Bacterial Tracheitis and the Child with Inspiratory Stridor
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Chest Pain and Non-Respiratory Symptoms in Acute Asthma
Postgrad Med J 2000;76:413–414 413 Chest pain and non-respiratory symptoms in Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.76.897.413 on 1 July 2000. Downloaded from acute asthma W M Edmondstone Abstract textbooks. Occasionally the combination of The frequency and characteristics of chest dyspnoea and chest pain results in diagnostic pain and non-respiratory symptoms were confusion. This study was prompted by the investigated in patients admitted with observation that a number of patients admitted acute asthma. One hundred patients with with asthmatic chest pain had been suspected a mean admission peak flow rate of 38% of having cardiac ischaemia, pleurisy, pericardi- normal or predicted were interviewed tis, or pulmonary embolism. It had also been using a questionnaire. Chest pain oc- observed that many patients admitted with curred in 76% and was characteristically a asthma complained of a range of non- dull ache or sharp, stabbing pain in the respiratory symptoms, something which has sternal/parasternal or subcostal areas, been noted previously in children1 and in adult worsened by coughing, deep inspiration, asthmatics in outpatients.2 The aim of this or movement and improved by sitting study was to examine the frequency and char- upright. It was rated at or greater than acteristics of chest pain and other symptoms in 5/10 in severity by 67% of the patients. A patients admitted with acute asthma. wide variety of upper respiratory and sys- temic symptoms were described both Patients and methods before and during the attack. One hundred patients (66 females, mean (SD) Non-respiratory symptoms occur com- age 45.0 (19.7) years) admitted with acute monly in the prodrome before asthma asthma were studied. -
Guidelines for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Lower
State of Kuwait Ministry of Health Infection Control Directorate Guidelines for Prevention of Healt Care Associated LRTI Aug. 2006 1 I- Introduction Respiratory tract infections are extremely common health-care associated infections. Lower respiratory tract infection incorporates a spectrum of disease from acute bronchitis to pneumonia. Several factors (age, underlying disease, environment) influence mortality, morbidity and also microbial aetiology especially with the most frequently identified antibiotic resistance of respiratory pathogens. Of the lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia remains the most common infection seen among hospitalized patients. It is defined as a lower respiratory tract infection occurring > 48 hrs of admission to a hospital or nursing home in a patient who was not incubating the infection on admission. It is the second most common health-care associated infection worldwide after urinary tract infection accounting for 13-18% of all health-care associated infections. Health-care associated pneumonia tends to be more serious because defense mechanisms against infection are often impaired , and the kind of infecting organisms are more dangerous than those generally encountered in the community. It is commonly caused by pathogens that need aggressive diagnostic approach with prompt recognition and urgent treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality; often the strains causing health-care associated pneumonia are multiple. It is complicate up to 1% of all hospitalizations. Critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation are especially vulnerable to develop ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Because of its tremendous risk in the last two decades, most of the research on hospital associated pneumonia has been focused on VAP. As treatment, prognosis and outcome of VAP may differ significantly from other forms of hospital acquired pneumonia, it will be discussed extensively. -
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Dr
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Dr. Shannon MacPhee IWK Emergency Department April 4, 2014 Declaration of Disclosure • I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this program. • I also assume responsibility for ensuring the scientific validity, objectivity, and completeness of the content of my presentation. Objectives Stridor Community acquired pneumonia Pathogenesis Clinical presentation and medical workup Treatment Complications: Pleural effusion Bronchiolitis Croup • 15% of all pediatric emergency visits in North America • Abrupt onset • Night • 8% admission rate Croup Laryngotracheobronchitis 6 months to 6 years Parainfluenza (75%) Hoarse voice, Inspiratory stridor, Barky cough Croup radiograph Biennial variation in croup Croup scores No matter which system is used, the presence of retractions and stridor at rest are the two most critical clinical features. Croup treatment Humidified air (not mist!) Dexamethasone Dose and population Budesonide not recommended $$$ Inhaled epinephrine Discharge after 1.5‐3 hours of observation in ER if completely stable Mild croup RCT O.6 mg/kg Follow up on Days 1,2,3,7,21 Detailed analysis of costs for the “payer” (ED visit, Physician billing, med cost) Cost for family (parking, lost work, ambulance service, lost productivity) Average societal cost of $92 versus $72 (Dex versus placeb0) Return visits reduced by more than 50% with dexamethasone arm Dex initial effects within 30 minutes Croup Disposition 1.5‐3 hours post epinephrine Disposition should -
Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. Ii. Pulmonary Complications of Influenza
STUDIES ON INFLUENZA IN THE PANDEMIC OF 1957-1958. II. PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA Donald B. Louria, … , Edwin D. Kilbourne, David E. Rogers J Clin Invest. 1959;38(1):213-265. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103791. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/103791/pdf STUDIES ON INFLUENZA IN THE PANDEMIC OF 1957-1958. II. PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA * t By DONALD B. LOURIAt HERBERT L. BLUMENFELDt JOHN T. ELLIS, EDWIN D. KILBOURNE, AND DAVID E. ROGERS (From the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Public Health and Preventive Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, N. Y.) (Submitted for publication July 10, 1958; accepted August 7, 1958) Influenza presents a paradox. To the clinician edge of influenza derived from modern virologic practicing medicine in 1918, influenza was a fear- studies of the epidemic (interpandemic) disease some disease attended by frequent and often fatal must be applied with caution to the 1918-19 pan- pulmonary complications. To the student of in- demic. In the new pandemic in 1957, certain old terpandemic influenza in the last quarter century, questions remained unanswered: the disease is an acute, temporarily incapacitating 1. What is the etiologic agent of pandemic in- infection of the upper respiratory tract which is fluenza? benign except on the rare occasion when bacterial 2. Is the pandemic disease more severe than the pneumonia supervenes. This contrast in the mani- interpandemic form or only more widespread? festations of influenza has led to speculation that 3. Is bacterial pneumonia the major cause of the disease of 1918 was either a different disease fatalities in pandemic influenza; if so, may fatali- entity or caused by an agent of greater virulence ties be prevented by modem antimicrobials? than influenza viruses now encountered. -
A Case of Pseudomembranous Tracheitis Caused by Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in an Immunocompetent Patient
205 Case Report Page 1 of 7 A case of pseudomembranous tracheitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an immunocompetent patient Yong Hoon Lee, Hyewon Seo, Seung Ick Cha, Chang Ho Kim, Jaehee Lee Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Correspondence to: Jaehee Lee. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, 700-842, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Pseudomembranous tracheitis (PMT) is a rare condition characterized by pseudomembrane formation in the tracheobronchial tree that may be associated with infectious and noninfectious processes. However, PMT attributed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), a common atypical respiratory infectious pathogen, has not been reported till date. Here, we report about a 29-year-old woman with complaints of severe persistent cough and radiographic deterioration despite antibiotics administration for pneumonia at an outside facility. She was finally diagnosed as having PMT with bilateral diffuse bronchiolitis caused by M. pneumoniae infection. The diagnosis was made based on a bronchoscopic finding of a pseudomembrane that partially covered the membranous portion of the upper and middle trachea, a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with bronchial aspirate, and a positive serological test for M. pneumoniae without detection of any other causative pathogen through an extensive workup. Her symptoms and radiographic findings improved in response to moxifloxacin and corticosteroid treatment. This case is a rare presentation of M. pneumoniae infection complicating PMT in a young adult without any known risk factors. Keywords: Tracheitis; bronchiolitis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) Submitted Dec 12, 2018. -
Hoarseness in Children 1Mary Worthen, 2Swapna Chandran
IJHNS Mary Worthen, Swapna Chandran 10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1278 REVIEW ARTICLE Hoarseness in Children 1Mary Worthen, 2Swapna Chandran ABSTRACT thinking in vocal fold pathology leading to hoarseness and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Background: The prevalence of pediatric dysphonia ranges from 6-23%. Chronic dysphonia can negatively affect the lives of children physically, socially, and emotionally. The body of ASSESSMENT OF DYSPHONIA literature continues to grow regarding the pathophysiology and Perceptual analysis is a key component of voice evaluation management of dysphonic children. in children, and several tools are currently available for Methods: This article presents a relevant literature review of assessing these qualities.3 Perceptual analysis of voice by vocal fold pathology leading to hoarseness and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Articles were retrieved using the patient, the parent, the clinician and speech language a selective search in PubMed employing the terms such as pathologist is important in the comprehensive assessment “hoarseness in children,” “pediatric dysphonia.” of pediatric hoarseness. Parental questionnaires such as Results: 42 articles from the past decade were reviewed that the Pediatric Voice outcome Survey, the Pediatric Voice- include information regarding the etiology, assessment, and Related Quality of Life questionnaire, and the Pediatric treatment of children with dysphonia. Voice Handicap Index are available. In these surveys, the Conclusion: The care of a child with a voice disorder can be child’s self-evaluation is not considered. Verduyckt et al complex and requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Current developed a questionnaire to analyze the discriminatory technological, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic advances have capacity of 5- to 13-year-old dysphonic children. -
Managing Complications of Percutaneous Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy
5330 Review Article on Interventional Pulmonology in the Intensive Care Unit Managing complications of percutaneous tracheostomy and gastrostomy Aline N. Zouk, Hitesh Batra Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Contributions: (I) Conception and design: Both authors; (II) Administrative support: Both authors; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Both authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: Both authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Both authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: Both authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: Both authors. Correspondence to: Aline N. Zouk, MD. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd, THT 422, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Percutaneous tracheostomy and gastrostomy are some of the most commonly performed procedures at bedside in the intensive care unit. While they are generally considered safe, they can be associated with numerous short and long-term complications, many of which can occur long after their placement and cause significant morbidity. Performers of these procedures should possess a comprehensive understanding of procedural indications and contraindications, and know how to recognize and manage complications that may arise. In this review, we highlight complications of percutaneous tracheostomy and describe strategies for their prevention and management, with a special focus on post-tracheostomy -
Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescriptions in Patients with Acute Lower and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections—A Case-Control Study
antibiotics Article Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescriptions in Patients with Acute Lower and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections—A Case-Control Study Winfried V. Kern 1 and Karel Kostev 2,* 1 Department of Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Epidemiology, IQVIA Germany, 60549 Frankfurt am Main, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)69-6604-4878 Abstract: Background: The goal of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of patient and physician related variables associated with antibiotic prescriptions in patients diagnosed with acute lower and upper respiratory tract infections (ALURTI), treated in general practices (GP) and pediatric practices, in Germany. Methods: The analysis included 1,140,095 adult individuals in 1237 general practices and 309,059 children and adolescents in 236 pediatric practices, from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), who had received at least one diagnosis of an ALURTI between 1 January 2015 and 31 March 2019. We estimated the association between 35 predefined variables and antibiotic prescription using multivariate logistic regression models, separately for general and pediatric prac- tices. The variables included the proportion (as a percentage) of antibiotics or phytopharmaceuticals on all prescriptions per practice, as an indicator of physician prescription preference. Results: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription was higher in patients treated in GP (31.2%) than in pediatric Citation: Kern, W.V.; Kostev, K. practices (9.1%). In GP, the strongest association with antibiotic prescription was seen in the practice Prevalence of and Factors Associated preference for antibiotic use, followed by specific diagnoses (acute bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, with Antibiotic Prescriptions in Patients with Acute Lower and Upper laryngitis, and tracheitis), and higher patient age. -
Validation of Syndromic Surveillance for Respiratory Pathogen Activity
Validation of Syndromic Surveillance for Respiratory Pathogen Activity Technical Appendix Detailed Syndrome Definitions for Each Syndrome Data Source A general respiratory syndrome was defined for each data source (except for the absenteeism data, which contain no medical information; see Table 1). We used the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes as selected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA (www.bt.cdc.gov/surveillance/syndromedef). To define a respiratory syndrome, we selected both the codes for general respiratory symptoms and diagnoses (category 1 in CDC list) and the codes for specific respiratory biologic agent diagnoses (category 3 in CDC list). For the hospital data (see Table 1), we used these syndrome codes with some minor adaptations for the Dutch version of ICD-9-CM. For the mortality data (see Table 2) the ICD-9-CM codes were converted into ICD 10th revision (ICD-10) codes by using the World Health Organization ICD-9/ICD-10 translation list and expert opinion, if necessary (ICD-9/ICD-10 Translator; see www.who.int/classifications/en). For the GP consultation data (see Table 3), International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) codes were included in a respiratory syndrome by expert opinion, guided by the CDC respiratory syndrome case definition. For a respiratory syndrome definition based on the pharmacy data, we used Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) codes of medications that experts considered indicative for respiratory infectious disease complaints. Of those, we included only ATC-5 codes that had higher levels in winter. -
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GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONSPRACA ORYGINALNA Henryk Mazurek1, 2, Anna Bręborowicz3, Zbigniew Doniec4, Andrzej Emeryk5, Katarzyna Krenke6, Marek Kulus6, Beata Zielnik-Jurkiewicz7 1Department of Pneumonology and Cystic Fibrosis, Institute of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases, Rabka-Zdrój, Poland 2State Higher Vocational School, Nowy Sącz, Poland 3Department of Pneumonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznań, Poland 4Department of Pneumonology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases, Rabka-Zdrój, Poland 5Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 6Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 7Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital, Warsaw, Poland Acute subglottic laryngitis. Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture Abstract In about 3% of children, viral infections of the airways that develop in early childhood lead to narrowing of the laryngeal lumen in the subglottic region resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, a barking cough, stridor, and dyspnea. These infections may eventually cause respiratory failure. The disease is often called acute subglottic laryngitis (ASL). Terms such as pseudocroup, croup syndrome, acute obstructive laryngitis and spasmodic croup are used interchangeably when referencing this disease. Although the differential diagnosis should include other rare diseases such as epiglottitis, diphtheria, fibrinous laryngitis and bacterial tracheobronchitis, the diagnosis of ASL should always be made on the basis of clinical criteria. Key words: subglottic laryngitis, croup, laryngeal obstruction, inspiratory dyspnoea, stridor Adv Respir Med. 2019; 87: 308–316 Definition and nomenclature have in common is laryngitis. However, some of them also indicate the location of the lesions In approximately 3% of children [1, 2], or their pathological background (e.g. -
Lung-Eye-Trachea Disease (Letd)
EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 40 LUNG-EYE-TRACHEA DISEASE (LETD) ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION SIGNS DISEASE? & CONTROL AFFECTED Sea turtles Possible Conjunctivitis, Mortality 8-38%, No specific In houses transmission stomatitis, can reach 70%. treatment. Isolate affected by direct glottitis, Antimicrobial turtles. contact. pharyngitis, to control Tanks should tracheitis, secondary have separate pneumonia bacterial water sources. infections. in zoos isolate affected turtles. Tanks should have separate water sources. Fact sheet compiled by Last update Rachel E. Marschang, Institut für Umwelt- und February 2009 Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Fact sheet reviewed by Silvia Blahak, Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt OWL, Detmold, Germany James F. X. Wellehan, Zoological Medicine Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Susceptible animal groups Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Causative organism Alphaherpesvirus. Zoonotic potential No. Distribution World-wide. Transmission Unclear. In the marine environment, lung-eye-trachea virus (LETV) could potentially be transmitted to uninfected individuals by direct contact between infected turtles or by contact with substrates harbouring virus, such as sediments, contaminated surfaces or seawater. LETV can remain infectious in seawater for over 5 days. Incubation period Clinical symptoms develop over a 2- to 3-week period. Clinical symptoms Gasping, harsh respiratory sounds, bouyancy abnormalities, inability to dive properly, presence of caseated material on the eyes, around the glottis and within the trachea. Some turtles will die after several weeks, but some may become chronically ill. Post mortem findings A moderate to severe periglottal necrosis. Exudate within airways of the lung, caseous material around the glottal opening and in the trachea, multifocal white nodules in the liver. -
Respiratory Guidelines
RESPIRATORY GUIDELINES Medicines Used in Respiratory Diseases Introduction This chapter contains brief summaries of the major drugs used in the management of respiratory disease and are recommended in these guidelines. The summaries do not contain comprehensive accounts of the pharmacology of these compounds. The reader is advised to consult standard textbooks and/or the industry product information for more details. It is important to consider the risks and benefits of drugs (particularly corticosteroids) that are used to treat respiratory diseases. As a general principle, the lowest drug doses that achieve best control should be used. For example: Patient adherence to asthma treatment is better if regimens have: fewer devices and drugs fewer adverse effects been understood and agreed between patient and health care professional. Beta2 receptor stimulating drugs (Beta2 agonists) Introduction Stimulation of beta2-receptors on airway smooth muscle relaxes the muscle resulting in bronchodilation. All beta2 agonists may also stimulate beta1-receptors; however, the effects of beta1-receptor stimulation (eg tachycardia) are more likely to occur following systemic absorption or following inhalation of relatively large doses. Under almost all circumstances, the preferred route of administration for beta2 agonists is by inhalation. Administration by inhalation causes bronchodilation with low doses thus minimising systemic adverse effects. Adverse effects: Dose-limiting adverse effects of the beta2 agonists are most commonly tachycardia (which can also lead to paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), tremor, headaches, muscle cramps, insomnia, and a feeling of anxiety and nervousness. In high doses (eg tablets,intravenous and emergency nebulisation) all beta2 agonists can cause hypokalaemia and hyperglycaemia.