The Perfect House:A Journey with the Renaissance by Witold Rybc

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The Perfect House:A Journey with the Renaissance by Witold Rybc The Perfect House:A Journey with the Renaissance by Witold Rybc- zynski Copyright 2002 by Witold Rybczynski Chinese translation copyright 2007 by Tianjin University Press Published by arrangement with The Wylie Agency(UK)LTD through Bardon-Chinese Media Agency All rights reserved 版权合同:天津市版权局著作权合同登记图字第 02-2006-23 号 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 完美的房子 /(美)黎辛斯基著;杨惠君译. — 天津:天津大学出 版社,2007. 7 ISBN 978-7-5618-2475-7 Ⅰ. 完. Ⅱ. ①黎. ②杨. Ⅲ. ①帕拉迪奥,A. - 生平事 迹 ②帕拉迪奥,A. - 建筑艺术 Ⅳ. K835. 466. 16 TU-865. 46 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字(2007)第 096905 号 出版发行 天津大学出版社 出 版 人 杨欢 地 址 天津市卫津路 92 号天津大学内(邮编:300072) 电 话 发行部:022-27403647 邮购部:022-27402742 网 址 www. tjup. com 短信网址 发送“天大”至 916088 印 刷 北京佳信达艺术印刷有限公司 经 销 全国各地新华书店 开 本 145mm × 210mm 印 张 9 字 数 250 千 版 次 2007 年 7 月第 1 版 印 次 2007 年 7 月第 1 次 印 数 1 - 4 000 定 价 28. 00 元 凡购本书,如有缺页、倒页、脱页等质量问题,烦请向我社发行部门联系调换 版权所有 侵权必究 书 吉凡尼· 贝迪斯塔· 马甘萨(Giovanni Battista Maganza)所画的 安德烈· 帕拉迪奥肖像。〔出自国际建筑研究中心(Centro In- ternazionale di Studi di Architettura)〕 一栋实用(但仅限于短期)的建筑, 或是一栋长期使用不便的建筑, 或者既坚固又实用,只要是不美观,都不能称之为“完美”。 安德烈· 帕拉迪奥 Andrea Palladio,1508— 1580 年 推荐序 | PREFACE 有关比例 作家 欧阳应霁 是 P 告诉我关于帕拉迪奥的,在米兰近郊废置的厂房里,那个有 过多的意大利开胃冷盘前菜和白酒的派对里,其实 P 并没有长篇大论 地说什么,他只说了最关键的一个词:比例。 我正在不成比例地开怀大啖面前的绝佳小点,完全没有仪态,也 许更仗一点醉意,也许直觉意大利人都喜欢这样的放肆随意,propor- tion?比例?噢——— 你的第一次意大利经验是一杯香浓的 double expresso(双倍意式 黑咖啡)?一件 V 领低胸的 D&G T 恤?一件优雅贴身的阿玛尼(Ar- mani)连衣长裙?一套福拉斯弗姆(Flexform)沙发?还是像玩具一样 活泼多彩的阿莱西(Alessi)家用品?还是更高档的玩具,如法拉利跑 车?这些各领风骚、各走极端的意大利设计除了有各自的式样、质地 和颜色,它们斤斤计较、仔细微调的,就是比例、比例和比例。 长与宽与高的关系、轻与重的拿捏、虚与实的掌握、多与少的取 推荐序 | PREFACE 3 舍,这都是我理解中的比例,有点抽象哩,我跟 P 说。那你真的该去看 看帕拉迪奥的建筑,P 半醉半眯着眼回答。 因此我就拿了一张地图、一本书,乘上火车到维琴察(Vicenza)去 了。竟然很清楚记得那是个周末,过早暖和起来的四月天气,有太阳, 从火车站走到圆形别墅(Villa Rotonda)大概要花上半小时,一路上心 情极好,只是也不禁暗暗想:那些看了一百遍的关于帕拉迪奥的建筑 物照片和资料,会跟设身处地有多少落差呢?直至那山坡、那梁柱、那 门廊、那圆顶都一一出现在眼前,我也就再一次放肆地兴奋起来,游走 投入其中,也顾不了什么比例尺寸的考证和量度。 那一天在维琴察尽情看着十多个属于帕拉迪奥和他弟子的建筑 物,从紧张兮兮的准备,到把地图、书本抛开,放松游历,一个根本不学 无术的路人本就应该用一种平常行走的姿态去跟大师见面。当然,这 么多年后有机会把黎辛斯基教授这本好书重新作为下一趟重游帕拉 迪奥建筑的导读,也是一个必修功课,从其中学到的,也该就是严谨与 轻松的恰当比例。 帕拉迪奥留给世人的,当然是西方建筑的一种完美的原型典范, 更难得的是,不以强势霸气去把人慑服,更像“普通”人家的一种理想 格式。说起来什么是最好的一种比例形态和最宜人的家居空间,也真 是千头万绪,众说纷纭,只是庆幸一路走来,东、西方都有过这样的前 人先例,以人为本,以自然秩序为模拟,去分配、去对称、去均衡,真是 很古典、很体贴的一种做法。这种理念,也许就是我们当前的此时此 刻最应拾取的吧! 推荐序 | PREFACE 大自然与地理场所交织的特别声音 建筑评论者、台湾铭传大学建筑系讲师 徐明松 帕拉迪奥,1508 年出生于威尼斯共和国(Serenissima)的帕多瓦城 (Padua),出身自磨坊工人之家,早年在石匠工作坊当学徒,习石雕之 事,是一个苦读后遇贵人而成功的例子。 文艺复兴的建筑师当中,像阿尔伯蒂(Leon Battista Alberti)先从 事文学创作,论述建筑与绘画(《建筑十书》与《论绘画》),到 45 岁才 开始盖房子;帕拉迪奥出身工匠阶层,最后竟还可以写就《建筑四书》 (I quattro libri dellarchitettura),不能不说是天赋过人。1537 年,帕拉 迪奥结识维琴察人文学者特里西诺,是他人生一个重要的转捩点。在 特里西诺的引荐下,帕拉迪奥进入维琴察人文圈,两人并于 1541 年一 起至罗马研究与考察,开启了帕拉迪奥对古典建筑知识的进一步认 识。 帕拉迪奥在建筑史上有多方面的贡献与影响。有些建筑师贡献 良多,却影响不大,但帕拉迪奥却是两者兼具的建筑师。即便他的学 问不 及 阿 尔 伯 蒂,建造技术也可能没有布鲁内列斯基(Filippo 推荐序 | PREFACE 5 Brunelleschi)大胆,或许生逢其时,他的作品通过新教徒的传播,遍及 世界。 帕拉迪奥有几项显著的贡献。首先,他将古罗马建筑,如万神殿、 浴池等空间元素素朴且灵活地运用在建筑上,尤其是晚年的两座教 堂,大圣乔治教堂(Chiesa di San Giorgio Maggiore)与救世主教堂(Il Redentore)的立面、内部空间都借鉴了不少古罗马建筑。另外,帕拉迪 奥也一举解决了困扰伯拉孟特(Donato Bramante)长久以来的教堂立 面问题。因为对他们来说,三开间(一座高的正殿与两座低的侧殿)的 教堂,必须在外部立面上忠实反映此事,但又必须具古风。你看,由两 个古希腊神庙立面堆叠而成的大圣乔治教堂,并没能在立面上达到和 谐,肇因于柱子的起跑点不一致;而救世主教堂却在第一层古希腊神 庙使用台阶(可以顺便防威尼斯水患),实现了起跑点一致,并达到和 谐,这就是文艺复兴所谓“应变的技法”。 谈到黎辛斯基书中所写的帕拉迪奥别墅,必须先谈一下别墅的崛 大圣乔治教堂救世主教堂圆形别墅((徐明松(徐明松徐明松摄摄)摄)) 6 完美的房子 | THE PERFECT HOUSE 起根源。正值威尼斯共和国的威望与势力如日中天之时,威尼斯共和 国人经商,以水运起家,就像今日的代理商,从中东、土耳其及南斯拉 夫等地买香料转运欧洲,全靠做船运生意而致富。起初威尼斯人并不 重视土地经营,直到 16 世纪初发生与康布雷联盟的战争,战事前后拖 延长达数十年,最后终因补给困难,宣告战败,此时威尼斯人才深刻体 认到,仅依赖海运,没有土地作为后勤支援的战争,是很难克敌制胜 的,因此开始经营维内托(Veneto,大约今维内托省,省会威尼斯)内陆 地区。 帕拉迪奥就是在这样的政经背景下崛起,因此有许多在维内托内 陆地区建盖别墅或农庄的机会。他大概也是文艺复兴别墅建筑(或农 庄)最多产也最多样的建筑师。像知名的巴巴罗别墅,即受到维内托 地区中世纪拜占庭城堡建筑的影响,左右两边高而坚实,留有防御性 塔楼的影子,之后才逐渐摆脱来自地域形式的束缚,开始大量参考、引 用及转化古罗马各类型建筑的元素。 圆形别墅则是帕拉迪奥设计的别墅建筑类型中,唯一一件采用向 心式平面的作品,也是最能表征文艺复兴新柏拉图主义精神的一栋住 宅建筑。圆形别墅是一个独立的抽象、几何盒子,四个神殿式的抬高 入口(底下是佣人使用的服务性空间),除主入口一面,其他三面都可 远眺乡村景色。进入室内,穿过“狭窄”的廊道,迎面而来的是一个拉 高拔升的“巨大”圆顶,这种压缩开放也是帕拉迪奥刻意的处理手法, 再加上内部采用矫饰主义营造出动感、“虚矫”的建筑空间,让外面的 “真实”与内部的“虚矫”融为一体,清楚地传达了文艺复兴盛期的矫 饰主义风格。 本书作者黎辛斯基观察细腻又具历史观,带着我们游览了帕拉迪 推荐序 | PREFACE 7 奥浪漫、牧歌式的别墅作品,文字忠实地出入于旅游者直觉与历史文 献之间,是一本不可多得的大众书籍。在今天的网络时代,回头用身 体来享受作者(黎辛斯基)与书写对象(帕拉迪奥)他们的人生经历, 是不可多得的享受,尤其当我们试着置身在维内托特殊氛围的光线 里,大自然与地理场所交织而成的特别“声音”,将带我们进入提香 (Tiziano Vecellio)(威尼斯画派)与帕拉迪奥的世界里。 前言 | FOREWORD 巴巴罗别墅(Villa Barbaro)位于威尼斯北边的马萨尔村(Maser), 是我造访的第一座帕拉迪奥别墅。别墅坐北朝南,修建于一片缓坡 上,俯瞰着耕地和葡萄园。中央部分的山墙端是精心仿制的神庙正 面,以四根巨大的半圆柱支撑着刻满了雕像的三角楣饰。两条悠长的 连拱廊,末端各有一座小楼,采用大量的漩涡形装饰,在苍郁纠结的树 木衬托下,创造出活泼的轮廓。带着金色的黄色灰泥墙在午后的阳光 下闪闪发光。虽然看过照片,但眼前的实物仍然让我着实吃了一惊; 帕拉迪奥的设计具备真切感和新鲜感,仿佛别墅是前天才刚盖好似 的。“你得亲眼看见这些建筑物,才能了解它们有多出色。”歌德是这 么写的,他当年造访时,这栋建筑物已经有两百多年历史了。“任何对 帕拉迪奥设计的复制,都没办法让人清楚了解到其尺度的和谐;非得 自己亲眼目睹不可。”〔1〕 我也因此深感苦恼。当时是 1985 年,我提笔写了一篇谈论帕拉 前言 | FOREWORD 9 迪奥的短文;两年后,因为有意出书,便试着做了一些笔记〔2〕。这些笔 记是试探性的,因为我对他这个人和他的建筑物都很有兴趣,虽然帕 拉迪奥写过一本建筑学的名著———《 建筑四书》,但有关他生平的细节 却是很粗略的。尽管得到编辑的支持,但我没有把握到底该如何着 手,出书的想法也就淡了下来。把与帕拉迪奥相关的笔记列在“出书 设想”下归档,也就忘了这回事。 多年以后,翻查“出书设想”的文档时,看到了帕拉迪奥的资料。 其中有一部分是这样的: 19 世纪艺术史的训练,是把研究绘画和雕塑的技术应用在建筑物 上,也就是说,基本上是把建筑物当成艺术品。不过即使是以艺术手 法来设计,一栋建筑物的产生,仍旧取决于业主的要求和经济能力的 限制、生活方式、建筑技术以及周围的环境。一位威尼斯贵族之所以 请帕拉迪奥设计别墅,是因为他想要一个家,而帕拉迪奥的事业之所 以蓬勃发展,是因为他特别擅长于达到这个要求。 我觉得如果不以艺术史学者的眼光,而是以建筑师的眼睛,把他 的建筑物视为特定时空的产物,而不只是想象力产生的作品,或许可 以对帕拉迪奥有深入的了解。这样的研究必然是印象主义式及个人 化的;其目的不在于挖掘新的历史证据(尽管要仰赖新近的学术研 究),而是赋予读者新的见解,用新的方法来看待帕拉迪奥的建筑。 我又重新燃起了兴趣。当时我刚完成了一本书,谈的是建筑风格 10 完美的房子 | THE PERFECT HOUSE 以及帕拉迪奥建筑的风格特征。同时因为不久前才写了一本传记,我 对如何介绍他的生平也更有信心。当时适逢大学的假期,我刚完成了 一本书,而且有的是时间。航空公司在春天提供飞欧洲的廉价机票。 我很快就做了决定;我要听从歌德的建议,回到意大利去,亲眼看看那 些建筑物。 我已经造访过帕拉迪奥在威尼斯兴建的教堂,还有他在维琴察设 计的宫殿般的宅邸和公共建筑——— 这回我要把心思集中在别墅上。 这些别墅散落在威尼斯以北平坦的维内托平原上,主要聚集在维琴察 市一带。这些屋子分别矗立在乡间的交叉道路、河流和运河边,以及 三线车道的末端。很多是乡村庄园的所在地,如今周围仍旧是农场屋 舍和农业设备,只不过马车换成了拖拉机而已。有时候农村的景致变 成了公寓楼房、车库和郊区花园的单调背景。即使夹在周围这样格格 不入的环境里,别墅仍然巍峨矗立,维持着始终如一的秩序感以及动 人的美丽。大多数的别墅都还有人居住,而且得到了贴心的维护,抹 去了几百年风雨侵蚀的痕迹,或至少将其隐藏于无形。其余的则一看 就知道没有好好保养——— 灰泥龟裂剥落、台阶破损、窗门下陷——— 但 也同样令人目眩神迷。有几栋别墅已经年久失修,砖石倾塌,窗门大 开。帕拉迪奥设计兴建的别墅大约有三十栋左右,其中十七座大致上 仍旧完好如初?。 在英国和美国访客眼中,帕拉迪奥的别墅让他们颇有他乡遇故知 帕拉迪奥的别墅中有七栋不是毁损殆尽,就是经过彻底改建;有四栋一直没有竣工,只有断垣残 壁;有一栋从来没有动工,还有一栋的命运不得而知,因为连地点都没有决定。 前言 | FOREWORD 11 之感。很像是弗吉尼亚州肯特的乡村别墅和潮水县的种植园住宅 (Tidewater plantation house)。而著名的建筑物,如伊尼哥· 琼斯(Ini- go Jones)在格林尼治的皇后馆(Queens House)、托 马 斯 · 杰 斐 逊 (Thomas Jefferson)的蒙地西洛庄园(Monticello),以 及 白 金 汉 宫 (Buckingham Palace)及海牙的莫瑞泰斯宫(Mauritshuis)等国家象征, 都能找到帕拉迪奥的痕迹。不管是华盛顿特区白宫宏伟的列柱门廊, 还是许许多多美国小镇的银行与法院,多少都是以帕拉迪奥的别墅为 蓝本。坐落在威尼斯共和国一个荒僻角落的几栋房子,几百年后竟然 出现在地球另一端的人眼前,确实叫人刮目相看。也使帕拉迪奥成为 历史上最具有影响力的建筑师。 帕拉迪奥的别墅也标示出家居历史上的一个关键时刻:家居建筑 (domestic architecture)的兴起——— 也就是建筑师开始对私人住宅有了 兴趣。一种过去为神庙和宫殿所专用的建筑语言,开始引进到住宅建 筑上。许多和家居联结在一起的重要建筑象征,无论是股票经纪人在 康涅狄格州豪宅的宏伟门廊,还是一栋美国殖民风格的平房在前门上 方的朴素三角楣饰,都是来自这些 16 世纪的建筑物,都以帕拉迪奥为 始祖。 正如建筑史学者詹姆斯· 斯 洛 斯 · 艾 克 曼(James Sloss Ackerman)指出,帕拉迪奥其实具有双重性格特点〔3〕。他是《建筑四 书》的作者,这部建筑学著名的论文在 1570 年出版,影响了如琼斯和 杰斐逊等风格迥异的建筑师。帕拉迪奥这部论文包括了许多有关古 罗马建筑的资料,以简洁、单调的散文书写,不是什么学术著作。“在 12 完美的房子 | THE PERFECT HOUSE 本书各卷当中,我会避免长篇大论,只是提供我认为很基本的建言。” 他如此提醒着读者〔4〕。他在实务上的建议,是直截了当地写成一套制 作方法,举例来说,“房间不是盖成拱顶就是天花板;如果盖的是天花 板,从铺地到托梁的高度要和房间的宽度相等,楼上的房间会比楼下 矮六分之一。如果盖成拱顶⋯⋯ 在正方形的房间里,拱顶的高度会超 出房间的宽度三分之一。”〔5〕换句话说,在一个 18 英尺?见方的房间 里,平顶天花板就是 18 英尺高,而拱顶天花板就是 24 英尺高。书中 所附的木版画都是简单的线条绘图。附上各式各样的尺寸,让人以为 这是一位理性主义者,笃信建筑是由预定的制作方法和数学公式所产 生的。照这种按部就班的设计手法看来,也难怪他能发挥如此广泛的 影响力,特别是对于绅士阶层的业余建筑师。 另一个帕拉迪奥则是一位营造商,而非理论家。他或许会篡改一 下自己的规则,打造出一个宽 18 英尺,天花板则是 17 或 20 英尺高的 房间。一位成功的建筑师会“把握”环境——— 和业主——— 并从周围的 环境中寻找灵感,他很敏锐地在人文主义的关怀和每个建筑案实际的 要求之间取得平衡。“他带给和他来往的王宫贵族们莫大的乐趣。”一 位和他同时代的人这么写道〔6〕。作为一个百分之百的古罗马研究者, 同时也是一位创意十足的设计者和保守的专业人员,这就是我希望找 到的帕拉迪奥。 〔责编注〕 1 英尺≈0. 3 米。 目 录 CONTENTS | 书 推荐序 | PREFACE 2 推荐序 | PREFACE 4 前言 | FOREWORD 8 第一章 高迪别墅 | GODI 1 第二章 那美丽的房子 | CHE BELLA CASA 31 第三章 拱形的设计 | THE ARCHED DEVICE 65 第四章 布兰塔运河畔 | ON THE BRENTA 93 第五章 门廊 | PORTICOES 117 第六章 巴巴罗兄弟 | THE BROTHERS BARBARO 142 第七章 无比讨喜的景象 | AN IMMENSELY PLEASING SIGHT 162 第八章 埃莫别墅 | EMO 180 第九章 最后一栋别墅 | THE LAST VILLA 196 第十章 帕拉迪奥的秘密 | PALLADIOS SECRET 221 关于别墅 | THE VILLAS 246 名词释义 | GLOSSARY 253 致谢 | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 257 注解 | NOTES 260 第一章 高迪别墅 书 2 完美的房子 | THE PERFECT HOUSE 威尼斯西北方 40 英里?处,是一大片平原,从亚得里亚海沿岸, 一口气延伸到阿尔卑斯的白云石山脉(Dolomitic Alps)的山脚下。山 麓上的维琴提诺的路格村(Lugo Vicentino),俯瞰着艾斯提克河(Astico River),宽阔的河谷必然曾经一度风华,但如今这一大片地方充斥着混 乱的农田和厂房。这种农业和工业混杂的情形,在勒卡萨拉餐厅(La Casara restaurant)非常明显,围绕在我身边的是一群吵吵闹闹的农夫 和工厂工人,他们正在享受午餐时间。 狠狠地大吃一顿以后,我又开始百思不得其解,想不通意大利人 下午怎么可能做事,于是我出去走走。餐厅的位置算是在村子的郊 外。这里的房子太新,少了那种如诗如画的感觉,不过整齐的房屋和 维护周全的花园证明了这个地区的兴旺。在这个郊外,不时散落着农 业的遗迹:翻新的农舍、石造的粮仓、一片用围篱圈起来的牧草地。在 这片盖满了房屋的区域尽头,地势骤然升起,我还看得到一片果园光 秃的树枝。 沿着小丘爬上去,在一片欣欣向荣的连翘树篱后面,一座红砖屋 顶的长方形大宅是整个景观的焦点。这里就是我此行的目的地——— 帕拉迪奥设计的高迪别墅(Villa Godi)。虽然文艺复兴时期的乡村住 宅普遍被称为“别墅”(villa),但这其实是现代的用法。在 16 世纪, “la villa”指的是整个 庄 园;房 子 本 身 叫 做“la casa padronale”(the masters house,主人的房子),或者更简单的说法是“la casa di villa” (庄园的房子)。 〔责编注〕 1 英里≈1. 6 公里。 第一章 高迪别墅 | GODI 3 我把租来的汽车开上了蜿蜒的公路。“坐落在一个视野极佳的山 丘上,旁边倚着一条河。”这是帕拉迪奥对这栋房子的形容。尽管工业 发展过盛,艾斯提克河谷的景色依旧教人忍不住赞叹〔1〕。这栋房子坐 落在一个人造的墩座上,被一片雄伟的石造挡土墙所围绕。弯曲、破 损的围墙仿佛是一座中世纪的棱堡;这栋坚固的房屋,块体结实、对称 严谨,同样散发着军事的气息。乍看之下,可能只觉得是一座兵器库 或卫戍要塞。走近一点,就会看到有两个特征,让严峻的外表顿时柔 和起来:那就是灰泥墙壁和连拱凉廊——— 墙壁上漆着渐渐消退但仍旧 明亮的奶黄色,仿佛是一张古老的羊皮纸;凉廊则从建筑物的中央往 内凹入,创造出一个阴凉而热情迎宾的入口。 别墅的管理员让我走进了锻铁的大门,我沿着一条小径穿过墩 座,脚下的砾石嘎吱作响。草地上栽种的针叶树,一棵棵修剪成球体 或金字塔形。喷泉以一尊少女雕像为中心,旁边围绕着欢乐的小天 使,把水喷到池子里。我侧眼看了看她,就快步穿过花园,进入宅子。 这栋别墅远看不怎么大,没想到事实上规模非常惊人,几乎和现 高迪别墅 4 完美的房子 | THE PERFECT HOUSE 代五层楼的建筑物一样高。在朴素的灰泥墙上,开了式样规律的窗 户,除了石造窗框以外,窗户细部的装饰做了一点变化:地下室是用沉 重的托座形成窗台,主要楼层有精心打造的窗台,阁楼上则用一个简 单的缘饰。正方形的窗户就开在浅浅的屋檐下,顶着精致的飞檐。用 一排重复的小砌块来支撑飞檐,这种细部装饰沿袭了古罗马神庙的屋 檐装饰,叫做“飞檐托”(modillion)。要是少了这些仅有的古典装饰, 这顶多只是一个毫无装饰的朴素立面而已。 “主人房间的楼面位于距离地面 13 英尺高处,盖了天花板,”帕拉 迪奥如此写道,“天花板上方就是粮仓,13 英尺高的地下室则是酿酒 的地窖、厨房和其他类似房间的所在地。”〔2〕把仓库和居家使用叠加在 一起,这种实用的做法发源于土地稀少的威尼斯〔3〕。高人一等的高迪 别墅“地下室”完全盖在地面上,所以有一座笔直的长楼梯通往凉廊。 宽敞的户外空间面向西方,可以看见夕阳西下落在高原山峰上的壮丽 景色,不过房子的主立面就只好暴露在炽热的午后阳光下。 不清楚帕拉迪奥为什么要把建筑物转到这个方向——— 比较好的 方位应该是坐北朝南,那里的视野也非常好。这可能牵涉到当初人们 抵达别墅的路径,因为在旧地图上,画着一条长长的笔直道路,从西边 翻过小丘上来。或者也可能是基于另外一个原因,一般相信这栋别墅 纳入了这块基地上原有的一栋中世纪房屋的某些部分〔4〕。威尼斯共 和国的公民就算不是吝啬得不得了,至少也是小气出了名的,常常把 新房子盖在旧房子上面,重复使用地基和墙壁,以图节省几两银子。 从墙壁上的壁画表层(或叫做“抹灰粉饰”),可以看到曾经切割 第一章 高迪别墅 | GODI 5 过的痕迹,这是为了模拟砌石建筑的接缝。我的旧版《大英百科全书》 里记载,帕拉迪奥的建筑物原本“是设计要以石材施工”〔5〕。事实上, 帕拉迪奥的乡村住宅没有一栋是以石材打造而成,全都是在砖块外面
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