WERNER HEISENBERG* (1901-1976) Ivan Todorov Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 D-37077 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail:
[email protected] and Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Tsarigradsko Chaussee 72, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract. A brief review of Heisenberg's life and work: participating in the youth movement in the aftermath of World War I, creating quantum mechanics, conflict with “deutsche Physik”, involvement in “Hitler's Uranium Project”, last illusions. Problems and dilemmas for scientists under a dictatorship – East and West. Years ago, at the Symposium on Contemporary Physics in Trieste, in June 1968, a colleague from Israel left the audience when Heisenberg was to start his lecture – to demonstrate his contempt of a “Nazi collaborator”. Samuel Goudsmit (1902-1978), the scientific head of the Alsos1 mission, has also manifested strong negative feelings2 in his 1947 book [G]. The passions are still alive: the insightful 1998 play [F], in which different versions of Heisenberg’s 1941 meeting with Bohr in Germany occupied Copenhagen are rehearsed, provoked a heated discussion on the pages of Physics Today [PT] among historians and some over 90 years old witnesses of those days3. The moral questions about Heisenberg’s behaviour in the Nazi period lead us to the more general topic of the scientist under a dictatorship, a topic which concerns not only Germans. This motivates the focus in the present article. Of the many achievements of Heisenberg starting with his doctorate (with Sommerfeld) on turbulence, going through his seminal contributions to atomic and nuclear physics, to the foundations of quantum field theory and the theory of ferromagnetism, I shall only briefly touch upon his 1925 paper on the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics and mention his late attempt to construct a unified quantum field theory involving a fundamental length.