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Earliest Olduvai Hominins Exploited Unstable ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20176-2 OPEN Earliest Olduvai hominins exploited unstable environments ~ 2 million years ago ✉ Julio Mercader 1,2 , Pam Akuku3,4, Nicole Boivin 1,2,5,6, Revocatus Bugumba7, Pastory Bushozi8, Alfredo Camacho9, Tristan Carter 10, Siobhán Clarke 1, Arturo Cueva-Temprana 2, Paul Durkin9, ✉ Julien Favreau 10, Kelvin Fella8, Simon Haberle 11, Stephen Hubbard 1 , Jamie Inwood1, Makarius Itambu8, Samson Koromo12, Patrick Lee13, Abdallah Mohammed8, Aloyce Mwambwiga1,14, Lucas Olesilau12, ✉ Robert Patalano 2, Patrick Roberts 2,5, Susan Rule11, Palmira Saladie3,4, Gunnar Siljedal1, María Soto 15,16 , Jonathan Umbsaar1 & Michael Petraglia 2,5,6 1234567890():,; Rapid environmental change is a catalyst for human evolution, driving dietary innovations, habitat diversification, and dispersal. However, there is a dearth of information to assess hominin adaptions to changing physiography during key evolutionary stages such as the early Pleistocene. Here we report a multiproxy dataset from Ewass Oldupa, in the Western Plio- Pleistocene rift basin of Olduvai Gorge (now Oldupai), Tanzania, to address this lacuna and offer an ecological perspective on human adaptability two million years ago. Oldupai’s earliest hominins sequentially inhabited the floodplains of sinuous channels, then river-influenced contexts, which now comprises the oldest palaeolake setting documented regionally. Early Oldowan tools reveal a homogenous technology to utilise diverse, rapidly changing envir- onments that ranged from fern meadows to woodland mosaics, naturally burned landscapes, to lakeside woodland/palm groves as well as hyper-xeric steppes. Hominins periodically used emerging landscapes and disturbance biomes multiple times over 235,000 years, thus predating by more than 180,000 years the earliest known hominins and Oldowan industries from the Eastern side of the basin. 1 University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 2 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. 3 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain. 4 Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain. 5 School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia. 6 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. 7 Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 8 University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 9 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 10 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 11 Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 12 University of Iringa, Iringa, Tanzania. 13 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 14 National Natural History Museum, Arusha, Tanzania. 15 Madrid Institute for Advanced ✉ Study, Madrid, Spain. 16 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. email: [email protected]; [email protected];sotoquesadamaria@gmail. com NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:3 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20176-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20176-2 ominins underwent major biological transitions in the lacustrine cycles, large and small prograding fluvial systems, with early Pleistocene, along with an increased reliance on intercalated volcanism. Importantly, this record of hominin H 1 fi 2–6 stone tool use , overall dietary diversi cation , and long- habitats predates, to our knowledge, the oldest fossiliferous and distance dispersal7–9. The behavioural context of these shifts tool bearing deposits from the Eastern basin’s locality of ‘Douglas remains elusive due to a dearth of high-resolution chronostrati- Korongo’ (DK), which traditionally represented the earliest graphic and environmental datasets in direct association with Oldowan presence in the region at ~1.848 ± 0.003 Ma24,30,31. Oldowan remains, available only for a small number of sites10–17. Excavations at Ewass Oldupa recovered 1373 fossil specimens Furthermore, extrapolating offsite palaeoecological proxies from and 565 stone artefacts (Supplementary Table 1) showing penecontemporaenous boreholes and lake-drilling sequences18 has consistent technological features from immediately post-Naabi limited applicability for understanding localized land use, the to the base of Bed II. All knapping stages are present synchronous/diachronous occupation of varied terrestrial envir- (Supplementary Table 1). Lithics derive from tabular, medium onments, and targeted habitat exploitation by Oldowan hominins. grained, grayish/whitish quartzite slabs that are clustered (7/m2) Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from sites 2.6 to 1.9 Ma in discrete archaeo-stratigraphic assemblages (7/40 m2) (Figs. 3 has relied on indirect approximations of past vegetation from and 4). Flakes are the dominant product (>60%), with spheroids fauna and/or stable isotopes13–17,19,20, denoting variably open and percussive materials being uncommon. There is no grassland and forest mosaics in fluvial settings often from differential management of knapped surfaces, thus the techno- restricted stratigraphic intervals21,22. Our research reconciles the logical systems do not follow hierarchical reduction strategies. earliest Oldowan stone tools from Oldupai Gorge, a key complex Unidirectional and multidirectional knapping of cores was for the study of hominin lifeways23,24, with multiproxy datasets in maintained within the constraints of natural shapes and angles direct association with stratified archaeological and fossil for striking. Of the seven exploitation methods registered in 58 assemblages, recording episodic exploitation of the same place in cores, multipolar-multifacial (number of cores = 19, median varied geomorphic contexts and sedimentary deposits. This number of extractions = 9), unipolar-longitudinal (n = 15, med- dataset stands as a model of cross-disciplinary research to clarify ian = 4), and orthogonal-bifacial (n = 13, median = 5) dominate the environmental context of early Oldowan sites. Here we (Supplementary Fig. 2c). Intensity of lithic reduction is inferred examine hominin behavior in association with faunal and plant from the minimum number of extractions per core, which ranges communities and provide evidence of vegetation physiognomy from two to 16 removals. Overall, the simplicity of Ewass and cover from phytolith analysis and palynology, isotopic n- Oldupa’s technical repertoire is shared with other early Oldowan alkane values from plant waxes, stable isotopes from enamel, and assemblages6,10–12,14,15 to include characteristics such as free- regional fires from microcharcoal concentrations. hand hard hammer percussion and multi-facial reduction. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3) conveys that Ewass Oldupa’s Oldowan Results shares many technical attributes with Kanjera South14, Fejej11, Stratigraphy and archaeology. The Ewass Oldupa site (Geolo- and to some extent Frida Leakey Korongo Zinj (FLK Zinj)24. gical Locality 63, Fig. 1)23 is located 350 m northeast of Geolo- Significantly, several aspects of Ewass Oldupa’s stone industries gical Locality 64, where a dentally complete maxilla and lower (unifacial and bipolar cores, number of extractions, flake size, face of Homo habilis (OH 65)22 was recovered from strata dated angular fragments, and scarcity of percussion tools) best match to ~1.82 Ma25,26. At Ewass Oldupa, we exposed a thick sedi- the techno-typological profile seen in older Oldowan sites (Gona mentary sequence with ages bracketed by existing 40Ar/39Ar dates 10 and Gona 12)15. In addition, PCA brings out a mosaic of early of geochemically fingerprinted tuffs26,27, which was further con- and classic Oldowan traits in Ewass Oldupa’s lithics, which fall strained at six localities along a 2 km transect (Supplementary between the oldest Oldowan > 2 Ma and younger assemblages Fig. 1, Table 1). The lowermost stratigraphic unit is the Naabi ≤1.85 Ma, where spheroids abound. Likewise, this PCA, inclusive ignimbrite of the Ngorongoro Formation18 (Figs. 1 and 2a). of 18 assemblages and comprising 11 technical variables15, Above this sits the highly heterogeneous Coarse Feldspar Crystal demonstrates the outlier character of Lomekwi and its complete Tuff compositional zone (CFCTcz)28 (Figs. 1 and 2c), including lack of affinity with Ewass Oldupa (Supplementary Figs. 2,3, the Coarse Feldspar Crystal Tuff (2.015 ± 0.006 Ma)25. Lower Bed Supplementary Table 2). I starts with the deposition of a green waxy clay29 and intercalated Comparison of geochemical fingerprinting of artefacts and carbonate beds, indicating lake expansion 1 km further west and regional rock outcrops (Supplementary Fig. 4) manifests occurring earlier than previously recorded18,26–29 (Figs. 1–2e). hominins engaged in sourcing up to 12 km across the basin32,33 Tuff IA (~2.0 Ma)18 (Figs. 1 and 2f, g) contains characteristic Mg- while also exploiting quartzite locally, 400 m to the south rich augite, reworked basement-derived detrital grains and (Naisiusiu). Macroscopically, four quartzite types of distinct CFCTcz materials25–28. Upper Bed I includes Tuff IB (1.848 ± colour, grain size, textural, and mineral composition were the 0.003 Ma)25. Directly overlying this are waxy, green-brown preferred raw materials. Analysis of these varieties relative to claystones deposited during a period of high lake level (Figs. 1, reduction stage (Supplementary Fig. 2d) indicates that Oldowan 2h). Overlying these clays, a weakly
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