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Home , Education in Tamil Nadu, Kilpauk Medical College, Madras Medical College, Stanley Medical College

The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367

HISTORY OF WESTERN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESERVATION IN TAMILNADU

R.PRAKASH , M.A. MPHIL., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SRI VASAVI COLLEGE, ERODE. , MOBILE: 9445108327 EMAIL: [email protected]

ABSTRACT,

Education is closely related with a nation’s development and health index is an important parameter in developing a nation. Health is not a luxury but fundamental need for a common man. This paper provides an insight into introduction and growth of Allopathic medical education in the Madras state by British and contribution of Dravidian parties to the growth of medical . This study also helps to know how the shifting of political scenarios and reservation policy of granting 69% to the backward communities has proved fruitful.

Key Words ;Public health department-Social inequality-constitutional crisis- communal.G.O.-backward-Most Backward-Dravidar Munnetra kalagam-NEET-NEXT.

The introduction of modern medicine in India was during advent of British. The first British hospital was established in 1639 A.D to treat sick solders of English . The first modern hospital in India was traced back to 1644 A.D at house of Mr. Cogan in Madras was rented for two pagodas per month (about Rs.5 today). This small rented house in 1664 private non-aided medical institutions all hospitals, dispensaries and clinics solely managed by private persons turned out to be a 105 year general hospital. After next 25 years, governer Elihu Yale gave the hospital premises in Fort St. George in 1690. Thus in 1820, the Madras hospital was recognized as model hospital of East India Company.The hospital was initially located at Fort St. George and was then moved in to current location in 1772. Now attached to , Madras Medical

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College was inaugurated on 3rd February 1835, next to the Calcutta Medical College, as it was started on January 28, 1835. The eye hospital which is attached to Madras Medical College which was started in 1819 is the second eye hospital in the world after the eye hospital in London in 1818, a dental hospital run by Royal Army Dental Assistant in 1883. The Dental wing in Madras Medical College came into substance on August 19, 1953 and 15 candidates were selected for the first batch. The Director of medical Services (DMS) during 1960 Medical services department was bifurcated and department of medical education was formed in the year 1966. Similarly in 1976, Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy was established. The directorate of public health and preventive medicine was formed during 1923. Its main aim waste provide maternal and child health care to rural and urban population and prevention and control of communicable diseases. Lieutenant Colonel ATH Russel was the first director of public health and preventive medicine in Pre-independence era. Public Health Act 1939 in the legal act enacted before independence.1 In 1965 primary health services were separated from medical service department and brought under public health department. The public health department and preventive medicine department is functioning with 42 health unit districts. Each unit functions under deputy director of health services. In 1981 a separate drug control departments was started. In 1994 Tamilnadu medical services corporation was started to streamline drugs and equipment supply, has become a model in the country. Similarly in 1994 a separate cell or AIDS / HIV prevention was started. In 2005, state health society was established. In 2011 a separate food safety department has been established to implement food safety and high standards.2

1 Fort st.George Gazetteer,PartII,dated 1st August 1883,p.1104. 2 Policy Note,2011-2012 ,health and family welfare department,govt.of.tamilnadu.pp21-22.

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Tamilnadu was formed during 1st November 1956 due to state reorganization. Formerly known as Madras state. It is considered to be one among the most literate state. Tamilnadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges, 449 polytechnic colleges, 556 arts and science colleges, 35 medical colleges, ), (1936), Madras Medical College (1835), Govt. Medical College (1960), Medical College (1965), Medical College (1966), Thirunelveli Medical College (1965), Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical Collge, Salem (1988), Perundurai Medical College (1986) were the list of medical educational institutions that were established in south India at different period of time3

The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical university is the second largest medical university in India. It offers high quality medical education and encourages innovative research. Many medical, dental, pharmacy, nursing, physiotherapy and Indian medicine and homeopathy colleges are affiliated to this university. All medical institutions and colleges were controlled by the university.4

As the political fulcrum of Tamilnadu shifted from Congress to Dravidian parties they attempted to create an impact on rural, urban health care through medical education. Thus my study is to know how the shifting of political scenarios and reservation policy of granting 69% to the backward communities had proved fruitful and improved the state of medical education in Tamilnadu.

3 Selection From hand book of the health statistics of India,D.G.H.S.,New Delhi,1985. 4 Editorial :Undergraduate Medical Education-Where we are?, 2008, pp.11-12.

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Medical Education measures of the Dravidian parties in Tamilnadu.

Since 1980 the need for separate universities for promoting medical education in Tamilnadu was felt. Thus a committee consisting of Dr. A. Venugopal, Dr. M.Natarasan and Dr. Kameswaran was set up to the Government of Tamilnadu to go thought the possibilities of establishing a separate medical university and make suitable recommendations to the state government. Hence the committee recommended that a medical university to be established in Tamilnadu and it also recommended improvements to be made in traditional practice and education of Indian systems of medicine (i.e.) Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy. It also recommended to bring about co-ordination between various educational training institutions of modern medicine as well as other Indian systems of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Pharmacy, etc and also to promote research. The medical university was proposed to be established. An act by name the Tamil Nadu Medical university act 1987 received the assent of the president of India on 24th September 1987.5 By another act during the Chief ministership of M. Karunanidhi, act No. 39 in 1991 the Tamilnadu medical university was re-named as “The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. medical university”. This university started its functions from 1988. The student got admitted into various medical and paramedical courses after 1st March 1988. The administrative office was functioning from 12th June 1994 at in . The aim of this university is to  To achieve and maintain, uniformly high standards of need-responsive medical education in Tamilnadu  To create personnel for health man power, they will be endowed with a sense of dedication and spirit of enquiry.

5 The Tamilnadu Medical University Act of 1987.

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It was the first time in the history of any medical university in India the International organization for standardization has conferred ISO 9001:2008 certification to the university for provision of medical services, quality medical education regulating medical colleges, and allied educational services. This university can affiliate new medical, dental and paramedical colleges which may be government or self – financing and award medical degrees. Before 1988 all degrees of Health sciences in Tamilnadu were awarded by .

During the chief ministership of M.Karunanidhi. The prestigious Tamilnadu medical university was in 1991 renamed as M.G.R. medical university named after M.G.Ramachandran and has grown to become second largest health sciences university in India situated in Guindy. A single window system of counseling was adopted for admission in Engineering and Medical Colleges, new Medical Colleges were opened in Vellore, Tuticorin and Kanniyakumari districts of Tamilnadu the common entrance examinations for admission into medical and engineering colleges was scrapped.6 Political debacle over the reservation policy of 69% Reservation has always been a political debate in India starting with introduction of 10% reservation to Economically poor upper class people to availing the country highest 69% in Tamilnadu. An Analysis of why very often 69% of reservation in Tamilnadu is being challenged in court. What connection it has with reservation of medical education in the state. Reservation policy has changed the constitution, changed regimes, was instrumental to bring first amendment in the constitution. Periyar left the congress because of non-acceptance of communal reservation policy, V.P.Singh‟s rule came to an end due to

6 Tamil Arasu,Health Department,Four year acheievements soveinour,2010.pp64-65.

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reservation policy, social equality became the life nerve philosophy of Dravidian politics. Reservation became a political weapon of Dravidian parties to challenge national parties and to bring about equality in Education and employment. The voice for reservation came during 1916 with formation of South Indian liberal federation later this association got transformed into Justice party. All Non- Brahmins and Christians should be represented in proposition to their population in the state. Reservations can be divided into three types, they can be political reservation in employment and reservation in education. History begins with granting of representation to Muslims to contest general elections by the British government. From that time onwards representation for non-Muslims, Christians, non-Brahmins began to evolve and pressurize the government. In 1928 under the chief ministership of P.Suburayan with an alliance with Justice parties representation to all communities in the name of communal G.O. was enacted this communal G.O. gave representation in education and employment for non- Brahmins, Christians, Muslims, Anglo Indians and became an important milestone in establishing social equalities in Tamilnadu. After consistent efforts of Periyar non-Bhramins were given 14% of reservation to the backward class people under British India. After Independence in 1950 this reservation in educational institutions was challenged by a upper class (Brahmin student) named Chenbagam Durairasan who contested in that because of the communal G.O. of government of Tamilnadu (Communal G.O.) he was denied a medical seat in Madras Medical College hence violating his fundamental right to education. To save the G.O. Periyar organized mass rallies, protects and movements across Tamilnadu. This resulted in the first and foremost Amendment of the Indian constitution granting reservation to backward class communities in Education and employment. Hence communal G.O. was saved and Tamilnadu became pioneer in establishing social inequality down drawn should be classified on social and

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educationally backward society and not on economic basis as per Nehru and Ambedkar. 14% of reservation policy in Tamilnadu was increased to 25% during Kamaraj Chief ministership. Upper caste was Vehemently opposed to this act. But Kamaraj replied to the critics that does any one lose his life while treated in the hands of depressed class people . In 1971 under Karunanidhi‟s chief minister ship he rose the reservation from 25% to 31% under the recommendations of the commission report of Satanathan, Karunanidhi rose the reservation for depressed class to 18%. 1977 under M.G.R. rose the backward class reservation from 31% to 50%. 1989 under Karunanidhi‟s tenure he gave extra 20% to nearly 108 communities under most backward class. The most backward class was created during his period. Apart from this an extra 1% was given to tribal communities of Tamilnadu. In his tenure he gave 30% for backward class, 20% for most backward class, 18% for scheduled caste, and 1% for scheduled tribe a total of 69% came into being in Tamilnadu.7 To protect this 69% from constitutional crisis, because elsewhere around India it was 50%. Dravidar Kalagam came with a solution, according to Indian constitutional act of 31C. Tamilnadu legislative assembly must enact an Act to legalise 69% of reservation policy and get the approval of the president and include it in the 9th schedule of the Indian constitution. Hence J.Jayalalitha during her Chief ministership November 09, 1993. By using the special clause of 38 and 46th provision of Directive principles of state policy. State in order to establish social equalities and the strengthen socio-economic infrastructure of the state and people can‟t be restricted by the president. On December 30th, 1993 enacted an act to preserve the 69% and sent for the consent of president of India. 19th July 1994 the president Sankar Dayal Sharma gave his consent . 24th August 1994 this act was

7 K.Srinivasan,’s, Dynamics of Population and Family Welfare 1991

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introduced for discussion in Indian Parliament. To include 69% of reservation in Ninth schedule of Indian constitution. Hence 69% reservation policy got the constitutional status. Only in Tamilnadu we have the reservation policy as Acts. Elsewhere in India it was prevailing as Government orders. In 2006 during his 5th time as Chief Minster Karunanidhi gave 3% Internal reservation for the Arunthathiar Community within the 18% reservation for Scheduled Castes.8

challenges to Preserve 69% quota In March 1953,based on Kakakelkar commission report, January 01, 1979 Morarji Desai the then prime minister appointed Mandal Commission under Mandal it recommended in 27% of reservation in central government jobs. Nearly 252 people of Indian population was termed as other backward class and 3743 castes were included in OBC, 1979 December 1980. Gave recommendation by Mandal 1989 national front V.P.Singh Government came into rule. August 7, 1990 Mandal commission report to be accepted but Vehemently on the opposed in north India .by nearly 300 students forced them to death. In 1991 a new term called backward class in India. The supreme court of judgment came in favour of Mandal commission report in November 1992 and the reservation limit for other backward class as recommended by supreme court of India should not be more than 50% all over India based on caste reservation of OBC‟s in employment was implemented by V.P.singh and reservation in education was implemented by Dr. Manmohan singh. Again in April 26, 2006 medical college students in Delhi protested this reservation police in Education. In April 10, 2008 in a supreme court judgment allowed 27% of reservation in central higher educational institutions. But in Tamilnadu it is a wooping 69% in 1921 under Subrayalu Reddiar gave reservation to non-Brahmins in employment, on September 16, 1921. August 1922 a

8 The Hindu,The woman behind 69 % quota ,December 6 2016,p.5.

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communal G.O. was passed on for reservation, but vehemently opposed by congress. Periyar left congress in support to communal G.O. In 1927 communal G.O. released and steps were taken to enact it as an act and had been made an act in December 15, 1928 amid protests. In 1948 communal G.O. was changed .1950 Indian constitution was enacted. Communal G.O. was in practice only in Tamilnadu. In 1951 student C.R.Srinivasan who was denied medical seat in MMC, hence the communal G.O. was challenged by him in Madras High Court. The court then declared the G.O. unconstitutional and cancelled communal G.O. Periyar conducted protests. Even supreme court regretted Madras government‟s plea on reservation. Due to violent protest central government made the 1st amendment in the constitution under Jawaharlal Nehru‟s prime ministership passed on a bill on May 12, 1951. Hence Tamilnadu government gave scheduled caste people got 16% and backward class people got 25% of reservation, total reservation summed upto to 41%. There was a regime change in 1967 Annadurai became the Chief Minsiter in which DMK became the first Dravidian Party to defeat congress and assume power. In 1969 M.Karunanidhi became Chief Minister after Anna. He formed a commission under constitutional expert called Satanathan. It submitted its report on 1971in 1989, MBC was created and 20 reservation granted. 9 Recently The constitutional Amendment Act of 2019, 103rd constitutional Amendment provide 10% reservation in employment and education to economically weaker sectors of General category into effect from January 14, 2019 Health Administration

Several Directorates function under the state health and family welfare department they are

9 Dinamani, tamil daily,Chennai,dated 26.10.1989.

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1. Directorate of medical Education 2. Directorate of Medical and rural health services. 3. Directorate of public health and preventive medicine 4. Directorate of Indian medicine and Homeopathy 5. Directorate of family welfare 6. Directorate of food safety and drugs control administration 7. Directorate of state health transport department 8. Directorate of medical services recruitment board.

Apart from these directorates there are many councils established through various acts to register for medical, dental, nursing and paramedical profession and practice in Tamilnadu they are 1. Tamilnadu medical council 2. Tamilnadu Dental council 3. Tamilnadu Nurses council 4. Tamilnadu Pharmacy Council 5. Tamilnadu Siddha Medical Council 6. Board of Indian Medicine (Traditional Medicines) 7. Tamilnadu Homoeopathy council 8. Tamilnadu Physiotherapists council

All these are bodies regulated by the central government and the state government.10

10 Tamil Arasu,jan –march,2009,p.14

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The Selection The selection to all the medical, dental and diploma courses are earlier done by a selection committee under single window system following the policy of reservation earlier the admissions where based on marks obtained in the +2 board examinations in relevant subjects. Prior to 2012 central board of secondary education used to conduct all Indian pre-medical test (AIPMT) but in 2012, the government of India introduces „one country one test‟ formula for medical admissions. This decisions was vehemently opposed by few states including Tamilnadu. Hence NEET – National Eligibility cum Entrance Test was deferred by a year on February 2013. Private medical institutes oppose the test as they want a greater say in the government policy, minority medical institutions where worried about to retain their minority character. After a long legal debase the then chief justice of India Altamas Kabir on his day of retirement, legalizes the introduction of NEET medical entrance for UG medical courses on April 1, 2016, on May 1, 2016, CBSE conducted the first phase of NEET and as many as six lakh candidates appeared for the exam. Amid strong reservations the NDA government made ordinances to keep state government exams out of the preview of common test. On July 18, Lokshaba passed a bill mandating a single common exam for medical and dental courses. On August 8, 2016 the then president Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent to the NEET entrance bill. During 2013-14, 25 new medical colleges wre established (i.e.) 12 in private sector and 13 in government sector. Thus the total medical colleges in India from 336 to 381 (i.e.) 205 in private sector and 176 in government sector. As the admission capacity of these 25 new colleges was 2850. In nearly 65 existing medical colleges the seats have been increased resulting in increase of 3350 seats, therefore a total 6200 number of MBBS seats were

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increased. The total admission capacity of students was nearly 50,078 at undergraduate level and 24,239 at post graduate level in India.11

Present practice of reservations in medical admissions in Tamilnadu At present 69% of reservations in Higher educational institutions are followed in Tamilandu. If 100 seats are available, first two merit list are drawn up without considering the community reservations, first list consist of 31 seats and the second list consist of 50 seats respectively (i.e.) 31 seats are used as non- reserved category, and the 69 seats are filled up using the 69% reservation formula 30 seats for OBC, 20 seats for MBC, 18 seats for SC and 1 seat for ST as said earlier, Tamilnadu has the highest percent of reservations in educational institutions for socially backward sections of the society. Post-Graduate selection The same reservation policy structure is followed in post graduate admission to PG degree, Masters in Dental Surgery (MDS), Post graduate diploma courses and higher specialty courses was done by the selection committee through common entrance examination conducted by the state government, followed by counseling and reservation. But in 2020, it is proposed by the government of India to conduct a all Indian Common Admission Test for post graduate medical and dental seats and the common test to be named NEXT. A bill named NMC bill (National Medical Council Bill) was tabled in Lokshaba. It is a attempt to scrap the and bring in national medical council in place. Here after there will be no FMGE, No MCI. This EXIT exam means National Exit Test to be conducted as a licentiate medical examination and a final year EXIT exam based on the marks obtained they will admit students to post graduate courses. It will also serve to screen foreign medical graduates for admitting into post graduate medical

11 Health and family welfare department,policy note,Tamil nadu Government,2014-15,p.36

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courses and the foreign medical graduate examination or FMGE is to be scrapped. Presently in 2015-16 there are 22 government medical colleges functioning in 17 districts of Tamilnadu. Due to the good efforts of the state government a total number of 810 new MBBS seats have increased pertaining to a total of 2750 MBBS seats in government medical colleges. In 2016-17 in post graduate medical colleges 25 new seats were to be approved by MCI.12 today Tamil Nadu stands first in providing a world standard quality medical services in India which happened only because of the growth of medical education in Tamil Nadu under Dravidian parties.

REFERENCES

Fort st.George Gazetteer,PartII,dated 1st August 1883,p.1104. Policy Note,2011-2012 ,health and family welfare department,govt.of.tamilnadu.pp21-22. Selection From hand book of the health statistics of India,D.G.H.S.,New Delhi,1985. The Hindu Editorial :Undergraduate Medical Education-Where we are?, 2008, pp.11-12. The Tamilnadu Medical University Act of 1987. Tamil Arasu,Health Department,Four year acheievements soveinour,2010.pp64-65. The hindu,The woman behind 69 % quota ,December 6 2016,p.5. Dinamani, tamil daily,Chennai,dated 26.10.1989. Tamil Arasu,jan –march,2009,p.14 Health and family welfare department,policy note,Tamil nadu Government,2014-15,p.36 Health and family welfare department,policy note,Tamil nadu Government,2016-17,p.37 The university of madras,The History of higher education in madras,Volume II,1857-1957,p.240. Administrative Report of the ,1960,p.145. The Kilpauk Medical,Directory of medical Colleges in india,Ministry of health services,ministry of health,government of india,new delhi,1964,p-117.

12 Health and family welfare department,policy note,Tamil nadu Government,2016-17,p.37

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Administrative Report of the Madras presidency,1964,p-154. Policy note 2014-2015,Health and family welfare department,government of Tamilnadu,Chennai,p.23. Tenth Edition of Hand book of Medical Colleges,New delhi,1965,P-152. B.T.Basavanthappa,community health nursing,jaypee brothers,medical publishers,second edition,2008.pp.54-58. Nalam indhiya maruthuvam mattrum homoeopathy,Medical monthly journal,govt.of.tamilnadu.march-2017.p.1 Kelley Lee’s Global Change and Health

K.Srinivasan,’s, Dynamics of Population and Family Welfare 1991,

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