High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
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Paper 20Th World Energy Congress Rome 2007
BTL: a solution to increase energy efficiency in the Brazilian alcohol business 1 Dr. Eduardo Falabella Souza-Aguiar Coordinator - GTL Cell CENPES - PETROBRAS Avenida Jequitibá, 950, Quadra 7, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2 Sirlei Sebastião Alves de Sousa Senior Consultant - GTL Cell FUJB - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ Avenida Jequitibá, 950, Quadra 7, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 3 Fernando Barbosa de Oliveira Process Engineer - GTL Cell CENPES - PETROBRAS Avenida Jequitibá, 950, Quadra 7, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 1. Introduction Due to 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government, then run by a military junta, initiated in 1975 the ProÁlcool program. The ProÁlcool or Programa Nacional do Álcool (National Alcohol Program) was nationwide program financed by the government to phase out all automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels (such as gasoline) in favor of ethanol. It began with the anhydrous alcohol to blend with the gasoline. This mixture has been used since then and is now done with 24% of alcohol and 76% gasoline [1]. The decision to produce ethanol from fermented sugarcane was based on the low cost of sugar at the time. Other sources of fermentable carbohydrates were tested such as the manioc [1]. Sugarcane is in itself an enormously efficient production unit: every ton has an energy potential that is equivalent to 1.2 barrels of petroleum. Brazil is the largest sugarcane world producer, having the lowest production costs, followed by India and Australia. On average, 55% of Brazilian sugarcane is turned into alcohol [2]. Sugarcane is grown in Brazil’s Central-South and North-Northeast regions, with two harvest periods. -
The Role and Status of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Across the Global Energy System
The role and status of hydrogen and fuel cells across the global energy system Iain Staffell(a), Daniel Scamman(b), Anthony Velazquez Abad(b), Paul Balcombe(c), Paul E. Dodds(b), Paul Ekins(b), Nilay Shah(d) and Kate R. Ward(a). (a) Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE. (b) UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London WC1H 0NN. (c) Sustainable Gas Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 1NA. (d) Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ. Abstract Hydrogen technologies have experienced cycles of excessive expectations followed by disillusion. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence suggests these technologies form an attractive option for the deep decarbonisation of global energy systems, and that recent improvements in their cost and performance point towards economic viability as well. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential role that hydrogen could play in the provision of electricity, heat, industry, transport and energy storage in a low-carbon energy system, and an assessment of the status of hydrogen in being able to fulfil that potential. The picture that emerges is one of qualified promise: hydrogen is well established in certain niches such as forklift trucks, while mainstream applications are now forthcoming. Hydrogen vehicles are available commercially in several countries, and 225,000 fuel cell home heating systems have been sold. This represents a step change from the situation of only five years ago. This review shows that challenges around cost and performance remain, and considerable improvements are still required for hydrogen to become truly competitive. -
Investigating the Effects of Growth Medium and Light Sources on the Growth of Botryococcus Braunii
Investigating the Effects of Growth Medium and Light Sources on the Growth of Botryococcus Braunii Ayse Busra Sengul, [email protected] Muhammad Mustafizur Rahman, [email protected] Eylem Asmatulu, [email protected] Department of Mechanical Engineering Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount St., Wichita, KS 67260, USA ABSTRACT emission can be reduced by developing renewable and sustainable energy sources which will also protect the In the present study, the effect of medium and light natural resources, such as water, soil and air. Liquid source on the growth of B. braunii was investigated for transportation fuels reason the one third of the fossil-fuel large-scale and economical production of biomass and carbon emissions footprint [1]. Biofuel can be a key hydrocarbons. Three types of media and light sources solution for all these challenges. Biodiesel is an alternative were used with incubation temperature of 23±2°C under fuel which can be produced from domestic renewable different light source with a 12h-light/12h-dark cycle to energy resources. It can also be used in diesel engines with observe different growth rates. The growth rate of B. small or no modification. Biodiesel is nontoxic and free of braunii was measured via ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) sulfur, and can be blended at any level with petroleum spectrophotometry and biomass dry weight. The results of diesel to produce a biodiesel mixture [3]. this study showed the maximum growth rate was Algae are photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms reached after approximately three weeks of incubation and has huge potential as a biofuel source. They have the and then was followed by the stationary phase. -
Hydrogen Technology Towards the Solutionof Environment-Friendly
energies Article Hydrogen Technology towards the Solution of Environment-Friendly New Energy Vehicles Murat Peksen Multiphysics Energy Solutions (MES), 52070 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: The popularity of climate neutral new energy vehicles for reduced emissions and improved air quality has been raising great attention for many years. World-wide, a strong commitment continues to drive the demand for zero-emission through alternative energy sources and propulsion systems. Despite the fact that 71.27% of hydrogen is produced from natural gas, green hydrogen is a promising clean way to contribute to and maintain a climate neutral ecosystem. Thereby, reaching CO2 targets for 2030 and beyond requires cross-sectoral changes. However, the strong motivation of governments for climate neutrality is challenging many sectors. One of them is the transport sector, as it is challenged to find viable all-in solutions that satisfy social, economic, and sustainable requirements. Currently, the use of new energy vehicles operating on green sustainable hydrogen technologies, such as batteries or fuel cells, has been the focus for reducing the mobility induced emissions. In Europe, 50% of the total emissions result from mobility. The following article reviews the background, ongoing challenges and potentials of new energy vehicles towards the development of an environmentally friendly hydrogen economy. A change management process mindset has been adapted to discuss the key scientific and commercial challenges for a successful transition. Keywords: hydrogen; sustainability; ecosystem; fuel cell; electrification; transport; change management; new energy vehicle Citation: Peksen, M. Hydrogen Technology towards the Solution of Environment-Friendly New Energy Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 4892. -
Phylogenetic Placement of Botryococcus Braunii (Trebouxiophyceae) and Botryococcus Sudeticus Isolate Utex 2629 (Chlorophyceae)1
J. Phycol. 40, 412–423 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03173.x PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT OF BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE) AND BOTRYOCOCCUS SUDETICUS ISOLATE UTEX 2629 (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1 Hoda H. Senousy, Gordon W. Beakes, and Ethan Hack2 School of Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK The phylogenetic placement of four isolates of a potential source of renewable energy in the form of Botryococcus braunii Ku¨tzing and of Botryococcus hydrocarbon fuels (Metzger et al. 1991, Metzger and sudeticus Lemmermann isolate UTEX 2629 was Largeau 1999, Banerjee et al. 2002). The best known investigated using sequences of the nuclear small species is Botryococcus braunii Ku¨tzing. This organism subunit (18S) rRNA gene. The B. braunii isolates has a worldwide distribution in fresh and brackish represent the A (two isolates), B, and L chemical water and is occasionally found in salt water. Although races. One isolate of B. braunii (CCAP 807/1; A race) it grows relatively slowly, it sometimes forms massive has a group I intron at Escherichia coli position 1046 blooms (Metzger et al. 1991, Tyson 1995). Botryococcus and isolate UTEX 2629 has group I introns at E. coli braunii strains differ in the hydrocarbons that they positions 516 and 1512. The rRNA sequences were accumulate, and they have been classified into three aligned with 53 previously reported rRNA se- chemical races, called A, B, and L. Strains in the A race quences from members of the Chlorophyta, includ- accumulate alkadienes; strains in the B race accumulate ing one reported for B. -
Studies in Organic Geochemistry"
A Thesis entitled "STUDIES IN ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY" submitted to the UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW in part fulfilment of the requirements for admittance to the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Faculty of Science by JAMES RANKIN MAXWELL, B.Sc. Chemistry Department April, 1967 ProQuest Number: 11011805 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11011805 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 To t:vv rorontn , v/if^ and dna^ktor, I wish to express my gratitude to Drs. G.Eglinton and J.D, Loudon for their close interest and guidance throughout the work of this thesis. My appreciation is also due to Dr. A.G, Douglas, whose assistance at all times proved to he invaluable. I would also like to thank Miss F. Greene and Miss T.Devit for technical assistance, my colleagues of the Organic Geochemistry Unit and Dr. A, McCormick for their advice and help, Mr, J.M.L. Cameron and his staff for the micro-analyses, Mrs. F. Lawrie and Miss A. -
Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS)
Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS) The way forward for Europe This document has been prepared on behalf of the Advisory Council of the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP) and the Steering Committee of the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP). The information and views contained in this document are the collective view of the ZEP Advisory Council and EBTP Steering Committee and not of individual members, or of the European Commission. Neither the ZEP Advisory Council, the EBTP Steering Committee, the European Commission, nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication. European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants Contents KEY CONCLUSIONS........................................................... ....................................................................... 4 1 WHY EUROPE NEEDS TO GO CARBON-NEGATIVE ....................................................................... 5 1.1 More powerful technologies are now needed to keep global warming below 2°C........................5! 1.2 Bio-CCS: the only large-scale technology that can remove CO2 from the atmosphere.... ........... 5! 1.3 The EBTP/ZEP Joint Taskforce Bio-CCS: uniting high-level European stakeholders ................. 6! 2! CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE.......................................................................................................... 7! 2.1! CCS could provide almost 20% of global -
Coal Biomass to Liquid Fuels
Small-Scale Coal-Biomass to Liquids Production Using Highly Selective Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis n Background Co-conversion of coal with some biomass to liquid fuels can help to reduce CO2 emissions because of the neutrality of biomass with respect to CO2 emissions. An NETL study [Affordable, low cost diesel fuel from domestic coal and biomass, DOE/NETL2009/1349, January 2009], in fact, has indicated that addition of even moderate amounts of biomass to coal for the production of liquids can potentially reduce Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) CO2 emissions relative to petroleum diesel baseline; for example, 20% less CO2 is produced with 8% biomass addition, with Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization (CCUS). Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a leading technology for converting syngas from gasification to hydrocarbons in coal to liquids (CTL) and coal-biomass to liquids (CBTL) processes. However, conventional FT catalysts produce undesirable waxes (C21+) that need to be upgraded to liquids (C5-C20) by hydrotreating. This adds significantly to the cost of FTS. Development and commercialization of a cost-effective gasification/FTS-based CBTL process to produce renewable gasoline and diesel can reduce the nation’s dependency on oil imported from foreign countries, help to stabilize the prices at the pump, and lower the emission of greenhouse gases. PLEASE CONTACT PARTICIPANTS PROJECT COST Santosh Gangwal Doe Technical Project Officer Chevron Energy DURATION Total Project Principal Investigator Arun Bose Technology Start Date Value Southern Research -
Shri AMM Where Technology Meets Nature and Murugappa Chettiar Connects Rural India Research Centre
Shri AMM where technology meets nature and Murugappa Chettiar connects rural India Research Centre ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION hri A.M.M. Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC), a non-profit research organization, was established in 1973 and has S been registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860. MCRC has been recognized as a Research and Development organization by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), New Delhi, Government of India. MCRC is governed by a governing Board composed of experienced Scientists, Engineers, Management experts and Educationalists. The center has been recognized to conduct Ph.D. programs registered with the University of Madras. Donations to the Center are exempt from income tax under Section 35 1(ii) of the Income Tax Act. MANDATE The ideologies of MCRC are centered at developing technologies and their dissemination to rural applications to promote the living standards of people belonging to the rural sections of the society. The philosophy guiding research at MCRC has been to develop solutions to problems in society using scientific methodologies and innovating appropriate devices. The problems tackled have been the ones considered relevant to the society. The registered mandate of the Center, however, permits it to work on other problems as well. FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE Situated in a 5-acre campus at Taramani, adjacent to the CSIR complex, this center has all facilities, including well equipped laboratory for research in all aspects of microbiology, biotechnology, biochemistry, soil analysis, and has a full-fledged workshop to device gadgets for rural applications. Some of the instruments that the center has include HPLC, GC, UV-VIS Spectrophotometers, Lyophilizers, Fermentors and Bioreactors. -
Neoproterozoic Origin and Multiple Transitions to Macroscopic Growth in Green Seaweeds
Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds Andrea Del Cortonaa,b,c,d,1, Christopher J. Jacksone, François Bucchinib,c, Michiel Van Belb,c, Sofie D’hondta, f g h i,j,k e Pavel Skaloud , Charles F. Delwiche , Andrew H. Knoll , John A. Raven , Heroen Verbruggen , Klaas Vandepoeleb,c,d,1,2, Olivier De Clercka,1,2, and Frederik Leliaerta,l,1,2 aDepartment of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; bDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; cVlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; dBioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; eSchool of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; fDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic; gDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; hDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; iDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom; jSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; kClimate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia; and lMeise Botanic Garden, 1860 Meise, Belgium Edited by Pamela S. Soltis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved December 13, 2019 (received for review June 11, 2019) The Neoproterozoic Era records the transition from a largely clear interpretation of how many times and when green seaweeds bacterial to a predominantly eukaryotic phototrophic world, creat- emerged from unicellular ancestors (8). ing the foundation for the complex benthic ecosystems that have There is general consensus that an early split in the evolution sustained Metazoa from the Ediacaran Period onward. -
Hydrogen from Biomass Gasification
Hydrogen from biomass gasification Biomass harvesting, Photo: Bioenergy2020+ IEA Bioenergy: Task 33: December 2018 Hydrogen from biomass gasification Matthias Binder, Michael Kraussler, Matthias Kuba, and Markus Luisser Edited by Reinhard Rauch Copyright © 2018 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved ISBN, 978-1-910154-59-5 Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Executive Summary Hydrogen will be an important renewable secondary energy carrier for the future. Today, hydrogen is predominantly produced from fossil fuels. Hydrogen production from biomass via gasification can be an auspicious alternative for future decarbonized applications, which are based on renewable and carbon-dioxide-neutral produced hydrogen. This study gives an overview of possible ways to produce hydrogen via biomass gasification. First, an overview of the current market situation is given. Then, hydrogen production based on biomass gasification is explained. Two different hydrogen production routes, based on biomass gasification, were investigated in more detail. Hydrogen production was investigated for steam gasification and sorption enhanced reforming. Both routes assessed, appear suitable for hydrogen production. Biomass to hydrogen efficiencies (LHV based) of up to 69% are achieved and a techno-economic study shows, hydrogen selling prices of down to 2.7 EUR·kg-1 (or 79 EUR·MWh-1). Overall it can be stated, that governmental support and subsidies are necessary for successful implementation of hydrogen production based on biomass gasification technologies. -
Effect of Salinity on Growth of Green Alga Botryococcus Braunii and Its
Bioresource Technology 98 (2007) 560–564 EVect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents A. Ranga Rao a, C. Dayananda a, R. Sarada a,¤, T.R. Shamala b, G.A. Ravishankar a a Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India b Food Microbiology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India Abstract Growth of Botryococcus braunii (race ‘A’) and production of its constituents viz, hydrocarbon, carbohydrate, fatty acid, and carote- noids were inXuenced by diVerent levels of salinity. Under salinity at 34 mM and 85 mM, 1.7–2.25-fold increase in the relative propor- tion of palmitic acid and two fold increase in oleic acid were observed. A twofold increase in carotenoid content was noticed at 85 mM salinity with lutein (75% of total carotenoid) as the major carotenoid followed by -carotene. The increase in biomass yields and changes in other constituents indicated the inXuence of salinity and the organism’s adaptability to the tested levels of salinity (17 mM to 85 mM). 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Botryococcus braunii; Microalgae; Hydrocarbon; Biomass; Salinity; Carotenoids; Carbohydrates; Fatty acids 1. Introduction cracking (Hillen et al., 1982). B. braunii (Races A and B) strains are also known to produce exopolysaccharides Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial fresh water up to 250 g m¡3, whereas L race produce up to 1 kg m¡3 microalga and is recognized as one of the renewable (Banerjee et al., 2002). However, the amount of exopoly- resource for the production of liquid hydrocarbons.