jobhis/her’s Bachelor’s or Master’s thesis to be interviews, and become familiar with common published in a scienti¿ c journal. rules of working life. Field course on forestry in Northern Finland Bachelor’s thesis (ME305) 6 credits (ME504) 3 credits 83667 80043 Timing: B.Sc. studies Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th•5th year). (Master’s Contents: A scienti¿ c thesis written on aDegree Programme studies, 2nd year). Field speci¿ c subject agreed with the professor. The course in Northern Finland in September. Bachelor’s thesis is usually based on literature, Responsible person: Docent Kubin but it may also be based on empirical material. Objective: To provide the student with the most recent information on forestry and other relevant Thesis Seminar (ME304/404) 5 credits livelihoods practiced in Northern Finland via 835014 subjective experiences and local experts. Timing: M.Sc. studies Contents: Along with silviculture in Northern Contents: Prepares the student for theFinland, the student will also become acquainted Master’s thesis (ME405). The course consists with reindeer farming, tourism, industry, the of two parts: 1) Planning and organising thedevelopment of the area and the environmental study: introductory lectures and preparationrisks in Lapland. of individual research plans, 2) Preparing the Realisation and working methods:lectures report: oral presentations by students of the0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent material, methods and results of the study.study 80 hours When the thesis is completed the results are Evaluation: Participation presented in a seminar. The¿ rst part should Other information: Finnish is the primary be taken before, and the second part after the language of instruction, but English can be used collection of the thesis material. as necessary. Course registration in April.

Systems analysis 2 (ME406) 3 credits Literature requirement for the Licentiate 83676 degree (Post•graduate literature) (ME601) 5 credits Speci¿ c topics on forest ecology (ME408) 83558 4 credits Timing: Ph.D. studies 830065 Contents: Advanced literature in forest ecology as agreed with the professor. Current issues in forest ecology (ME501) 3 credits Forestry around the Baltic Sea (FOR310) 83644 3 credits Timing: M.Sc. studies 830091 Objective: Study of a current topic in forest ecology. Field trip (FOR511) 2•10 credits 830087 Participation in courses and seminars (ME502) 2•10 credits 83600 Timing: M.Sc. and Ph.D. studies Objective: Study of a current topic in forestForest Soil Science ecology. Soil is one of the dominant environmental factors Writing a scienti¿ c article (ME503) 3•20determining the structure and functioning of credits forest ecosystems. Studies in forest soil science 835016 will familiarize students with soil properties and Timing: M.Sc. studies processes and how they relate to forest growth, Contents: Preparing a scienti¿ c paper from site productivity and ecosystem succession, as well as the impacts of forest management on soils and wider environmental issues, including

134 Department of Forest Ecology climate change. By its very nature, soil science by each student (or group) and presented to the is a cross•disciplinary science and draws on a course, and a 1•day ¿ eld excursion . basic knowledge of chemistry, physics, geology, Study materials and literature: physical geography, climatology, plant sciences, · FAO/Unesco. 1990. Soil map of the world. microbiology and statistics. Courses coverRevised Legend. World Soil Resources bedrock and quaternary geology and mineralogy, Report 60, FAO, Rome. 119 p. the effects of glaciation and deglaciation on· Bridges, E.M. 1978. World Soils. (2nd the landscape and soil properties, site type Edition). Cambridge University Press. 128 p. classi¿ cation, soil formation and classi¿ cation, · Birkeland, P.W. 1999. Soils and biogeochemistry (including carbon),geomorphology. (3rd edition). Oxford ecohydrology, nutrient cycling and impacts of University Press. 372 p. forest management, soil sampling and analysis · Keys to Soil Taxonomy. SMSS. latest edition. (laboratory). Forest soil science studies areEvaluation: Written examination, exercises recommended for all students interested in the and seminar. principles of forest ecosystem functioning and for those seeking employment in forest ecology Forest soil science literature review and research, sustainable forestry management and evaluation (ME411) 6 credits wood production, the multiple use of forests, and 83683 environmental planning and management. Timing: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). Teaching staff Responsible person: Professor Westman Professor Carl Johan Westman Contents: A set of texts (books and scienti¿ c Docent, University Lecturer Michael Starr articles) selected by agreement with the Laboratory Technician Marjut Wallner professor will be read, reviewed and evaluated. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent Courses in English study 62 hours. Evaluation: Examination Teaching events in WebOodi Biogeochemistry of boreal forest eco• Soil formation and classi¿ cation (ME310) systems and soils (ME413) 5 credits 5 credits 83628 83672 Timing: M.Sc. studies. period III Timing: The course is given in autumn term Responsible person: University Lecturer Starr, every second year (even), period. I Prof. Westman Responsible person: University Lecturer Starr Objective: The course objective is to provide Objective: The objective of the course the is student with a systems analysis approach to provide the student with the necessaryto the biogeochemistry (the transformation background in soil formation processes andand À ow of chemical materials) of boreal forest properties to understand how soil horizons and ecosystems, primarily on the stand scale. pro¿ les are formed and used to classify soils. Contents: The course covers: an introduction Contents: The course covers soil formation to systems analysis and modelling; derivation factors, processes and properties, diagnostic of nitrogen and mineral nutrient pools and À ows soil properties and horizons, and the principles in forest stands and catchments; processes of pedogenic soil classi¿ cation. Main emphasis (decomposition, weathering, litterfall, nutrient is on the FAO•Unesco world soil classi¿ cation supply and uptake) affecting À the ows; system, but the US Soil Taxonomy and World the central role played by the carbon and Reference Base for Soil Resources systems are hydrological cycles; and the use of various also introduced. empirical and simulation models to compliment Realisation and working methods:Lectures measurements. 28, practical work 28, group work Realisation 28, and working methods:Lectures independent study 51 hours. 54, group work 28, independent study 53 hours. The course is based on a series of lectures,Lectures and exercises using real•world data classroom•based practicals, preparation of a sets from boreal forests. seminar on a relevant and agreed upon topic

135 Department of Forest Ecology

Study materials and literature:Literature list It is possible to pass the following and exercises handed out during the course. course also in English (see description Evaluation: Exercises (50 %) and course report under courses in Finnish): (50%) Other information: Formerly: Water, nutrient Forest soil sampling and analysis of soil element, and carbon À ows in boreal forest physical and chemical properties (ME311) 5 ecosystems. credits

Forest soil hydrology and water balance (ME414) 5 credits 83678 Courses in Finnish Timing: M.Sc. studies, period IV Forest soil sampling and analysis of soil Responsible person: University Lecturer Starr, physical and chemical properties (ME311) Prof. Westman 5 credits Objective: The objective of the course is to 83659 provide the student with an understanding of the Timing: B.Sc. studies (2nd •3rd year). (Master’s eco•hydrology of forest ecosystems and soils, Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). The and the importance of the hydrological cycle course is given in autum term, period I. in the À ow of matter and many soil processes Responsible person: Professor Westman affecting forest ecosystem functioning. Objective: The course objective is to provide Contents: The course will cover the soil the student with knowledge about soil sampling, hydraulic properties of both organic (peat) and laboratory analysis of soil physical and chemical upland soils, and the components of the water properties, the calculation of laboratory results, balance: precipitation (including snow pack and on how to present and evaluate the formation and snowmelt), evapotranspiration, results. and soil water storage, water movement and Contents: The course will cover the theory of soil À ow on the stand• and small catchments scale. sampling, including spatial and temporal issues; The implications for nutrient supply and leaching the description of site and tree stand (biomass) and the potential impacts of global warming on and the soil pro ¿ le. Laboratory practicals include the water balance will also be covered. sample pre•treatment and the determination of Realisation and working methods:Lectures soil physical properties (particle size analysis, 58, practical work 28, independent study 49 bulk density, water retention properties and the hours. Lectures will systematically cover each pF curve) and soil chemical properties (loss• component of the water balance, and a series of on•ignition, carbon and nitrogen contents, classroom practicals and home exercises using cation exchange capacity, base saturation, real•world data sets and various hydrological total and exchangeable mineral nutrients, models will be allocated during the course. A acidity, and pedogenic Fe and Al fractions), seminar on a relevant and agreed upon topic is and the calculation of nutrient pools in the to be prepared and presented by each student soil. The necessary chemistry for calculating (or group). and understanding concentrations in various Evaluation: Written examination, exercises units (mass, mole, and charge equivalent and seminar. concentrations) will be taught. The importance of coarse fragment (stone) content in calculating soil elemental pools will also be covered. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 14, practical work 95, group work 0, independent study 26 hours. A 1•day¿ eld excursion (sampling); introductory lectures; pre•treatment of the samples in the laboratory; laboratory analysis of soil properties, preparation of written report . Study materials and literature:Literature and laboratory manuals given out during the course.

136 Department of Forest Ecology

Evaluation: Report 50% and ¿ nal examination Other information: Teaching in English or in 50%. Finnish. Field exercise will be offered in August Other information: Finnish is the primaryor September at Värriö Research Station. language of instruction, but English can be used as necessary. Advanced literature (ME433) 6 credits 83609 Forest soils and silvicultural practiceTiming: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s (ME312) 3 credits Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). 83681 Responsible person: Professor Hari Contents: Readings in the theoretical background and applications of forest tree ecology. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Forest Tree Ecology 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent study 160 hours Forest tree ecology examines the biologicalStudy materials and literature: A set of texts basis of forest management and use. The aim (books and scienti¿ c articles) selected by is to teach students to understand how theagreement with the professor. forest ecosystem functions and to train students Evaluation: Examination in quantitative forest research. The importance Other information: In Finnish or in English. of theory in understanding the functioning of forest ecosystems is emphasised. The studies require a basic knowledge of physics, statistics, Courses in Finnish computer science and modelling. Micrometeorology (ME331) 6 credits Teaching staff 83648 Professor Pertti Hari Timing: B.Sc. studies Docent Eero Nikinmaa Contents: The course presents the basic Docent Pauline Stenberg knowledge the factors controlling radiation, temperature and humidity conditions in forest stands. Mathematical models are used to Courses in English estimate how stand structure affects radiation Teaching events in WebOodi uptake and thermal balance. The student will also learn how micrometeorology can be utilised Methodology of Forest Tree Ecology (ME431) in forest management. 8 credits 83654 Physics, chemistry and À in uences of air Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th year). (Master’spollutants; ¿ eld course (ME430) 5 credits Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year).83625 The course is given in the spring term, in even• Timing: M.Sc. studies numbered years, period IV. Contents: Basic knowledge about the Responsible person: Professor Hari interaction between forest and atmosphere with Objective: To learn how to produce informative an emphasis on measuring techniques. The forest tree ecological data. treated phenomena deal with boundary layer, Contents: Students become acquainted with tree functions and soil. the production of informative data. The course analyses sources of error caused by sample Changing environmental factors and forests design and measurement and how to minimise (ME434) 3 credits them. 83617 Realisation and working methods:Lectures Timing: M.Sc. studies. Odd•numbered years, 20, practical work 60, group work period 40, IV. independent study 56 hours. Contents: The effects of the most important Study materials and literature: To be decided environmental changes (increasing CO2, Evaluation: Group work. temperature and nitrogen deposition) on basic

137 Department of Forest Ecology metabolic processes and on stand development Objective: The student will acquire in•depth over the past 50 • 100 years. knowledge of peatland ecosystem processes and the biotic and abiotic factors impacting Research Seminar on Forest Tree Ecology them. (ME631) 5 credits Contents: This course gives a thorough 83660 understanding of the ecology of natural and Timing: Ph.D. studies drained peatland ecosystems. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 28, practical work 0, group work 28, independent study 53 hours. Study materials and literature:Literature list Peatland Ecology and handed out during the course. Evaluation: Final examination. Forestry Other information: The course includes ¿ eld excursions. Peatland Ecology and Forestry concentrates on the ecology and utilisation of peatlands, Mires of the world (ME343) 2 credits especially for forestry purposes. The major has 84120 close connections to plant ecology, geology, Timing: B.Sc. studies. (Master’s Degree microbiology and hydrology, as well as to Programme 1st•2nd year). silviculture and forest management. In addition, Responsible person: Prof. Vasander technical subjects are studied in connection with Contents: Special literature on the subject. tree harvesting and the planning of additional Realisation and working methods:Lectures drainage/ditch cleaning and/or restoration. The 0, Practical work 0, Group work 0, Independent special features of peatlands have to be taken study 53 hours. into consideration in planning and conducting Evaluation: Examination. any operations on them. Advanced studies in peatland ecology and forestry are recommended Forest management on peatlands (ME345) for those who are interested in the ecology of 3 credits peatlands, silviculture or forest amelioration and 84105 who need this information in research, teaching Timing: M.Sc. studies and practical forestry. Responsible person: Docent Päivänen Contents: Information on the amelioration of Teaching staff peatlands: theory, technique and legislation. Professor Harri Vasander Other information: Lectures in Finnish, but it Docent Jukka Laine is possible to complete the course as a literature Docent Juhani Päivänen exam. University Lecturer Kari Minkkinen Docent, Researcher Raija Laiho Special literature 1 (ME441) 5 credits Erkki Raikamo, M.Sc. 84113 Researcher Sakari Sarkkola Timing: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s Researcher Eeva•Stiina Tuittila Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). Responsible person: Professor Vasander Objective: To deepen one’s knowledge of Courses in English peatland ecosystems. Teaching events in WebOodi Contents: Advanced information on mire ecosystems. Ecology of peatlands (ME341) 3 credits Realisation and working methods:Lectures 84118 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent Timing: B.Sc. studies (2nd •3rd year). (Master’s study 133 hours. Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year).Study materials and literature: Material will be The course is given in autumn term in even•selected from the following: Charman, Dan 2002. numbered years, I period. Peatlands and Environmental Change. John Responsible person: Professor Vasander Wiley& Sons Ltd, Chichester. 312 pp. ISBN 0•470•

138 Department of Forest Ecology

84410•8. Gore, A.J.P. (ed.) 1983. Ecosystems of peatlands the world. 4A. Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Contents: Processes controlling carbon and General studies. Elsevier Scienti¿ c Publishing nutrient dynamics in peatland ecosystems Company, Amsterdam•Oxford•New York. Gore, are studied by means of¿ eld measurements A.J.P. (ed.) 1983. Ecosystems of the world. 4B. and monitoring. The course consists of¿ eld Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Regionaldemonstrations and group work including both studies. Elsevier Scienti¿ c Publishing Company, measurements of element À uxes and handling Amsterdam•Oxford•New York. Heathwaite, A.L. of the data. At the end of the course¿ eld a & Göttlich, Kh. 1993. Mires. Process, exploitation excursion will be taken to peatland sites in the and conservation. John Wiley & Sons Ltd,aapa mire region. Chichester. Joosten, H. & Clarke, D. 2002: Wise Realisation and working methods:Practical use of mires and peatlands • Background and work 133 hours. Field course principles including a framework for decision• making. International Mire Conservation Group It is possible to pass following courses and International Peat Society. Saarijärvi Offset also in English (see description under Oy, Saarijärvi, Finland, 2002. 303 pp. ISBN 951• courses in Finnish): 97744•8•3. Lugo, A.E., Brinson, M. & Brown, S. (eds.) 1990. Ecosystems of the world. 15.Peat geology and technology (ME443) 3 Forested wetlands. Elsevier Scienti ¿ c Publishing credits Company, Amsterdam•Oxford•New York. Trettin, 84112 C.C., Jurgensen, M.F., Grigal, D.F., Gale, M.R. & Jeglum, J.K. (eds.) 1997. Northern Forested The use of peat in Finland • Matching goals Wetlands: Ecology and Management. CRCand conÀ icts (ME444) 3 credits Press, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton•New York• 84129 London•Tokyo Evaluation: Examination

Special literature 2 (ME442) 3 credits Courses in Finnish 84123 Timing: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’sEcohydrology of peatlands (ME342) Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). 5 credits Responsible person: Professor Vasander 84128 Contents: Students practise analysing,Timing: B.Sc. studies organising and critically evaluating information Contents: The systematics and ecology from scienti¿ c reports. of mire vegetation, peat classi¿ cation and Realisation and working methods:Lectures identi¿ cation (macro• and microscopically) 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent and the relationships between mire plants and study 80 hours. peat soil. Course includes a ¿ eld excursion and Study materials and literature: A set of texts practical exercises. (books and scienti¿ c articles) selected by agreement with the professor Peat geology and technology (ME443) Evaluation: Examination or a critical book3 credits review on a new international publication on84112 peatland ecology Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th•5th year). (Master’s Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics in Peatland Responsible person: Docent Raikamo Ecosystems (ME446) 5 credits Objective: To give information on peatland 84124 and peat geology, peat accumulation, peat Timing: M.Sc. studies. Odd•numbered years in properties and use. August Contents: Peat and peatland geology, peat Responsible person: Prof. Vasander, Dr. stratigraphy, peat properties and the industrial Tuittila, Docent Laine and other teachers. use of peat. Includes a ¿ eld excursion. Objective: Student learns novel methodsRealisation and working methods:Lectures to study carbon and nutrient dynamics 20, in practical work 30, group work 0, independent study 30 hours

139 Department of Forest Ecology

Evaluation: Participation and examination and diverse management objectives of forest Other information: Finnish is the primaryowners. language of instruction, but English can be used Studies in silviculture include courses as necessary. in characterisation of forest site types, reproductive biology of trees, ecophysiology The use of peat in Finland • Matching goals of trees, forest and stand development and and conÀ icts (ME444) 3 credits growth, regeneration with natural and arti¿ cial 84129 methods, silvicultural systems and multiple uses Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th•5th year). (Master’s of forests. Intermediate and advanced studies Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). are recommended for those who are interested Responsible person: Professor Vasander in ecological aspects of forest management and Objective: To get acquainted with tropical the forestry. fundamental questions of peat use. Students specialised in silviculture are employed Contents: Peat use compared to peat stocks by private non•industrial organisations, forest from the perspective of national and international companies, international projects, and research energy and climate politics. and development agencies. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 40, practical work 0, group work 20, independent Teaching staff study 20 hours Professor Annikki Mäkelä Study materials and literature:Literature is Professor Eero Nikinmaa handed out during the course. University Lecturer, Docent Timo Kuuluvainen Evaluation: Examination Docent Eero Kubin Other information: Finnish is the primaryDocent Kari Leinonen language of instruction, but English can be used Docent Markku Nygren as necessary. Researcher Pekka Nygren

Resource management planning for peatlands (ME447) 5 credits Courses in English 84106 Timing: M.Sc. studies Teaching events in WebOodi Contents: This ¿ eld course gives information on the ecology and environmental valuesStructure, dynamics and biodiversity of of mires, and the forestry use of peatlandsboreal forests (ME222) 3 credits through forest amelioration. Students prepare 83556 a resource management plan concerning forest Timing: B.Sc. studies (2nd year). (Master’s amelioration and/or restoration of a speci¿ c Degree Programme studies, 1st year). The peatland site. course is given in autum term, period II. Responsible person: University Lecturer Timo Kuuluvainen Objective: The student will acquire basic knowledge of the natural structure and dynamics Silviculture of boreal forests and their impacts on ecological biodiversity. The student will also learn to apply As an applied¿ eld of science, silviculturethe knowledge in order to analyze the effects of combines the theory and practice of one key forest management on biodiversity. element of sustainable forest management,Contents: This course gives an overview of i.e. stand establishment, structure and growth. disturbances, succession and biodiversity in The ecological principles of the growth andboreal forests on various spatial and temporal development of individual trees and stands in scales. Emphasis is on disturbances and different environmental conditions comprise the successional processes as they occur in natural theoretical background for the studies. On the forests and how these dynamic processes act practical side, studies in silviculture will giveto maintain biological diversity. How to utilize the student a thorough knowledge of different the ecological knowledge about natural forests silvicultural systems and pre• and post•harvest for ecologically sustainable forestry is also silvicultural actions needed to meet complexconsidered.

140 Department of Forest Ecology

Realisation and working methods:Lectures Courses in Finnish 28, group work 30, independent study 22 hours Study materials and literature:D.B. Forest regeneration (ME220) 4 credits Lindenmayer & Franklin, J.F. Conserving Forest 835017 Biodiversity. A Comprehensive MultiscaledTiming: B.Sc. studies Approach. Island Press. Other literature handed Contents: General principles of natural out durig the course regeneration and plantation silviculture; biological, Evaluation: Participation, presentation ofeconomic and technical aspects of regeneration; written and oral report, and ¿ nal exam. evaluation of the regeneration results; use of different forest regeneration models to predict Advanced literature (ME422) 5 credits stand establishment and growth; environmental 83518 issues related to forest regeneration. Timing: M.Sc. studies (5th year). (Master’s Degree Programme studies, 2nd year). Development, growth and yield of forests Responsible person: Professor Mäkelä and stands (ME221) 4 credits Contents: Practice in analysing, organising and 83544 critically evaluating information from scienti¿ c Timing: B.Sc. studies literature and reports. Contents: Natural succession of different Realisation and working methods:Lectures types of forests and stand structures and their 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent underlying development mechanisms; how study 133 hours. stand management is based on functional Study materials and literature: A set of texts characteristics of trees and how these principles (books and scienti¿ c articles) selected byare used in silvicultural practices for different agreement with the professor. management goals. Evaluation: Examination Urban forestry (ME323) 5 credits 83605 Introduction to models of growth and yield Timing: B.Sc. studies dynamics (ME424) 4 credits Contents: Urban forestry issues, including 83664 landscape management, are presented in Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th year). (Master’slectures, ¿ eld trips and practical exercises. Degree Programme studies, 1st•2nd year). The course is given in the spring term in even• Eco•physiological models describing numbered years, period III. metabolic function, transport and growth Responsible person: Professor Mäkelä (ME324) 4 credits Relations to other study units: ME107 830064 Objective: The student is familiarized with models of forest growth and yield dynamics,Ecophysiology of trees l: gas exchange, their historical development, and current state. transport and growth (ME325) 5 credits Contents: The course gives an introduction to 83669 the history, development and current state of Timing: M.Sc. studies. Even years, period II. forest stand growth models based on production Contents: The course introduces to basic ecology. The students learn about the keymetabolic processes in trees and their theories underlying the models and aboutdependence on environmental factor. Students methods to quantify such theories. Implications are taught how to estimate the effect of of different hypothesis are analysed and theenvironmental factors on forest yield and applicability of the models to forest management growth. planning is assessed.The course includes problem solving and practicals. Seed and plant procurement in forestry Realisation and working methods:Lectures (ME420) 5 credits 28, practical work 28, independent study 5683514 hours. Timing: M.Sc. studies Study materials and literature: Compilation of Contents: The principles and practices of forest articles. tree seed and seedling production are covered Evaluation: Exam and portfolio. in lectures, exercises and¿ eld excursions to

141 Department of Forest Ecology nurseries and seed orchards. The course is“University of Helsinki Tropical Forestry arranged jointly with the University of Joensuu Reports”, with 27 issues completed as of 2005. at the Suonenjoki Research Station of the Finnish Forest Research Institute. Teaching staff Professor Olavi Luukkanen Silvics of Finnish Tree Species (ME423) 5University Lecturer Vesa Kaarakka credits 83638 Contact information Timing: M.Sc. studies PO Box 27 Contents: An overview of Finnish tree species FIN•00014 University of Helsinki and their silvicultural characteristics, structure, Tel. +358 9 191 58 648 regeneration, growth and yield physiology. Fax +358 9 191 58 646 http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmeko/vitri

Visiting address: Viikki A building (2nd À oor) Tropical Silviculture Latokartanonkaari 9 The Viikki Tropical Resources Institute (VITRI, formerly Tropical Silviculture Unit (TSU), has provided training for about 70 Finnish forestry Courses in English students in a tropical country, whereby Finnish Teaching events in WebOodi forestry development projects have bene¿ ted. Development of national research organisations Agriculture and forestry in developing and training of local researchers in a number countries (ME350) 3 credits of countries have also been important80053 achievements. Timing: B.Sc. studies (3rd year), period III. Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen Strong institutional links are maintained,Objective: The student will become acquainted especially with Kasetsart University, Bangkok with the basic principles of tropical production (Thailand); Chengdu Institute of Biologyand land use systems as well as the major (ChineseAcademy of Science), Nanjing Forestry international agreements and policy processes University and Beijing Forestry Universityrelevant to tropical forests, forestry and land (China); and the Forests National Corporation, use. the Forestry Research Centre of the Agricultural Contents: An introduction to tropical crop, Research Corporation and Faculty of Forestry, livestock and forestry production systems and and the University of Khartoum (Sudan), as well an overview of international environmental as with the Tropical Agricultural Research and agreements, principles of land•use planning, Higher Education Center CATIE (Costa Rica). agroforestry, environmental problems, human Institutional contacts also exist with Indonesia, nutrition and food security. Malaysia, India, Ghana and Ethiopia. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 42, independent study 38 hours. VITRI acts as the national coordinator for Finland Study materials and literature:Literature is in the European Tropical Forest Researchgiven out during the course. Network (ETFRN). The VITRI staff also work on Evaluation: Exam in Finnish, Swedish or national and international assignments related English on selected exam dates of the Faculty to tropical natural resources management and or based on separate agreement with Prof. environmental and forest policy. The group, led Luukkanen. by Dr. Olavi Luukkanen, Professor of Tropical Silviculture, currently consists of a lecturer in Tropical forest ecology and silviculture tropical silviculture, a project director, about(ME351) 3 credits 15 researchers or doctoral students as well83533 as Finnish and international M.Sc. studentsTiming: B.Sc. studies (3rd year) period III. specializing in tropical silviculture. The UnitResponsible person: Prof. Luukkanen publishes its own international journal,Relations to other study units:ME250 or

142 Department of Forest Ecology corresponding knowledge Field course: Tropical forest ecology and Objective: The student will become acquainted silviculture (ME451) 5 credits with the ecological basis of forest management 83541 and the silvicultural systems used in tropicalTiming: B.Sc./M.Sc. studies, 3rd or 4th year. forests. Offered in even•numbered years. Contents: General principles of the biology, Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen and evolution and genetics of tropical trees, andUniversity Lecturer Kaarakka using selected examples, major silviculturalRelations to other study units: Prerequisites: systems and other tree•based productionME 350, ME 351, ME 452 or corresponding ecosystems, especially in natural forests. knowledge Realisation and working methods:Lectures Objective: The students familiarise themselves 36, practical work 14, independent study 30with the basic methodologies of ecological ¿ eld hours. research and principles of socio•economic ¿ eld Study materials and literature:Literature research. handed out during the course or the following Contents: Arranged as a joint Thai•Nordic literature can be used: course at Kasetsart University, Bangkok, and · Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the tropics. ¿ eld stations elsewhere in Thailand. Covers GTZ, Eschborn. 296 p. the ecology, management and conservation and of natural and man•made production · Luukkanen, O. 1984.Trooppisen ecosystems (including agroforestry and estate metsänhoidon perusteet. Helsingin yliopiston crops); ecophysiology of tropical trees; tree metsänhoitotieteen laitoksen tiedonant. 49 uses, including non•wood forest products; or deforestation and forest rehabilitation; and · Evans, J. and Turnbull, J. W. 2004. Plantation forest and land•use policy. Forestry in the Tropics. The role, silviculture Realisation and working methods:Practical and use of planted forests for industrial,work 133 hours. social, environmental and agroforestryEvaluation: Participation and group work purposes. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. Other information: This course is arranged in Evaluation: Exam in Finnish, Swedish orThailand. Prospective participants are urged to English on selected exam dates of the Faculty apply for personal scholarships. or based on separate agreement with Prof. Luukkanen. Special topics on silviculture in developing Other information: Most of the lectures will be countries (ME452) 2•3 credits given in Gardenia. 83536 Timing: B.Sc. / M.Sc. studies, 3rd or 4th year Seminar: Agriculture and forestry Offered in in odd•numbered years. period II. developing countries (ME450) 3 credits Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen and 83546 University Lecturer Kaarakka Timing: M.Sc. studies (4th year) period III. Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen, ME 350, ME 351 or corresponding knowledge University Lecturer Kaarakka Objective: Students are introduced to ecology, Objective: The students learn to prepare and development problems and culture of South• present a seminar report based on the utilisation East Asia with particular reference to Thailand. of scienti¿ c reference material. Contents: Lectures and seminars on forestry, Contents: The students prepare and present development problems and culture in South• a written 10•page report in English on forestry, East Asia, especially Thailand. Aimed primarily agriculture, agroforestry or other relevant topic. at participants preparing themselves for the A selection of seminar topics will be provided, ME451 ¿ eld course, but other students can also but a topic can also be selected according to the participate. participant’s own interest. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Realisation and working methods:Lectures 10, practical work 50, group work 10, 28, independent study 52 hours. independent study 56 hours Evaluation: Presentation of the report andEvaluation: Participation and/or report participation to 80% of the seminar sessions.

143 Department of Forest Ecology

Agroforestry in the tropics and developing Other information: This course is arranged countries (ME454) 5 credits within the Nordic Veterinary Agricultural and 83554 Forestry University (NOVA) framework. Timing: M.Sc studies, (4th year) period IV. Responsible person: Dr. Elfadl Seminar: Tropical silviculture research Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: (ME456) 3 credits ME150, ME350 or corresponding knowledge 83629 Objective: Students familiarise themselves Timing: M.Sc. studies, 4th or 5th year period I. with and can recognise the major agroforestry Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen, systems of the tropics and developingUniversity Lecturer Kaarakka countries. Relations to other study units:ME350, Contents: Ecological, technical, economicME351, ME450, ME451 or corresponding and social aspects of agroforestry systemsknowledge and practices in the tropics and developingObjective: The students familiarise themselves countries. Analyses and synthesis of the major with research conducted on tropical forestry at practices. Theoretical models and researchVITRI and present their own research work. methods of these production systems. Students strengthen their ability to prepare and Realisation and working methods:Lectures present a scienti¿ c report. 42, group work 20, independent study Contents: 71 Participants present their own hours. research for M.Sc. / Ph.D. thesis. Students who Evaluation: Exam (after the lectures or based have completed their data collection for a M.Sc. on separate agreement with Dr Elfadl) thesis in are particularly urged to participate, but English doctoral and other students are also welcome. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Workshop: National Forest Programmes14, practical work 0, group work 0, independent (ME455) 5 credits study 66 hours. 83557 Evaluation: Presentation of the report and Timing: M.Sc. studies, 4th or 5th year. Offered participation to 80% of the seminar sessions. in odd•numbered years, period III (intensiveThose who give a presentation in ME 456 do course). not need to repeat it in ME 404 (Pro Gradu Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen seminar) coordinated by Prof. Annikki Mäkelä. Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: Attendance in the other programme of ME 404 ME250, ME351 or corresponding knowledge is, however, strongly recommended. Objective: The students are familiarised with global environmental and forest policies and Participatory methods in sustainable related conventions and agreements. management of natural resources (ME457) Contents: The major global environmental and 5 credits forest policies as well as related conventions and 83633 agreements are presented. The national forest Timing: M.Sc. studies, (4th year), period I. programme (NFP) processes will be analysed Responsible person: University Lecturer at the international and national level. Special Kaarakka attention is given to poverty reduction strategies Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: and their linkages with forest•sector planning. ME 350, ME 351 or corresponding knowledge The course consists of lectures and group work Objective: Students are familiarised with on individual countries and crosscutting issues. participatory methods and their applications in Realisation and working methods:Lectures sustainable management of forests and other 40, group work 50, independent study natural 40 resources in developing and developed hours. countries. Study materials and literature: Literature and Contents:Lectureson participation, participatory other materials handed out during the course. methods and approaches, stakeholder analysis, Evaluation: Participation, group work andcommunity•based management of natural exam. The course will end in a ¿ nal examination resources, conÀ icts and conÀ ict management. that can be taken in English, Finnish, Swedish, Examples and case studies of developed Danish or Norwegian. and developing countries are also presented.

144 Department of Forest Ecology

Group works on selected tasks. Field visits in As an art, it is a discipline in forestry serving the the Helsinki metropolitan area on public and/ public interest by applying scienti¿ c principles or private forest management and community• to the prevention and control of tree diseases. based natural resources management. Of the biotic diseases, fungal diseases are Realisation and working methods:Lectures the most important in conditions similar to 28, practical work 20 h, group work 20 those h, in Finland, whereas diseases caused by independent study 65 hours. bacteria and viruses are of less importance. In Evaluation: Group work, participation in¿ eld addition to diseases of living trees, protection visits and exam. Exam, in Finnish, Swedishof woody products and building constructions or English is taken after the last lecture or by against pests (primarily fungi) is included in agreement with Dr. Kaarakka. the discipline. Of abiotic factors, diseases and disorders caused by air pollution and by climatic Tropical Silviculture, advanced literature and edaphic factors are of major importance. (ME458) 5 credits /3cu 830063 Teaching staff Timing: M.Sc. studies, 4th or 5th year Professor Risto Kasanen Responsible person: Prof. Luukkanen Docent Antti Uotila Objective: The student is acquainted with a special topic/topics in tropical ecology,Contact information silviculture, agroforestry or land use. Department of Applied Biology Realisation and working methods:P.O. Box 27 Independent study. FIN•00014 University of Helsinki Finland Courses in Finnish tel. +358 9 191 58 377 risto.kasanen@helsinki.¿ Forests of the world (ME250) 2 credits 83509 Timing: Recommended in the 2nd year, period II. Courses in English Contents: Main vegetation zones of theTeaching events in WebOodi earth, and their ecologically and economically important tree species as well as the features of Epidemiology and ecology of plant forestry in selected countries and regions. pathogens (KPAT401/ME460) 5 credits 81331 International Forestry (ME251) 2•5 credits Timing: M.Sc. studies. period I 83635 Responsible person: Risto Kasanen Timing: B.Sc. studies. Recommended in the Relations to other study units:ME204, 2nd or 3rd year. MPAT1, MPAT4 Contents: The course can be taken as a literature Objective: To understand the factors and exam and/or by preparing a written report onprocesses behind plant disease epidemics in work, practical training or study tour abroad. forest and agricultural ecosystems. Contents: Basic epidemiology and examples. The biological background for epidemics, risk assessment, epidemiological mechanisms, modelling. Forest Pathology Realisation and working methods:Lectures 30, practical work 10, independent study 70 Forest Pathology is the branch of hours. plant pathology that deals with diseases of woodyEvaluation: Examination plants growing in natural forests, plantations, Other information: Previously MPAT31. tree nurseries, and in urban environments. As a science, it is one of many crop•oriented divisions of plant pathology that are collectively dedicated to understanding the nature of disease in plants.

145 Department of Forest Ecology

Bacteria, viruses and diagnostics plants of and their pathogens and symbionts at the pathogens (ME461) 5 credits molecular level. 81334 Contents: The biology of pathogen infections, Timing: M.Sc. studies plant defence responses and symbiotic Responsible person: Risto Kasanen interactions at the molecular level. The course Contents: Information on the identi¿ cation, includes laboratory work sessions. biology, spread and control of bacteria andRealisation and working methods:Lectures viruses causing plant diseases. See also30, practical work 80, independent study 90 description for KPAT403. hours. Other information: This course is integrated Study materials and literature:Will be given from courses MPAT51 and MPAT52. Teaching during the course. in Finnish or in English. Evaluation: Examination Other information: Previously MPAT301. See Tropical forest pathology (ME462) 3 credits course home page at http://www.mm.helsinki. 81432 ¿ /mmsbl/Kpat/cppe/ Timing: M.Sc. studies. This course is given only if there is suf¿ cient demand. Responsible person: Risto Kasanen Courses in Finnish Relations to other study units: ME260•ME461 (MPAT1•MPAT52) Basics of forest pathology (ME260) 6 Contents: Forest, agroforestry and nursery credits pathology in subtropical and tropical regions. 81415 Aspects of legislation and quarantine regulations Timing: B.Sc. studies in tropical forest protection. Contents: The biology of biotic tree diseases Realisation and working methods:Lectures and the causes of abiotic diseases. The course 18, practical work 8, independent study 54includes laboratory work sessions. hours. Evaluation: Examination 90% and projectBiodiversity and systematics of pathogens report. in forest trees (ME361) 6 credits Other information: Previously MPAT24. 81404 Timing: B.Sc. studies Literature (ME466) 5 credits Contents: Systematics of fungal forest 81412 pathogens. The biology, distribution and control Timing: M.Sc. studies. of forest pathogens occurring in Finland. Responsible person: Risto Kasanen Laboratory work sessions, which include Relations to other study units: ME260•ME463 personal collection of the specimen of the (MPAT1• MPAT6) pathogens and symptomic plants. Contents: An exam review and exam based on Other information: Previously MPAT4. In selected literature related to forest pathology. Finnish or in English. Realisation and working methods: Lectures 0, practical work 0, group work 0, independent Practicals in advanced forest pathology study 133. (ME463) 8 credits Evaluation: Examination 81406 Other information: Previously MPAT11. In Timing: M.Sc. studies English or in Finnish. Contents: The course is based on laboratory work sessions highlighting various methods Plant•microbe interactions and molecular used in studies related to tree pathogens. defence of plants (ME560) 10 credits Matters related to research planning as well as 81332 writing a scienti¿ c report are also included. Timing: M.Sc. studies. II period Responsible person: Prof. Risto Kasanen Special course in forest pathology (ME464) Relations to other study units:ME206, 2 credits ME361, ME460, ME463 81424 Objective: To understand interactions between Timing: M.Sc. studies

146 Department of Forest Ecology

Contents: The contents of this course varyTel. +358 9 1911 from year to year, but usually given on a current Fax +358 9 191 58 434 topic. Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmkab/

Additional studies in forest pathologyCourse descriptions under Department of (ME465) Applied Biology/Plant Breeding 81433 Timing: M.Sc. studies Contents: Other additional studies in forest pathology. The credits can be given for studies completed at other universities, internationalForest Zoology courses, etc. The actual number of credits should be discussed with the professor of forest Forest Zoology applies zoology to forestry. pathology. Forest Zoology focuses on the protection of forests from damage caused by animals, mainly by analysing the ecological mechanisms behind forest damage. The study courses concentrate on the recognition of pest species and their Forest Tree Breeding damage, theestimation of the scale and quality of damage, pest management, and pest forecasts. Forest Tree Breeding involves primarily natural Since forest management profoundly affects science applications, of which genetics the is entire forest fauna, maintaining biodiversity central. Students of forest tree breeding must and conserving endangered forest insects are have an interdisciplinary education and they are additional important areas of research and able to specialise in the biological sciences or in education in forest zoology. seed and plant supply and trade. Teaching staff As diversity of forests has become moreProfessor Kari Heliövaara and more important, forest tree breeding isDocent Erkki Annila broadening to include, among other things,Docent Risto Heikkilä noble broadleaf trees and other rare trees that University Lecturer Päivi Lyytikäinen• are of importance in landscape management Saarenmaa and in the expanding wood products industries. Docent Kari Löyttyniemi These rare trees play an important role Docent in Mikko Peltonen providing quality seed in forest tree breeding. Docent Hannu Saarenmaa

Basic elements in forest tree breeding areContact information good dendrological skills and a ¿ rm ecological Department of Applied Biology knowledge of forest management. ForestP.O. Box 27 tree breeding in Finland enjoys an excellentFIN•00014 University of Helsinki international reputation. Finland Students can combine study modules in forest Tel. +358 9 1911 ecologyand new methodologies of biotechnology Fax +358 9 191 58463 with studies in forest tree breeding. http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmsbl/english/index.htm

Teaching staff Professor Teemu Teeri Assistant teacher N.N. Course in English Teaching events in WebOodi Contact information Department of Applied Biology Forest Protection and Wildlife Management P.O. Box 27 (ME475) 5 credits FIN•00014 University of Helsinki 830062 Finland Timing: Master’s Degree Programme studies,

147 Department of Forest Ecology

1st•2nd year. The course is given in spring term, Insect ecology (ME472) 3 credits period IV 83111 period. Contents: Course covers concepts in ecology Responsible person: Professor Heliövaara applied to entomology at the individual, Objective: To equip the student with a basic population, community and ecosystem levels. understanding of the various aspects of forest Course includes examples from both agricultural protection and wildlife in the boreal forest zone. and forest entomology as well as from natural Contents: Forest protection and wildlife, basic systems. forest pathology, basic forest zoology, basic game management, current national andEntomology (ME473) 4 credits international themes. Special emphasis on83200 boreal forest ecosystems. Contents: Characteristics of insects and Realisation and working methods:Includes entomology with special reference to insect lectures, literature and a ¿ eld trip. morphology, systematics, ethology and Study materials and literature:Literature physiology in applied entomology handed out during the course. Evaluation: Examination Special courses in applied entomology Other information: The course is speci¿ cally (ME474) 2•9 credits intended for international students interested 83207 in the topic. It can also be incorporated intoContents: Separate courses on different topics, the Master’s Degree Programme in Foreste.g. herbivory, theoretical and applied population Sciences and Business. This course cannotdynamics, integrated pest management, be substituted for forest zoology and pathology biodiversity, etc. The course includes selected lectures/ ¿ eld exercises arranged within theliterature (3 credits). courses ME101/ME105.

Courses in Finnish Wildlife Management Fundamentals of forest zoology (ME270) Wildlife Management focuses on the ecology 5 credits and management of game animals, as well as 83202 on applied issues relating to other terrestrial Contents: The recognition of forest pests, vertebrates. The aim of wildlife management is understanding the mechanisms behind damage, to study the extent to which the requirements and solving forest pest problems. The course of animals are balanced with the need to includes species identi¿ cation (level I). manage forests, wetlands and agricultural land. Employment opportunities for wildlife managers Forest entomology 1 (ME470) 6 credits are generally in environmental administration 83204 and research. Contents: The ecological and silvicultural background of insect pest outbreaks. The course includes practical exercises, e.g. on pest Teaching staff forecasting. Professor Kari Heliövaara University Lecturer Petri Nummi Forest entomology 2 (ME471) 8 credits Veli•Matti Väänänen, PhD 83211 Contents: Familiarity with a specializedContact information branch of forest entomology by studying theDepartment of Applied Biology latest literature and preparing a personalP.O. Box 27 insect collection. The course includes species FIN•00014 University of Helsinki identi¿ cation (level III). Finland Tel. +358 9 1911 Fax +358 9 191 58463 http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmsbl/english/index.htm

148 Department of Forest Ecology

Courses in Finnish Postmortem analysis and taxidermy of game (ME296) 2 credits Basics of wildlife management (ME290)83307 3 credits Timing: B.Sc. studies 83301 Contents: The basics of ecology Pest and Vertebrates (ME298) 3 credits management of Finnish game species, including 83219 cervids, fur game, waterfowl and grouse. Timing: B.Sc. studies

Field course on wildlife research Literature and (ME390) 6 credits management (ME291) 2 credits 83319 83302 Timing: B. Sc. studies Timing: B.Sc. studies Special Practical Training (ME490) 2 credits Identi¿ cation of birds and mammals 83312 1 (ME292) 2 credits Timing: M.Sc. studies 83306 Specialized literature (ME491) 9 credits Identi¿ cation of Birds and Mammals 83322 II (ME293) 3 credits Timing: M.Sc. studies 830001 Speci¿ c topics on wildlife management Hunting (ME294) 3 credits (ME492) 12 credits 83303 83310 Timing: B.Sc. studies Timing: M.Sc. studies

Methods in wildlife management (ME295) 3 credits 83318 Timing: B.Sc. studies

149 Department of Forest Economics DEPARTMENT OF FOREST ECONOMICS

Studies at the Department of Forest Economics Atthe Department of Forest Economics, students provide an approach to the forest sectorchoose between two majors: Forest Economics through economic planning, management and and Forest Products Marketing. In Forest marketing, and place emphasis on theoretical Economics, students can specialise in one of knowledge and methodical skills as well as on two specialisation lines, Forest Economics and their practical application. Growing emphasis is Management or Forest Economics and Policy, also placed on management and economic skills. at the beginning of their M.Sc. studies. The strength of this degree programme lies in its close links to the other forestry disciplines, and Head of the Department a competitive advantage is achieved through an Professor Jari Kuuluvainen ecological orientation and a broad knowledge of the forest sector. Internationalisation is one of Contact information this programme’s main features of the studies. PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7) FIN•00014 University of Helsinki In teaching, emphasis is placed on: E•mail: ForEcon@Helsinki.¿ • A scienti¿ c approach Tel. +358 9 191 57968 • Economic thinking Fax +358 9 191 57984 • Ecological consciousness and environmental values • Abilities in leadership, co•operation and communication

Forest Economics

Forest Economics and Forest Economics and Policy Management

Forest Economics and Policy studies economic Forest Economics and Management concerns and social phenomena related to forestry and itself with managerial economic questions in the forest industry. These phenomena areforest estates and forest industries. These examined on the level of individual actors,include the economics of forest management the industry sector and the national economy. and silviculture as well as managerial issues National and international forest policy issues in wood procurement and industrial wood are also studied. The main educational objective processing. Research in Forest Economics of this major is to educate forest economists who and Management focuses on enterprises in are familiar with the theories and applications of the forestry sector. This includes¿ rms that forest economics, natural resource economics own forests, process forest products or provide and environmental economics. Students acquire services related to forests. In addition, individual skills that will enable them to ful ¿ l a broad range forest owners and farms are studied as a special of tasks in Finland or abroad in both the private enterprise category. Main research methods are and public sector. accounting, simulation and optimisation.

150 Department of Forest Economics

The Department of Forest Economics alsoIntermediate studies provides teaching in private forestry. Courses Y56 Advanced Microeconomic Theory, in private forestry cover the characteristics of 11 cr Finnish non•industrial private forest owners and Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr their forest holdings, their ownership objectives Y105 Basic Course in Marketing, 5 cr and forest management behaviour as well as EE047 Organizational Behaviour, 5 cr the timber supply from private forests. These MAL15 Econometrics I, 6 cr features are analysed in connection with related MMEKN120 Ethics and Social Responsibility in forest policy and from the point of view of social the Forest Sector, 3 cr sustainability. A perspective on private forestry FEC120 Fundamentals of Forest Economics, in other industrialised countries is also provided. 10 cr The approach is mainly behavioural scienti¿ c. FEC180 Research Seminar (B.Sc.), 3 cr FEC190 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Teaching staff Maturity Essay Professor Heimo Karppinen Professor Jari Kuuluvainen LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Professor Lauri Valsta INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION University Lecturer Mika Rekola TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Assistant Emmi Haltia Second domestic language, 4 cr Two foreign languages, 6 cr ICT driving licence, 3 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FPM16 Business and Economic Finnish, BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS 5 cr Common to both specialisation lines One business language course, 7 cr

GENERAL STUDIES OTHER STUDIES MMEKN100 Introduction to Studies in ForestMMEKN110 Career Planning, 1 cr Science, 2 cr ME101 Basics of Forest Ecology MINOR and STUDIES, 25 CREDITS Silviculture, 3 cr MARV1 Basics of Forest Mensuration andFREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 8 CREDITS Management, 9 cr METEK11 Basic Forest Technology, 3 cr METEK12 Basic Training in Forest and Wood REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Technology, 3 cr MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS PTEK20 Bases of Wood Technology, 6 cr Specialisation line: Forest Economics and YE19A Introduction to Mathematics I, 3 crManagement YE19B Introduction to Mathematics II, 3 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr GENERAL STUDIES Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 Y126cr Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr Y60 Commercial Law, 4 cr Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr or Y85 Land and Water Law, 4FEC201 cr Personal Study Plan (M.Sc.), 1 cr MMEKN101 Personal Study Plan (B.Sc.), 2 cr MAJOR STUDIES MAJOR STUDIES Advanced studies Basic studies FEC210 Advanced Forest Economics, 4 cr FEC110 Introduction to Forest Economics,FEC270 Special Practical Training, 2 cr 8 cr FEC280 Thesis Seminar, 5 cr FPM1 Basic Course in Forest ProductsFECP210 Econometrics II, 6 cr or FECP220 Marketing, 3 cr Introduction to Methods of Social Y55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr Sciences, 6 cr Y145 Basics of Accounting, 4 cr FECM210 Quantitative Methods in Forest Resource Management, 5 cr FECM280 Essays, 3 cr

151 Department of Forest Economics

FECM290 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr FECP250 Valuation of Environmental Maturity Essay Bene¿ ts, 3 cr At least 24 credits from the following courses: FECP260 Special Topics in Forest Economics FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry, and Policy, 3•7 cr 5 cr FECP270 Literature, 5 cr FECM230 Business Strategy FECP271 and Private Forestry and Forest Policy, Management Simulations, 5 cr 3 cr FECM260 Special Topics in Forest YE3 Intermediate Environmental Economics, Economics and Management, 3•7 cr 8 cr FECM270 Literature, 5 cr YE11 Cost•Bene¿ t Analysis, 4 cr FECP271 Private Forestry and Forest Policy, ME455 Workshop: National Forest 3 cr Programmes, 5 cr METEK14 Methods of Logging and Wood Transport, 6 cr LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN EE037 Financial Planning and Management, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 8 cr TECHNOLOGY (ICT), 1 CREDIT LOG1 Basics of Logistics, 3 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 23 CREDITS LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT), 1 CREDIT Courses in English Teaching events in WebOodi FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 23 CREDITS Personal Study Plan (M.Sc.) (FEC201) 1 credit REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 837009 MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Timing: At the beginning of studies toward the Specialisation line: Forest Economics and Master’s degree Policy Responsible person: Professor Jari Kuuluvainen and Professor Lauri Valsta GENERAL STUDIES Objective: To prepare a personal study plan for Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr completing the Master’s degree. Alternatively, to Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr update the personal study plan for completing FEC201 Personal study plan (M.Sc.), 1 cr the Bachelor’s degree in line with completing the Master’s degree. MAJOR STUDIES Contents: Planning the studies for completing Advanced studies the Master’s degree. General career planning. FEC210 Advanced Forest Economics, 4 cr Realisation and working methods: FEC270 Special Practical Training, 2 cr Independent study 27 hours FEC280 Thesis Seminar, 5 cr Evaluation: Written plan, pass/fail. FECP210 Econometrics II, 6 cr or FECP220 Introduction to MethodsAdvanced Forest Economics (FEC210) of Social Sciences, 6 cr 4 credits FECP230 Forest Policy Analysis, 6 cr 837015 FECM210 Quantitative Methods in ForestTiming: Autumn term, period I. Resources Management, 5 cr Responsible person: Docent Jussi Uusivuori FECP280 Essays, 3 cr Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: FECM290 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr YE19, Y55, Y56; for students majoring in Maturity essay forest economics, FEC110 and FEC120 or At least 18 credits from the following courses: corresponding courses. FECP210 Econometrics II, 6 Objective: The student becomes familiar with FECP220 Introduction to Methods of Socialformal problem formulation in forest economics Sciences, 6 cr and understands the connection between the FECP240 International Forest Policy, 3 cr assumptions and the structure of a theoretical

152 Department of Forest Economics economic model and the derived theoreticalis required. The appropriate seminar and the results and hypotheses for empirical testing. length of a report must be agreed upon with Contents: The rotation model for even•aged Professor Kuuluvainen or Professor Valsta. stands, age class models and the FisherianRealisation and working methods:Lectures consumption•savings model with biomass12, independent study 122 hours harvesting. In situ value of forest. Evaluation: Pass/Fail. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Other information: Instructions for writing 14, practical work 8, independent study 85a scienti¿ c presentation: See department’s hours website on the intranet Alma. Study materials and literature:Provided in the lectures Research Seminar (FEC380) 1 credit Evaluation: Exam and assignments. 837018 Timing: Annually Special Practical Training (FEC270)Responsible persons: Professor Jari 2 credits Kuuluvainen and Professor Lauri Valsta 837017 Objective: To provide doctoral students in Responsible person: Professor JariForest Economics an opportunity to discuss their Kuuluvainen or Professor Lauri Valsta current research topics and receive feedback. Objective: An introduction to working relating to Contents: Participants’ seminar presentations. the forest sector. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Contents: The training period (internship) can 12, independent study 15 hours take place in ¿ rms, research institutes or other Evaluation: Pass/Fail. organisations. It can be taken starting from the ¿ rst year of Master’s degree studies, possibly Quantitative Methods in Forest Resource abroad. Traineeships are usually arrangedManagement (FECM210) 5 credits by students themselves. The details of the83716 traineeship must be agreed upon beforehand Timing: Spring term, period IV. Offered every with Professor Kuuluvainen or Professor Valsta. other year starting in 2008. Students write a report on the training period Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta according to the instructions available at theRelations to other study units: Prerequisites: department. Y115 or corresponding knowledge. Realisation and working methods:Objective: The student analyses economic Independent study 53 hours issues in forest resource management Evaluation: Written plan, pass/fail. utilising quantitative methods and learns to use spreadsheets in solving management Thesis Seminar (FEC280) 5 credits problems. 837016 Contents: Management of even• and uneven• Timing: Beginning session: Autumn term,aged stands and forests; consideration of period I. biodiversity; study of probabilistic models. Responsible person: Professor JariRealisation and working methods:Lectures Kuuluvainen and Professor Lauri Valsta 28, practical work 12, independent study 93 Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: hours FEC120, FEC180, Y126, Y130 and Y131 orStudy materials and literature:Buongiorno, corresponding courses. J. and Gilless, K. J. 2003. Decision Methods Objective: The seminar trains the student in for Forest Resource Management. Academic the writing and oral presentation of a research Press. plan. Evaluation: Assignments and exam. Contents: Each participant presents the research plan of his/her Master’s thesis. The Economics of the Timber Industry (FECM220) participantsare actively involved in the discussion 5 credits and criticism of other students’ written and oral 83717 presentations (5 credits). Optional: Students can Timing: Spring term, period IV. Offered every earn additional 1•2 credits by participating in a other year starting in 2007. scienti¿ c seminar. A short report on the seminar Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta

153 Department of Forest Economics

Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: report on an independent research project. Y75 and Y145 or corresponding courses. Realisation and working methods: Objective: The student learns managerialIndependent study 1068 hours approaches to problems in the timber industry. Contents: Managerial accounting and ¿ nance, Econometrics II (FECP210) 6 credits investments in the timber industry, technological 83041 development. Timing: Autumn term, period II. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Responsible person: Professor Jari 20, practical work 10, independent study 103 Kuuluvainen and Docent Anne Toppinen hours Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: Evaluation: Assignments. MAL 15 or corresponding course Objective: To familiarise the student with the Special Topics in Forest Economics andbasic methods of econometrics in forest and Management (FECM260) 3•7 credits agricultural economics and in valuing non• 83726 market bene¿ ts. Timing: To be announced. Contents: Ordinary Least Squares. A focus on Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta cross•section and panel•data econometrics in Contents: Current issues in forest economics 2006. A focus on time series econometrics in and management to complement the student’s 2007. previous studies. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Other information: Reading and conference 14, practical work 14, independent study 132 based on an individual plan. hours Evaluation: Exercises (20%) and ¿ nal exam Literature (FECM270) 5 credits (80%). 83719 Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta Introduction to Methods of Social Sciences Objective: The student will gain an in•depth (FECP220) 6 credits understanding of the theories and problems in 83042 forest economics and management. Timing: Autumn term. Contents: Literature exam (5 cr.), usually in 2 Responsible person: Alvar (Sami) Berghäll parts. Books and schedule to be agreed upon Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: with Professor Valsta. Y130 Realisation and working methods:Objective: The course aims to provide a Independent study 133 hours comprehensive basic understanding of how Study materials and literature: By agreement modern quantitative social research is carried Evaluation: Final exam out and applied to forest economics. Contents: The course begins with a course Essays (FECM280) 3 credits exam on the literature. Enrolees who pass 83724 this examination will do group work in pairs, Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta and practice in carrying out a survey research Objective: Training in the use of professional project using a learning•by•doing approach. The language and written expression. work starts with discussion and preparation of a Contents: The student prepares two essays, theoretical frame of reference and a research one of which is based on Master’s thesis. Topics plan on a given case based on real data as well and the language in which the essays are written as familiarisation with the statistical analysis should be agreed upon with Professor Valsta. program SPSS. After the lectures each group Realisation and working methods:prepares a research report (a miniature Master’s Independent study 80 hours thesis) under the personal guidance of the Evaluation: Pass/Fail. instructor, who also provides the topic and the data. (Those already having a M.Sc. thesis topic Master’s Thesis (FECM290) 40 credits can work with their topic and related data.) The 83725 reports should be completed by the beginning Responsible person: Professor Lauri Valsta of December, but ¿ rst drafts should be ready Objective: To learn how to plan, conduct and by the middle of November. The course ends in

154 Department of Forest Economics

December with two seminar sessions. In these Responsible person: To be announced. researcher colloquiums, each group presents Objective: To familiarise the students with the work it has done in the style of a researcher international forest policy. reporting her/his results to a scienti¿ c congress Contents: International conventions related to (attendance obligatory). forestry: UNFF, MCPFE, UNFCCC, UNCCD, Realisation and working methods:Lectures CBD. Themes will include good governance 18, practical work 82, group work practices 40, and forest certi¿ cation. independent study 20 hours Evaluation: Exam and assignments. Study materials and literature:Bailey, K. D. 1987 or newer edition. Methods of socialValuation of Environmental ¿ Benets research, excluding part 3 (pp. 217•336). New (FECP250) 3 credits York Free Press. 83049 Evaluation: Pass/fail, based on the examination Timing: Autumn term, period I. Offered every of literature, SPSS skills assessment and another year starting in 2007. approved case report. Responsible person: University Lecturer Mika Other information: In connection with FPM26. Rekola This version of the course is for FEC majors. Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: The course utilises WebCT as a virtual working YE3, FEC110 or corresponding courses. environment. Admission to the course requires successful completion of the literature pre•test. Forest Policy Analysis (FECP230) 6 credits Objective: To familiarise the student with the 83043 valuation of environmental bene¿ ts. Timing: Spring term. Contents: Use of valuation methods in a Responsible person: Professor Jaripolicy context; history of non•market valuation Kuuluvainen and University Lecturer Mikamethods; welfare change measures, survey Rekola techniques, contingent valuation, choice Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: experiment, travel cost method and hedonic FEC120 or corresponding course; studentspricing. Assignments on survey design and the majoring in forest economics FECP210 orprocessing the data. FECP220. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Objective: To give students the tools for forest 16, practical work 10, group work 14, policy analysis. independent study 40 hours Contents: Economicfoundations of forest policy, Study materials and literature:A Primer in private and social preferences, externalities and Nonmarket Valuation. Edited by Champ, P. A., market failures; evaluating the effectiveness of Boyle, K. J., and Brown, T. C. 2003. Kluwer forest policy; forest legislation; forest taxation Academic Publishers. and subsidies; timber supply and nonindustrial Evaluation: Essay (60%) and assignments forest owner behaviour. Theoretical models and (40%) their connection to the empirical analysis inOther information: In connection with YE13.2 forest economics and forest policy. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Special Topics in Forest Economics and 42, group work 10, independent study 108Policy (FECP260) 3•7 credits hours 83047 Study materials and literature:Provided in Timing: To be announced. the lectures. Responsible person: Professor Jari Evaluation: Exercises and essays. Kuuluvainen Other information: Lectures include written Contents: Current issues in forest economics assignments and presentations on the course and policy. material. Other information: Readings and conferences based on an individual plan. International Forest Policy (FECP240) 3 credits Literature (FECP270) 5 credits 83048 83044 Timing: To be announced. Responsible person: Professor Jari

155 Department of Forest Economics

Kuuluvainen the lectures Objective: To familiarise the student with the Evaluation: Exam (80%) and group work theories and practices of forest economics(20%) in conjunction with forest and environmentalOther information: Students are asked to sign policy. up at WebOodi. Contents: Literature exam. Literature for the ¿ nal exam must be agreed upon with Professor Essays (FECP280) 3 credits Kuuluvainen. 83045 Realisation and working methods:Responsible person: Professor Jari Independent study 80 hours. Kuuluvainen Study materials and literature:The exam is Objective: Training in the use of professional based either on materials for environmental and language and expression. resource economics: Contents: The student prepares two essays, · Baumol, W. J. and Oates, W. E. 1988. The one of which is a research report based on the theory of environmental policy. Cambridge Master’s Thesis. Topics and the language in University Press; The Dorsey Press, pp. 319• which the essays are written must be agreed 371. upon with Professor Kuuluvainen. · Bromley, D. W. 1991. Environment andRealisation and working methods: Economy. Property Rights and Public Policy. Independent study 80 hours · Lesser, J. A., Dodds, D. E. and Zerbe Jr, R. O. 1997. Environmental Economics and Policy. Master’s Thesis (FECP290) 40 credits Addison•Wesley, Oxford Blackwell. 83046 · or on materials for forest policy: Responsible person: Professor Jari · Cubbage, F. W., O’Laughlin, J. and Bullock Kuuluvainen III, C. S. 1993. Forest Resource Policy. John Objective: To learn how to plan, conduct and Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 1•11 and 17. report on an independent research project. · Verdung, E. 1997. Public Policy and Program Realisation and working methods: Evaluation. Transaction Publishers. Independent study 1068 hours · Ollonqvist, P. 1998. Metsäpolitiikka ja sen tekijät: pitkä linja 1928•1997. · Wilson, B., Van Gooten. G C., Vertinsky, I. Courses in Finnish and Arthur, L. (eds.). 1999. Forest Policy. International Case Studies. CABI Publishing. Introduction to studies in forest science Evaluation: Exam. (MMEKN100) 2 credits 837007 Private Forestry and Forest Policy (FECP271) Timing: Autumn term, period I. 3 credits Contents: A general introductory course for all 83039 forestry students. The course gives a general Timing: Spring term, period III. overview of the forestry curricula and essential Responsible person: Professor Heimo topics in forestry. The students are introduced Karppinen to the forestry departments, teachers and staff, Objective: Familiarisation with and the study practises and options. The planning of characteristics of private forestry and related the student’s personal study plan for completing forest policy in Finland. In addition, a survey of the Bachelor’s degree is related closely to this private forestry in other industrialised countries course. is provided. Contents: A pro¿ le of private forest ownerPersonal Study Plan (B.Sc.) (MMEKN101) in Finland, private forestry in industrialised2 credits countries (group work), social sustainability in 837008 private forestry, forest management behavior, Timing: At the beginning of studies toward the timber supply behavior, forest policy measures. Bachelor’s degree Realisation and working methods:Lectures Contents: Study and career planning. 18, group work 18, independent study 45 hours Study materials and literature:Provided in

156 Department of Forest Economics

Career planning (MMEKN110) 1 credit knowledge of the subject chosen in the course 837004 FEC180 and writes a B.Sc. thesis. Timing: Spring term, IV period. Contents: Planning for a career and applying Business Strategy and Management for a job in the Finnish forest sector. Simulations (FECM230) 5 credits 83718 Ethics and Social Responsibility in theTiming: Spring term. Forest Sector (MMEKN120) 3 credits Contents: The course begins with a literature 837002 exam. Before the actual simulation sessions Contents: Basics of ethical decision•making. begin, student groups establish a company according to the data given. Companies compete Introduction to forest economics (FEC110) against one another during the simulation 8 credits sessions in the computer classroom. The 837011 attendance of all team members is necessary Timing: Spring term. in all sessions. To complete the course Contents: The goals of forest resourcerequirements, each team must submit a written management; commensurability of revenues initial and ¿ nal report about their particular case. and costs incurred at different times; economics Unless otherwise indicated, the course is given of forest management and optimal rotationin Finnish only. age; timber supply and demand; forest industry product supply, input demand; non•market bene¿ ts of forests and theoretical basics of forest policy.

Fundamentals of forest economics (FEC120) 10 credits 837012 Timing: Autumn term. Contents: Economic theory of investment calculations and optimal forest management methods; pro¿ t calculation, pro¿ tability and forest valuation; forest policy and its implications for decision•making,; timber demand and supply analysis,; functioning of forestry products market and introduction to cost•bene¿ t analysis.

Research Seminar (B.Sc.) (FEC180) 3 credits 837013 Timing: Beginning session: Autumn term, period I. Contents:Thecourse consists of communication assignments (1 credit) and a written seminar (2 credits). This seminar and Business and Economic Finnish (FPM16) are closely related to each other and should be taken concurrently. Subjects of the seminar presentations must be agreed upon with Professor Kuuluvainen or Professor Valsta.

Bachelor’s Thesis (FEC190) 6 credits 837014 Timing: 3rd year. Contents: The student deepens his/her

157 Department of Forest Economics Forest Products Marketing

The main educational objective of this major Y60 Commercial Law, 4 cr is to generate knowledge and skills supporting MMEKN110 Career Planning, 1 cr especially the international marketing of forest Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 cr industry products. Marketing of roundwood and Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr forestry services are also included in ForestFPM63 Personal Study Plan (B.Sc.), 2 cr Products Marketing. The major covers the whole chain, starting from the forest and ending with MAJOR STUDIES the marketing of forestry sector end products. Basic studies Y55 Basic Course in Economics, 10 cr As an applied science, Forest ProductsY105 Basic Course in Marketing, 5 cr Marketing is de¿ ned by the area it is applied Y145 Basics of Accounting, 4 cr to. The scienti¿ c objective of this major is toFPM1 Basic Course in Forest Products describe, explain and forecast phenomena Marketing, 3 cr in its area of interest and thusÀ uence in the MMEKN120 Ethics and Social Responsibility in decision•making in the forest sector. To reach the Forest Sector, 3 cr this objective, Forest Products Marketing relies Intermediate studies heavily on its mother sciences, of which theEE047 Organizational Behaviour, 5 cr most important are the behavioural sciences, Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr economics and the methodological sciences. FEC110 Introduction to Forest Economics, 8 cr The general principle is that B.Sc.•level studies FPM7 Structures and Functions of Forest are taught in Finnish, while M.Sc.•level studies Products Marketing, 9 cr are taught in English. However, students wishing FPM17 FPM Seminar, 5 cr to engage in FPM studies should¿ rst contact FPM10•15 Two Business language courses, the FPM professor to agree upon a tailored 14 cr study plan. Also, the pre•requisite coursesFPM21a Commercial Training, 3 cr should be taken into account in making such a FPM8 End•Use and Users of Forest study plan. Industry Products, 9 cr MMVAR25 Practical Training, 2 cr Teaching staff FPM17b Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Professor Heikki Juslin Maturity Essay Professor Mikko Tervo University Lecturer Sami Berghäll LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN Assistant Tomi Amberla INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Second domestic language, 4 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Two foreign languages, 6 cr BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS ICT driving licence, 3 cr or FPM61A Information and GENERAL STUDIES Communication Technology of FPM MMEKN100 Introduction to Studies in Forest (B.Sc.), 3 cr. Science, 2 cr FPM16 Business and Economic Finnish, ME101 Basics of Forest Ecology and 5 cr Silviculture, 3 cr MARV1 Basics of Forest Mensuration andMINOR STUDIES Management, 9 cr Basic studies in one subject, approval of the METEK11 Basic Forest Technology, 3 cr professor is required, 25 credits PTEK20 Bases of Wood Technology, 3 cr METEK12 Basic Training in Forest and Wood FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 9 CREDITS Technology, 3 cr

158 Department of Forest Economics

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE market. Lectures and independent reading MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS are supported with exercises. Each student produces a portfolio of essays on marketing GENERAL STUDIES theory and elements for a customer satisfaction Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr survey. FPM61B Information and CommunicationRealisation and working methods:Lectures Technology of FPM (M.Sc.), 2 cr 30, practical work 40, independent study 50 FPM64 Personal Study Plan (M.Sc.), 1 cr hours. Evaluation: Portfolio of essays and exercises. MAJOR STUDIES Advanced studies Structures and Functions of Forest Products FPM25 Strategic Planning of Forest Products Marketing (FPM7) 9 credits Marketing, 5 cr 84050 FPM26 Marketing Planning and ResearchTiming: Spring term, period III. Recommended (Survey Research), 6 cr to be taken in the 2nd year of studies. FPM27 Advanced Literature, 6 cr Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin FPM18 Master’s Thesis Seminar, 5 cr Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: FPM19 Articles, 3 cr FPM1 lectures FPM20 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Objective: Understanding and application of Maturity Essay FPM in theory and practice. FPM21b Special Practical Training, 12 weeks, Contents: Inconnection with the comprehensive 3 cr marketing planning, students are familiarised FPM10•15 One business language course, 7 cr with forest products marketing channels and FECM230 Business Strategy and Management functions. The planning of marketing channels Simulations, 5 cr and functions is connected with marketing strategy. The study of this subject matter is OTHER STUDIES based both on theoretical models and practical Elective studies (approval of professor applications. is Exercises are given. required), 20 cr Realisation and working methods:Lectures 30, group work 40, independent study 170 FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 15 CREDITS hours Evaluation: Exam on lectures and exercise 30%, ¿ nal exam 70%. Courses in English FPM Seminar (FPM17) 5 credits Teaching events in WebOodi 84053 Timing: In 3rd year of studies. Marketing of Roundwood and ForestryResponsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin Services (FPM3) 5 credits Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: 84028 FPM7 lectures Timing: Spring term, period III. Recommended Objective: Ability to write and present logical, to be taken in the 1st year of Master’s degree systematic and crystal•clear (semi•)scienti¿ c studies. papers. Ability to participate in professional Responsible person: Professor Mikko Tervo discussion. Relations to other study units: Recommended Contents: The student is trained to prepare a courses to be taken before FPM3: FPM7 and scienti¿ c paper and to present it orally. Every FPM8 participant prepares a seminar paper for Objective: Learning the basic principles of the presentation and discussion. All participants marketing of services in forestry take turns during the seminar serving as a Contents: Principles of services marketing, discussion leader and an opponent. Students customer satisfaction research and customer are also required to have the text of their relationships management are introduced in the presentation checked by the teacher of the context of forest sector. Theoretical concepts, FPM11 (see FPM11 • Writing in English). survey measures, and analytical tools areRealisation and working methods:Lectures applied to business transactions in the forestry

159 Department of Forest Economics

40, independent study 93 hours Special Practical Training, 12 Weeks Evaluation: Presentations are evaluated on (FPM21B) 3 credits the contents of the papers and the way they are 84031 presented Timing: In the 1st or the 2nd year of Master’s Other information: Seminar paper forms the degree studies. basis of the B.Sc. thesis. Responsible person: Assistant Tomi Rinne Objective: Gathering a comprehensive and Personal Study Plan (M.Sc.) (FPM64) 1 credit in•depth understanding of marketing in forest 84064 industries or in other relevant business sectors. Timing: In the 1st year of Master’s degreeContents: Practical issues in marketing and studies. market research in forest industries or in other Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin relevant business sectors. Working in the ¿ eld of Objective: Systematic overview of M.Sc. level forest products marketing or in other applicable studies. special ¿ eld. Special practical training has to be Contents: Designing and discussing M.Sc. approved by the assistant of Forest Products level studies. Marketing in advance. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Evaluation: Training report according to the 3, independent study 24 hours instructions. The instructions for preparing the Evaluation: Pass/Fail, based on the plan and report are available in Room 514. Pass/Fail. participation. Other information: The department is not responsible for providing the training positions. Master’s Thesis Seminar (FPM18) 5 credits 84055 Strategic Planning of Forest Products Timing: In 1st year of Master’s degree studies. Marketing (FPM25) 5 credits Responsible person: Professor Mikko Tervo 84051 and Professor Heikki Juslin Timing: II and III period. In the 1st year of Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: Master’s degree studies. Offered 2007•08. FPM25 Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin Objective: Planning a Master’s thesis Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: Contents: The student becomes familiar with FPM7 lectures applying scienti¿ c methodology, researchObjective: Understanding of theory and planning and principles of conducting research. application of the principles of strategic planning Thereafter, students prepare a research plan for on corporate, business and marketing levels. the Master’s thesis and present it to the class Contents: The course gives a deep knowledge for discussion and criticism. of the strategic planning of forest products Realisation and working methods:Lectures marketing and connects it with information 30, independent study 103 hours retrieval. Planning of corporate strategy and Evaluation: Exercises, research plan, andmarketing strategy is explained and discussed participation in the context of the related needs for marketing information. The students carry out a course Master’s Thesis (FPM20) 40 credits exercise on a given topic and participate in the 84020 group sessions. This course is associated with Timing: In the 2nd year of Master’s degreethe writing of the ¿ rst article (only for students studies. whose major is Forest Products Marketing, see Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin FPM19). Objective: To acquire skills needed in planning Realisation and working methods:Lectures and implementation of a scienti¿ c research 30, group work 40, independent study 63 hours project. Study materials and literature:Material is Contents: Planning, implementing and reporting distributed in connection with the lectures. a scienti¿ c research project. Evaluation: Final exam. Approved exercises Realisation and working methods:Lectures and participation in the group sessions. 10, independent study 1058 hours

160 Department of Forest Economics

Marketing Planning and Research (Survey Advanced Literature (FPM27) 6 credits Research) (FPM26) 6 credits 84054 84052 Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin Timing: Autumn term. In 1st year of Master’s Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: degree studies. FPM25 Responsible person: Alvar (Sami) Berghäll Objective: Forming a comprehensive picture of Relations to other study units: Prerequisites: marketing theory and science. Y130, FPM8 and FPM25 lectures Contents: Exam on literature. Objective: The course aims to provide Realisation a and working methods: comprehensive basic understanding of howIndependent study 160 hours modern quantitative marketing research andEvaluation: Exam on literature. social research is conducted and how the results of this research are applied in solving Forest Information• and communication technology Products Marketing (FPM) research problems. of FPM (M.Sc.) (FPM61B 2 credits Contents: The course begins with a course 84065 exam on the literature. Enrolees who passResponsible person: Alvar (Sami) Berghäll this examination will do group work in pairs,Relations to other study units:See below; and practice in carrying out a survey research FPM7, FPM17, FPM25 and FPM26 project using a learning•by•doing approach. The Objective: Strengthening student’s ICT skills work starts with discussion and preparation of a Contents: ICT skills related to forest products theoretical frame of reference and a research marketing: SPSS test in connection with FPM26, plan on a given case based on real data as well WebCT exercise in connection with FPM26 and as familiarisation with the statistical analysisPowerPoint presentation in connection with program SPSS. After the lectures each group FPM7, FPM17 and FPM25. prepares a research report (a miniature Master’s Realisation and working methods:Practical thesis) under the personal guidance of thework 4, group work 24, independent study 25 instructor, who also provides the topic and the hours data. (Those already having a M.Sc. thesis topic Evaluation: Pass/fail can work with their topic and related data.) The reports should be completed by the beginning Post•Graduate Research Seminar (FPM30) of December, but ¿ rst drafts should be ready 3 credits by the middle of November. The course ends in 84025 December with two seminar sessions. In these Responsible person: Professor Heikki Juslin researcher colloquiums, each group presents and Professor Mikko Tervo the work it has done in the style of a researcher Objective: Ability to conduct high quality reporting her/his results to a scienti¿ c congress academic research. (attendance obligatory). Contents: Researcher seminar is the primary Realisation and working methods:Lectures discussion forum for FPM researchers. The 18, practical work 82, group work core 40, content arises out of current issues of independent study 20 hours FPM research involving theory construction, Study materials and literature:Juslin H and methodology and philosophy of science, Lindström, T. The Planning and Implementation preparation of research plans and reporting of Marketing Research. (Available at of the research results. The seminar gives those of¿ ce.) attending an in•depth view on how FPM Evaluation: Pass/fail based on the examination approaches the research problems in its¿ eld of literature, SPSS skills assessment andof research. Through networking, the seminar approved case report. also increases possibilities for cooperation and Other information: In connection withexchange of ideas. FECP220. This version of the course is for the Realisation and working methods:Lectures FPM•majors. The course utilises WebCT as a 50, independent study 30 hours virtual working environment.

161 Department of Forest Economics

Courses in Finnish Business Russian (FPM15) 7 credits 84015 Information• and communication technology of FPM (B.Sc.) (FPM61A ) 3 credits Business and Economic Finnish (FPM16) 84061 5 credits 84060 Personal Study Plan (B.Sc.) (FPM63) 2 credits Bachelor’s Thesis (FPM17B) 6 credits 84063 84044

Basic Course in Forest Products Marketing Commercial Training (FPM21A) 3 credits (FPM1) 3 credits 84030 84026 Special Course in Forest Products Marketing End•Use and Users of Forest Industry(FPM23) 2•3 credits Products (FPM8) 9 credits 84023 84008 Personal Communication (FPM28) 3 credits Industrial Use of Forest Industry Products 84021 (FPM9) 5 credits 84009 Articles (FPM19) 3 credits 84058 Business Swedish (FPM10) 7 credits Timing: In 1st year of Master’s degree studies. 84010 Contents: A total of four articles are written. The course aims at improving written in the context Business English (FPM11) 7 credits of forest products marketing. The¿ rst article 84011 is written during FPM25, the second during FPM10 (Swedish), the third during the third Business German (FPM12) 7 credits obligatory commercial language course (usually 84012 FPM12) and the fourth article during FPM20. In special cases the second and third article can Business Spanish (FPM13) 7 credits be written in connection with FPM20. Articles 84013 are corrected by the teacher of the respective course. In addition, the ¿ rst article is evaluated Business French (FPM14) 7 credits by a teacher of Finnish/Swedish language. 84014

162 Department of Forest Resource Management DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The Department of Forest ResourceAdditional courses based on the selected Management has one main subject: Forestspecialisation line: Resource Science and Technology. This subject Forest Planning and Forest Inventory is divided into four specialisation lines: Forest Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Planning, Forest Inventory, Forest Technology Y132 Statistical Models 2, 3 cr and Wood Technology. The department also GIS1 Desktop GIS, 2 cr offers geoinformatics and logistics as common subjects. Forest technology LOG1 Basics of Logistics, 3 cr Teaching at the department covers a wide range YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr of technical and economical questions related Y75 Managerial Accounting, 5 cr to the management and monitoring of forestGIS1 Desktop GIS, 2 cr resources, wood procurement and wood as a Wood technology raw material. GIS1 Desktop GIS, 2 cr LOG1 Basics of Logistics, 3 cr Head of the Department YFYS1 Physics I, 5 cr Professor Marketta Sipi Instead of LOG1 and YFYS1, students may choose YKEM100 Chemistry, Lectures, 8 cr Contact information Department of Forest Resource Management MAJOR STUDIES P.O. Box 27 Basic studies FI•00014 University of Helsinki MARV1 Basics of Forest Mensuration and Finland Management, 9 cr tel. + 358•9•191 58174 MARV2 Forest Management Planning, 4 cr fax + 358•9•191 58159 METEK11 Basic Forest Technology, 3 cr Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ METEK12 Basic Training in Forest and Wood Technology, 3 cr PTEK20 Bases of Wood Technology, 3 cr REQUIREMENTS FOR THE One course from the following: BACHELOR’S DEGREE, 180 CREDITS GIS3 Remote Sensing 1, 3 cr Applicable to all four specialisation lines MMVAR21 Essays, 3 cr METEK16 The Environmental Effects of GENERAL STUDIES Wood Utilization, Wood Procurement and MMVAR10 Introduction to Studies in Forest Silvicultural Practices, 3 cr Sciences, 3 cr Intermediate studies Y130 Basics of Statistical Inference, 5 crMARV3 Field Training Course in Forest Y96 Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in High Management Planning, 5 cr School Mathematics, 0 cr METEK14 Methods of Logging and Wood Y100 Mathematics I, 5 cr Transport, 6 cr Y125 Basic Course in Research, 2 cr GIS4 Principles of GIS, 4 cr Y115 Operational Research, 3 cr PTEK15 Wood Product Industry, 5 cr KASV148 Identi¿ cation of Forest Plants, 2 cr or PTEK36 Production of Pulp and MMVAR16 Personal Study Plan (B.Sc.), 2 cr Paper, 5 cr MMVAR21 Essays, 3 cr MMVAR22 Bachelor’s Literature, 3 cr MMVAR23 Bachelor’s Thesis, 6 cr Maturity Essay

163 Department of Forest Resource Management

MMVAR24 Bachelor’s Seminar, 3 cr OTHER STUDIES MMVAR25 Practical Training, 2•3 cr ME101 Basics of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, 3 cr Additional courses based on the selectedME102 Finnish Forest Soil Properties and specialisation line: Processes and the Forest Site Yype Classi¿ cation, 5 cr Forest Planning and Forest Inventory ME104 Silviculture, 5 cr MARV4/1 Forest Inventory, 4 cr FEC110 Introduction to Forest Economics, MARV4/2 Inventory Project, 5 cr 8 cr MARV5/1 Multi•Attribute Forest Planning, 6 cr FPM1 Basic Course in Forest Product MARV5/2 Decision Support System, 3 cr Marketing, 3 cr GIS3 Remote Sensing 1, 3 cr GIS12 Remote Sensing 2, 5 cr MINOR STUDIES Forest technology Basic studies in one subject, approval of the METEK16 The Environmental Effects of Wood professor is required, 25 credits Utilization, Wood Procurement and Silvicultural Practices, 3 cr FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 0•14 CREDITS METEK22 Mechanized Harvesting and Forest Machine Engineering, 5 cr METEK23 Excursion to Logging and ForestCourses in English Industry, 2 cr Teaching events in WebOodi METEK24 International Wood Procurement, 3 cr Essays (MMVAR21) 3 credits METEK25 Forest Work Studies, 3 cr 87421 METEK39 Terra Mechanics, 5 cr Timing: Master’s studies, 1st•2nd year. Detailed PTEK35 Scaling of Wood Raw Materials, timetable will be agreed separately with the 3 cr professor. Wood technology Responsible person: Prof. Annika Kangas PTEK12 Forest Industrial Laboratory Work,(MSUU), Prof. (acting) Markus Holopainen 3 cr (MINV), Prof. Esko Mikkonen (METEK), Prof. PTEK15 Wood Product Industry, 5 cr Marketta Sipi (PTEK) PTEK21 Wood Science, 3 cr Objective: To practise skills in writing and in PTEK34 Wood as Construction and Furniture making oral presentations Material, 5 cr Contents: Writing of reports and creation of PTEK35 Scaling of Wood Raw Materials,PowerPoint or corresponding presentations 3 cr Realisation and working methods: PTEK36 Production of Pulp and Paper, 5 cr Independent study 80h PTEK37 Wood as Fibre Material, 5 cr Study materials and literature:Agreed with PTEK41 Current Topics in Wood Technology, the professor 3 cr Evaluation: Topics and contents approved in METEK23 Excursion to Logging and Forestadvance by the professor. Evaluation of spelling Industry, 2 cr of one essay by an English teacher of the university. LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONProject planning and management TECHNOLOGY (ICT) (MMVAR31) 5 credits Second domestic language, 4 cr 87431 Foreign language, 3 cr Timing: Spring term, period III ICT driving licence, 3 cr Responsible person: Prof. Esko Mikkonen MMVAR11 Excel exercises in Relations Forest to other study units:Prerequisite: Mensuration and Management, 2 cr B.Sc. level Objective: Understanding the project as a tool; project planning and management; tools for project work.

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Contents: The project as a management tool; (MSUU/MINV), MMM Kalle Ylisirniö (METEK), project planning and scheduling; data collection University Lecturer Juha Rikala (PTEK) and management. Objective: To familiarize the student with Realisation and working methods:Lectures scienti¿ c research work in a research institute, 16 h, Practical work 4 h, Group work 40 h, university, or forest industry. Independent study 20 h Contents: Working in a study project, writing of Study materials and literature:Given in training report lectures. Realisation and working methods: Evaluation: Approved report Independent study 80 h Evaluation: Approved training report with Research Workshop (MMVAR32) 5 credits the working reference. Instructions from the 87432 department. Timing: I • IV periods Other information: Advance approval of the Responsible person: Lecturer Hannu Rita, training is required. University Lecturer Juha Rikala, teachers in other specialisation lines of the department. Personal Study Plan (M.Sc.) (MMVAR36) Objective: To increase the student’s ability to 1 credit evaluate articles from different points of view in 87436 order to support the preparation of the Master’s Timing: At the beginning of advanced studies thesis. Responsible person: Prof. Annika Kangas Contents: Evaluation of scienti¿ c articles: (MSUU), Prof. (acting) Markus Holopainen theoretical background, hypotheses, objectives, (MINV), University Lecturer Juha Rikala (PTEK), statistical methods, results, discussions M.Sc. Kalle Ylisirniö (METEK) Realisation and working methods:Lectures Contents: Personal study plan of advanced 16 h, Group work 60 h, Independent study 60 h studies Study materials and literature: Handed out in Evaluation: Accepted personal study plan lectures Evaluation: Active participation in meetings Basic Course in Programming (MMVAR37) and presentations 3 credits Other information: A detailed schedule will be 87437 given later. Timing: Period III Responsible person: M.Sc. Jussi Rasinmäki, Master’s thesis (MMVAR33) 40 credits M.Sc. Antti Mäkinen 87433 Objective:Togive students basic abilities to solve Timing: Master’s studies 1st•2nd year data processing problems computationally. Responsible person: Prof. Annika Kangas Contents: The students will ¿ rst lear the basics (MARV), Prof. (acting) Markus Holopainenof programming and then apply those skills to (MINV), Prof. Esko Mikkonen (METEK), Prof. solve problems commonly met when dealing Marketta Sipi (PTEK) with research material. Python programming Objective: To practise as a student in scienti¿ c language will be used during the course. research work and reporting of results in his/her Realisation and working methods: Lectures speci¿ c research ¿ eld 10 h, Practical work 40 h, Independent study Contents: Collecting, processing and analysing 30 h data Study materials and literature: The course Realisation and working methods:material will be available on the web pages of Independent study 1080 h the course. Evaluation: Accepted thesis Evaluation: Based on the course exercises. Other information: Details of the course will be Special practical training (MMVAR35) available 3 later. credits 87435 Timing: Master’s studies 1st•2nd year (or outside academic years) Responsible person: Prof. Annika Kangas

165 Department of Forest Resource Management

It is possible to pass following courses Contents: Study on readings for Bachelor’s also in English (see description under thesis courses in Finnish): Bachelor’s thesis (MMVAR23) 6 credits Personal study plan (B.Sc.) (MMVAR16)87423 2 credits Timing: 3rd academic year Contents: Brief research report based on Literature (B.Sc.) (MMVAR22) 3 credits primary or secondary data

Bachelor’s Thesis (MMVAR23) 6 credits Bachelor’s seminar (MMVAR24) 3 credits 87424 Bachelor’s Seminar (MMVAR24) 3 credits Timing: Periods II•IV. Contents: Academic writing, À uent writing and Practical Training (MMVAR25) 2•3 credits speaking, acting as an opponent, evaluation of papers and critical thinking Master’s Seminar (MMVAR34) 3 credits Practical training (MMVAR25) 2•3 credits Licentiate Literature (MMVAR42) 5 credits 87425 Timing: 2nd or 3rd academic year (or outside Licentiate Seminar (MMVAR44) 3 credits academic years) Contents: Practical training

Master’s Seminar (MMVAR34) 3 credits Courses in Finnish 87434 Contents: Theoretical background of the Introduction to studies in forest sciences research, selection of scienti¿ c methods. (MMVAR10) 3 credits 87410 Licentiateand Doctoral Literature (MMVAR42) Timing: Autumn term, period I 10 credits Contents: This is a general introductory 87442 course for forestry students. The course gives Timing: Whole academic year a general overview of the forestry curricula and Contents: Literature the essential questions of forestry. The course introduces forestry departments, teachers and Licentiate and Doctoral Seminar (MMVAR44) studying practises. Each participant prepares a 3 credits personal study plan. 87444 Timing: to be arranged individually Excel Exercises in Forest Mensuration and Contents: Theoretical backgrounds of study, Management (MMVAR11) 2 credits selection of scienti¿ c methods. 87411 Timing: period IV Contents: The Excel exercises integrated into the MARV1 course. Wood Technology Personal Study Plan (B.Sc.) (MMVAR16) 2 credits Wood Technology is an applied science that 87416 focuses on wood structure and properties and Timing: First and second autumn their effect on industrial processes and products. Contents: Preparation of a personal study plan Instruction is provided in a combination of lecture for the Bachelor’s degree courses, excursions to forest industry facilities, laboratory training, seminars and literature. Literature (B.Sc.) (MMVAR22) 3 credits Wood Technology is a suitable major for those 87422 who intend to specialise in management, expert Timing: 3rd academic year. and export duties or various tasks in research and teaching.

166 Department of Forest Resource Management

Teaching staff Courses in English Professor Marketta Sipi Teaching events in WebOodi University Lecturer Juha Rikala Professor Jouni Paltakari, Helsinki University of Current Topics in Wood Technology Technology (PTEK41) 3 credits Senior Researcher Pekka Saranpää, Finnish 83994 Forest Research Institute Timing: Spring term, period III. Senior Scientist Jari Sirviö, KCL Responsible person: University Lecturer Juha Rikala, visiting lecturers Contact information Objective: To deepen a student’s knowledge in Department of Forest Resource Management the topical questions of wood technology P.O. Box 27 Contents: Expert presentations, writing a report FI•00014 University of Helsinki of a topical question of wood technology Finland Realisation and working methods:Lectures tel. +358 9 191 58174 10 h, Practical work 2 h, Independent study 68 fax +358 9 191 58159 h Study materials and literature: Material given in lectures REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Evaluation: Participation in lectures and an MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS acceptable report on a given topic Other information: Detailed schedule will be GENERAL STUDIES given later. Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 4 cr Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 crLiterature Examination (M.Sc.) in Wood MMVAR36 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr Technology (PTEK7) 6 credits At least 9 credits from the following: 83907 Basics of database, 4 cr Timing: periods I•IV Y131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr Responsible person: Prof. Marketta Sipi YFYS2 • FYS5 Studies of physics, 5 cr Relations to other study units: MMVAR34 Language studies 5•10 credits Objective: To deepen a student’s knowledge of a topic in wood technology MAJOR STUDIES Contents: Advanced readings in wood Advanced studies technology MMVAR31 Project planning and management, Realisation and working methods: 3 cr Independent study 160 h MMVAR32 Research Workshop, 5 cr Study materials and literature:Agreed MMVAR33 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr separately with the professor Maturity Essay Evaluation: Essays on topics provided by the MMVAR34 Master’s Seminar, 3 cr professor and/or literature exam MMVAR35 Special Practical Training, 3 cr PTEK7 Literature in Wood Technology, 6 cr Additional recommendations: Courses in Finnish FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry, 5 cr Forest Industrial Laboratory Work (PTEK12) FECM230 Business Strategy and Management 3 credits Simulations, 6 cr 83912 Timing: Spring term, period IV. FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 31 CREDITS Contents: Making of laboratory sheets, measuring of paper properties, laboratory report, literature review

Wood Product Industry (PTEK15) 5 credits 83915 Timing: Autumn term, period II.

167 Department of Forest Resource Management Contents: Raw materials of wood productForest Technology industry, processes, products and their properties Forest Technology deals with wood harvesting and transport, forest work science and planning Bases of Wood Technology (PTEK20) 3 of wood procurement. Machinery for wood credits procurement and forest regeneration purposes 83925 is also included. Teaching consists of lectures Timing: Autumn term, period I. and ¿ eld courses, excursions, practical Contents: Finnish forest industry and its exercises, seminars and literature surveys. As products, wood structure and properties, role of a specialisation line, Forest Technology suits wood properties in processing students who are willing to study various aspects of wood procurement either in forestry, forest Wood Science (PTEK21) 3 credits industry, research or teaching. The courses give 83926 agood background for international assignments Timing: Autumn term, period I. dealing with cut•to•length technology and Contents: Wood structure, differences environmentally sound harvesting practices between species, microscopic and macroscopic applying information technology. identi¿ cation

Wood as a Construction and FurnitureTeaching staff Professor Esko Mikkonen Material (PTEK34) 5 credits Professor Marketta Sipi 83934 Kalle Ylisirniö Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. Contents: Effect of wood properties on the furniture and construction industry; chemical Contact information and structural protection and modifying of wood Department of Forest Resource Management P.O. Box 27 Scaling of Wood Raw Materials (PTEK35)FI•00014 University of Helsinki 3 credits Finland 83935 Tel. +358 9 191 58192 Timing: Spring term, period III. Fax +358 9 191 58159 Contents: Description and measurementhttp://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ of quality and quantity of wood. Theoretical foundations, methodology, organizations, regulations, and methods. The course includes REQUIREMENTS FOR THE exercises. MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS

Production of Pulp and Paper (PTEK36)GENERAL STUDIES 5 credits Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 4 cr 83936 Y126 Basic course in Research 2, 2 cr Timing: Autumn term, periods I and II. Basics of database, 5 cr Contents: Production of wood pulp and itsY131 Statistical Models 1, 5 cr raw materials. Introduction to pulp properties; MMVAR36 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr processes variables; paper manufacturing; paper structure and properties MAJOR STUDIES Advanced studies Wood as Fiber Material (PTEK37) 5 credits MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management, 83902 3 cr Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. MMVAR32 Research Workshop, 5 cr Contents: Variation in ¿ bre properties and their MMVAR33 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr measurement in pulp. Exploration of the causal Maturity Essay relations between ¿ bre properties and paper MMVAR34 Master’s Seminar, 3 cr properties. MMVAR35 Special Practical Training, 3 cr

168 Department of Forest Resource Management

METEK36 Operations Research in WoodOperations Research in Wood Procurement Procurement, 8 cr (METEK36) 8 credits METEK38 Literature of Forest Technology,83826 8 cr Timing: Intensive periods of instruction in spring METEK40 International Field Trip, 1 cr or autumn METEK41 Current Topics in Forest Technology, Responsible person: ProfessorEsko Mikkonen 2 cr M.Sc. Kalle Ylisirniö FECM220 Economics of the Timber Industry, Relations to other study units:Y100/Y101, 5 cr Y115, METEK23, LME4, Elementary Operations Research classes, intermediate level studies in FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 23 CREDITS forest technology. Objective: To give a student a broad overview of operations research methods and their Courses in English applicability in wood procurement. Teaching events in WebOodi Contents: Operations research modelling Realisation and working methods:Lectures The Environmental Effects of Wood56 h, Independent study 160 h Utilization, Wood Procurement Study and materials and literature:Given pages Silvicultural Practices (METEK16) 3 credits from: 83838 · Dykstra, D.P. 1984. Mathematical Timing: Spring term, period IV Programming for Natural Resource Responsible person: Professor Esko Management. New York. Mikkonen · Lokki, O. Matemaattinen ohjelmointi I•II. Objective: To give students an overall picture of OtaData. Espoo. modern forest technology operations and their · Mikkonen, E. 1983. Eräiden matemaattisen harmful impacts on the environment. ohjelmoinnin menetelmien käyttö puun Contents: Thecourse will use the PBL•approach korjuun ja kuljetuksen sekä tehdaskäsittelyn to determine how to prevent or ameliorate menetelmävalinnan apuvälineenä. Acta For. harmful impacts on the environment. Fenn. 183. Realisation and working methods:Lectures · Taylor, B.W. 1990. Introduction of 14 h, Practical work 40 h, Independent study Management Science. Allyn and Bacon, 26 h Shimon & Shuster. Evaluation: Examination · Sikanen, L. Oinas, S. ja Harstela, P. ( Other information: Lectures are held in English toim.) 1998. Operaatioanalyysimenetelmät if needed. ja puunhankinnan sovellukset. Joensuun yliopisto, metsätieteellinen tiedekunta. International Wood Procurement (METEK24) Tiedonantoja No. 83. QSB+. 1991. OR• 3 credits sovellutusohjelmisto. 83804 · Material and handouts given in the class. Timing: Spring term 2008, weeks 13•14 Evaluation: 50% exam, 50% exercises Responsible person: Professor Esko Other information: Lectures are held in English Mikkonen if needed. Relations to other study units: METEK21 Objective: To familiarize students with wood Literature Examination (M.Sc.) in Forest procurement in Finland and other countries. Technology (METEK38) 6 credits Contents: Current issues of wood procurement 83812 in Finland and other countries. ArrangedTiming: Whole year together with Estonian Agriculture University. Responsible person: Professor Esko Realisation and working methods:Lectures, Mikkonen exercises and independent study Relations to other study units:Intermediate Study materials and literature:Distributed in level courses. the course Objective: To give the student a more detailed Evaluation: Examination, active participation to understanding of the methods and technologies excursions applied in forest technology.

169 Department of Forest Resource Management

Contents: Set readings Basic Training in Forest and Wood Realisation and working methods:Technology (METEK12) 3 credits Independent study 200 h 83829 Evaluation: Examination Timing: Summer Contents: Harvesting, thinning, sawing, International Field Trip (METEK40) 2 credits productivity, tree ¿ bre characteristics, wood 83830 measuring, logging quality control Timing: Spring term, depending on the number of participants. Offered in even•numberedMechanized harvesting and forest machine years. engineering (METEK22) 5 credits Objective: Introduction to foreign land forest 83815 sectors Timing: Spring term 2007 Contents: Scheduled travelling Contents: Mechanical engineering, modelling Study materials and literature:Distributed wood transportation, visiting lectures from forest during the course industry, trade unions and Finnish Forest and Park Service Current topics in forest technology (METEK41) 3 credits Excursion to Logging and Forest Industry 83832 (METEK23) 2 credits Timing: Spring term, depending on the number 83816 of participants Timing: Spring term, period III. Offered in even• Responsible person: N.N. numbered years. Objective: An introduction to current topics Contents: Visits to pulp and paper mills, saws, Contents: Lectures and presentations onlogging sites current topics. Study materials and literature:Distributed Forest Work Studies (METEK25) 3 credits during course 83828 Timing: autumn term, period II Contents: Theory of work science, data Courses in Finnish collection and analysis. Exercises.

Methods of Logging and Wood TransportTerra mechanics (METEK39) 5 credits (METEK14) 6 credits 83807 83827 Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. Offered Timing: Periods II and III in even•numbered years. Contents: Students are familiarised with harvesting machinery, harvesting methods and wood procurement resource allocation. Includes exercises.Harvesting and transportation of wood from the forest industry’s point of view; supply Forest Planning chain management. Exercises in transportation Forest Planning is an applied science that gives and cut•to•length price matrices. knowledge and skills in forest management planning. The aim of this subject is to enhance Basic Forest Technology (METEK11) optimal use of forest resources, taking into 3 credits account economic, ecological and other 83822 possible objectives of decision makers. Forest Timing: Spring term, period IV planning is an applied science that relies Contents: General overview of purchasing, on decision science, forest economics and harvesting and transporting timber. Forest biological sciences applied to the forest. The machinery and data systems. Economic and teaching is based on lectures with exercises, administrative impact of forest technology. comprehensive ¿ eld courses, problem•based learning, literature and seminars.

170 Department of Forest Resource Management

Teaching staff Contents: Literature Professor Annika Kangas Realisation and working methods: Independent study 160 h Contact information Study materials and literature:Examination Department of Forest Resource Management of three of these books P.O. Box 27 1. Assman, E. 1970. The principles of forest FI•00014 University of Helsinki, Finland yield study. Pergamon press. Pages 39•245, Tel. +358 9 191 58174 287•330. http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ 2. Pukkala, T. (Ed.). 2002. Multi•objective forest planning. Managing Forest Ecosystems Vol 5. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 207 s. MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS 3. Schmoldt, D., Kangas, J., Mendoza, G.A. and Pesonen, M. (Eds.). 2001. The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Natural Resource and GENERAL STUDIES Environmental Decision Making. Kluwer Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 4 cr Academic Publishers, Managing Forest Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr Ecosystems 3. 305 pp. Basics of database, 4 cr 4. Vanclay, J. 1994. Modelling forest growth MMVAR37 Basic Course in Programming, 3 cr and yield: applications to mixed tropical MMVAR36 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr forests. CAB International, Oxford. 5. von Gadow, K. 2001 (Ed.) . Risk analysis MAJOR STUDIES in forest management. Kluwer Academic Advanced studies Publishers, Managing Forest Ecosystems 2. MMVAR31 Project Planning and Management, 241 pp. 3 cr 6. Malczewski, J. 1999. GIS and Multicriteria MMVAR32 Research Workshop, 5 cr decision analysis. Wiley. 392 pp. MMVAR33 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr Evaluation: Examination. Maturity Essay MMVAR34 Master’s Seminar, 3 cr Operations Research in Forest Planning MMVAR35 Special Practical Training, 3 cr (MSUU14) 4 credits MSUU11 Literature Exam (M.Sc. in forest 83447 planning), 6 cr Timing: Autumn term, II period. Offered in odd• numbered years. At least two courses from the following: Responsible person: Professor Annika MSUU12 Simulation of Forest Development, Kangas, Ph.D. Jyrki Koivuniemi 4 cr Relations to other study units:Y115, MSUU13 Forest Biometrics, 4 cr MARV5/1 MSUU14 Operations Research in Forest Objective: To be able to model and solve Planning, 4 cr forest planning problems with LP and heuristic optimization. FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 33 CREDITS Contents: Linear optimization, heuristic optimization, optimization packages Realisation and working methods:Lectures Courses in English 18 h, Practical work 18 h, Independent study Teaching events in WebOodi 80 h Evaluation: Examination and report Literature Examination (M.Sc.) in Forest Planning (MSUU11) 6 credits 83423 Timing: Preferably in the ¿ fth spring Responsible person: Professor Annika Kangas Objective: To deepen the knowledge of one’s own subject area.

171 Department of Forest Resource Management

Courses in Finnish REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER’S DEGREE, 120 CREDITS Simulation of Forest Development (MSUU12) 4 credits GENERAL STUDIES 83412 Y136 Statistical Data Processing, 4 cr Timing: Autumn term, II period. Offered in odd• Y126 Basic Course in Research 2, 2 cr numbered years. Basics of database, 4 cr Contents: Factors affecting growth, growth MMVAR37 Basic Course in Programming, 3cr modelling, predicting stand growth MMVAR36 Personal Study Plan, 1 cr

Forest Biometrics (MSUU13) 4 credits MAJOR STUDIES 83413 Advanced studies Timing: Autumn term, period II. Offered inMMVAR31 Project Planning and Management, even•numbered years. 3 cr Contents: Statistical modelling, regression MMVAR32 Research Workshop, 5 cr analysis, variance component models, mixed MMVAR33 Master’s Thesis, 40 cr models, non•parametric models Maturity Essay MMVAR34 Master’s Seminar, 3 cr MMVAR35 Special Practical Training, 3 cr MINV11 Literature Exam (M.Sc.) in Forest Inventory, 6 cr Forest Inventory MINV12 Advanced Studies of Remote Sensing, 5 cr Forest Inventory is an applied science thatAt least one course from the following: helps the student to gain knowledge and skills MSUU13 Forest Biometrics, 4 cr in measuring the qualitative and quantitative GIS15 Application Development and characteristics of a tree, a forest stand and any Applied WebGIS, 5 cr larger forest area. Additional recommendations: GIS10 Geostatistics and Geomodeling, Students majoring in this¿ eld learn to apply 4 cr remote sensing, statistical sampling techniques GIS11 Applied GIS Analysis, 5 cr and GIS in forest inventory and monitoring. The teaching is based on lectures with exercises, FREE•CHOICE STUDIES, 33 CREDITS comprehensive ¿ eld courses, problem•based learning, literature and seminars. Courses in English Teaching staff Teaching events in WebOodi Professor Markus Holopainen Lecturer Hannu Rita Literature Examination (M.Sc.) in Forest Inventory (MINV11) 6 credits Contact information 83422 Department of Forest Resource Management Timing: Preferably in the ¿ fth spring P.O. Box 27 Responsible person: Prof. (acting) Markus FI•00014 University of Helsinki Holopainen Finland Objective: To deepen the knowledge of one’s Tel. +358 9 191 58174 own subject area. http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ Contents: Literature Realisation and working methods: Independent study 160 h Study materials and literature:Two books about inventory methods / applications and one book about remote sensing / GIS systems: Inventory methods and applications 1. Ringvall, A. 2000. Assessment of sparse

172 Department of Forest Resource Management populations in forest inventory. Development Forest Mensuration and and evaluation of probability sampling methods. Acta Universitatis AgriculturaeManagement Sueciae Silvestria 151. 1•33. 2. Shiver, B.D. & Borders, B.E. 1996. Sampling Forest Mensuration and Management is an techniques for forest resources inventory. applied science that relies on informatics, forest 356 p. (if the student has not examined the economics and biological sciences applied to the book earlier in B.Sc. level literature) forest. This specialisation line helps a student 3. Vanclay, J.K. 1998. Towards more rigorous to gain knowledge and skills in measuring the assessment of biodiversity. Pages 211•232. qualitative and quantitative characteristics of In: Bachmann, P., Köhl, M. & Päivinen, R. a tree, a forest stand and a larger forest area. Assessment of biodiversity for improvedIt is possible to study Forest Mensuration and forest planning. EFI proceedings no. 18. Management at the B.Sc. level. 4. Kangas, A. & Maltamo, M. (editors) 2006. Forest Inventory – Methodology Teaching and staff Applications. Springer Science & Business Professor Annika Kangas Media, Dordrecht. 362 pp. Professor Markus Holopainen Remote sensing and GIS Lecturer Hannu Rita 1. Fotheringham, S. & Wegener, M. 2000. Spatial Models and GIS. Taylor & Francis. Contact information 279 pp. Department of Forest Resource Management 2. Malczewski, J. 1999. GIS and Multicriteria P.O. Box 27 decision analysis. Wiley. 392 pp. FI•00014 University of Helsinki 3. Riitters, K.H., O’Neill R.V., Hunsaker C.T., Finland Wickham J.D., Yankee D.H., Timmins S.P., Tel. +358 9 191 58174 Jones K.B., and Jackson B.L.. 1995. A factor http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecology 10:23•39. 4. Mather, P. 1999. Computer Processing of Remotely Sensed Images: An Introduction. Courses in English Wiley. 292 pp. Teaching events in WebOodi 5. Franklin, S.T. 2001. Remote sensing for sustainable forest management. CRC Press. Multi•Attribute Forest Planning (MARV5/1) 407 pp. 6 credits Evaluation: Examination. 83465 Timing: Autumn term, period II. Advanced Studies in Remote SensingResponsible person: Professor Annika (MINV12) 5 credits Kangas 83424 Relations to other study units: MARV2 Timing: Spring term, period III. Offered in even• Objective: To familiarize students with theories numbered yearS. of multi•criteria decision making and decision Responsible person: Prof. (acting) Markus support systems. In addition, the course deals Holopainen, Prof. Juha Hyyppä with forestry applications such as participatory Relations to other study units: GIS3, GIS12 planning and landscape ecological planning. Objective: To learn how to apply modern remote Contents: Utility theory, social choice theory, sensing methodologies in forestry. image theory, prospect theory, AHP, outranking, Contents: Varying topics. participation, group decision making, landscape• Realisation and working methods:Lectures ecological planning. 20 h, Practical work 40 h, Group work 20 h,Realisation and working methods:Lectures Independent study 55 h 24 h, Independent study 140 h Study materials and literature: Literature will Evaluation: Examination be handed out at the beginning of the course. Evaluation: Exercises / Project work

173 Department of Forest Resource Management

Decision Support System (MARV5/2)GIS and sampling•based forest inventory 3 credits techniques). 83466 Timing: Spring term Inventory Project (MARV4/2) 5 credits Responsible person: Professor Annika 83464 Kangas Timing: Spring term. Offered in odd•numbered Relations to other study units: MARV5/1 years. Objective: To familiarize students with multi• Contents: The use of theoretical knowledge of attribute forest planning in practise. remote sensing, GIS and sampling•based forest Contents: To collect information and prepare inventory methods in practise. a recommendation to solve a real planning problem. Realisation and working methods:Lectures 10 h, Group work 100 h Evaluation: Accepted report. Geoinformatics

The Department of Forest Resource Courses in Finnish Management teaches Geoinformatics for the entire Viikki campus. Students will learn how to acquire, manage, analyse and visualise Basics of Forest Mensuration and geographical information with the aid of GIS Management (MARV1) 9 credits software and to plan application•speci¿ c 83401 information systems. Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV, 4•week ¿ eld course in summer. Geoinformatics introduces a map•based point Contents: De¿ ning, measuring and estimating of view into the analysis of digital data. Data tree and stand characteristics, land survey, are analysed with a map•based user interface forest inventory, and the basics of forest utilising the latest database management management. techniques and spatial statistics. On the Viikki campus, geoinformatics is a branch of applied Forest Management Planning (MARV2) 4 sciences that places a strong emphasis on credits natural resource applications and environmental 83402 applications as well as supporting research Timing: Autumn term, period I. activities in other branches of science. Contents: The concepts of sustainability, rotation, cutting budgets, practical forest planning, optimization, utility theory, multiTeaching staff criteria forest planning, planning packages, risk Professor N.N. and uncertainty. Assistant Juhana Nieminen

Field Training Course in Forest Management Contact information Planning (MARV3) 5 credits Department of Forest Resource Management 83403 /GIS Timing: Preferably after the second academic P.O. Box 27 year. FI•00014 University of Helsinki Contents: The collect ¿ eld data and prepare a Finland management plan for a private woodlot. Tel. +358 9 191 58174 Internet: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /mmvar/english/ Forest Inventory (MARV4/1) 4 credits 83463 Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. Offered in odd•numbered years. Contents: Principles of forest inventory, sampling methods, strati ¿ cation, forest inventory using modern methodology (remote sensing,

174 Department of Forest Resource Management

Courses in English completed at any time using the Webct learning Teaching events in WebOodi environment and self•registration. Objective: The purpose of this course is to teach Desktop GIS (GIS1) 2 credits principles of geoinformatics. After completing 83446 the course successfully, students will be able to Timing: Autumn term, period I. solve spatial problems using the GIS system. Responsible person: Timo Tokola Contents: This is basic elementary course of Objective: Introduction to basic use of simple GIS. Following issues are covered during the GIS system course GIS data models, Formats, Topology, Contents: This is elementary course of GIS. Geometry, Vector Analysis, Interpolation, Following issues are covered during the course: Raster Analysis, GIS systems and software, digitizing, coordinate transformations, spatial and Application development. queries, visualization and data transfer. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Realisation and working methods:Lectures 24 h, Practical work 72 h, Group work 5 h, 10 h, Practical work 20 h, Independent study Independent study 10 h 20 h Evaluation: Preliminary test (pass), exercises Evaluation: Quality of practical work will be (50 %) and ¿ nal exam (50%). evaluated. No exams. Other information: The course begins with a Other information: Lectures can be replaced preliminary exam. Lectures are replaced with by literature, and exercises are also introduced literature and exercises are also introduced in in English. This course uses e•learningEnglish. Details and current course information materials and can be completed at any timecan be obtained from the internet http://www. using the WebCT learning environment andmm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ self•registration. Details and current course information can be obtained at http://www.GIS in Logistics and Business (GIS13) mm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ 5 credits 83450 Use of GPS in Agriculture and ForestryTiming: Autumn term. Offered in even• (GIS2) 3 credits numbered years. 83449 Responsible person: Prof. Bo Dahlin Timing: Autumn term, period I Relations to other study units: GIS4 Responsible person: Timo Tokola Objective: Course will introduce business GIS Objective: Introduction to the use of GPS and methods and applications. attribute data collection Contents: This business•oriented GIS course Contents: This course is a basic introduction introduces the basics of logistical and business to the use of GPS. Topics include coordinate analysis applications in a GIS environment. systems, principles of GPS, GPS equipment, ArcGIS software will be used during exercises agricultural applications and and forestry a relatively extensive project will be ¿ nished applications. during the study period. Realisation and working methods:Lectures Realisation and working methods:Lectures 12 h, Practical work 20 h, Group work 20 h,20 h, Practical work 30 h, Group work 10 h, Independent study 20 h Independent study 50 h Evaluation: Writing essay, exercises 50% and Evaluation: Course will be rated using exam ¿ nal exam 50%. (40%), execises (30%) and practical work Other information: Lectures can be replaced (30%). by literature, and exercises are also introduced Other information: Details and actual course in English. Details and actual course information information can be obtained from the internet can be obtained from the internet http://www. http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ mm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ Environmental GIS (GIS14) 5 credits Principles of GIS (GIS4) 4 credits 83454 83439 Timing: Spring term. Offered in odd•numbered Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. This years. course uses e•learning materials and can be Relations to other study units: GIS4

175 Department of Forest Resource Management

Objective: The aim of course is to demonstrate Courses in Finnish environmental GIS analysis and GIS project implementation. Remote Sensing 1 (GIS3) 3 credits Contents: The course concentrates on GIS 80010 applications of the environmental sciences Contents: Introduction to physical principles of Realisation and working methods:Lectures remote sensing, aerial photographs and radar 20 h, Practical work 30 h, Group work 10 h,images and their utilisation in mapping the Independent study 70 h environment and forest resources. Evaluation: Final grades are determined according to quality of reports on the practical Geostatistics and Geomodeling (GIS10) work (30%) and the ¿ nal exam (70%). 5 credits Other information: Details and actual course 83440 information can be obtained from the internet Timing: Spring term, periods III and IV. http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ Contents: The course is concentrating into spatialstatistics and modeling. The topics include Application Development and Appliedmapping distances, allocation, shortest path, WebGIS (GIS15) 5 credits accumulation surfaces, interpolating to raster, 83455 kriging methods, terrain analysis, landscape Timing: Spring term. Offered in odd•numbered indices and viewshed analysis. The statistical years. issues during the course include point, line Responsible person: Prof. N.N., M.Sc. Jussi and pattern statistics as well as different zonal Rasinmäki statistics. Some spatial simulation techniques Relations to other study units: GIS4 and probability models are covered during the Objective: The aim of course is to learn GIS course. software and application development project implementation. Applied GIS Analysis (GIS11) 5 credits Contents: The course concentrates on GIS 83441 applications for the sustainable use of natural Timing: Autumn term, periods I and II. resources, taking the special features of nature Contents: The course concentrates on the GIS in planning and resource mapping into account. applications of the sustainable use of natural Special emphasis on the use UML in database resources. Takes the special features of nature design, use of database with SQL languagein planning and resource mapping into account. and GIS software development in a WebGIS Emphasis on the use of a database with SQL environment. language to calculate application•speci¿ c Realisation and working methods:Lectures features such as landscape•level diversity 10 h, Practical work 40 h, Independent study indices. 80 h Evaluation: Final grades are determinedRemote Sensing 2 (GIS12) 5 credits according to quality of reports on practical work 83443 (100%). Contents: The lectures and training deal with Other information: Details and actual course remote sensing problems. The examples are of information can be obtained from internet http:// forestry, but the methods can be applied in other www.mm.helsinki.¿ /gis/ sciences. Course organization: Lectures given by experts.

176 Department of Forest Resource Management Logistics Advanced Supply Chain management (LOG2) 6 credits 84202 ForestLogistics deals with logistical management Timing: Given in odd•numbered years starting in general and the logistics of the forest sector autumn 2007 in particular. Logistics includes the design and Responsible person: Professor Bo Dahlin administration of systems to control theÀ ow Relations to other study units: LOG1 of material to support business strategies. To Objective: To give a deeper understanding of achieve this, logistics incorporates expertise modern logistics of the use of business models from several other disciplines realing with as well as tools and solutions for management. technology, planning methodology and business Contents: Procurement of raw material. economics. Transportation, inventories, Distribution logistics. Logistics as part of the planning processes, control mechanisms, and business model. Information logistics. Examples supply chain management are examples of from forest and agricultural industries. issues of interest. Teaching consists of lectures, Study materials and literature:Distributed excursions, practical exercises, seminars and during course literature surveys. Evaluation: Examination, project work. Teaching staff Prof. Bo Dahlin Courses in Swedish: Contact information Forestry around the Baltic Sea (FOR310) 3 Department of Forest Resource Management credits P.O. Box 27 830091

Courses in English Teaching events in WebOodi

Basics of Logistics (LOG1) 3 credits 84201 Timing: Autumn term, II period Responsible person: Prof. Bo Dahlin Objective: To give students an overall view of the modern logistics, its technological solutions and methodology to solve the problems in transporting goods. Contents: Transportation solutions for collection and distribution of basic products such as wood, chips, grain etc. Introduction to methods of steering and management of logistics. Study materials and literature:Distributed during course Evaluation: Examination

177 REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES

Standing Regulations Concerning Degrees in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

The Finnish•language original approved by the Faculty Council Meeting of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, 19 May 2005, item A3. Amendments to sections 5, 13 and 32 approved by the Faculty Council on 11 May 2006

CHAPTER 1

Section 1 General provisions Degrees and studies shall be arranged and completed in the manner stipulated by the Universities Act (645/1997) and its amendment (715/2004), the Universities Decree (115/1998), the Government Decree on University Degrees (794/2004), the University of Helsinki Regulations (con¿ rmed by the Chancellor on 14 February 2003), the Regulations concerning examinations, grading of completed studies and the Board of Examination Appeals (con¿ rmed by the Chancellor on 17 February 1999) and the Regulations concerning the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Helsinki, as well as these Standing Regulations.

CHAPTER 2 EDUCATIONAL DUTY OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY AND DEGREES AND STUDIES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY

Section 2 Duty of the Faculty The duty of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki is to conduct and promote scienti¿ c research and to provide teaching based on research in the ¿ elds of agricultural sciences, forestry sciences, food science and nutrition and in all aspects of economics and environmental sciences that are relevant to the above•mentioned ¿ elds.

Section 3 Degrees and studies offered by the Faculty The following degrees are available at the Faculty: 1. the lower academic degrees of Bachelor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Bachelor of Food Sciences; 2. the higher academic degrees of Master of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Master of Food Sciences; and 3. the postgraduate degrees of Licentiate of Science (Agriculture and Forestry), Licentiate of Food Sciences, Doctor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry), Doctor of Food Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy.

The Faculty offers education leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry), Master of Science (Agriculture and Forestry), Licentiate of Science (Agriculture and Forestry), Doctor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Doctor of Philosophy in the following major subjects: Biotechnology, Biology of Plant Production, Animal Science, Consumer Economics, Soil and Environmental Science, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Marketing, Forest Ecology, Forest Economics, Forest Resource Science and Technology, Microbiology, and Forest Products Marketing, Environmental Economics.

The Faculty offers education leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Food Sciences, Master of Food Sciences, Licentiate of Food Sciences, Doctor of Food Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy in the following major subjects: Biotechnology, Food Economics, Food Chemistry, Food Technology, Marketing, Microbiology, and Nutrition.

178 In the majors of Biotechnology, Marketing, and Microbiology, the requirement for obtaining the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Food Sciences is either basic studies in food sciences (25 credits) or minor subject studies worth 25 credits in one of the following major subjects: food chemistry, food technology or nutrition.

The major subjects may include specialisation lines to be separately decided by the Faculty Council.

The Faculty is participating in the Helsinki Region Biotechnology Educational Programme, which is a joint venture between the Faculty of Biosciences, the Faculty of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Science, and the Helsinki University of Technology and the Helsinki School of Economics. The coordinator of the programme is the Faculty of Biosciences. The degree requirements of the Helsinki Region Biotechnology Educational Programme must be approved by the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry and by the Faculty departments involved in the programme.

The Faculty may offer independent Master’s programmes as separately decided by the Faculty Council.

In addition, the Faculty may offer: 1. non•degree studies, which may be part of a degree programme or studies especially designed and organised as non•degree studies, and 2. continuing education, which may be part of a degree programme or studies especially designed and organised as continuing education.

CHAPTER 3 THE LOWER ACADEMIC DEGREE

Section 4 Completion of the lower academic degree, i.e., the Bachelor’s degree The minimum requirement for the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Bachelor of Food Sciences is 180 credits. The studies must be planned in such a way as to allow the student to complete the degree in three years of full•time study. The student must draw up a personal study plan. The student must complete basic and intermediate level studies in the major subject, minor subject studies, language studies, studies in ICT, practical training or orientation to working life, and any other studies speci¿ ed in the degree requirements. Furthermore, the student must write a Bachelor’s thesis.

The scope of the basic level studies in the major subject is 25 credits and the total number of credits obtainable from intermediate level studies, together with basic level studies but excluding the Bachelor’s thesis, is between 60 and 90. NB! Students in their Bachelor’s level studies who intend to complete the Master’s degree as well should consult Section 12, Subsection 2 of these Standing Regulations.

Section 5 Minor subject studies The minimum requirement for minor subject studies in the Bachelor’s degree is 25 credits worth of basic level studies in at least one minor subject. It is possible to incorporate into the Bachelor’s degree a module completed in accordance with the degree requirements of another university or institute of higher education and yielding a minimum of 25 credits, for which the student has received an overall grade. The minor subject to be included in the degree must be approved by the major subject department.

According to the degree requirements of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, minor subject students are offered 25 credits of basic studies or a total of 60 credits of basic and intermediate studies. Minor subject students interested in completing an intermediate•level minor subject module in the Faculty must seek the approval of the professor in charge of the relevant ¿ eld of research and teaching.

Section 6 Language studies The requirements for the Bachelor’s degree include a minimum of 10 credits worth of language studies and comprise oral and written communication in the native language, studies in the student’s second national language and studies in at least one foreign language. The language studies may be integrated with other studies.

179 Native language Studies in the native language provide students with the competence to communicate orally and in writing in their native language.

National language The objective of studies in the second national language (Finnish or Swedish, not the student’s native language) is to provide students with a competence corresponding to the language requirements of state personnel with a university degree and working in bilingual authorities, as speci ¿ ed in Act No. 424/2003 and Decree No. 481/2003 on the knowledge of languages required of personnel in public bodies. Furthermore, in the studies in the second national language, students are expected to attain a level that is needed to successfully complete studies, follow developments in the ¿ eld and maintain professional development.

Students who have in their Finnish matriculation examination been exempted from the test in the second national language and students who have not completed a test in the second national language for their International Baccalaureate, European Baccalaureate or Reifeprüfung examinations are not required to complete studies in the second national language. However, these students must complete an adequate number of credits in other languages to meet the degree requirements.

Foreign language The objective of the foreign language requirement is to enable students to read academic texts in their own ¿ eld, to follow and make general conversation, and to make basic•level professional conversation in their own ¿ eld. The languages on offer include English, Spanish, Italian, French, German and Russian, or some other language approved by the Dean.

Students who have completed their secondary education in languages other than Finnish or Swedish Students who have completed their secondary education in languages other than Finnish or Swedish, or who have completed their secondary education abroad are required to complete a minimum of 10 credits worth of studies in a minimum of one language foreign to the student.

Exemption from the language requirement The Dean may, for a special reason, grant a student partial or total exemption from language studies.

Section 7 Studies in information and communication technology The purpose of studies in ICT is to provide students with skills enabling them to study¿ efciently at the University. The minimum scope of these studies is 5 credits, three of which must be completed for the Bachelor’s degree. The studies in ICT may be integrated with other studies.

Section 8 Personal study plan The purpose of the personal study plan is to support goal•oriented studies. The Bachelor’s degree must include a minimum of 1•3 credits worth of study planning by the student. The writing of the personal study plan and the relevant supervision may be integrated with other studies.

Section 9 Practical training or orientation to working life The requirements for the Bachelor’s degree include either practical training to develop the student’s professional expertise or studies that support the student’s orientation to working life. The purpose of these studies, which are 1•3 credits in scope, is to introduce the student to the basic professional practices of his or her ¿ eld and to develop the student’s ability to apply acquired theoretical knowledge in his or her professional duties.

Section 10 Bachelor’s thesis The thesis required for the Bachelor’s degree is to be written in the major subject. The thesis should demonstrate the student’s familiarity with the topic and pro¿ ciency in academic writing. The scope of the Bachelor’s thesis is 6 credits. The departments and major subject divisions are responsible for the supervision and grading of Bachelor’s theses.

Section 11 Maturity essay For the Bachelor’s degree, students are required to write a maturity essay, which is an essay demonstrating familiarity with the ¿ eld of their Bachelor’s thesis and their competence in their native language (Finnish or

180 Swedish). In cases where the student has been exempted from the language requirement of the degree, he or she may, at the discretion of the professor in charge of ¿ the eld, write the maturity essay in a language other than Finnish or Swedish.

CHAPTER 4 THE HIGHER ACADEMIC DEGREE

Section 12 Completion of the higher academic degree, i.e., the Master’s degree The minimum requirement for the degrees of Master of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Master of Food Sciences is 120 credits. The studies must be planned in such a way as to allow the student to complete the degree in two years of full•time study. The student must draw up a personal study plan. The student must complete advanced level studies in the major subject and write a Master’s thesis. Furthermore, the student must complete studies in ICT, practical training or orientation to working life, and any other studies speci¿ ed in the degree requirements.

The scope of advanced level studies in the major subject is at least 70 credits, 40 of which are accounted for by the Master’s thesis. Before completing the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry) and Bachelor of Food Sciences, students are allowed to complete a maximum of 20 credits of advanced level studies in their major subject.

Section 13 Minor subject studies Minor subject studies are normally completed for the Bachelor’s degree. If this has not been the case, minor subject studies, as de¿ ned in Subsection 5 of these Standing Regulations, must be completed for the Master’s degree.

According to the degree requirements of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, minor subject students are offered 60 credits of advanced studies, including a 30•credit thesis. The professor in charge of the relevant ¿ eld of research and teaching is responsible for examining and approving the thesis. To receive the right to complete advanced studies as a minor subject, a student must¿ rst complete the preceding intermediate studies or equivalent studies. Minor subject students interested in completing an advanced• level minor subject module in the Faculty must seek the approval of the professor in charge of the relevant ¿ eld of research and teaching.

Section 14 Language studies Language studies are normally completed for the Bachelor’s degree. If this has not been the case, language studies, as de¿ ned in Subsection 6 of these Standing Regulations, must be completed for the Master’s degree.

Section 15 Studies in information and communication technology The purpose of studies in ICT is to provide students with skills enabling them to study¿ efciently at the University. The minimum scope of these studies is 5 credits, three of which must be completed for the Bachelor’s degree. The studies in ICT may be integrated into other studies. If the student has not completed any studies in ICT for the Bachelor’s degree, he or she must complete a minimum of 5 credits worth of studies in ICT for the Master’s degree.

Section 16 Personal study plan The purpose of the personal study plan is to support goal•oriented studies. The Master’s degree must include a minimum of 1•2 credits worth of study planning by the student. The writing of the personal study plan and the relevant supervision may be integrated with other studies.

Section 17 Practical training or orientation to working life The requirements for the Master’s degree include either practical training to develop the student’s professional expertise or studies that support the student’s orientation to working life. The purpose of these studies is to familiarise the student with the professional tasks of his or her ¿ eld and to develop the student’s ability to apply theoretical knowledge in his or her professional duties. The practical training or orientation to working life may be integrated with other studies, such as research projects.

181 Section 18 Master’s thesis The thesis required for the Master’s degree is to be written in the major subject. The topic of the thesis should be a problem of scienti¿ c relevance and importance to the Faculty’s areas of responsibility. The thesis should demonstrate the student’s ability for scienti¿ c thinking, competence in the relevant research methods, familiarity with the topic and pro¿ ciency in academic writing. The scope of the Master’s thesis is 40 credits.

Section 19 Maturity essay For the Master’s degree, students are required to write a maturity essay, which is an essay demonstrating familiarity with the ¿ eld of their Master’s thesis and their competence in their native language (Finnish or Swedish). Students need not write a maturity essay in Finnish or Swedish for the Master’s degree, if they have already written a maturity essay in Finnish or Swedish for their Bachelor’s degree.

In cases where the student has been exempted from the language requirement of the degree, he or she may, at the discretion of the professor in charge of the¿ eld, write the maturity essay in a language other than Finnish or Swedish.

CHAPTER 5 STUDENT ADMISSION AND CHANGE OF MAJOR SUBJECT

Section 20 Student admission Student admission is regulated separately by the Universities Act (645/1997) and its amendment (715/2004), and by the annual decisions of the University Senate and the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry.

The Faculty Council of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry decides annually on the admission criteria for new students. An Admissions Committee appointed by the Faculty Council is responsible for preparing the criteria for admission and for the implementation of the admissions process.

Section 21 Change of major subject A student may change his or her major subject with the permission of the Dean. The Dean will make the decision on the basis of a statement by the steering committee of the department to which the student wishes to transfer, taking into account the number of students registered as students of the new major subject and the study options available. If the student wishes to change to a new major subject within the same department, the decision is made by the department’s steering committee.

In order to change major subjects, the student must have completed at least the basic studies (25 credits) in the original major subject to which he or she was admitted at the Faculty and at least 25 credits of basic and/or intermediate studies in the major subject to which he or she is applying for transfer.

Section 22 Students from other faculties Students from other faculties at the University of Helsinki have the right to include studies completed in accordance with the curriculum of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in their degree within the limits of the Faculty’s teaching resources and to an extent considered appropriate by the Faculty.

CHAPTER 6 SCIENTIFIC POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

Section 23 The major subject of the postgraduate degree The Faculty offers postgraduate degree programmes leading to the degrees of Licentiate or Doctor in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences or Doctor of Philosophy as speci¿ ed in Section 3 of these Standing Regulations.

Section 24 Eligibility for postgraduate studies A person can be deemed eligible for studies leading to an academic postgraduate degree if he or she has completed an appropriate higher academic (i.e. a Master’s level) degree at a Finnish university or an

182 appropriate academic degree abroad qualifying him or her for postgraduate studies in that country or is considered by the Faculty to be adequately quali¿ ed for postgraduate studies.

Section 25 The right to pursue postgraduate studies and the postgraduate study plan A person applying for admission to scienti ¿ c postgraduate studies must submit an application to the Faculty. The right to pursue postgraduate studies is granted by the Dean. In order to be admitted for postgraduate studies, the student should have demonstrated a suf¿ ciently high level of academic performance in the major subject of his or her Master’s degree and in the Master’s thesis.

The student has the right to choose a different major subject for postgraduate studies than the major subject of his or her Master’s degree, if the Faculty considers him or her eligible for postgraduate studies in the new major subject. In order to be considered eligible, the student must have completed at least 100 credits in the postgraduate major subject or in an equivalent subject.

The student must submit a postgraduate study plan to the Committee for Research and Postgraduate Education within one year of being accepted for postgraduate studies. The postgraduate study plan is approved by the Dean.

Section 26 Completion of a doctoral degree In order to complete the degree of Doctor of Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences, or the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, a student who has been accepted for postgraduate studies must complete the following: 1. A minimum of 60 credits of postgraduate studies in accordance with the study plan; and 2. A doctoral dissertation that demonstrates an independent and critical approach to the ¿ eld of research and is approved by the Faculty after being defended at a public examination.

A doctoral dissertation can be a monograph or it can be in the form of an article dissertation, i.e., a collection of several separate scienti ¿ c articles or manuscripts that have been accepted for publication and that all focus on the same topic. An article dissertation must always contain a summary. Regardless of its format, the work should meet the scienti ¿ c criteria set for a doctoral dissertation. Co•authored publications may be included if the author’s independent contribution to them can be ¿veri ed. At least half of the articles included in a compilation dissertation should previously have been published or been accepted for publication.

Section 27 Completion of a Licentiate degree A student accepted for postgraduate studies can complete the Licentiate degree provided that he or she has completed the studies referred to in Section 26, subsection 1 and has written a Licentiate thesis that demonstrates the student’s familiarity with the¿ eld of research and his or her competence in the independent and critical application of scienti¿ c research methods.

A Licentiate thesis can be a monograph or it can be in the form of an article thesis, i.e., a collection of several separate scienti¿ c articles or manuscripts that have been accepted for publication and that all focus on the same topic. An article thesis must always contain a summary. Regardless of its format, the work should meet the scienti ¿ c criteria set for a thesis of its kind. Co•authored publications may be included if the author’s independent contribution to them can be veri¿ ed. At least half of the articles included in an article thesis should previously have been published or been accepted for publication.

Section 28 Other provisions for postgraduate studies The postgraduate studies referred to in Section 26, subsection 1 (60 credits) must be completed before the examiners of the Licentiate thesis or the pre•examiners of the doctoral dissertation are appointed. If the required studies have not been completed, a report of the missing courses and their planned completion must be enclosed in the proposal for the appointment of the examiners or pre•examiners.

The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry has issued separate instructions on the examining, approval, and publishing of Licentiate theses and doctoral dissertations.

The Faculty Council will decide separately on the issuing of more detailed guidelines for postgraduate studies.

183 CHAPTER 7 MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS

Section 29 Elective studies The student may pursue elective studies in another faculty, university or institution of higher education.

Section 30 Recognition of credits Other studies or degrees completed at a Finnish or foreign university may be counted towards a degree at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, provided that the objectives of the degree are met. The Faculty Council will decide separately on the principles of credit recognition.

Section 31 Grading of studies Courses, study modules (basic, intermediate and advanced studies), Bachelor’s theses, and theses for advanced studies in minor subjects are graded on a scale of 0 – 5, in which 5 = Excellent, 4 = Very Good, 3 = Good, 2 = Passable, 1 = Poor, and 0 = Fail. In certain cases in which it is not practical to use the scale 0 – 5, courses can be graded Pass/Fail.

When assessing study modules, the ¿ nal grade is marked only if at least half the completed courses in the module have received a grade. This applies mainly to cases in which the modules cannot be assessed because some of the courses have been substituted with studies completed previously. The diploma must, however, always contain a ¿ nal grade for the major subject; this grade is assessed using the available grades for the completed study modules. The¿ nal grade for a study module is a weighted average of the credits obtained from the courses in the module. The grade for the Master’s thesis is not taken into consideration in the ¿ nal grade for the advanced studies module. The study modules are entered in the Student Register as ¿ xed units.

An approved Master’s thesis can receive one of the following grades: approbatur, lubenter approbatur, non sine laude approbatur, cum laude approbatur, magna cum laude approbatur, eximia cum laude approbatur, or laudatur.

Language skills in the student’s second national language are graded Passable/Good.

The maturity essay is graded Pass/Fail.

The Licentiate thesis and doctoral dissertation are graded Rejected, Approved or Approved with distinction.

Section 32 Expiry of credits The validity of credits older than 10 years is determined by the relevant department. The department can, however, also decide on a shorter period of validity. Credits yielded by language studies will not expire.

Section 33 The titles of agronomi and metsänhoitaja The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry can, upon request, entitle a student holding a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture and Forestry or equivalent quali¿ cations and a Master’s degree in one of the following major subjects to use the title of agronomi: Biotechnology (plant biotechnology and animal biotechnology), Biology of Plant Production, Animal Science, Soil and Environmental Science, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Marketing, and Environmental Economics.

In order to obtain the title of agronomi, the student must have completed a minimum of 25 credits in subjects in the agricultural sciences. The Faculty Council makes the decision as to which studies are required.

The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry can, upon request, entitle a student holding a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture and Forestry or equivalent quali ¿ cations and a Master’s degree in one of the following major subjects to use the title of metsänhoitaja: Forest Ecology, Forest Economics, Forest Resource Science and Technology, and Forest Products Marketing.

The title will be indicated on the diploma.

184 CHAPTER 8 ENTRY INTO FORCE

Section 34 Entry into force of the Standing Regulations These Standing Regulations will enter into force on 1 August 2005.

Students who have begun their studies before the entry into force of these Standing Regulations have the right to transfer to the new degree system and complete their degree in accordance with the Government Decree on University Degrees (794/2004), in which case the student must also comply with the new Standing Regulations. The student must notify the Faculty in writing of the transfer to the new degree system. The transfer cannot be reversed. The student will (automatically) transfer to the new degree system in accordance with Decree No. 794/2004 and these Standing Regulations if he or she has not completed one of the following degrees by 31 July 2008 in accordance with the previous Standing Regulations: Bachelor, Master, Licentiate or Doctor of Science in Agriculture and Forestry; Bachelor, Master, Licentiate or Doctor of Science in Food Sciences; or Doctor of Philosophy.

Section 35 Degrees completed in accordance with decrees in force prior to the year 1995 As of 1 August 1995, students who have completed the degrees of maatalous• ja metsätieteen kandidaatti or elintarviketieteiden kandidaatti (the equivalent of Master of Science in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences) in accordance with decrees in force prior to the year 1995 may use the title Master of Science in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences.’

185 Guidelines for Postgraduate Studies at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

Approved at the Faculty Council meeting, 8 September, 2005.

SCIENTIFIC POSTGRADUATE STUDIES In order to qualify for postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, applicants must have completed a basic degree or training that meets the Faculty requirements for the postgraduate studies programme. The applicant should have a) an appropriate higher university degree, i.e. a Master’s•level degree; or b) an appropriate foreign university degree that quali¿ es the applicant for corresponding postgraduate studies in that country; or c) otherwise proven skills and suf¿ cient knowledge for scienti¿ c postgraduate studies.

In addition, the student should have demonstrated a suf ¿ ciently high level of academic performance in his or her major subject and Master’s thesis. If not, the student can provide additional proof of his or her skills in a manner agreed on with the professor in charge, e.g. in the form of an extensive essay or a manuscript for a scienti¿ c article, or by taking an examination.

The aim of scienti¿ c postgraduate studies is for the student to 1) become profoundly familiar with his or her ¿ eld of research and its impact on society, and acquire the ability to independently and critically apply scienti¿ c research methods and contribute to new scienti¿ c knowledge within the ¿ eld; 2) become well•versed in the development, basic problems and research methods of his or her discipline; 3) acquire a level of knowledge of general scienti¿ c theory, and of the disciplines related to his or her ¿ eld of research, that permits him or her to follow future developments.

Postgraduate degrees offered by the Faculty are Licentiate and Doctoral degrees: Licentiate of Science in Agriculture and Forestry; Licentiate of Food Sciences; Doctor of Science in Agriculture and Forestry; Doctor of Food Sciences; and, Doctor of Philosophy. When approving the application for postgraduate studies, the Faculty will decide on the basis of the applicant’s previous studies and the topic of the planned doctoral dissertation or Licentiate thesis to what degree the applicant’s postgraduate studies will lead.

How to apply

Postgraduate degrees can be completed in all the major subjects speci¿ ed in Section 3 of the Standing Regulations of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. If the major subject comprises several specialization lines approved by the Faculty Council, eligibility for postgraduate studies in a major subject can be speci¿ ed for a particular specialization line. The application is for the right to pursue a doctoral degree, but also comprises the right to complete a Licentiate degree. The application should be submitted in writing to the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. Application forms for postgraduate studies and for drawing up a postgraduate study plan can be downloaded from the Faculty website. The application process varies slightly depending on the student’s previous degree and where it was completed.

1) Applicants who have graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry

A student with a Master’s degree from the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry may be granted the right to pursue studies leading to a doctorate in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences, provided the applicant has demonstrated a suf¿ ciently high level of academic performance and the professor in charge supports the application. The student should have received a ¿ nal grade of at least 3 (previously Good or 2•/3) in his or her major subject and a minimum grade of non sine laude approbatur for his or her Master’s thesis.

If the student is applying for the right to pursue studies in a different major subject from the one in which his or her previous degree was completed, the professor in charge of the postgraduate major subject should write a well•founded statement on the applicant’s eligibility for studies in that subject. In order to

186 be considered eligible for postgraduate studies, the student should have completed a minimum of 100 credits in the major subject of the postgraduate degree programme or in other equivalent studies. The credits can be from basic, intermediate or advanced•level studies or other studies relevant to the major subject. If necessary, the student must complete supplementary studies in the postgraduate major subject in a manner agreed on with the professor in charge. The professor’s statement should be enclosed in the application. The supported application and enclosures should be submitted to the Faculty Of¿ ce (Student Affairs). The procedure above can also be applied within the major subject if the student wishes to change specialization lines.

2) Applicants who have graduated from another faculty at the University of Helsinki or from another Finnish university

A student with a Master’s degree from another faculty at the University of Helsinki or from another Finnish university may be granted the right to pursue studies leading to a doctorate in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences or to the degree Doctor of Philosophy, provided the applicant has demonstrated a suf¿ ciently high level of academic performance and the professor in charge supports the application. The professor in charge of the postgraduate major subject should write a well•founded statement on the applicant’s eligibility for studies in that subject. The student should have completed a minimum of 100 credits in the major subject of his or her postgraduate degree programme or in other equivalent studies. If the student has completed the credits in the major subject of the degree programme, the degrees of Licentiate or Doctor of Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences are available; if the credits have been completed in a subject corresponding to the postgraduate major subject, the degree is that of Doctor of Philosophy. The credits can be from basic, intermediate or advanced•level studies or other studies relevant to the major subject. If necessary, the student must complete supplementary studies in the postgraduate major subject in a manner agreed on with the professor in charge. The professor’s statement should be enclosed in the application. The application should also include an of¿ cially certi¿ ed copy of the student’s diploma and a transcript of completed studies. The application, complete with enclosures, should be submitted to the Faculty Of¿ ce (Student Affairs).

3) Applicants who have completed their Master’s degree abroad Students who have obtained eligibility for postgraduate studies abroad should apply for postgraduate studies using the application form for international students (available from Student Information and Counselling or from http://www.helsinki.¿ /admissions/). The application form and required enclosures should be submitted to the Faculty Of¿ ce. The professor responsible for the postgraduate major subject should write a statement on the applicant’s eligibility for studies in that subject. If necessary, the student must complete supplementary studies in the postgraduate major subject in a manner agreed on with the professor in charge.

The applications are reviewed by the Committee for Research and Postgraduate Education appointed by the Faculty Council. The right to pursue postgraduate studies is granted by the Dean. If the student is accepted, he or she will be sent instructions for enrolment. The student should return the enrolment documents to the Faculty Of¿ ce, which will then send the documents to the Student Register where the information will be transferred into the Oodi student register. The Student Register will notify the student of his or her registration and student number.

Postgraduate study plan

When applying for the right to pursue postgraduate studies the student must include a preliminary postgraduate study plan (including an outline of the intended studies and research topic). The student must present a detailed study plan within a year of being accepted for postgraduate studies.

The student should draw up the study plan together with his or her supervisor or the professor in charge, using a form available on the Faculty website. At this point the student should also have a research plan that has been approved by the professor, and a¿ nancing plan. A ¿ eld•speci¿ c monitoring group can be appointed to provide scienti¿ c support for the dissertation or thesis work. If the dissertation or thesis work is being done outside the Faculty, both the relevant Faculty department and the place of research must be represented in the monitoring group.

187 The student’s study plan must be approved by the professor in charge of the major subject. If the supervisor is someone other than the professor, the study plan requires the approval of both persons. The completed and approved study plan form should be submitted to the Faculty ¿ Ofce. The plans are reviewed for consistency by the Committee for Research and Postgraduate Education and approved by the Dean. If, over time, an approved postgraduate study plan needs to be slightly revised, the professor is authorized to approve changes of up to 20 credits. Signi¿ cant changes have to be reviewed by the Committee for Research and Postgraduate Education. If, upon completing a Licentiate degree, the student continues to study the same major subject, there is no need to draw up a new study plan.

Degree requirements

A student who has been accepted for scienti¿ c postgraduate studies must complete the following: 1) A minimum of 60 credits of postgraduate studies in accordance with the study plan; and 2) A Licentiate thesis and/or a doctoral dissertation that demonstrates an independent and critical approach to the ¿ eld of research and is approved by the Faculty after being defended at a public examination.

The purpose of the postgraduate studies referred to in item 1 is to form the necessary knowledge base for the Licentiate thesis or doctoral dissertation. The student should integrate his or her studies and research work in such a way that when the thesis is submitted for examination, the studies will have been completed. The postgraduate studies referred to in item 1 must be completed before the examiners of the Licentiate thesis or the pre•examiners of the doctoral dissertation are appointed. If the required studies have not been completed, a report of the missing courses and their planned completion must be enclosed in the proposal for the appointment of the examiners or pre•examiners.

The student may not use previously completed studies that have already been included in the Master’s degree in his or her postgraduate degree.

If the student wishes to pursue another, same•level postgraduate degree, he or she must complete another set of postgraduate studies (60 credits).

Students pursuing the Licentiate and Doctoral degrees must complete 60 credits of postgraduate studies as follows:

I GENERAL POSTGRADUATE STUDIES (min. 15 credits) • Language studies (max. 6 credits) • Methodology • Applied ethics • Philosophy of science • The research process • Popularization of research data • Research policy and management • Research funding and planning • Studies in university•level teaching and practical training (max. 5 credits) • Studies related to the commercial use of research results • Scienti¿ c publications (max. 5 credits)

II FIELD•SPECIFIC STUDIES (min. 45 credits) Major and minor subjects (10•35 credits) • Field•speci¿ c postgraduate studies • Major subject literature exam • Postgraduate seminars • Conference presentations and posters (max. 6 credits) • International expert assignments (max. 3 credits) Field•speci¿ c methodology studies (10•35 credits) • Studies in scienti¿ c research methods (speci¿ c to ¿ eld of research and research topic)

188 I GENERAL POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

General postgraduate studies should comprise courses that support the student’s research work,e.g. studies in applied ethics, scienti¿ c publication, the popularization of research data, research policy and management, research funding and planning, and university•level teaching and learning.

Studies in the theory of science offered by the Faculty include the following courses: The Research Process, Philosophy of Science, and Methodology. It is advisable for the student to complete the course The Research Process at the very beginning of his or her studies. The courses Philosophy of Science and Methodology can also be completed by taking a book examination. A reading list for the examination is available on the Faculty website. Other options must be discussed separately with the teacher responsible for the course in question.

The Faculty recommends that the student take a course in academic writing, such as Academic Scienti ¿ c Writing. Further information on language studies may be obtained from the University’s Language Centre (see http://www.helsinki.¿ /kksc/). The maximum number of credits in language studies allowed in a postgraduate study plan is 6.

The postgraduate study plan may include a maximum of 5 credits’ worth of scienti¿ c articles that are not a part of the dissertation work.

Studies and practical training in university•level teaching and learning may be included in the study plan for a maximum number of 5 credits.

II FIELD•SPECIFIC STUDIES

Field•speci¿ c studies include courses in the major and minor subjects and¿ eld•speci ¿ c methodology courses, and should total at least 45 credits. The student may emphasize studies from either group according to his or her research topic. As a rule, the studies should be intermediate or advanced courses and the subject matter should contribute to the student’s dissertation/thesis work. The study plan should contain as much detailed information as possible on the courses the student plans to complete: name of course, code, level, credits, time and place of completion. If the course takes place or has taken place elsewhere than at a university in Finland or abroad, a course description should be included. In order to complete a course the student must pass an examination or write a report or complete a written assignment, or produce some other form of written documentation; mere attendance is not enough.

Conference presentations and posters at an international conference or symposium can be included in the postgraduate study plan for a maximum number of 6 credits. An oral presentation yields 4 credits and a poster 2 credits, if the student is the primary author and presenter.

International expert assignments may be included in the study plan for a maximum number of 3 credits with the consent of the professor in charge.

Major and minor subjects (10•35 credits) are studies agreed on with the professor in charge, and they may include postgraduate courses in the student’s own ¿ eld, a literature examination in the major subject, and active participation in postgraduate seminars. The scope of the literature examination and the reading list are agreed on with the professor in charge. Postgraduate courses are taught both by departments and by graduate schools within the Faculty.

Field•speci¿ c methodology studies (10•35 credits) include studies in scienti¿ c research methods relevant to the student’s own ¿ eld of research and research topic, such as statistics, data processing, chemical analysis, econometrics, etc.

The student may include completed studies at other faculties and universities in the studies referred to in Sections I and II. The Faculty recommends that the student pursue at least three months of postgraduate studies at a university or research institute abroad.

189 The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry is a member of NOVA, the Nordic Forestry, Veterinary and Agricultural Network, a network of Nordic universities that organizes several¿ eld•speci¿ c postgraduate courses every year. For information on courses offered by NOVA, see http://www.nova•university.org/ .

* * *

THE DOCTORAL DEGREE

Doctor of Science in Agriculture and Forestry and Doctor of Food Sciences

A student who has been admitted to pursue scienti ¿ c postgraduate studies must complete his or her studies in accordance with the postgraduate study plan approved by the Faculty, and write a doctoral dissertation that demonstrates his or her ability for independent and critical thought in the¿ eld of research and is approved by the Faculty after a public examination (Standing Regulations of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Section 26).

Doctor of Philosophy

A person who has completed a higher (i.e. a Master’s) degree at a Finnish university or a corresponding degree at a university abroad can be admitted to pursue studies leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. In order to complete the doctoral degree, the student must complete at least 60 credits of postgraduate studies in accordance with the study plan, and write a doctoral dissertation that demonstrates his or her ability for independent and critical thought in the ¿ eld of research and is approved by the Faculty after a public examination. Students who have graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry with a Master’s degree in either Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences may not complete the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Changing the major subject after completing a Licentiate degree If a student who has completed a Licentiate degree in Agriculture and Forestry or Food Sciences wishes to change his or her major subject when pursuing a doctoral degree, or the Faculty has admitted a person with a Licentiate degree in Philosophy to pursue a doctorate in Philosophy, the professor in charge must submit a written statement as to the usefulness of a dissertation in that major subject and the student’s eligibility for studies in the new major subject. If necessary, the student must complete supplementary studies in the doctoral major subject. The format of the dissertation

A doctoral dissertation can be a monograph or it can be in the form of a compilation, or article•based, dissertation, i.e. a collection of several separate scienti ¿ c articles or manuscripts that have been accepted for publication and all focus on the same topic. An article•based dissertation must always contain a summary. Regardless of its format, the work should meet the scienti ¿ c criteria set for a doctoral dissertation. The summary of an article•based dissertation should clearly present the theoretical background of the research, its objectives, methods, results, analysis and conclusions.

The separate articles should mainly have been published in refereed scienti¿ c journals, and previously unpublished manuscripts should have been refereed and accepted for publication. At least half of the articles included in a compilation dissertation should have been previously published or accepted for publication, and the rest should have been submitted for publication. Compilation dissertations submitted to the Faculty typically contain four separate articles. If an article included in a dissertation has not yet been accepted for publication, the pre•examiners should pay particular attention to the quality of this article in their assessment.

Co•authored publications may be included if the author’s independent contribution to them can be veri ¿ ed. If a co•authored publication is included, the doctoral candidate must, when submitting the dissertation, always provide the Faculty with a report on the division of labor in the co•authored article(s) and the candidate’s own contribution in particular. The candidate, his or her thesis supervisor, and the other co• authors of the joint publication must verify the report by their signatures. When several candidates wish to include the same co•authored publication in their dissertations, the matter is resolved on a case•by•case basis depending on the reported contribution of each co•author.

190 The names and posts of the supervisor(s), pre•examiners and opponent of the dissertation must appear on the page following the title page of the completed dissertation.

Pre•examination of the dissertation and permission to defend it at a public examination

Permission to defend a doctoral dissertation is granted by the Faculty Council. For this purpose, the Faculty Council requests and obtains assessments of the dissertation manuscript from at least two experts (pre•examiners), who have the quali¿ cations of a docent or equivalent academic quali¿ cations. When choosing the pre•examiners, particular attention should be paid not only to their expertise but also to their impartiality regarding the topic of the dissertation. The pre•examiners should be chosen from outside the department and mainly from outside the Faculty. A person who has acted as a supervisor of the dissertation or has co•authored any of the articles included in it may not be appointed as pre•examiner. The appointment proposal is made by the professor in charge. The doctoral candidate should con¿ rm in a separate written statement that he or she does not object to the appointment of the nominated pre• examiners. The proposal form is available on the Faculty website. Before the pre•examiners are appointed, the dissertation manuscript should be submitted to the Faculty Of¿ ce. If the dissertation is made up of separate articles and a summary, the summary and all articles should be submitted; if any one of the articles is co•authored, a report on the division of labor should be included. If the doctoral candidate has not previously completed a Licentiate degree, he or she must also provide the Faculty with an account of what postgraduate studies he or she has completed (see the section on degree requirements above).

After the pre•examiners have been appointed, the department supplies them with all the necessary documents for issuing their statement: the dissertation manuscript or summary; the separate articles included, and, in the case of co•authoring, the report on the candidate’s contribution to the co•authored articles. The department must also supply the pre•examiners with instructions on how to examine the manuscript and with an extract of the minutes of the Faculty Council meeting at which they were appointed. The pre•examiners must issue a written statement, either jointly or individually, within three months of accepting the assignment. The statement must explicitly recommend that the candidate either be granted or denied permission to defend his or her dissertation in public. The Faculty has issued separate instructions on how a dissertation is to be pre•examined (Examination and grading of doctoral and Licentiate theses, available on the Faculty website: http://honeybee.helsinki.¿ /opiskelu/jatko•opinnot/engtark.htm).

If the pre•examiner recommends that permission be denied, the candidate is offered an opportunity to appeal against the statement before the Faculty Council decides whether or not permission is to be granted.

Before a dissertation can be approved it must be printed, and the candidate must defend it at a public examination arranged by the Faculty.

Preparing for the public examination

Upon granting the candidate permission to defend the thesis, the Faculty appoints a Dissertation Grading Committee for the public examination. The members of the committee are: the Opponent (in special cases, two opponents), the pre•examiners and the Custos (chairman) of the public examination. The Custos is a permanent or ¿ xed•term professor of the faculty; the professor in the ¿ eld of the dissertation is generally appointed Custos. When selecting the Opponent, particular attention should be paid to both academic expertise and impartiality in relation to the work. The Opponent should have the quali¿ cations of a docent or equivalent academic quali¿ cations. He or she should be selected from outside the department and, in general, outside the Faculty. A pre•examiner of the dissertation may not act as opponent. The supervisor of the thesis or any one of the co•authors of an article included in the thesis may not be members of the Dissertation Grading Committee. If the supervisor or co•author of an article is also the professor in charge, he or she may act as Custos, but may not participate in the¿ nal grading of the dissertation. The proposal for the composition of the Dissertation Grading Committee is made by the professor in charge. The doctoral candidate should con¿ rm in a separate written statement that he or she does not object to the appointment of the Opponent. Proposal forms are available on the Faculty website. The department is responsible for communicating with the Dissertation Grading Committee.

191 When the Faculty Council has granted permission to defend the dissertation, the candidate must contact the Opponent and Custos to set a time and place for the examination. The pre•examiners are not required to be present at the examination in order to grade the dissertation. The candidate and his or her department are responsible for the practical arrangements and dissemination of information concerning the public examination. The venue of the examination can be booked through the University’s Technical Department. See http://www.tekn.helsinki.¿ /tilavara/Varaajat.html for more information (in Finnish only).

When the candidate is granted permission to defend the thesis, he or she also receives an information package for doctoral candidates. The package includes forms for disseminating information about the dissertation, application forms for grants to cover printing costs, instructions concerning the printing and distribution of the thesis, information on electronic publication on the University’s E•thesis website, and a description of the practices and procedures at the public examination. This information is also available on the Faculty website (see XXX).

The University website has information in English at http://www.helsinki.¿ /tohtoriksi/english/. The Helsinki University Press website also contains information in English about dissertation publishing (see www. yliopistopaino.helsinki.¿ ).

The dissertation must be displayed and available for public viewing on the University’s of ¿ cial notice board (on the ground À oor of the Main Building) for at least ten days prior to the public examination. The Faculty Dean may, subject to a written application by the doctoral candidate, shorten this time to ¿ ve days (Section 29 of the university regulations concerning examinations, grading of completed studies and the Board of Examination Appeals at the University of Helsinki). If the applicant wishes to shorten the time of public display, he or she must submit a reasoned, freely formulated application to the Faculty Of¿ ce (Academic Affairs). It is the responsibility of the candidate to see that the Opponent and Custos receive copies of the dissertation in good time before the examination.

Approval and grading of the dissertation

The Opponent(s) must submit a reasoned written statement on the dissertation to the Faculty Council within six weeks of the public examination. If the Opponent recommends that the dissertation be rejected, he or she must also present the grounds for this recommendation. The Faculty has issued instructions on thesis examination (Examination and grading of doctoral and Licentiate theses). In addition to this, the Dissertation Grading Committee must submit a joint statement proposing a grade for the dissertation. The Custos must submit a statement concerning the doctoral candidate’s performance during the public examination. The Custos’ statement can also form part of the committee’s statement.

The Faculty Council makes the decision concerning approval or rejection and the subsequent grade of the dissertation, based on the statements of the Opponent and the Dissertation Grading Committee. There are three grades: Approved with distinction, Approved, and Rejected. If the proposed grade is Approved with distinction, the committee must be unanimous and present exceptionally strong grounds for the grade. Before the grading of the dissertation, the candidate must be provided with the opportunity to submit an objection to the opponent’s statement. Doctoral candidates who wish to object to the grading of their dissertation may appeal in writing to the Board of Examination Appeals within 14 days of the receipt of the grading decision (Section 33 of the regulations concerning examinations, grading of completed studies and the Board of Examination Appeals at the University of Helsinki).

THE LICENTIATE DEGREE

The degrees of Licentiate of Agriculture and Forestry and Licentiate of Food Sciences

A student who has been admitted to pursue scienti ¿ c postgraduate studies must complete his or her studies in accordance with the postgraduate study plan approved by the Faculty, and write a Licentiate thesis that demonstrates the student’s familiarity with the ¿ eld of research and his or her ability for independent and critical application of scienti¿ c research methods (Standing Regulations of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Section 27).

192 The format of the Licentiate thesis

A Licentiate thesis can be a monograph, or it can be in the form of a compilation, or article•based thesis, i.e. a collection of several separate scienti¿ c articles or manuscripts that have been accepted for publication and all focus on the same topic. An article•based thesis must always contain a summary. Regardless of its format, the work should meet the scienti¿ c criteria set for a thesis of this kind. The summary of an article• based thesis should clearly present the theoretical background of the research, its objectives, methods, results, analysis and conclusions.

The separate articles should mainly have been published in refereed scienti¿ c journals, and previously unpublished manuscripts should have been refereed and accepted for publication. At least half of the articles included in a compilation thesis should have been previously published or accepted for publication, and the rest should have been submitted for publication. Compilation theses submitted to the Faculty typically contain 2•3 separate articles. An article included in a Licentiate thesis can later be included as a separate article in a doctoral compilation dissertation. Co•authored publications may be included if the author’s independent contribution to them can be veri¿ ed. If a co•authored publication is included, the student must, when submitting the thesis, always provide the Faculty with a report on the division of labor in the co•authored article(s). The student, his or her thesis supervisor, and the other co•authors of the joint publication must verify the report by their signatures. The author of the Licentiate thesis must also provide the Faculty with an account of what postgraduate studies he or she has completed (see the section on degree requirements above).

When several students wish to include the same co•authored publication in their theses, the matter is resolved on a case•by•case basis depending on the reported contribution of each co•author.

The names and posts of the supervisor(s) and examiners must appear on the page following the title page of the completed thesis.

Examination of the Licentiate thesis

The Faculty Council appoints as examiners the professor in charge (in case this professor is unable to act as examiner, another Faculty professor is appointed instead), and at least two other examiners who must at least hold a doctorate. A person who has acted as supervisor of the thesis or has co•authored any of the articles included in it may not be appointed as examiner. The appointment proposal is made by the professor in charge. The proposal form is available on the Faculty website. Before the examiners are appointed, the thesis manuscript should be submitted to the Faculty Of¿ ce. If the thesis is made up of separate articles and a summary, the summary and all articles should be submitted; if any one of the articles is co•authored, a report on the division of labor should be included.

After the examiners have been appointed, the department supplies them with a bound copy of the thesis. If the thesis consists of separate articles, the examiners should be provided with both the articles and the summary, and, in the case of co•authoring, the report on the candidate’s contribution to the co• authored articles. The department must also supply the examiners with instructions on how to examine the manuscript and with an extract of the minutes of the Faculty Council meeting at which they were appointed. The department is responsible for communicating with the examiners.

Approval and grading of the Licentiate thesis

Before the Licentiate thesis can be approved and graded, the student must present his or her research at a Licentiate seminar, during which the examiners and other interested parties will present their commentaries. After this, the examiners will write their statement.

The examiners of the Licentiate thesis must issue a written statement, either jointly or individually, within two months of accepting the assignment. The statement must explicitly recommend the thesis either be approved or rejected, and the subsequent grade. The Faculty has issued separate instructions on how a thesis is to be examined (Examination and grading of doctoral and Licentiate theses, available on the Faculty website: http://mm.helsinki.¿ /opiskelu/jatko•opinnot/engtark.htm).

193 The Faculty Council makes the decision concerning approval or rejection and the subsequent grade of the thesis on the basis of the examiners’ statement. There are three grades: Approved with distinction, Approved, and Rejected. Before the grading of the thesis, the student must be offered an opportunity to submit an objection to the examiners’ statement. Students who wish to object to the grading of their Licentiate thesis may appeal in writing to the Board of Examination Appeals within 14 days of the receipt of the grading decision (Section 33 of the regulations concerning examinations, grading of completed studies and the Board of Examination Appeals at the University of Helsinki). The Faculty Council’s role in the proceedings

The Faculty Council is responsible for appointing examiners for Licentiate theses and pre•examiners for doctoral dissertations; for granting permission to defend dissertations; and, for grading and approving Licentiate and doctoral theses. Licentiate theses are discussed at two separate Faculty Council meetings and doctoral dissertations at three meetings before arriving at ¿a nal decision. In order to have his or her thesis taken up for discussion at a Faculty Council meeting, the student must have been accepted for postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry and he or she must be registered as attending in the student register. The Faculty Council convenes once a month except during the summer months. The meeting timetable can be found on the Faculty website at http://www.helsinki.¿ / mmtdk/tiedekunta/kokousaikataulu.htm (in Finnish) or at http://www.mm.helsinki.¿ /ENGLISH/admin.htm (in English). The material for the meeting must be given to the presenting of¿ cial at the Faculty Of¿ ce not later than on Tuesday of the week preceding the meeting.

The Licentiate or Doctoral diploma

In order to be awarded the degree of Licentiate or Doctor, the student must be registered as attending in the Student Register and he or she must have been admitted to pursue postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. After the Licentiate thesis or doctoral dissertation has been approved and graded, the Faculty will issue a postgraduate degree diploma. The student does not automatically receive a diploma; it will be issued upon a written application to the Faculty Of¿ ce administration.

The diploma can be applied for when • the student has completed all the required postgraduate studies (checked and con¿ rmed by the signature of the professor in charge); and, • the Faculty Council has approved and graded the Licentiate thesis or doctoral dissertation.

The Faculty Of¿ ce administration (Viikki Infocentre, 3rdÀ oor, Viikinkaari 11) is responsible for issuing diplomas. The student should ¿ ll in a form for requesting the diploma. This form will be mailed to the student upon the approval of his or her thesis, and can also be printed from the Faculty website. The form contains additional information on obtaining the degree diploma.

Entry into force

These guidelines are in effect as of 8 September 2005. Students who have begun postgraduate studies before 1 August 2005 have the right to transfer to the new degree system and complete their degree in accordance with the Government Decree on University Degrees (794/2004) and the Standing Regulations that entered into force on 1 August 2005. The student must notify the Faculty of the transfer in writing. The transfer is binding and cannot be reversed. If the student has not completed his or her degree by 31 July 2008, he or she must transfer to the new degree system and pursue his or her studies in accordance with the new Decree and Standing Regulations.

Students who have begun postgraduate studies before 1 August 2005, but whose postgraduate study plan has not yet been approved when these guidelines take effect, must draw up their postgraduate study plan according to the principles presented above.

194 The approval process of a dissertation at the The approval process of a Licentiate thesis Faculty at the Faculty

The candidate submits to the Academic AffairsThe candidate submits to the Academic Affairs Of¿ ce Of¿ ce • the dissertation manuscript • the thesis manuscript • information on completed postgraduate studies • information on completed postgraduate studies • report on division of labor in co•authored• report on division of labor in co•authored articles articles Two pre•examiners Student may submit Three examiners are proposed by the objection to the are proposed by the professor appointed pre• professor examiners

FACULTY COUNCIL FACULTY COUNCIL • appoints pre•examiners • appoints examiners (Minutes given to (Minutes given to student and professor) student and professor) The department/student provides pre•examiners The department/student provides examiners with with • thesis manuscript • dissertation manuscript • minutes • minutes • report on division of labor in co•authored • report on division of labor in co•authoredarticles articles • instructions for examining the thesis • instructions for examining the dissertation Pre•examiners’ statements to Faculty (copies to student)

Professor proposes Student may submit composition of objection to Opponent Dissertation Grading Committee (Opponent, Custos, pre•examiners)

FACULTY COUNCIL Grants permission to defend dissertation; appoints Dissertation Grading Committee

Student receives Minutes given to student doctoral candidates’ and professor information package

PUBLIC EXAMINATION LICENTIATE SEMINAR Opponent’s, Dissertation Grading Committee’s, Examiners’ statements submitted to Faculty and Custos’ statements submitted to Faculty (student receives copies) (student receives copies)

FACULTY COUNCIL FACULTY COUNCIL Decision on approval and grading of Decision on approval and grading of thesis dissertation Minutes to student Minutes to student Application for postgraduate diploma Application for postgraduate diploma

195 Government Decree on University Degrees 794/2004

Chapter 1 General provisions

Section 1 Application 1. This Decree provides for lower and higher university degrees and scienti¿ c and artistic postgraduate degrees referred to in the Universities Act (645/1997). Professional postgraduate degrees awarded by universities come under separate statutes.

Section 2 Fields of education and responsibilities for provision of degree education 1. Attached to this Decree is a list of ¿ elds of education, degree names and universities which award the degrees.

Section 3 Provision of education leading to lower and higher university degrees 1. Education leading to lower and higher university degrees may be based on subjects or in the form of degree programmes. Education leading to a higher university degree built on a lower university degree or education of a corresponding level may also be arranged as a degree programme to which there is a separate selection. 2. Education leading to a higher education degree may also be arranged in international cooperation.

Section 4 Degrees taken in foreign languages 1. A university degree referred to in Section 9(3) of the Universities Act which has been taught and studied in a language other than Finnish or Swedish shall be given an English degree title in addition to the Finnish or Swedish title enumerated in the attached list.

Section 5 Extent of studies 1. The measure for the extent of studies shall be a credit. Courses shall be quanti¿ ed according to the work load required. The average input of 1600 working hours needed for studies of one academic year shall correspond to 60 credits.

Section 6 Language pro¿ ciency 1. The student must demonstrate in studies included in education for a lower or higher university degree or otherwise that he/she has attained: (1) pro¿ ciency in Finnish and Swedish which is required of civil servants in bilingual public agencies and organisations under Section 6(1) of the Act on the Knowledge of Languages Required of Personnel in Public Bodies (424/2003) and which is necessary for their ¿ eld; and (2) skills in at least one foreign language needed to follow developments in the ¿ eld and to operate in an international environment. 2. The provisions of subsection 1 do not concern a student who has been educated in a language other than Finnish or Swedish or a student who has been educated abroad. The language pro¿ ciency of such students shall be determined by the university. 3. For special reasons, the university may either totally or partially exempt a student from the requisite language skills referred to in subsection 1.

Chapter 2 Lower university degree

Section 7 Aims of the lower university degree 1. Studies leading to a lower university degree shall provide the student with: (1) knowledge of the fundamentals of the major and minor subjects or corresponding study entities or studies included in the degree programme and the prerequisites for following developments in the ¿ eld; (2) knowledge and skills needed for scienti¿ c thinking and the use of scienti¿ c methods or knowledge and skills needed for artistic work;

196 (3) knowledge and skills needed for studies leading to a higher university degree and for continuous learning; (4) a capacity for applying the acquired knowledge and skills to work; and (5) adequate language and communication skills. 2. The education shall be based on research or artistic activity and professional practices.

Section 8 Extent of studies required for a lower university degree 1. Studies required for a lower university degree shall be 180 credits, unless otherwise provided below. The university must arrange the education to enable the student to complete the degree in three years of full•time study. 2. The extent of studies required for the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts shall be 210 credits. The university must arrange the education to enable the student to complete the degree in three and a half years of full•time study.

Section 9 Structure of the lower university degree 1. Studies leading to a lower university degree may include: (1) basic and intermediate studies; (2) language and communication studies; (3) interdisciplinary programmes; (4) other studies; and (5) work practice for professional development. 2. The degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy shall include a compulsory internship. 3. The extent of basic studies in the subject or a corresponding entity shall be a minimum of 25 credits. The extent of intermediate studies in the subject or a corresponding entity shall be a minimum of 60 credits. The intermediate studies in the major subject or a corresponding entity shall include a thesis of at least six and at most ten credits.

Section 10 Requisite components of the lower university degree 1. To be awarded a lower university degree, the student must complete basic and intermediate studies in the major subject or a corresponding entity and language, and communication studies. 2. The student must demonstrate that he/she has attained the objectives set for the degree, studies and thesis and the language pro¿ ciency referred to in Section 6. The student must write a maturity essay which demonstrates conversance with the topic of the thesis and skills in the use of Finnish or Swedish. 3. When a student is not required to have language pro¿ ciency referred to in Section 6(1), the university shall determine separately the language used in the maturity essay.

Section 11 Specialisation based on certain lower university degrees 1. Students holding the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or an equivalent degree may study for a pharmaceutical specialisation. Specialisation studies in pharmacy comprise in•depth studies in the speciality, research on the speciality and guided work practice in the speciality. The aim of specialisation is good knowledge of the speciality and an ability to work independently in the speciality ¿ eld.

Chapter 3 Higher university degree

Section 12 Aims of the higher university degree 1. The education shall provide the student with: (1) good overall knowledge of the major subject or a corresponding entity and conversance with the fundamentals of the minor subject or good knowledge of the advanced studies included in the degree programme; (2) knowledge and skills needed to apply scienti¿ c knowledge and scienti¿ c methods or knowledge and skills needed for independent and demanding artistic work; (3) knowledge and skills needed for independently operating as an expert and developer of the ¿ eld;

197 (4) knowledge and skills needed for scienti¿ c or artistic postgraduate education; and (5) good language and communication skills. 2. The education shall be based on scienti¿ c research or artistic activity and professional practices in the ¿ eld.

Section 13 Extent of studies leading to a higher university degree 1. The extent of studies leading to a higher university degree shall be 120 credits, unless otherwise provided in this Section or in Section 14 below. The university must arrange the education to enable the student to complete the degree in two years of full•time studies. 2. The extent of studies required for a programme leading to the higher university degree which is geared to foreign students shall be a minimum of 90 credits. The university must arrange the education so as to enable a student studying full time to complete the degree in a time corresponding to its extent, nonetheless in no more than two academic years. 3. The extent of studies required for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology and the degree of Master of Art in Music shall be 150 credits. The university must arrange the education so as to enable the student to complete the degree in two and a half years of full•time study. 4. The extent of studies required for the degree of Licentiate of Veterinary Medicine and the degree of Licentiate of Medicine shall be 180 credits. The university must arrange the education so as to enable the student to complete the degree in three years of full•time study.

Section 14 Arrangement and extent of education leading to the higher university degree which does not include the relevant lower university degree 1. In the ¿ elds of medicine and dentistry the university may arrange the education leading to the higher university degree without including a lower university degree in the education. 2. The extent of studies required for the degree of Licentiate of Medicine shall be 360 if the university organises the education leading to the higher university degree so that it does not include a lower degree. The university must arrange the education so as to enable the student to complete the degree in six years of full•time study. 3. The extent of studies required for the degree of Licentiate of Dentistry shall be 300 if the university organises the education leading to the higher university degree so that it does not include a lower degree. The university must arrange the education so as to enable the student to complete the degree in ¿ ve years of full•time study.

Section 15 Structure of the higher university degree 1. The studies leading to the higher university degree may include: (1) basic and intermediate studies and advanced studies; (2) language and communication studies; (3) interdisciplinary study programmes; (4) other studies; and (5) internship improving expertise. 2. Studies for the degrees of Licentiate of Medicine, Licentiate of Dentistry and Licentiate of Veterinary Medicine, the degree of Master of Science in Pharmacy and the degree of Master of Science in Psychology, and education in social work belonging to the ¿ eld of social sciences include compulsory internships. 3. Basic studies and intermediate studies shall have the minimum extents referred to in Section 9(2). The extent of advanced studies shall be a minimum of 60 credits. The major subject or a corresponding entity included in the degree or the advanced studies of a degree programme shall include a thesis of at least 20 and at most 40 credits.

Section 16 Requisite components of the higher university degree 1. To be awarded a degree, the student must complete advanced studies in the major subject or a corresponding entity or the advanced studies of a degree programme and the internship supervised by the university possibly included in the degree. The student must also complete suf¿ cient studies in minor subject(s), unless these have been completed in education leading to a lower university degree. 2. The student must demonstrate that he/she has attained the objectives set for the degree, studies and thesis and the language pro¿ ciency referred to in Section 6. The student must write a maturity essay which shows command of the topic of the thesis and of the Finnish or Swedish language.

198 3. The student need not demonstrate command of the Finnish or Swedish language in the maturity essay included in the higher university degree if he/she has demonstrated his/her command of the language in a maturity essay included in a lower university degree studied in same language. 4. When a student is not required to have the language pro¿ ciency referred to in Section 6(1), the university shall determine separately the language of the maturity essay.

Section 17 Adherence to the statutes of the European communities 1. The provision of education leading to the degrees of Licentiate of Veterinary Medicine, Licentiate of Medicine and Licentiate of Dentistry, the degree of Master of Science in Pharmacy and the degree of Master of Science in Architecture, and the education leading to a lower university degree on which they are based must comply with the following statutes of the European Communities concerning the minimum level of education: (1) Council Directive 78/687/EEC concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in respect of the activities of dental practitioners (2) Council Directive 78/1027/EEC concerning the co•ordination of provisions in respect of the activities of veterinary surgeons (3) Council Directive 85/384/EEC of 10 June 1985 on the mutual recognition of diplomas, certi¿ cates and other evidence of formal quali¿ cations in architecture, including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishment and freedom to provide services (4) Council Directive 85/432/EEC concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in respect of certain activities in the ¿ eld of pharmacy, and (5) Council Directive 93/16/EEC of 5 April 1993 to facilitate the free movement of doctors and the mutual recognition of their diplomas, certi¿ cates and other evidence of formal quali¿ cations

Chapter 4 Provisions concerning teacher education

Section 18 Objective of teacher education 1. A special aim in teacher education provided by universities is to equip the student with knowledge and skills for independent work as a teacher, a counsellor and an educator.

Section 19 Studies in teacher education 1. The studies included in teacher education shall be (1) studies providing professional competence for posts in early education and for pre•primary education; (2) multidisciplinary studies in the subjects and cross•curricular themes taught in basic education which provide professional competence for the teaching of the core subjects included in the basic education core curriculum under Section 11 of the Basic Education Act (628/1998); (3) studies providing professional competence for special•needs education; (4) studies providing professional competence for guidance counselling; (5) teachers’ pedagogical studies, which are didactically oriented studies in education science comprising guided teaching practice and in which the student can specialise in basic education, upper secondary education, vocational education and training or adult education; and, (6) in subject teacher education, studies in the teaching subject, which are studies promoting the command of a subject included in basic education, upper secondary education or other education. 2. Studies referred to in paragraphs 1•5 of subsection 1 above shall be studies of a minimum of 60 credits in extent which are provided by the universities with responsibility for the ¿ eld of education science. The teaching practice referred to in paragraph 5 of the said subsection shall be carried out in a university practice school, other educational institution approved by the university or in some other manner approved by the university. 3. The studies in the teaching subject referred to in paragraph 6 of subsection 1 above shall be basic, intermediate and advanced studies in the major subject or a corresponding entity included in the higher university degree and basic and intermediate studies in another subject or in a corresponding entity.

199 Section 20 Structure of teacher education 1. Education leading to the degree of Master of Science in Education may include class teacher education, special•needs teacher education and guidance counsellor education referred to in Section 19(1). Some of these studies may be completed in education leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education, which forms the basis for the Master’s degree. Education leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education may include kindergarten teacher education. 2. Kindergarten teacher education shall include studies preparing for posts in early education and for pre•primary education referred to in Section 19(1), class•teacher education shall include interdisciplinary studies in the teaching subjects and cross•curricular themes, special•needs teacher education shall include studies providing professional competence for special•needs education, and guidance counsellor education shall include studies providing professional competence for guidance counselling. Teachers’ pedagogical studies referred to in the same subsection shall be incorporated in all the teacher education listed above, with the exception of kindergarten teacher education. 3. The teacher education studies referred to in subsection 2 above may also be incorporated into other applicable lower and higher university degrees or they may also be taken as non•degree studies after graduation. 4. Education leading to the higher university degree may include subject teacher education, which comprises studies in one or two teaching subjects referred to in Section 19(1), and teachers’ pedagogical studies. The studies may be taken either as part of a degree or as non•degree studies. Some studies included in subject teacher education may be taken in education leading to the lower university degree, on which the higher university degree is based.

Chapter 5 Scienti¿ c and artistic postgraduate education

Section 21 Objectives of scienti¿ c and artistic postgraduate education 1. The aim of postgraduate education is that the student: (1) becomes well•versed in his/her own ¿ eld of research and its social signi¿ cance and gains knowledge and skills needed to apply scienti¿ c research methods independently and critically and to produce new scienti¿ c knowledge within his/her ¿ eld of research; (2) becomes conversant with the development, basic problems and research methods of his/her own ¿ eld of research; and (3) gains such knowledge of the general theory of science and of other disciplines relating to his/her own ¿ eld of research as enables him/her to follow developments in them.

2. In the ¿ eld of art and design, the aim of postgraduate education may be, in addition to the aims listed in subsection 1, that the student gains knowledge and skills for independently conceiving methods of artistic creation or creating products, objects or works which ful¿ l high artistic demands.

3. In the ¿ elds of ¿ ne arts, music, and theatre and dance, the aim of postgraduate education may, in addition to or instead of the aims referred to in subsection 1, that the student gains knowledge and skills for independently conceiving methods of artistic creation or products or transactions which ful¿ l high artistic demands.

Section 22 Requisite components of the doctorate degree 1. To be awarded a doctorate, the student must: (1) complete the required postgraduate studies; (2) demonstrate independent and critical thinking in the ¿ eld of research; and (3) write a doctoral dissertation and defend it in public.

2. In the ¿ elds of ¿ ne arts, music, art and design, and theatre and dance, a student admitted to postgraduate education may demonstrate in public the knowledge and skills required by the university.

3. As a doctoral dissertation may also be approved a number of scienti¿ c publications or manuscripts vetted for publication deemed suf¿ cient by the university which deal with the same set of problems and a paper summarising the ¿ ndings or some other work which meets corresponding scienti¿ c criteria. The

200 publications may include co•authored publications if the author’s independent contribution to them can be demonstrated.

Section 23 Requisite components of the licentiate degree 1. A student admitted to postgraduate education may be awarded the licentiate degree when he/she has completed the part of the postgraduate studies assigned by the university and the specialisation education possibly included in the degree.

2. The licentiate degree shall include a licentiate thesis, in which the student demonstrates good conversance with the ¿ eld of research and the capability of independently and critically applying scienti¿ c research methods.

3. In the ¿ eld of music and in the ¿ eld of theatre and dance, the licentiate degree may include a public demonstration of knowledge and skills, instead a licentiate thesis.

4. As a licentiate thesis may also be approved a number of scienti¿ c publications or manuscripts vetted for publication deemed suf¿ cient by the university which deal with the same set of problems and a paper summarising the ¿ ndings or some other work which meets corresponding scienti¿ c criteria. The publications man include co•authored publications if the author’s independent contribution to them can be demonstrated.

Section 24 Specialisation included in the licentiate degree

1. A licentiate degree completed in postgraduate education may also include specialisation. In this case the education includes systematic theoretical and practical familiarisation with the speciality, a licentiate thesis on the speciality and guided work practice in the ¿ eld of specialisation. The aim of the specialisation included in the licentiate degree is that the student becomes conversant with the speciality and acquires an ability to work independently in his/her own ¿ eld of specialisation.

Chapter 6 Miscellaneous provisions

Section 25 Credit transfer 1. In degree studies the student may count studies completed in a Finnish or foreign university or some other educational institution towards the degree and replace studies included in the degree with other studies of a corresponding level, as speci¿ ed by the university. At the discretion of the university, the student may also count towards the degree and replace studies included in the degree with knowledge demonstrated in some other manner.

Section 26 Diplomas 1. The university shall issue to the student a diploma on the completion of a lower or higher university degree completed, which must indicate: (1) the name of the degree and the ¿ eld of education; (2) the major subject or a corresponding entity or the degree programme; (3) possible specialisation included in the degree and the speciality; (4) the main content of the degree; and (5) the language pro¿ ciency demonstrated by the student; the recording of the language pro¿ ciency shall take account of Section 19 of the Government Decree on the Demonstration of Pro¿ ciency in the Finnish and Swedish Languages in Civil Service (481/2003).

2. The diploma for a postgraduate university degree shall come under the provisions of subsection (1)• (4).

3. On the student’s request, the university shall issue a certi¿ cate of completed studies while the student still studying.

4. The university shall issue a Diploma Supplement intended for international use to a person who

201 has completed a degree or studies at the university. The Diploma Supplement shall provide suf¿ cient information about the university and about the studies or study attainments recorded in the diploma or certi¿ cate, and about their level and status in the education system.

5. A university in which it is possible to complete a study attainment included in the teacher education referred to in Section 19 may upon request issue a certi¿ cate indicating that the student has demonstrated that he/she has acquired knowledge and skills equivalent to the study attainment in a manner other than the studies speci¿ ed in the statutory competence requirements. Where needed, the university may make the issuing of the certi¿ cate conditional on the applicant’s completing supplementary studies.

Section 27 Graduate professional titles 1. The university may entitle: (1) a person with the degree of Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration to use the title of ekonomi; (2) a person with the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture and Forestry to use the title of agronomi or metsänhoitaja; (3) person with a Diploma in Fine Arts awarded under the repealed Decree concerning the Lower and Higher University Degree in Fine Arts (367/1993) to use the title of kuvataiteen kandidaatti and a person with a Degree in Fine Arts awarded under the said Decree to use the title of kuvataiteen maisteri; and (4) a person who has been awarded a higher university degree called kandidaatti to use the title of maisteri.

Section 28 Development of education and degrees

1. The university shall have the duty constantly to evaluate and develop degrees, degree studies and teaching. Attention shall be especially paid to the quality of degrees, instruction, guidance counselling and studies, to educational needs in society, to the national and international equivalence of degrees and studies, and to the effectiveness of education.

Chapter 7 Coming into force and transitional provisions

Section 29 Coming into force 1. This Decree will come into force on the ¿ rst of August 2005.

2. This Decree shall repeal the following Decrees with subsequent amendments: (1) Decree concerning Degrees in Veterinary Medicine (298/1978) issued on the 21st of April 1978; (2) Decree concerning Degrees in Pharmacy (246/1994) issued on the 30th of March 1994; (3) Decree concerning the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1279/1991) issued on the 25th of October 1991; (4) Decree concerning Degrees in Dentistry (290/1976) issued on the 26th of March 1976; (5) Decree concerning Degrees in the Humanities and the Natural Sciences (221/1994) issued on the 18th of March 1994; (6) Decree concerning Degrees in Educational Science and Teacher Education (576/1995) issued on the 21 of April 1995; 7) Decree concerning Degrees in Economics and Business Administration (139/1995) issued on the 31st of January 1995; 8) Decree concerning Degrees Awarded by the Academy of Fine Arts (381/1997) issued on the 25th of April 1997; 9) Decree concerning Degrees in Sport and Health Sciences (327/1994) issued on the 22nd of April 1994; 10) Decree concerning Degrees in Medicine (762/1975) issued on the 26th of September 1975; 11) Decree concerning Degrees in Agriculture and Forestry (214/1995) issued on the 17th of February 1995; 12) Decree concerning Degrees in Law (86/1996) issued on the 12th of February 1996;

202 13) Decree concerning Degrees in Psychology (318/1996) issued on the 3rd of May 1996; 14) Decree concerning Degrees awarded by Sibelius Academy (148/1995) issued on the 3rd of February 1995; 15) Decree concerning University Degrees in Art and Design (440/1994) issued on the 3rd of June 1994; 16) Decree concerning University Degrees in Theatre and Dance (216/1995) issued on the 17th of February 1995; 17) Decree concerning Degrees in Technology (215/1995) issued on the 17th of February 1995; 18) Decree concerning Degrees in Theology (517/1995) issued on the 7th of April 1995; 19) Decree concerning Degrees in Health Sciences (628/1997) issued on the 19th of June 1997; and 20) Decree concerning Degrees in Social Sciences (245/1994) issued on the 30th of March 1994.

3. Nonetheless, the following Sections of the Decrees listed in subsection 1 shall continue to apply: (1) Section 5 and Section 14a of the Decree concerning Degrees in Pharmacy; (2) the Appendix to and Section 14 a of the Decree concerning Degrees in the Humanities and the Natural Sciences; (3) the Appendix to the Decree concerning Degrees in Educational Science and Teacher Education; (4) Section 3 of the Decree concerning Degrees Awarded by the Academy of Fine Arts; (5) Section 14 of the Decree concerning Degrees in Psychology; (6) Section 3 of the Decree concerning Degrees awarded by Sibelius Academy; 7) Sections 5 and 6 of the Decree concerning University Degrees in Art and Design; 8) Section 5 of the Decree concerning Degrees in Technology; 9) Section 10 of the Decree concerning Degrees in Health Sciences; 10) Section 4a as concerns educational responsibilities in social work and Section 14 a of the Decree concerning Degrees in Social Sciences.

Section 30 Status of students 1. A student who is studying for a degree under a Decree repealed under Section 29 when this Decree comes into force shall have the right under Section 20 of the Act Amending the Universities Act (715/2004) to transfer to studies governed by this Decree or to continue studying under the repealed Decree.

2. The student may count studies completed under the repealed Decree towards a degree governed by this Decree, as speci¿ ed by the university.

Section 31 Transitional provision concerning degree names in law 1. The provisions in Acts or other statutes concerning the degree of Candidate of Laws shall also concern Master of Laws after this Decree comes into force.

Section 32 The title of Candidate of Medicine and Candidate of Dentistry 1. A student in medicine may still be awarded the title of Candidate of Medicine referred to in Section 17(3) of the Decree concerning Degrees in Medicine, provided that all the universities which have been assigned responsibility for medical education arrange education leading to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine without the intermediate lower degree included in the education.

2. A student in dentistry may still be awarded the title of Candidate of Medicine referred to in Section 17(4) of the Decree concerning Degrees in Dentistry, provided that all the universities which have been assigned responsibility for dentistry education arrange education leading to the degree of Licentiate of Dentistry without the intermediate lower degree included in the education.

203