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A Cross-Generational Inquiry

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Historical Remembering and Attitudes Towards the “Other”: A Cross-generational Inquiry A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Silvia Šušnjić Master of Arts Columbia University, 2004 Director: Dennis J.D. Sandole, Professor Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Spring Semester 2010 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2010 Silvia Šušnjić All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my family, friends, mentors and the people of the former Yugoslavia. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There were countless times throughout my studies that I thought of the following questions: What makes people view “Others” as evil? What kind of memories and attitudes are prevalent in defining the “Other” as evil? These questions were especially relevant in the context of the former-Yugoslavia where almost instantaneously neighbors became strangers, friends became enemies and once “good” people were now labeled as “evil” because of their accent, the names they had, or the looks they portrayed. Simple gestures, the way one spoke, even the way one displayed the number three could have at one point been grounds for harassment. This study aims to discover the reasons why certain individuals were and others were not affected by the socio-political and historic constructs created to define “other” individuals as enemies. My outmost appreciation for this project goes to my Committee Chair Dr. Dennis J.D. Sandole, who devoted much of his time to guide me throughout this project. Dr. Sandole helped me shape my dissertation ideas and always encouraged me to think outside the box in order to come up with the next “great” idea. Dr. Sandole’s motto was to ‘shoot for the stars’ and with that in mind I crafted this dissertation project. Along with Dr. Dennis J.D. Sandole, I wholeheartedly thank the two key members of my doctoral committee Dr. Ho-Won Jeong and Dr. Mills Kelly for their supervision of the project and the graciousness and patience they showed throughout the writing of this doctoral dissertation. My appreciation also goes to the key people who helped me shape my doctoral dissertation and my academic and professional career: Dr. Solon Simmons who imparted me with his love for statistics, Dr. Kevin Avruch who through his inspirational course in Culture and Conflict and our various conversations on violence helped me define the key ideas of my project, Dr. Dan Mayton at Lewis-Clark State College for imparting me with his passion for Peace Psychology, Dr. Peter Coleman at Teachers College, Columbia University for introducing me further to the field of Conflict Resolution and Dr. Rhett Diessner at Lewis-Clark State College for inspiring me to deliver my ideas through teaching and lecturing. I would also like to thank all of the fieldworkers who made this project a success and the participants in this study who were able to look beyond the content of the questionnaire in order to help me understand their views of the situation in the former-Yugoslavia. iv Lastly, I want to express my love, gratitude and appreciation to: my family, who effortlessly inspired me to achieve my goals, especially, my father Boris Šušnjić and mother Rita Pertich who sacrificed a lot throughout my years in the academia, my grandmother Rina Šušnjić, my cheerleader who never let me give up on my dreams, my uncle Mladen Šušnjić for providing intellectual and financial support throughout my studies, my brother Dino Šušnjić and his mother Mirjana Šušnjić for being there for me, my grandfather Albino Šušnjić who passed away, for imparting his interest in politics, and to Dr. Frank Mills and my coworkers at the Eastern Caribbean Center, University of the Virgin Islands and my friends for their tireless and constant encouragement. My gratitude goes to all of you for helping me to make this dissertation a true success. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................x 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Overview of the Project .................................................................................................1 Summary of Chapters ....................................................................................................3 2. Historical and political aspects of the region ...............................................................10 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1991) ........................................11 Identity .........................................................................................................................14 Management of Ethnonational Issues ..........................................................................17 Greater Freedom vs. Loss of Power .............................................................................20 Collapse........................................................................................................................21 Causes of the Conflicts ................................................................................................23 Brief history of Serbo-Croatian Relations ...................................................................24 Croatia’s Path toward Independence ...........................................................................27 The Onset of War in Croatia ........................................................................................29 Operations Flash and Storm .........................................................................................31 Croatia: 1995-Present ...................................................................................................34 3. Theoretical constructs ..................................................................................................36 Memory ........................................................................................................................36 Psychological Factors ..................................................................................................43 Social Identity Theory ..................................................................................................46 Social Learning and Attitude Development .................................................................53 Negative Emotions .......................................................................................................59 Scope of Justice............................................................................................................62 Structural Factors .........................................................................................................64 Divergent Myths ..........................................................................................................64 Social Differentiation ...................................................................................................67 Inequitable Policies and Laws .....................................................................................70 Manifestation of Violence............................................................................................71 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................74 4. Background and Methodology .....................................................................................77 Previous Attitudinal Studies Conducted in the Former Yugoslavia ............................77 Aims of the Study ........................................................................................................82 Study Design ................................................................................................................83 Procedures of the Study ...............................................................................................84 vi Research Instrument .....................................................................................................85 Data Coding, Entry and Verification ...........................................................................93 Quantitative Data Analysis ..........................................................................................94 Qualitative Data Analysis ............................................................................................98 5. Demographics ............................................................................................................102 Demographics of the Respondents to the Survey ......................................................102 Gender, Age and Marital Status .................................................................................102 Nationality and Religious Affiliation.........................................................................103 Other Characteristics ..................................................................................................104 News Outlets ..............................................................................................................105 Friendships .................................................................................................................106
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