Ottoman Mathematicians and Astronomers
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THE ENTRANCE of MODERN OPTICS to OTTOMAN SCIENCE by Sena Pekkendir B.S., Physics, Boğaziçi University, 2011 Submitted To
THE ENTRANCE OF MODERN OPTICS TO OTTOMAN SCIENCE by Sena Pekkendir B.S., Physics, Boğaziçi University, 2011 Submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineeering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Physics Boğaziçi University 2015 ii THE ENTRANCE OF MODERN OPTICS TO OTTOMAN SCIENCE APPROVED BY: Prof. Levent Kurnaz ………………………... (Thesis Supervisor) Prof. İhsan Fazlıoğlu ………………………… (Thesis Co-advisor) Assoc. Prof. Burçin Ünlü ………………………… Prof. Edhem Eldem ………………………… Prof. Naci İnci ………………………… DATE OF APPROVAL: 02.07.2015 iii Dedicated to my husband Behiç and my son Ömer Melih iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I’d like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Prof. Levent Kurnaz for teaching me how to do academic research at first by joining me to his Soft Condensed Matter Lab when I was a sophomore. Also I’m very lucky to have been attended to his lectures on History of Science for that I discovered the branch I want to spend my life with. I’m so thankful to him to encourage and support me to write a thesis on history of science. I’d like to express my gratitude to Prof. İhsan Fazlıoğlu for always forcing me to be better and for teaching me a great deal of wisdom of academy. I’m very grateful for the things I’ve learned from him and I’m lucky that I’ll continue learning from him in the upcoming years. I also would like to thank my mother Sera Sarı for being there whenever I need her and always supporting me. -
Science and Technology in Early Modern Islam, C.1450-C.1850 William Gervase Clarence Smith
Science and technology in early modern Islam, c.1450-c.1850 William Gervase Clarence Smith “Seek knowledge, even in China”. Prophet Muhammad A contested narrative The course of Islamic science and technology used to be portrayed as a play in four acts. From around 750 to 950 CE, translators made available the wisdom of Ancient Greece. Scholars of the 'golden age' elaborated a little on this legacy, before transmitting it to Christendom. An Islamic 'dark age' began around 1100, usually ascribed to Turko-Mongol barbarian invasions and religious fanaticism, allowing the West to pull steadily ahead. Only in the twentieth century did Muslims enter the brave new world of universal science and technology. Almost every element of this standard tale has lately been challenged. A few aspects of Islamic scientific endeavour seemingly date back to the time of the Prophet, early in the seventh century. The role of translations has correspondingly been downgraded. At the same time, greater stress has been placed on materials obtained from India, Persia, Babylon, and Egypt. More prominence has been granted to experimentation and observation by Islamic scholars, who led Europe and East Asia for several centuries. The onset of decline has been moved to a later point, albeit without consensus as to when that might be. Revival began from the late eighteenth century, and, in part, involved a return to the wellsprings of Islamic vitality. The greatest controversy surrounds the causes of Islamic scientific 'decline.' For Toby Huff, 'generalised and universal norms' did not emerge in Islam, especially in the legal sphere, and an 'ethos of secrecy in intellectual affairs' prevailed. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Their Science, Our Values”
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Their Science, Our Values”: Science, State, and Society in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology (Science Studies) by Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya Committee in charge: Professor John Evans, Chair Professor Steven Epstein, Co-Chair Professor Hasan Kayali Professor Andrew Scull Professor Robert Westman 2010 Copyright Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya has been approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm. (Co-Chair) (Chair) University of California, San Diego 2010 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita ................................................................................................................................... viii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 I. Science and Ottoman Muslims -
UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title "Their Science, Our Values" : science, state, and society in the 19th century Ottoman Empire Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vq4w5k6 Author Yalcinkaya, Mehmet Alper Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Their Science, Our Values”: Science, State, and Society in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology (Science Studies) by Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya Committee in charge: Professor John Evans, Chair Professor Steven Epstein, Co-Chair Professor Hasan Kayali Professor Andrew Scull Professor Robert Westman 2010 Copyright Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Mehmet Alper Yalcinkaya has been approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm. (Co-Chair) (Chair) University of California, San Diego 2010 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita .................................................................................................................................. -
THE REHABILITATION of the BEKTASHI ORDER (1826-1876) By
THE REHABILITATION OF THE BEKTASHI ORDER (1826-1876) by ÖZKAN KARABULUT Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2017 © Özkan Karabulut 2017 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE REHABILITATION OF THE BEKTASHI ORDER (1826-1876) OZKAN KARABULUT M.A. Thesis, July 2017 Thesis Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Yusuf Hakan Erdem Keywords: Bektashi Order, abolition, rehabilitation, revival, polemics This thesis aims to analyze the revival process of the Bektashi Order in the course of the fifty years following its abolition in 1826. The focus of this study is the reintegration of Bektashism into Ottoman society, which was actualized concordantly with the gradual moderation of the state’s oppression after the reign of Mahmud II. The key findings of this study propose that the state’s suppression policy of the Bektashi Order evolved to soft control with time and the revival of the Bektashi Order was a restrained rehabilitation, which was allowed within the state’s prescribed limits. By discussing the state’s selective oppression policy, as well as its control mechanism of rehabilitation, this thesis aims to detect boundaries of the revival. Relatedly, this study also aims to analyze the reactions of Sunni orthodox scholars toward Bektashism when Bektashis violated boundaries of the rehabilitation, and how Bektashis defended the Order against these reactions. iv ÖZET BEKTAŞİ TARİKATININ REHABİLİTASYONU (1826-1876) ÖZKAN KARABULUT Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Temmuz 2017 Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yusuf Hakan Erdem Keywords: Bektaşi Tarikatı, ilga, rehabilitasyon, canlanma, polemik Bu tez 1826’da ilga edilen Bektaşi Tarikatının sonraki elli yıl içerisinde tekrar canlanma sürecini incelemektedir. -
Alevi View of Alevism
ABSTRACT Why Label Alevi Islam as Shi`ite?: A Comparative Inquiry into Alevi Identity Outside of the Sunni-Shi`ite Framework by Reyhan Erdogdu Basaran The Alevis represent the most significant minority religious group in Turkey and the Alevi question represents a unique ethnic and religious challenge for the Turkish state. Although the number of academic studies on Alevism have dramatically increased in the last three decades, the question of whether Alevism is a branch of Shi`ism still remains a neglected subject of the Alevi literature. The majority of recent works on Alevism have automatically and straightly classified Alevism as Shi`ite due to the shared religious elements by the two groups. They did not intend, however, to analyze, compare and contrast those Shi`ite currents as to how they are applied/perceived in Shi`ism and Alevism. By using a comparative study of religion methodology, this research seeks to provide an elaborative analysis on the distinguishing features of the Alevi belief system, in relation to the Alid cause. While analyzing the contemporary approaches and archival of the official and historical records on Alevi belief, the particular focus of this dissertation is to understand, decode, and theorize the status of Alevism in conjunction with and separate from Sunnism and Shi`ism. In doing so, this dissertation argues that most of the existing scholarship fails to conceive of the Alevi differences outside of the Sunni-Shi`ite framework. Acknowledgments I would first like to acknowledge the Turkish Ministry of Education for honoring me with a full fellowship to pursue a graduate degree in the United States of America and for their funding of the first two years of my Ph.D. -
Christian-Muslim Polemics in the Ottoman Print Sphere, 1861-1915
DISPUTING RELIGION, EMPIRE, AND MODERNITY: CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM POLEMICS IN THE OTTOMAN PRINT SPHERE, 1861-1915 Scott Rank A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Budapest, Hungary 2015 Supervisor of Dissertation: Tolga Esmer CEU eTD Collection Copyright Notice and Statement of Responsibility Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions and no materials previously written and/or published by another person unless otherwise noted. CEU eTD Collection Abstract This study is about religion and the politics of engagement between Muslim and Christian literati in the late Ottoman Empire. It uses archival sources and periodicals to examine the Christian and Muslim literary responses to the nineteenth and twentieth- century intellectual developments in Europe and the Middle East such as positivism and biblical criticism that challenged traditional religious discourses. This study ties in several historical fields, beginning with the highly limited historiography of Ottoman religious polemics, and moving to studies on religion in the modern era, Protestant missionaries in the Ottoman Empire, imperial governance in the age of New Imperialism (1870-1914), and the global Muslim print sphere that developed in response to these challenges facing the Muslim world. -
Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908
Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908 Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908 is the first political and administrative study of late nineteenth-century Iraq based on the central Ottoman Archives. It is a unique and pioneering work in the literature on Modern Middle Eastern history. It represents a major contribution to our understanding of the last decades of Ottoman Iraq, by addressing not only political issues, but also critical social and cultural developments as well as regional issues, many of which projected themselves deeply into the twentieth century. It uses relatively neglected but enormously rich sources from the Ottoman Archives to introduce a fresh perspective on Iraq history which has so far been studied mainly through British and secondary sources. The account provides a rich historical background for understanding some of the issues and problems of modern Middle East history and discusses such subjects as: G reform and development, G local versus central administration, G tribes and state, G notables and state, G British penetration and the Ottoman response in Iraq and the Gulf, G growth of Shi’ism in Iraq and the Ottoman response, and G Sultan Abdülhamid II, Jamaladdin al-Afghani, and Pan-Islamism. This book examines several aspects of Ottoman administration and seeks to explore the problems and policies of its central government. It also provides material for the understanding of notable-government relations in the three provinces of the Empire, and emphasizes the importance of the “politics of notables” in the Ottoman administration of Iraq. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908 is essential reading for those with interests in the Middle Eastern studies and the history of Iraq and the Ottoman Empire.