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Open As a Single Document The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 69 • NUMBER 3 The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 69 • NUMBER 3 • 2012 CONTENTS Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 2 Picking Up the Pawpaws: The Rare Woody is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum Plants of Ontario Program at the University of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid of Guelph Arboretum at Boston, Massachusetts. Sean Fox Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. 14 Land Bridge Travelers of the Tertiary: Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by The Eastern Asian–Eastern North American check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international Floristic Disjunction money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American David Yih Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, 24 A Rare Find: Yellow-Fruited Spicebush and all other subscription-related communica- (Lindera benzoin forma xanthocarpum) tions to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold Richard Lynch Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- 3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; 29 Book Review: A Landscape History of e-mail [email protected] New England Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscrip- Phyllis Andersen tion to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To become a member or receive more information, 36 Plainly Unique: Schisandra chinensis please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or Sam Schmerler email [email protected] Postmaster: Send address changes to Front cover: Japanese cornel (Cornus officinalis) blooms Arnoldia Circulation Manager in early spring, typically March at the Arnold Arbore- The Arnold Arboretum tum. Photo by Nancy Rose. 125 Arborway Inside front cover: Trilliums (Trillium spp.) are part Boston, MA 02130–3500 of the disjunct flora of eastern Asia and eastern North Nancy Rose, Editor America. Trillium erectum, seen here, is a woodland Andy Winther, Designer native in much of eastern North America. Photo cour- tesy of Tom Barnes, University of Kentucky. Editorial Committee Phyllis Andersen Inside back cover: At first glance the fruit of Schisan- Peter Del Tredici dra chinensis appears to be a raceme of berries, but Michael S. Dosmann in fact each fruit consists of numerous fruitlets, each William (Ned) Friedman developed from an individual carpel within an elongate Kanchi N. Gandhi floral receptacle. In this photo, some carpels have matured into fruitlets (large, red) while others have not Copyright © 2012. The President and (small, greenish). Photo courtesy of Peter K. Endress. Fellows of Harvard College Back cover: Harvested fruit from yellow-fruited spicebush (Lindera benzoin forma xanthocarpum), an unusual variant of the typical red-fruited form of spicebush (Lindera benzoin var. benzoin). Photo by Richard Lynch. Picking Up the Pawpaws: The Rare Woody Plants of Ontario Program at the University of Guelph Arboretum Sean Fox t might surprise you to learn that, in Can- to an array of environmental conditions that ada, species such as Magnolia acuminata are often very different from those found at the I(cucumbertree), Betula lenta (sweet birch), core of the geographic range. Adapted gene com- and Morus rubra (red mulberry) are among plexes enable a plant to adjust to the timing of those that are listed as endangered in the wild the local annual growth cycle, including bud (see Table 1). You may be thinking, “Really, break, root growth, shoot and leaf elongation, Betula lenta? It grows all over the place in the bud development, diameter growth, and cold eastern United States!” It’s true that the major- acclimation. The genetic variation present in ity of woody plant species at risk in Canada are quite secure in the United States, so why the OSE R concern? Is there really a need for conservation? ANCY Conserving an organism at the species level N is generally regarded as the most immediate and crucial objective of many conservation pro- grams. In the case of a species that is critically endangered on a global scale, simply ensur- ing the survival of a few individuals is often a significant challenge. But even many glob- ally common plant species have conservation needs. Often these species do not have a very high representation of diverse genetic material archived in ex-situ collections simply because they are not considered to be a high priority for conservation. To compound this, the limited germplasm that is archived is often accessed from similar populations from the core of a spe- cies geographic range. By collecting from more provenances, including those at the extremes of a species’ range, we can come closer to fully conserving and representing the genetic diver- sity of the species. After the Laurentide Ice Sheet began receding nearly 12,500 years ago, the forests of eastern North America began their march northward. Species migration is a dynamic and ongoing process, and while many species have already pushed into the tundra region in the far north of Canada, most other species have only extended into southern Canada far more recently. These regional populations, on the forefront of a long Notable for its bright yellow fall foliage, sweet birch (Betula migration into northern latitudes, must adapt lenta) is a rare find in Canada. The Rare Woody Plants of Ontario Program 3 indicated otherwise UNLESS AUTHOR THE BY PHOTOS LL A Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) blooming in Ontario. these range extensions is very significant from exploitation and segregation of suitable habitat a conservation standpoint since these particular adds another dynamic to an already challenging genotypes may provide crucial genetic material scenario for in-situ conservation. to allow a species to migrate and fill various regional niches. UNDERStaNDING SpECIES The Ontario populations of woody species, at RISK IN CaNADA at the northern extent of their natural range, Taking the time to thoroughly understand the represent adaptations to our northern condi- legislative conditions regulating species at risk tions. Liriodendron tulipifera from Ontario are in Canada, as in many other parts of the world, more likely to be suitable for forestry planting can be an exercise in patience. The federal gov- in that province than seedling stock from a Vir- ernment of Canada’s National Strategy for the ginia source. Cornus floridafrom Ontario-based Protection of Species at Risk is composed of the provenances have proven, in cold hardiness tri- National Accord for the Protection of Species at als, to be more winter hardy in Canada than Risk (NAPSR), established in 1996; the Habi- nursery stock sourced from farther south. As tat Stewardship Program (HSP), established in migration pressures increase due to a rapidly 2000; and the Species at Risk Act (SARA) estab- changing climate, it may become even more lished in 2003. critical to conserve these northern genotypes. The National General Status Working Group Unfortunately, the pace of abiotic change in (NGSWG) was formed in 1996 to support the the environment is likely to be far ahead of mandate of the NAPSR, and is charged with biotic survival for many species. The continued establishing status rankings for all species in 4 Arnoldia 69/3 • February 2012 Table 1. At-risk woody taxa listed federally in Canada (2011) Taxon Canadian Range COSEWIC Status SARA Status Betula lenta Ontario Endangered Endangered Castanea dentata Ontario Endangered Endangered Celtis tenuifolia Ontario Threatened Threatened Cornus florida Ontario Endangered Endangered Fraxinus quadrangulata Ontario Special Concern Special Concern Gymnocladus dioicus Ontario Threatened Threatened Hibiscus moscheutos Ontario Special Concern Special Concern Ontario, Quebec, Juglans cinerea Endangered Endangered New Brunswick Magnolia acuminata Ontario Endangered Endangered Morus rubra Ontario Endangered Endangered Pinus albicaulis Alberta, British Columbia Endangered No Status Ptelea trifoliata Ontario Threatened Threatened Quercus shumardii Ontario Special Concern Special Concern Rosa setigera Ontario Special Concern Special Concern Salix brachycarpa var. Saskatchewan Special Concern Special Concern psammophila Salix chlorolepis Quebec Threatened Threatened Salix jejuna Newfoundland and Labrador Endangered Endangered Salix silicicola Nunavut, Saskatchewan Special Concern Special Concern Salix turnorii Saskatchewan Special Concern Special Concern Threatened (Great Threatened (Great Smilax rotundifolia Ontario, Nova Scotia Lakes Population) Lakes Population) Vaccinium stamineum Ontario Threatened Threatened Canada. The species that are assessed as poten- tially at risk are suggested as candidates for further review to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). COSEWIC was officially established in 1977, but was legally implemented as the authority for species at risk assessments under SARA in 2003. COSEWIC maintains a list of wild- life species in need of conservation initiatives and also a candidate list of species in need of further evaluation. The role of COSEWIC is advisory and the ultimate decision to place an organism on the Species at Risk List falls upon Rosa setigera SARA and the federal government. SARA pro- Cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata): Canada’s First Endangered Tree Magnolia acuminata was the first tree in Canada to be listed as endangered by COSEWIC in 1984. In 2003, this species was re-evaluated as endangered under the SARA and plans for a recovery strategy were developed. Cucumbertree has always had a very limited distribution in Canada and is currently
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