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Identities in Early Arabic Journalism: the Case of Louis Ṣābūnjī UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Identities in early Arabic journalism: The case of Louis Ṣābūnjī Visser, R.W. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Visser, R. W. (2014). Identities in early Arabic journalism: The case of Louis Ṣābūnjī. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:11 Oct 2021 Identities in Early Arabic Journalism The Case of Louis Ṣābūnjī ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op donderdag 6 februari 2014, te 14:00 uur door Rogier Wouter Visser geboren te Leeuwarden Promotiecommissie Promotor: prof. dr. G.A. Wiegers Copromotor: dr. R.L.A. van Leeuwen Overige leden: prof. dr. M. Kemper prof. dr. C.L. Lange prof. dr. R. Peters prof. dr. B. Schäbler dr. U. Ryad Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible without the help of various people. In the first place I thank my supervisors Richard van Leeuwen and Gerard Wiegers for their valuable comments throughout all stages of the writing process. Various people have assisted me in locating rare documents in different places around the world. This is particularly true for Özcan Geçer in Istanbul. He drew my attention to many valuable Turkish sources that I would not have found otherwise. Without his information, this book would have taken a different form. I thank Peter Verkinderen at the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo for locating and copying a number of publications in the National Library in Cairo. Frank Daudeij has searched the archives of the Los Angeles Times. Anja Vyborova at the Netherlands Institute Saint- Petersburg secured for me copies of a rare pamphlet in Russia. I also thank Eugene Sensenig-Dabbous, Guita Hourani, Ammeke Kateman, Abdul Sheriff, and Maaike Voorhoeve for their enquiries in different libraries around the world. Other people have given me valuable information. I thank Ami Ayalon for information about Rizq Allāh Ḥassūn, Stefan Reichmuth for information about Ṣābūnjī’s Dīwān, and John Zubrzycki for information about Alexander Malcolm Jacob. I thank my colleagues of the Arabic department, Mona Hegazy, Caroline Roset, Robbert Woltering, and Liesbeth Zack, for their input on complex Arabic passages. I also thank Gunay Uslu, Birkan Calik, and Jan Schmidt for their help with Turkish texts. The period that I have spent researching and writing this book has been very pleasant thanks to my colleagues in PCH337, Baukje van den Berg, Mònica Colominas Aparicio, Ron Gruijters, Jo Heirman, Niels Koopman, and Paul van Uum. The heated discussions about a wide variety of (non-) issues, the habitual follies, and the overall atmosphere made my workplace a stimulating environment. I would like to thank my parents for their continuing support and concerns. I also thank Sandra, who has supported me iii the most during the entire process and particularly during the last stages. Finally, I thank Sije for sleeping diligently, when I was making the final changes to the manuscript during the evening hours. Copyright 2013 Rogier Visser This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Printed by Totem s.c., Inowroclaw, Poland ISBN: 9789491164200 iv Table of contents Acknowledgements v Acknowledgements iii Table of contents v List of illustrations vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Methodology and Theory 19 Chapter 2: Discursive background, collective identities 39 2.1 Pre-modern to modern 39 2.2 Discourses of Collective Identities 54 Chapter 3: Bio-bibliographical sketch of Louis Ṣābūnjī 73 3.1 Mesopotamia, Mount Lebanon, Rome (1838-1875) 75 3.2 London (1875-1890) 90 3.3 Istanbul, America (1890-1931) 109 Chapter 4: The Bee in conflict with Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1870) 125 4.1 Ṣābūnjī and the Bustānī’s 126 4.2 Identities in communication 139 4.3 Mutually depending identities 157 Chapter 5: The Bee in conflict with the Maronites (1874) 161 5.1 Conflict with the Maronites 162 5.2 The Tarjamatā 169 5.3 The Decalogue 177 5.4 Sectarianism and religious polarization 191 v Table of contents Chapter 6: Language policy in al-Naḥla (London, 1877-1880) 195 6.1 The magazine al-Naḥla 197 6.2 The representation of the reading publics 204 6.3 Language policy in practice 214 6.4 Native failure and foreign success as a resource 223 Summary and conclusion 231 Appendix I: Arabic quotes 243 Appendix II: Bibliography of Louis Ṣābūnjī 253 References 263 English summary 277 Nederlandse samenvatting 281 Index 285 vi List of illustrations Cover calligraphy: frontispiece of the Decalogue, 1874 (see p. 188 n67) Portrait of Louis Ṣābūnjī, 1877 (next page) xx The Sultan of Zanzibar's War Steamyacht "Glasgow", 1878 93 Sultan ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II as an uncomplaining lamb, 1909 117 “The Historico-Pictorial Genesis”, app. 1908 119 Title page of al-Naḥla, issue 1, 1870 129 Title page of al-Naḥla, issue 29, 1870 133 Title page of al-Naḥla wal-Zahra, issue 1, 1871 136 Title page of al-Najāḥ, issue 1, 1871 137 Title page of the Tarjamatā, 1874 164 Arabic title page of al-Naḥla, issue 1(10), 1877 198 English title page of al-Naḥla, issue 1(10), 1877 199 Page 61 of al-Naḥla, issue 2(4), 1878 219 Title page of MS Tarjamat ṣāḥib nashrat al-Naḥla, 1890 259 vii Louis ṢṢāābuānjīā, ās he āppeārs in two of his publicātions: Al-Naḥla 1(2), dāted 1 Jul 1!"", London, p#1$# Tanzīh al-abṣār wal-afkār fī riḥlat Sulṭān Zanjabār (1!"%), London, p#%&# Introduction Multiple identities and early Arabic journalism From the late fifteenth until the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans. The language of administration of the Empire was the Ottoman language, a Turkish language with numerous Arabic and Persian loanwords. The dominant religion of its administrators was Sunni Islam, which was also the religion of its ruler, the Sultan. However, the Empire was linguistically and religiously highly diverse. The Ottoman language was but one of numerous languages that were used in the Empire. Other languages of the Empire were Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian, Albanian, Romanian, and Arabic, to name only a few. Similarly, Sunni Muslims formed but one of many religious communities, besides Twelver Shiites, Catholic Christians, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, Jews, and Druze. For centuries the minorities –mainly Christian– were imagined by Europeans as being under threat from a despotic Islamic Ottoman administration. 1 In the nineteenth century European pressure and influence on Ottoman affairs mounted. Under the judging eyes of Europe, the position of minorities in Ottoman society became one of the topics of Ottoman reform policies, known as the Tanzimat reforms, that were aimed at modernizing and strengthening the Empire. Key reform edicts were the Hatt-ı Sherif decree of 1839, the Hatt-ı Humayun decree of 1856, and the Ottoman nationality law of 1869. The first edict established the rule of law for all Ottoman subjects. The second edict established equal status irrespective of religion, thereby abolishing the privileged position of the Sunni Muslims. The third 1 On the representation of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, see Kuran-Burçoğlu 2007 and Çirakman 2002. See also Makdisi 2000: 15-27 for the European perception of minorities in Ottoman Lebanon. 1 Introduction edict stipulated that everybody who lived in the Empire was an Ottoman citizen unless he could prove otherwise.2 These different edicts touched upon the issue of the identity of the different peoples in the Empire. It is this issue, identity, that forms the topic of this study. What the Ottoman policymakers formulated in these edicts was the ideal of unity against the background of a highly fragmented Empire, casting Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Bulgarians, Greek, Armenians, and other ethnic communities, in the role of Ottomans.3 Similarly, they also cast Muslims, Christians, Jews, Druze, and other religious communities, in the role of Ottomans.4 The Arabs were one of the largest linguistic minorities of the Empire, and they were found in the North African and Middle Eastern provinces. They too were religiously highly diverse, and this diversity differed from province to province. The Ottoman provinces in what is currently Syria and Lebanon were among the most religiously fragmented. Their Arabic-speaking population was composed of Sunni Muslims, Twelver Shia Muslims, Alawis, Druze, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Maronites, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholics, Jews, and others.5 Mutual relations were not always peaceful; in the period after 1830 sectarian tensions mounted, eventually erupting in fierce fighting in the year 1860.
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