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Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Towards a More Sustainable, People Centered Approach to Energy Development in South East Europe

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Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Towards a More Sustainable, People Centered Approach to Energy Development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach to energy development in South East Europe Version 1.0. For official communication with EU institutions Fairer, Cleaner, Safer 2 Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms 5 About Authors 7 Acknowledgements 9 Executive Summary 10 Report 14 1. Vision of the region 15 2. The analysis: where are we now? 18 2.1 Index of Sustainable Energy in the region 18 2.2 Legal and institutional frameworks 19 2.3 Energy production and consumption 22 2.4 Energy and environment in the region 29 2.5 Restructuring and privatisation 36 2.6 Governance, transparency and public participation 38 2.7 Key opportunities 43 2.7.1 Energy efficiency 43 2.7.2 Sustainable renewable energy sources 47 2.7.3 People-centered approach to energy solutions 49 3. Recommendations: how do we get there? 54 References 56 Appendix 57 3 Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer List of tables Table 2.1: Key data on the energy generation/ use capacities in the SEE countries 23 Table 2.2: Selected energy indicators 27 Table 2.3: Overview of CO2 emissions from combustion of fuels and carbon intensity 29 Table 2.4: EE and RES targets in the SEE 43 Table 2.5: Overview of electricity prices across the region 50 Table 2.6: External costs for electricity production in the EU 51 List of figures Figure 2.1: ISE scores for the SEE and other groups of countries 18 Figure 2.2: Excerpts from the EC Report on the ECT implementation 20 Figure 2.3: Primary energy production in SEE countries in 2008 24 Figure 2.4: Gross inland consumption in 2008 by country and for the region 25 Figure 2.5: Final consumption of energy by country 26 Figure 2.6: Energy intensity in the SEE countries compared to the EU-27 27 Figure 2.7: Changes in energy intensity indicators 1990 – 2007 28 Figure 2.8: Transposition and implementation in the area of horizontal legislation 34 List of case studies Case Study: Thermal Power Plant Kosovo C in Kosovo 31 Case Study: Air pollution in the town of Sisak in Croatia 32 Case Study: Hydro power plants on Moraca river in Montenegro 35 Case Study: Gasification put ‘on hold’ in FYR Macedonia 37 Case Study: Small hydro-power plant on Sana river in Bosnia and Herzegovina 39 Case Study: MEGS Kolubara in Serbia 40 Case Study: Vlora thermal power plant in Albania 42 Case Study: Low energy village Poljana – Ivanić-Grad in Croatia 45 Case Study: Energy efficiency in Strumica Municipality in FYR Macedonia 46 Case Study: Solar energy in two kindergartens in Tirana in Albania 48 Case Study: Enterprise Strawberry Energy in Serbia 52 Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach4 to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Abbreviations and Acronyms AL Albania ACCC Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee AT Austria ATRC Advocacy Training and Resource Center BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BE Belgium CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CSO Civil Society Organisation CO2 Carbon Dioxide CHP Combined Heat and Power CZZS Centre for Environment DE Germany DK Denmark DOOR Society for Sustainable Development Design DPSIR Drivers – Pressures – State – Impacts – Responses DSP Detailed Spatial Plan EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ECLO European Commission Liaison Office to Kosovo ECSEE Energy Community of South East Europe ECTS Energy Community Treaty Secretariat EE Energy Efficiency EEC European Energy Community EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIB European Investment Bank ENEL Italian National Agency for Electricity EPCG Montenegrin State Electricity Company EPEEF Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund EPS Serbian State Electricity Company EREC European Renewable Energy Council ES Spain ETAP Environmental Technologies Action Plan EU European Union FI Finland FR France GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS German Technical Assistance GNI Gross National Income GR Greece GW(h) Giga Watt (hours) HH Households HPP Hydropower Plants HR Croatia HROTE Croatian Energy Market Operator IE Ireland IEA International Energy Agency IDA International Development Association IFI International Financial Institutions INA Croatian National Oil Company INSTAT Albanian Statistical Institute IRM Independent Recourse Mechanism ISE Index of Sustainable Energy IT Italy KEK Kosovo Energy Company Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach5 to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer KESH Albanian State Energy Corporation KFW1 German Development Bank2 KGOE Kilograms of Oil Equivalent KS Kosovo (UNSCR 1244/99) KT Kilo Tonnes LUC Land Use Consulting MANS Network for the Affirmation of NGO Sector MK Macedonia (The former Yugoslav Republic of) ME Montenegro MPPCE Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and Ecology MTOE Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent MW(h) Mega Watt (hours) NEDS National Energy Development Strategy NIS Serbian National Petroleum Company NL Netherlands NO Norway NOX Nitrous Oxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PT Portugal PPP Purchasing Power Parity PV Photo-voltaic R&D Research and Development RSREC 3 SerbiaRegional Environmental Center RES Renewable Energy Sources SE Sweden SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA Change Net Synergies for Energy Awareness Change (Project) SEE South East Europe SEE Change Net South East Europe Change Network (Regional Think Tank) SHPP Small Hydro-Power Plant SO2 Sulphur Dioxide TI Transparency International TPES Total Primary Energy Supply TPP Thermal Power Plants TW(h) Terra Watt (hours) UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Aid WB World Bank WWF World Wide Fund for Nature 1 KS is a code used for practical reasons and not an official ISO country code. 2 Hereinafter Kosovo 3 The data for Serbia exclude Kosovo (UNSC 1244/99) Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach6 to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer About Authors Synergies for Energy Awareness Change 1 The project – SEA Change - has brought together CSOs representing different countries of the South East Europe region as well as different fields of expertise and disciplines to work together to tackle various aspects and interconnected challenges of sustainable energy future. Marina Marković, Editor, Independent consultant, Podgorica, Montenegro Anisa Xhitoni, Lira Hakani, Coordinator for public information and participation, EDEN center, Tirana, Albania Project assistant,EDEN center EDEN center, Tirana, Albania mission is to contribute to a sustainable development and healthy environment by informing, educating and offering services in partnership with the interested actors. www.eden-al.org Miodrag Dakić, Igor Kalaba, Executive director, Center for Environment, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Project Centerassistant, for CenterEnvironment for Environment, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina is dedicated to protecting and improving the environment, advocating principles of sustainable development and increasing public participa- tion in decision-making about the environment. www.czzs.org Garret Tankosić-Kelly, SEE Change Founder Net and coordinator, SEE Change Net, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a regional sustainable development think tank whose mission is a sea-change in policy and practice, for sustainable development in SEE region. www.seechangenetwork.org Igor Capin, Maja BožićevićProject Vrhovček, coordinator, Society for Sustainable Development Design, Zagreb, Croatia Society for President, Sustainable Society Development for Sustainable Design’s Development (DOOR) Design, Zagreb, Croatia mission is promotion, education and communication of sustainable development and energy. www.door.hr Full Fathom Five 1 First coined by Shakespeare, in his Ariel’s song , the sea-change is an expression that connotes a significant change and transformation. The project SEA Change acts on the fact that envisioning and navigating sustainable energyThe fractal future geometry is a complex of nature and long-term process,The one great that wave requires off Kanagawa transformative change on political, social and economic, but at the same time on personal, individual level. Visually, as much as it has inspired music, art and literature and aroused scientific interest (e.g. Mandelbrot’s ), the image of the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai also finds its place in discussions on climate change effects. Towards a more sustainable, people centered approach7 to energy development in South East Europe Fairer, Cleaner, Safer Kushtrim Kaloshi, ExecutiveAdvocacy Trainingdirector, andAdvocacy Resource Training Center and ATRC) Resource Center, Pristina, Kosovo ( works on increasing citizen and civil society participation in decision-making, as a prerequisite for a developed demo- cratic society and regional stability. www.advocacy-center.org Sonja Risteska, ResearchAnalytica and management coordinator, Analytica, Skopje, FYR Macedonia is dedicated to supporting individuals and institutions with aim to foster lasting improvement in the democracy and governance in FYR Macedonia, the SEE region and wider in the EU. www.analyticamk.org Sanja Svrkota, Energy Greenprogram Home coordinator, Green Home, Podgorica, Montenegro works on
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