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Flat Panel Displays: End of Life Management Report

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Flat Panel Displays: End of Life Management Report Literature Review Flat Panel Displays: End of Life Management Report Final Report Prepared By: King County Solid Waste Division 201 South Jackson Street, Suite 701 Seattle, WA 98104 Updated April 24, 2008 Original Report Date August 20, 2007 Table of Contents Acronyms …….............................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... vii Section 1: Introduction............................................................................................................1 1.1 Goals and Objectives.................................................................................3 1.2 Scope and Limitations ...............................................................................4 Section 2: Types of Flat Panel Displays.................................................................................5 2.1 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)..................................................................5 2.1.1 History............................................................................................5 2.1.2 Technology ....................................................................................5 2.1.3 Manufacturing ................................................................................7 2.1.4 Market Trends................................................................................7 2.2 Plasma Displays ........................................................................................8 2.2.1 History 8 2.2.2 Technology ....................................................................................8 2.2.3 Manufacturing ..............................................................................10 2.2.4 Market Trends..............................................................................10 2.3 Other types of Flat Panel Displays ..........................................................10 2.3.1 Microdisplays ...............................................................................11 2.3.2 Electroluminescent Displays ........................................................11 2.3.3 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Arrays...............................................11 2.3.4 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) ......................................12 2.3.5 Field Emission Displays (FEDs)...................................................13 2.3.6 Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) .................................................13 2.3.7 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays .....................................................13 2.3.8 Future Development ....................................................................14 Section 3: Potentially Hazardous Constituents.....................................................................15 3.1 FPD Constituents.....................................................................................15 3.2 Toxicity of FPD Constituents ...................................................................19 3.2.1 Inorganic Constituents .................................................................20 3.2.2 Organic Constituents ...................................................................24 Section 4: Applicable or Relevant Laws and Regulations ....................................................31 4.1 International Laws and Regulations.........................................................31 4.2 Federal Laws and Regulations ................................................................33 4.2.1 Toxic Substances Control Act......................................................33 4.2.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ..................................34 4.2.3 Universal Waste Rule ..................................................................40 4.3 State Laws and Regulations....................................................................40 4.3.1 Washington State Dangerous Waste Regulations.......................40 4.3.2 Other States.................................................................................42 4.4 Local Policies...........................................................................................43 Updated Report: April 24, 2008 i Table of Contents (Continued) Section 5: End-of-Life Management.....................................................................................44 5.1 Product Life and Repairability..................................................................44 5.2 Storage ....................................................................................................45 5.3 Substances of Concern in End-of-life FPDs ............................................46 5.4 Current Recycling Practices ....................................................................55 5.4.1 Disassembly and Material Separation .........................................55 5.4.1.1 FPD Disassembly............................................................. 56 5.4.1.2 Shredder/Magnet/Eddy Current ....................................... 58 5.4.1.3 Landfilling......................................................................... 59 5.4.2 Downstream Processing of Recovered Components and Materials ......................................................................................60 5.4.2.1 Plastics............................................................................. 60 5.4.2.2 Metals............................................................................... 61 5.4.2.3 Mercury Lamps ................................................................ 61 5.4.2.4 LCD Screens.................................................................... 62 5.5 Recycling Technologies Under Development..........................................63 5.5.1 Recycling of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Mixtures ............63 5.5.2 Recycling of LCD Panels .............................................................64 5.5.3 Recycling and Recovery of Indium Tin Oxide ..............................65 Section 6: Potential Human Health and Environmental Impacts..........................................66 6.1 Possible Exposure Pathways ..................................................................66 6.2 End-of-Life Activities and Associated Impacts.........................................68 Section 7: Data Gaps and Recommendations .....................................................................73 7.1 Data Gaps................................................................................................73 7.2 Recommendations...................................................................................74 Section 8: Literature Reviewed ............................................................................................76 Appendix A: EPA’s New Chemical’s Risk Assessment Process Under TSCA Appendix B: Flat Panel Display Recycling Contacts Appendix C: Useful Operating Life of Flat Panel Products Updated Report: April 24, 2008 ii List of Tables 3-1 List of Materials Used in the Manufacture of LCDs ............................................. 17 3-2 Toxicity of Inorganic FPD Constituents ............................................................... 21 3-3 Toxicity of Organic FPD Constituents.................................................................. 23 3-4 Liquid Crystal Compounds Tested for Potential Ecotoxicity................................ 26 4-1 Toxicity Characteristics List................................................................................. 35 4-2 Results of Previous TCLP Analyses.................................................................... 39 5-1 Substances of Concern in Three High-Volume Flat Panel Products................... 49 5-2 Substances of Concern in Flat Panel TVs........................................................... 51 5-3 Substances of Concern in Laptop Computers and Flat Screen Monitors............ 53 6-1 Potential Exposure Pathways.............................................................................. 67 List of Figures 1-1 Sales by Year ........................................................................................................ 2 1-2 Projected Market for FPDs by Display Type.......................................................... 3 2-1 Cross-section of a TFT-LCD Display..................................................................... 6 2-2 Simple Composition of the Alternating Current Plasma Display Panel with Matrix Electrode Design. ....................................................................................... 9 2-3 Structure of an Organic Light-Emitting Diode...................................................... 12 5-1 Flow Diagram for the Recovery of Materials from Flat Panel Displays ............... 57 Updated Report: April 24, 2008 iii Acronyms AMD Active matrix display ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry CCFL Cold cathode fluorescent lamp CESQG Conditionally-exempt small quantity generator CIWMB California Integrated Waste Management Board CRT Cathode ray tube DSM Dynamic scattering mode EL Electroluminescent ELD Electroluminescent display EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EU European Union FED Field emission display FPD Flat panel display HDTV High definition television HIC High information content HIPS High impact polystyrene HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
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