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Toussaint Et Al. 2015 Unveiling the Diversification Dynamics of Australasian Predaceous Diving Beetles in the Cenozoic Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint, Fabien L. Condamine, Oliver Hawlitschek, Chris H. Watts, Nick Porch, Lars Hendrich, Michael Balke To cite this version: Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint, Fabien L. Condamine, Oliver Hawlitschek, Chris H. Watts, Nick Porch, et al.. Unveiling the Diversification Dynamics of Australasian Predaceous Diving Beetles in the Cenozoic. Systematic Biology, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2015, 64 (1), pp.3-24. 10.1093/sysbio/syu067. hal-03036496 HAL Id: hal-03036496 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03036496 Submitted on 2 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Syst. Biol. 64(1):3–24, 2015 © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syu067 Advance Access publication August 29, 2014 Unveiling the Diversification Dynamics of Australasian Predaceous Diving Beetles in the Cenozoic 1, 2 1 3 4 EMMANUEL F.A. TOUSSAINT ∗,FABIEN L. CONDAMINE ,OLIVER HAWLITSCHEK ,CHRIS H. WATTS ,NICK PORCH , , LARS HENDRICH1, AND MICHAEL BALKE1 5 1SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. ∗Correspondence to be sent to: SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; E-mail: [email protected]. Received 26 June 2013; reviews returned 18 June 2014; accepted 18 July 2014 Downloaded from Associate Editor: Brian Wiegmann Abstract.—During the Cenozoic, Australia experienced major climatic shifts that have had dramatic ecological consequences for the modern biota. Mesic tropical ecosystems were progressively restricted to the coasts and replaced by arid-adapted floral and faunal communities. Whilst the role of aridification has been investigated in a wide range of terrestrial lineages, the response of freshwater clades remains poorly investigated. To gain insights into the diversification processes underlying a freshwater radiation, we studied the evolutionary history of the Australasian predaceous diving beetles of the tribe http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/ Hydroporini (147 described species). We used an integrative approach including the latest methods in phylogenetics, divergence time estimation, ancestral character state reconstruction, and likelihood-based methods of diversification rate estimation. Phylogenies and dating analyses were reconstructed with molecular data from seven genes (mitochondrial and nuclear) for 117 species (plus 12 outgroups). Robust and well-resolved phylogenies indicate a late Oligocene origin of Australasian Hydroporini. Biogeographic analyses suggest an origin in the East Coast region of Australia, and a dynamic biogeographic scenario implying dispersal events. The group successfully colonized the tropical coastal regions carved by a rampant desertification, and also colonized groundwater ecosystems in Central Australia. Diversification rate analyses suggest that the ongoing aridification of Australia initiated in the Miocene contributed to a major wave of extinctions since the late Pliocene probably attributable to an increasing aridity, range contractions and seasonally disruptions resulting from Quaternary climatic changes. When comparing subterranean and epigean genera, our results show that contrasting mechanisms drove their diversification and therefore current diversity pattern. The Australasian Hydroporini radiation by Fabien Condamine on December 14, 2014 reflects a combination of processes that promoted both diversification, resulting from new ecological opportunities driven by initial aridification, and a subsequent loss of mesic adapted diversity due to increasing aridity. [Australian aridification; diversification; Dytiscidae; Pleistocene extinction; freshwater biota; ground water organisms; Hydroporini.] Unfolding macroevolutionary processes driving the attributed to the theory of adaptive radiation (Glor assemblage of ecological communities across geological 2010). By contrast, radiations of freshwater clades are timescales is one of the most riveting challenges in less well-documented, yet they offer an opportunity to biology (Ricklefs 2004). Modern molecular phylogenetic study evolutionary processes because of their ecological techniques allow the reconstruction of time-calibrated specialization, dependency on aquatic resources, often trees to unveil evolutionary radiations in taxonomic high species richness and relative ease to obtain good groups ranging from insects (Moreau et al. 2006; species-level coverage even on a continental scale. Very Hunt et al. 2007; Wiegmann et al. 2011)totetrapods few studies have used macroevolutionary approaches to (Bininda-Emonds et al. 2007; Fritz and Rahbek 2012; reveal diversification patterns in freshwater radiations Jetz et al. 2012), and from plants (Nagalingum et al. (Day et al. 2013; Morvan et al. 2013). Freshwater clades 2011; Soltis et al. 2011; Leslie et al. 2012) to microbial studied so far exhibit a constant rate of diversification organisms (Morlon et al. 2012). In the last decade, (Day et al. 2013; Morvan et al. 2013). Because too few starting from the simple lineages-through-time (LTT) empirical macroevolutionary case studies have been plots (Ricklefs 2007) and the later development of done to date, this result can be questioned and does more complex birth–death models to estimate speciation not reflect a generality about the tempo and mode of and extinction rates (Stadler 2013), macroevolutionary freshwater diversification. analyses of phylogenetic trees have made substantial In this context, species-rich and globally distributed progress to better reveal the tempo and mode of clades represent an ideal framework to advance our species diversification. A predominant pattern generally understanding of the processes governing the dynamics inferred in terrestrial radiations is characterized by and assembly of biological diversity in freshwater an early rapid (or even explosive) speciation followed ecosystems over spatio-temporal scales (Derryberry et al. by declining diversification rates (Harmon et al. 2003; 2011; Condamine et al. 2012; Drummond et al. 2012a). McPeek 2008; Phillimore and Price 2008; Rabosky The ongoing development of methods to infer the and Lovette 2008; Gavrilets and Losos 2009; Morlon tempo and mode of diversification at macroevolutionary et al. 2012). This common pattern departs from the scales has provided new opportunities to address predictions of constant rate models and is often questions regarding the underlying mechanisms of 3 [09:40 5/12/2014 Sysbio-syu067.tex] Page: 3 3–24 4 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 64 geographic range evolution (Ree and Smith 2008; hypothesis has proposed that the Paroster radiation is the Ronquist and Sanmartín 2011) and among lineage result of a groundwater colonization following the onset variation in diversification rates (Rabosky 2006; Rabosky of Miocene aridification at ca.15millionyearsago(Ma) and Lovette 2008; FitzJohn et al. 2009; Goldberg et al. (Leys et al. 2003). At this time, epigean populations might 2011; Morlon et al. 2011; Stadler 2011; Etienne et al. have colonized subterranean aquifers to avoid increasing 2012). Although those methods are powerful tools, they aridity. As a result, the genus harbors morphological highly rely on the quality of the taxon sampling (Heath features to specialized underground life including wing- et al. 2008). Ideally, about 80% of species should be loss, depigmentation and eye reduction. On the other included; otherwise diversification models can lead to hand, the genus Sternopriscus, whilst being characterized inaccurate estimates of speciation and extinction rates by elevated diversity, comprises species that do not show (Cusimano and Renner 2010; Davis et al. 2013). This is clear ecomorphological disparity (Hawlitschek et al. particularly true when a decrease in diversification rates 2012). The genus is so morphologically homogeneous is inferred, a pattern that has been taken as evidence that many species are only revealed using genitalia of adaptive radiation (e.g., Harmon et al. 2003; Glor and male secondary sexual characters. Sternopriscus 2010) or diversity-dependent diversification (Phillimore is mostly distributed in Australian mesic areas such Downloaded from and Price 2008). Assembling such a taxon sampling as southeastern, southwestern and northern coasts, for freshwater organisms of a species-rich clade would and species inhabit
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