DOCSLIB.ORG

Geological Survey, Petrology and Fluid Geochemistry of the Apacheta-Aguilucho Volcanoes (Andean Central Volcanic Zone, Northern Chile) and Their Geothermal System F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geological Survey, Petrology and Fluid Geochemistry of the Apacheta-Aguilucho Volcanoes (Andean Central Volcanic Zone, Northern Chile) and Their Geothermal System F GNGTS 2008 SESSIONE 1.2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, PETROLOGY AND FLUID GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE APACHETA-AGUILUCHO VOLCANOES (ANDEAN CENTRAL VOLCANIC ZONE, NORTHERN CHILE) AND THEIR GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM F. Aguilera 1, S. Ahumada 2, J.L. Mercado 2, F. Piscaglia 3, A. Renzulli 3, F. Tassi 4 1 Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile 2 Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile 3 Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy The Apacheta-Aguilucho Volcanoes (AAV; ca. 21º50’S and 68º10’W; Fig. 1) are located in the northernmost sector of the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC; Fig. 1) which is a large zone of silicic volcanism occupying the 21-24°S segment of the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (ACVZ; de Silva, 1989; de Silva et al., 1994) an area characterized by a continental crust >70 km thick (Schmitz et al., 1999).The APVC is dominated by 1-10 Ma ignimbrite flare up (de Silva et al., 2007) and, although no major ignimbrite-caldera forming eruptions of < 1 Ma are known, relatively young dacite to rhyolite lavas (e.g. Chao; Fig. 1) and domes (tortas; e.g. Chillauita dome; Fig. 1) erupted in the past 100 ka and the presence of famous active geothermal fields (i.e El Tatio and Sol de la Mañana) seem to indicate that the magmatic system of the APVC is currently active (de Silva, 1989). A geothermal system was recently discovered 60 km to the NNW of El Tatio by CODEL- CO, while drilling a shallow water well, in the area of the AAV (Lahsen et at., 2005). MT and TDEM survey detected a low resistivity boundary (< 10 ohm-m) extending over an area of 25 km2 Fig. 1 – Landsat TM image of the northernmost sector of the APVC. 55 GNGTS 2008 SESSIONE 1.2 (Urzua et al, 2002) whereas a temperature >200°C was found at depths >500 m in a 550 m-deep core-hole recently carried out (October 2007) by the Empresa Nacional de Geotermia (Enel-Enap joint venture). The Apacheta-Aguilucho geothermal system is hosted by a 3 to 5 km wide, NW trending Inacaliri graben (Fig. 1) nesting the Pliocene-Pleistocene lavas and pyroclastics of the AAV. The graben is bordered by NW striking normal faults (up to 18 km long) and associated with minor faults affecting the downward block. Although the regional tectonic environment of the ACVZ is dominantly compressive, both N-S and NW–SE fault systems were often reactivated with extensional motions (Froidevaux and Isacks, 1984). The structural pattern of the Inacaliri graben, as well as that of the northernmost centers of the APVC appears to be therefore controlled by a series of NW striking faults (de Silva et al., 1994), possibly related to the well constrained Pastos Grandes-Lipez-Coranzuli fault system to the east. The geological survey of the AAV coupled with petrology, geochronology and fluid geochem- istry investigations were carried out as additional surface exploration of this promising geothermal system. The regional basement of the AAV is constituted by the Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene ign- imbrites of the APVC. The evolution of the AAV was divided into five stages during which high-K calcalkaline pyroclastic flows and lavas of andesite to dacite composition were erupted. On a petro- logic point of view, low Sm/Yb ratios of the AAV andesites and dacites seem to rule out the pres- ence of a “garnet control” during crustal contamination processes of these magmas. Such ratios are similar to those of other silicic centres of the APVC and differ significantly from those of many products of the ACVZ where high Sm/Yb and Sr/Y ratios were controlled by low Y and Yb, due to the presence of garnet in the residue of mafic lower crustal assimilation (e.g. granulites and amphi- bolites), and/or during high-P fractional crystallization after crustal thickening. In addition, low La/Sr ratios of the AAV lavas do not emphasize a fundamental role played by plagioclase during fractional crystallization. Stage I-III represents the main build up of the andesite to dacite Apacheta volcano, now moder- ately eroded and hosting the present fumarolic activity (eastern flank). The old crater is covered by a succession of slightly to strongly welded pyroclastic flows, and is sealed by a single porphyritic dacite lava flow, extending up to 2.5 km and showing ridge flow structures. Stage IV-V corresponds to the development of the Aguilucho volcano and mainly consist of dacite lava flow units and two lava dome systems. These latter (Chac-Inca and Pabellón domes) are located to the north and east of the Aguilucho volcano, respectively, and are characterized by abun- dant fine grained mostly aphyric andesite-basaltic andesite inclusions (from few up to 20 cm) show- ing liquid-liquid interactions (crenulated margins) with the dacite magma. The two dacite dome sys- tems clearly represent the youngest activity of the AAV and were emplaced along the northern fault systems of the NW trending Inacaliri graben. The Pabellón dome was dated at 50 ± 10 ka, (K/Ar; Urzua et al., 2002) and 80-130 ka (Ar-Ar Renzulli et al., 2006). Prominent hydrothermal alteration is present in the north, west, southwest and eastern flanks of the AAV, and is partially related to past and present fumarolic activity. The structural weakening of the AAV by hydrothermal alteration is confirmed by the presence of a Debris Avalanche Deposit (DAD) morphologically emphasized by small hummocks in the eastern flank of AAV and mainly consisting of hydrothermally-altered lava fragments. Extensive moraines deposits are present at the northeastern sectors of Chac-Inca dome and western flanks of the Apacheta volcano. They are relat- ed to the last maximum glacial age (11,000 yr BP). Thermal fluid discharges of the Apacheta fumarolic system have outlet temperatures varying between 83.2 and 84.3 °C. The chemical composition of dry gases is dominated by the presence of CO2 (up to 978597 µmol/mol) and N2 (up to 25876 µmol/mol). Among acid gases, H2S is general- ly present in considerable amounts (up to 7987 µmol/mol) whereas HCl and SO2 contents are lower (up to 607 and 146 µmol/mol, respectively). HF is virtually absent. H2 and O2 show variable con- 56 GNGTS 2008 SESSIONE 1.2 centrations (4097–2170 and 244–76.58 µmol/mol, respectively), while Ar, He and Ne are present only in minor amounts, and CO contents are below the detection limit (0.01 µmol/mol), likely due to its complete dissolution into shallow aquifers. Concerning the organic gas fraction, the composi- tion of light hydrocarbons is marked by a high speciation, a feature that has been commonly observed in fluids of worldwide geothermal areas (e.g. Capaccioni et al., 2004; Tassi et al., 2005). Gas species pertaining to the light alkenes prevail over those of their homologue alkanes. The origin of the thermal fluid discharges of the Apacheta-Aguilucho area is mainly related to the contribution of at least three different component: 1) a low-temperature atmospheric–rich, 2) a medium–temperature hydrothermal, and 3) a high–temperature magmatic–related. The presence of highly acidic gases, coupled with the particularly low contents of hydrocarbons, mainly composed by alkenes, suggest a strong contribution of a high–temperature magmatic fluids (Capaccioni et al., 1995; Giggenbach, 1996). Reservoir temperatures of the AAV geothermal system, calculated on the basis of the H2/Ar geothermometer (Chiodini et al., 2001) and organic gas geothermometers (Capaccioni and Mangani, 2001; Tassi et al., 2005), are particularly high (>330°C), possibly in rela- tion to the presence of a magmatic system still active in the area, as also indicated by the relative- ly high contents of light alkenes, HCl and SO2. Geochemical surveys and related gas thermometers (CO2/Ar and H2/Ar) previously provided by Urzua et al. (2002) indicated lower reservoir tempera- tures (ca 250°C). References Capaccioni B., Martini M. and Mangani F.; 1995: Light hydrocarbons in hydrothermal and magmatic fumaroles: hints of catalytic and thermal reactions. Bull. Volcanol., 56, 593–600. Capaccioni B. and Mangani F.; 2001: Monitoring of active but quiescent volcanoes using light hydrocarbon distribution in volcanic gases: the results of 4 years of discontinuous monitoring in the Campi Flegrei (Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 188, 543-555. Capaccioni B., Taran Y., Tassi F., Vaselli O., Mangani F. and Macias J.L.; 2004: Source conditions and degradation processes of light hydrocarbons in volcanic gases: an example from the Chichon Volcano (Chiapas State, Mexico). Chem. Geol., 206, 81-96. Chiodini G., Marini L. and Russo M.; 2001: Geochemical evidence for the existence of high-temperature hydrothermal brines at Vesuvio Volcano, Italy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 2129-2147. de Silva S.L.; 1989: Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. Geology, 17, 1102–1106. de Silva S.L., Self S., Francis P.W., Drake R.E. and Ramirez R.C.; 1994: Effusive silicic volcanism in the Central Andes: the Chao dacite and other young lavas of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17805–17825. de Silva S.L. and Gosnold W.D. ; 2007: Episodic construction of batholiths: insights from the spatiotemporal development of an ignimbrite flare-up. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 167, 320-335 Froidevaux C. and Isacks B.B.; 1984: The mechanical state of the lithosphere in the Altiplano-Puna segment in the Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 71, 305–314. Giggenbach W.; 1996: Chemical composition of volcanic gases. In: Monitoring and mitigation of Volcano Hazards.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Política De Industrialización De Litio, El Caso Boliviano Por Hortensia Jimenez Rivera*
    INFORME SOBRE POLÍTICAS o N 85 █ Octubre de 2020 Política de industrialización de litio, el caso boliviano Por Hortensia Jimenez Rivera* 1. Resumen El litio es un mineral de gran importancia en la industria tecnológica mundial, lo que lo convierte en un recurso estratégico para un país. Por ello, es responsabilidad del Estado asegurar que su explotación sea una oportunidad para el desarrollo y el bienestar, protegiendo los intereses de su población y maximizando sus beneficios de manera que la gestión de su riqueza no lleve a más pobreza y dependencia. Las políticas que se adopten para el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales pasan por definir el régimen de propiedad so- bre los recursos y el grado de industrialización en el país, lo que implica –de manera directa– ingresos y desarrollo, para luego resolver aspectos de orden tecnológico, financiero, institucional, legal y de mercado. Este informe describe la experiencia boliviana de la industrialización del litio, las características de su industrialización bajo una política de desarrollo nacional y revela cómo el tipo de política implementada es determinante para la explotación de un recurso natural. *** Lithium is a mineral element of high importance to the technology industry, a fact that makes it a strategic resource for countries. In view of that, it is the State’s responsibility to make sure that its exploitation becomes an opportunity for development and well-being, protecting the interests of the population and maximizing its benefits so that the management of this wealth may not lead to poverty and dependence. The adoption of policies on the use of natural resources comprises defining the property regime over the resources, the degree of industrialization in the country, which directly implies income and development, and then resolving technological, financial, institutional, legal, and marketing aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • And Gas-Based Geochemical Prospecting Of
    Water- and gas-based geochemical prospecting of geothermal reservoirs in the Tarapacà and Antofagasta regions of northern Chile Tassi, F.1, Aguilera, F.2, Vaselli, O.1,3, Medina, E.2, Tedesco, D.4,5, Delgado Huertas, A.6, Poreda, R.7 1) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy 2) Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, 1280, Antofagasta, Chile 3) CNR-IGG Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy 4)Department of Environmental Sciences, 2nd University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy 5) CNR-IGAG National Research Council, Institute of Environmental Geology and Geo-Engineering, Pzz.e A. Moro, 00100 Roma, Italy. 6) CSIS Estacion Experimental de Zaidin, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain. 7) Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 227 Hutchinson Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A.. Studied area The Andean Central Volcanic Zone, which runs parallel the Central Andean Cordillera crossing from North to This study is mainly focused on the geochemical characteristics of water and gas South the Tarapacà and Antofagasta regions of northern Chile, consists of several volcanoes that have shown phases of thermal fluids discharging in several geothermal areas of northern Chile historical and present activity (e.g. Tacora, Guallatiri, Isluga, Ollague, Putana, Lascar, Lastarria). Such an intense (Fig. 1); volcanism is produced by the subduction process thrusting the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. The anomalous geothermal gradient related to the geodynamic assessment of this extended area gives El Tatio, Apacheta, Surire, Puchuldiza-Tuya also rise to intense geothermal activity not necessarily associated with the volcanic structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Excursion Report 2010
    Presented at “Short Course on Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants”, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo S.A. de C.V. GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS IN BOLIVIA, CHILE, ECUADOR AND PERU Ingimar G. Haraldsson United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme Orkustofnun, Grensasvegi 9, 108 Reykjavik ICELAND [email protected] ABSTRACT South America holds vast stores of geothermal energy that are largely unexploited. These resources are largely the product of the convergence of the South American tectonic plate and the Nazca plate that has given rise to the Andes mountain chain, with its countless volcanoes. High-temperature geothermal resources in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru are mainly associated with the volcanically active regions, although low temperature resources are also found outside them. All of these countries have a history of geothermal exploration, which has been reinvigorated with recent changes in global energy prices and the increased emphasis on renewables to combat global warming. The paper gives an overview of their main regions of geothermal activity and the latest developments in the geothermal sector are reviewed. 1. INTRODUCTION South America has abundant geothermal energy resources. In 1999, the Geothermal Energy Association estimated the continent’s potential for electricity generation from geothermal resources to be in the range of 3,970-8,610 MW, based on available information and assuming the use of technology available at that time (Gawell et al., 1999). Subsequent studies have put the potential much higher, as a preliminary analysis of Chile alone assumes a generation potential of 16,000 MW for at least 50 years from geothermal fluids with temperatures exceeding 150°C, extracted from within a depth of 3,000 m (Lahsen et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Lpzsttz Et Al Final Ms.Pdf
    Lithium and Brine Geochemistry in the Salars of the Southern Puna, Andean Plateau of Argentina Romina Lucrecia Lopez Steinmetz, Stefano Salvi, Carisa Sarchi, Carla Santamans, Lorena Cecilia Lopez Steinmetz To cite this version: Romina Lucrecia Lopez Steinmetz, Stefano Salvi, Carisa Sarchi, Carla Santamans, Lorena Cecilia Lopez Steinmetz. Lithium and Brine Geochemistry in the Salars of the Southern Puna, Andean Plateau of Argentina. Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, 2020, 115, pp.1079 - 1096. 10.5382/econgeo.4754. hal-02989895 HAL Id: hal-02989895 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02989895 Submitted on 5 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Lithium and Brine Geochemistry in the Salars of the Southern Puna, 2 Andean Plateau of Argentina 3 4 Romina Lucrecia López Steinmetz 1 *, Stefano Salvi 2 , Carisa Sarchi 1 , Carla Santamans 1 , 5 Lorena Cecilia López Steinmetz 3 6 7 1 CONICET (INECOA), Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Av. 8 Bolivia 1661, S.S. de Jujuy 4600, Argentina 9 2 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, GET, IRD, OMP, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, Toulouse 31400, 10 France 11 3 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi-UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de 12 Córdoba, Boulevard de la Reforma y Enfermera Gordillo s/n., 2do piso, Córdoba 5000, 13 Argentina 14 * corresponding author: [email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 The Andean plateau is a small region of South America extending between northwest 18 Argentina, southwest Bolivia and northern Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy, Water and Alternatives – Chilean Case Studies
    A Global Context and Shared Implications • Change • Uncertainty • Ambiguity Social • Technical Challenge Technical • Expansion • Constraint • Knowledge • Rapid Pace Suzanne A. Pierce Research Assistant Professor Assistant Director Center for International Energy & Environmental Policy Digital Media Collaboratory Jackson School of Geosciences Center for Agile Technology The University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin ‘All the instances of scientific development and practice . are as much embedded in politics and cultures as they are creations of the researchers, practitioners, and industries.’ (Paraphrased from Heymann, 2010; Dulay, unpublished image) Common Pool Resources Come into Conflict Integrated Water Resources Management Collaborative processes meld the use of scientific information with citizen participation and technical decision support systems Finding rigorous and effective approaches to science- based resource management and dialogue. IWRM Case Study – Northern Chile Coyahuasi Copper Mine February 2012 Mining Water Energy Multi-Scale Complexity Global demand for Copper drives localized use of energy and water resources Energy and Water Primary Resource Candidates Geothermal: Estimated 3,300 and 16,000 MW potential estimated by the Energy Ministry. Key sites throughout country with highest potential sites currently at Puchuldiza, Tatio, and Tolhuaca. Playa lake: an arid zone feature that is transitional between a playa, which is completely dry most of the year, and a lake (Briere, 2000). In this study, a salar is an internally drained evaporative basin with surface water occurring mostly from spring discharge. Energy Context Installed Capacity: 15.420 MW NextGen: 33.024 MW Per Ministerio de Energía, Perez-Arce, May 2011 Renewables Recurso Eólico Recurso Solar Recurso Hidrológico Recurso Geotérmico (Concesiones) (En desarrollo) Per Ministerio de Energía, Perez-Arce, May 2011 Geothermal Energy Resource Development • Chile has about 3000 volcanoes along the Andes, and ~150 are active.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemical and Micro-Textural Fingerprints of Boiling in Pyrite
    RESEARCH REPOSITORY This is the author’s final version of the work, as accepted for publication following peer review but without the publisher’s layout or pagination. The definitive version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.034 Román, N., Reich, M., Leisen, M., Morata, D., Barra, F. and Deditius, A.P. (2018) Geochemical and micro-textural fingerprints of boiling in pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/42744/ Copyright: © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. It is posted here for your personal use. No further distribution is permitted. Accepted Manuscript Geochemical and micro-textural fingerprints of boiling in pyrite Nelson Román, Martin Reich, Mathieu Leisen, Diego Morata, Fernando Barra, Artur P. Deditius PII: S0016-7037(18)30664-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.034 Reference: GCA 11029 To appear in: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Received Date: 15 May 2018 Revised Date: 10 October 2018 Accepted Date: 22 November 2018 Please cite this article as: Román, N., Reich, M., Leisen, M., Morata, D., Barra, F., Deditius, A.P., Geochemical and micro-textural fingerprints of boiling in pyrite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2018), doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.034 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Volcanism, Crustal Thickness, and Large Scale Faulting on the He Isotope Signatures of Geothermal Systems in Chile
    PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 11-13, 2013 SGP-TR-198 EFFECTS OF VOLCANISM, CRUSTAL THICKNESS, AND LARGE SCALE FAULTING ON THE HE ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN CHILE Patrick F. DOBSON1, B. Mack KENNEDY1, Martin REICH2, Pablo SANCHEZ2, and Diego MORATA2 1Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA 2Departamento de Geología y Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CHILE [email protected] agree with previously published results for the ABSTRACT Chilean Andes. The Chilean cordillera provides a unique geologic INTRODUCTION setting to evaluate the influence of volcanism, crustal thickness, and large scale faulting on fluid Measurement of 3He/4He in geothermal water and gas geochemistry in geothermal systems. In the Central samples has been used to guide geothermal Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes in the northern exploration efforts (e.g., Torgersen and Jenkins, part of Chile, the continental crust is quite thick (50- 1982; Welhan et al., 1988) Elevated 3He/4He ratios 70 km) and old (Mesozoic to Paleozoic), whereas the (R/Ra values greater than ~0.1) have been interpreted Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) in central Chile has to indicate a mantle influence on the He isotopic thinner (60-40 km) and younger (Cenozoic to composition, and may indicate that igneous intrusions Mesozoic) crust. In the SVZ, the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault provide the primary heat source for the associated System, a major intra-arc transpressional dextral geothermal fluids. Studies of helium isotope strike-slip fault system which controls the magmatic compositions of geothermal fluids collected from activity from 38°S to 47°S, provides the opportunity wells, hot springs and fumaroles within the Basin and to evaluate the effects of regional faulting on Range province of the western US (Kennedy and van geothermal fluid chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • New High-Grade Lithium Brine Development in South America’S Lithium Triangle
    NEW HIGH-GRADE LITHIUM BRINE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA’S LITHIUM TRIANGLE Benchmark World Tour Online June 2020 ASX:GLN DISCLAIMER AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION GALAN LITHIUM LIMITED INVESTMENT FOUNDATIONS. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ A SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY – THE RIGHT PLACE GALAN - PLACED AMONG THE BEST PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA High grade/Low impurity brines setting Brine Resources Li (mg/l) vs Mg/Li ratio Mg/Li 12.0 Salar de Rincon - Rincon Lithium Salar de Rincon - Argosy Pastos Grandes - Centaur Res. 10.0 Pastos Grandes-Millenial Hombre Muerto - Galan (Candelas) 8.0 Cauchari - LAC Pozuelos y Pastos Grandes Olaroz 6.0 Kachi Hombre Muerto - Galaxy Hombre Muerto - Livent Diablillos Tres Quebradas 4.0 Cauchari - Advantage Hombre Muerto - Posco Hombre Muerto - Galan Salar de Aparejos Hombre Muerto - Galan (HMW) 2.0 0.0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Li mg/l Source: iLi Markets Nb: No resources figures publicly available for Livent’s Fenix operation GALAN - PLACED AMONG THE BEST PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA Low impurity brines setting Brine Resources SO4/Li ratio vs Mg/Li ratio Mg/Li 12.0 Pastos Grandes - Centaur Res. Pastos Grandes-Millenial Salar de Rincon - Rincon Lithium 10.0 Pozuelos y Pastos Grandes Salar de Rincon - Argosy 8.0 Hombre Muerto - Galan Hombre Muerto - Posco Hombre Muerto - Livent 6.0 Hombre Muerto - Galan (Candelas) Hombre Muerto - Galaxy Hombre Muerto - Galan (HMW) Tres Quebradas Diablillos Olaroz Cauchari - Advantage 4.0 Cauchari - LAC 2.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 SO4/Li Source: iLi Markets Nb: No resources figures publicly available for Livent’s Fenix operation CORPORATE STRUCTURE Capital Structure Performance Shares GLN Shares Shares 164,817,874 Vendor Class B Shares Upon the commencement of commercial production from a 10,000,000 Unquoted Options 5,350,000 Options exercisable $0.60, 31 Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Assessment of high enthalpy geothermal resources and promising areas of Chile Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s55q609 Authors Aravena, D Muñoz, M Morata, D et al. Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.001 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Assessment of high enthalpy geothermal resources and promising areas of Chile Author links open overlay panel DiegoAravena ab MauricioMuñoz ab DiegoMorata ab AlfredoLahsen ab Miguel ÁngelParada ab PatrickDobson c Show more https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.001 Get rights and content Highlights • We ranked geothermal prospects into measured, Indicated and Inferred resources. • We assess a comparative power potential in high-enthalpy geothermal areas. • Total Indicated and Inferred resource reaches 659 ± 439 MWe divided among 9 areas. • Data from eight additional prospects suggest they are highly favorable targets. • 57 geothermal areas are proposed as likely future development targets. Abstract This work aims to assess geothermal power potential in identified high enthalpy geothermal areas in the Chilean Andes, based on reservoir temperature and volume. In addition, we present a set of highly favorable geothermal areas, but without enough data in order to quantify the resource. Information regarding geothermal systems was gathered and ranked to assess Indicated or Inferred resources, depending on the degree of confidence that a resource may exist as indicated by the geoscientific information available to review. Resources were estimated through the USGS Heat in Place method. A Monte Carlo approach is used to quantify variability in boundary conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Silica Sinter Textures in El Tatio Geothermal Field, Chile: Preliminary Results on Flow Reconstruction
    Silica sinter textures in El Tatio geothermal field, Chile: preliminary results on flow reconstruction. Bridget Y. Lynne 1, Diego Morata 2*, Martin Reich 2and Constanza Nicolau 2 1Institute of Earth Science and Engineering, University of Auckland, 58 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. 2Departamento de Geología y Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes (CEGA-FONDAP). Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Distinctive sinter textures form from silica-rich bounded to the west by the Serranía de Tucle-Loma Lucero alkali chloride hot springs depending on the environmental horst and to the east by volcanoes of the El Tatio volcanic conditions such as flow rate, pH, microbial communities or group (Lahsen and Trujillo, 1976; Lahsen, 1988). Most of water temperature. These textures are normally preserved the hot-springs discharge near local boiling temperature ( ≈ over time and throughout diagenesis. Amorphous silica was 86°C), being siliceous sinter deposits founded sometimes deposited in El Tatio geothermal field around hot springs from silica-saturated, alkali chloride water. Some of the as geyser events or as terraces at the geysers and springs silica sinter textures observed at the high-altitude (i.e. (Phoenix et al., 2006). This high altitude geothermal field ~4000 m a.s.l.) El Tatio geothermal field evidence strong presents some peculiarities concerning silica textures. Few similarities with those found in modern, low-altitude hot studies have been published on high altitude hot spring springs of New Zealand on which detailed studies have settings (Jones and Renaut, 1997; Fernandez-Turiel et al., been already carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes Culminating in the 2015 Phreatic Explosion at Lascar Volcano, Chile, Evidenced by Multiparametric Data
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 377–397, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-377-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R. Walter1, Stefan Bredemeyer1,2, Martin Zimmer1, Christian Kujawa1, Luis Franco Marin3, Juan San Martin4, and Claudia Bucarey Parra3 1GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 3Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Temuco, Chile 4Physics Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile Correspondence: Ayleen Gaete ([email protected]) Received: 13 June 2019 – Discussion started: 25 June 2019 Accepted: 5 December 2019 – Published: 4 February 2020 Abstract. Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are com- marole on the southern rim of the Lascar crater revealed a mon at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or pronounced change in the trend of the relationship between monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and the CO2 mixing ratio and the gas outlet temperature; we tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also oc- speculate that this change was associated with the prior pre- cur frequently (once every 2–5 years on average) at Lascar cipitation event. An increased thermal anomaly inside the ac- volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack tive crater as observed in Sentinel-2 images and drone over- any identifiable precursor activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Development in Chile
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Geothermal Development in Chile Alfredo Lahsen1, Nelson Muñoz2 and Miguel Angel Parada1 1Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile; 2Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) [email protected] Keywords: Country update, geothermal exploration, geothermal exploration in the country between 1995 and government policies. 1999. In 1995, a 274 m deep slim exploratory well drilled in the Nevados de Chillán geothermal area, encountered ABSTRACT wet steam with a temperature of 198°C (Salgado and Raasch, 2002). Geothermal exploration in Chile is currently very active and is driven by the need for energy security. Considering the In January 2000, the Chilean government enacted a fact that Chile has to depend on imports to meet more than Geothermal Law providing the framework for the 75% of its energy requirements, the interest of the exploration and development of geothermal energy in government to encourage the development of the Chile. The law provides the regulations for exploration and geothermal resources has been renewed. In this country, exploitation concessions, which are granted by the Ministry there are more than 300 geothermal areas located along the of Mines. Exploration concessions are valid for two years Chilean Andes, associated with Quaternary volcanism, and can be extended for two more years after completing occurs in the extreme north (17°-28°S) and central-southern 25% of committed budget. Exploitation concessions give part (33°-46°S). Preliminary assessment of the geothermal the exclusive right to own the geothermal power and by potential of these two volcanic-geothermal zones gives a products, to use the land and to transfer or sell it without value in the order of 16,000 MW for at least 50 years from any restriction.
    [Show full text]