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A History of Air Warfare / Edited by John Andreas Olsen

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A History of Air Warfare / Edited by John Andreas Olsen A H I S T O R Y OF AIR WARFARE ALSO BY JOHN ANDREAS OLSEN Strategic Air Power in Desert Storm John Warden and the Renaissance of American Air Power A H I S T O R Y OF AIR WARFARE EDITED BY JOHN ANDREAS OLSEN Potomac Books, Inc. Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2010 Potomac Books, Inc. Published in the United States by Potomac Books, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A history of air warfare / edited by John Andreas Olsen. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59797-440-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59797-433-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Air warfare—History. 2. Air power—History. I. Olsen, John Andreas, 1968– UG625.H57 2009 358.4’1409—dc22 2009036637 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 Standard. Potomac Books, Inc. 22841 Quicksilver Drive Dulles, Virginia 20166 First Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction xiii PART I: 1914–1945 1 1 The First World War, 1914–1919, John H. Morrow Jr. 3 2 The Air War in Europe, 1939–1945, Richard Overy 27 3 The Air War in the Pacific, 1941–1945, Richard R. Muller 53 PART II: 1945–1990 81 4 The Air War in Korea, 1950–1953, Alan Stephens 85 5 Operations over North Vietnam, 1965–1973, Wayne Thompson 107 6 Air Superiority in the Israel-Arab Wars, 1967–1982, Shmuel L. Gordon 127 7 Air Power and the Falklands, 1982, Lawrence Freedman 157 PART III: 1990–2000 175 8 Operation Desert Storm, 1991, John Andreas Olsen 177 9 Operation Deliberate Force, 1995, Robert C. Owen 201 10 Operation Allied Force, 1999, Tony Mason 225 PART IV: 2000–2006 253 11 Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001, Benjamin S. Lambeth 255 12 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003, Williamson Murray 279 13 The Second Lebanon War, 2006, Itai Brun 297 V VI CONTENTS PART V: PERSPECTIVES 325 14 Air Power in Small Wars: 1913 to the Present, James S. Corum 327 15 The Rise and Fall of Air Power, Martin van Creveld 351 16 Air and Space Power: Climbing and Accelerating, Richard P. Hallion 371 Notes 395 Selected Bibliography 441 Index 453 Biographical Notes 481 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE SUMMER OF 2008, I was appointed visiting professor at the Swedish National Defence College’s Department of Military Studies. In addition to teaching responsi- bilities, the college gave me the specific challenge of compiling a one-volume his- tory of air warfare. The task was to produce a book that would appeal to military professionals; to scholars and specialists in the field of military studies; to general readers interested in air power history, theory, doctrine, and strategy; and to faculty and students at both military and civilian colleges and universities. In an attempt to meet those objectives, I approached some of the world’s lead- ing air warfare experts with a request to describe and analyze various campaigns in which air power has played a significant role, from the First World War to the second Lebanon war. The authors of this volume were chosen for their insight into air warfare and its history, their critical approach to the utility of air power, and their ability to present their analysis in a concise and readable fashion. I am most grateful to the authors for their contributions, their team spirit, and their appreciation of the very real difficulties of deadlines and editing that beset a project with as many authors as there are chapters. I am naturally grateful to the Swedish National Defence College for having initiated and financed this project. In addition, I am much obliged to Sitakumari for providing the photographs and to Simon Moores for his editorial support. I would also like to thank a long-standing friend, H. P. Willmott, for advice and encouragement, and I am deeply grateful to Margaret S. MacDonald for her generous help in finalizing the manuscript. Finally, I have worked with Potomac Books previously, and again its team has been professional in its commitment to see manuscripts turned into books: I would especially like to thank John Church, Elizabeth Demers, Sam Dorrance, Julie Kimmel, and Lisa Yambrick. VII This page intentionally left blank ABBREVIATIONS AAA antiaircraft artillery ABCCC airborne command and control center ACTS Air Corps Tactical School AD air defense AEW airborne early warning AFSOUTH Allied Forces Southern Europe AirSols AirSolomons AOR area of responsibility ATGM antitank guided missile ATO air tasking order AWACS AirborneWarning and Control System BEF British Expeditionary Force C2 command and control C3I command, control, communications, and intelligence C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence CAOC CombinedAir Operations Center CAS close air support CBI China-Burma-India CENTPAC Central Pacific CJTF Combined Joint Task Force CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies DMPI desired mean point of impact EAF Egyptian Air Force EBO effects-based operations ECM electronic countermeasures IX X ABBREVIATIONS EDT EasternDaylight Time ELN Ejército de Liberación Nacional ETAC enlisted tactical air controller FAC–A forward air controller–airborne FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia FEAF Far East Air Forces FLN Front de Libération Nationale FRY Former Republic of Yugoslavia GPS Global Positioning System GQG Grand Quartier Général, or French high command HARM high-speed antiradiation missile IADS integrated air defense system IAF Israeli Air Force IDF Israel Defense Forces IED improvised explosive device IJN Imperial Japanese Navy ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance JDAM joint direct attack munition JFACC joint force air component commander JNA Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, or Yugoslav People’s Army KARI integrated air defense system (Iraq) KEZ Kosovo Engagement Zone KLA Kosovo Liberation Army KTO Kuwaiti theater of operations KVM Kosovo Verification Monitor LDK League for a Democratic Kosovo LZ landing zone MANPADS man-portable air defense system MAW Marine Aircraft Wing NAC North Atlantic Council NASM National Air and Space Museum NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical NKAF North Korean Air Force OAS offensive air strike OHL Oberste Heeresleitung, or German high command OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom ABBREVIATIONS XI OODA observe, orient, decide, and act OPLAN operational plan OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSRD Office of Scientific Research and Development PGM precision-guided munition PLA People’s Liberation Army PLAAF People’s Liberation Army Air Force PLO Palestine LiberationOrganization RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RADREL radio relay RAF Royal Air Force RAFM Royal Air Force Museum RFC Royal Flying Corps RHAF Royal Hellenic Air Force RNAS Royal Naval Air Service ROE rules of engagement RPV remotely piloted vehicle RRF RapidReaction Force RS Republika Srpska RSK Republika Srpska Krajina RV i PVO Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo i Protiv Vazdusna Odbrana (FRY air force and air defense) RWR radar warning receivers SAASS School of Advanced Air and Space Studies (USAF) SAC Strategic Air Command SAF Syrian Air Force SAM surface-to-air missile SAS Special Air Service SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses SOF special operations forces SPIN special instruction SSM surface-to-surface missile SWPAC Southwest Pacific TLAM Tomahawk land attack missile TP Trenchard Papers UAV unmanned aerial vehicle UCAV unmanned combat aerial vehicle XII ABBREVIATIONS UN United Nations UNC United Nations Command UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution USAAF U.S. Army Air Forces USAF U.S. Air Force USAFE U.S. Air Forces in Europe USCENTCOM U.S. Central Command USEUCOM U.S. European Command USMC U.S.Marine Corps USN U.S.Navy VJ Day Victory over Japan Day VNAF South Vietnamese Air Force ZOA zone of action INTRODUCTION HISTORY: AN ARGUMENT WITHOUT END HISTORY CONTRIBUTES TO KNOWLEDGE, but how can students of warfare best increase their knowledge of military history and military campaigns? To answer this question, Sir Michael Howard, one of the twentieth century’s most distinguished military historians, offered students three general “rules of study.”1 First, the student must focus on width: that is, study the way in which warfare has developed over time to determine the elements that remain constant and those that change. An appreciation of recurring themes in warfare—such as command in war, principles of war, and logistics—demands the kind of perspective that only exten- sive reading can provide. By approaching a subject in breadth, the student should recognize how different developments relate to each other, and perhaps identify links that are not apparent at first sight. The second general rule is to study in depth. The student who seeks to improve professional insight needs to study individual wars, campaigns, and battles in detail and to explore specific issues meticulously. The student must consult different expert sources and obtain several interpretations in order to understand the background of a given event, identify its unique features, and assess what characteristics it had in common with other events. Third, the student must examine military history in context. Wars, campaigns, and battles can best be understood if one also understands the nature of the societies and combat forces involved on both sides. The real causes of victory and defeat usually lie far away from the theater of operations, in the realms of political, economic, social, and industrial factors. Without some knowledge of the broader background to military operations, the student may reach the wrong conclusions; in this way, history can lend itself to abuse and become useless or even counterproductive.
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