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Capra Hircus) from Oriental Region, Province of Figuig, Morocco

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Capra Hircus) from Oriental Region, Province of Figuig, Morocco International Journal of Agricultural Science Research Vol. 2(9), pp. 279-282, September 2013 Available online at http://academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijasr ISSN 2327-3321 ©2013 Academe Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Prevalence and intensity of intestinal nematodes in goat (Capra hircus) from oriental region, Province of Figuig, Morocco Driss Lamrioui, Taoufik Hassouni*, Driss Belghyti, Jaouad Mostafi, Youssef El Madhi and Driss Lamri Laboratoire d’Environnement et Energies renouvelables. Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail. B.P. 133, CP 14000, Kenitra, Maroc. Accepted 2 September, 2013 This study was conducted between December 2009 and November 2010 in oriental region, and 120 local goats were examined by helminthological autopsy for the identification of parasitic nematode. Six species of parasites were identified as follows: Trichostrongylus colubriformis (52.50%), Téladorsagia circumcincta (48.33%), Skrjabinema ovis (42.50%), Trichuris ovis (23.33%), Haemonchus contortus (19.16%) and Nematodirus spathiger (18.33%). The absence of liver flukes was noted, and parasite intensities were very high for species H. contortus (63), N. spathiger (62.37) and S. ovis (51.5). Overall, the mean parasite intensity was higher in female hosts than in male hosts. Seasonal dynamics of parasites indicated that the season has no significant influence on the parasitism prevalence. Key words: Goats, prevalence, nematodes, parasite, seasonal, Figuig. INTRODUCTION Figuig is a province in the oriental region of Morocco, 42.43% in Abakaliki metropolis in Nigeria (Nwigwe et al., characterized by small ruminant livestock. Among the 2013). species most frequently encountered are the black races This study aimed to determine the prevalence of goats. Small ruminants have an important economic and gastrointestinal nematodes among local goats and to social role. In many areas of Africa, raising of livestock is evaluate the influence of seasons on infestation rate in an important economic activity from which food and cash Figuig province (Oriental of Morocco). income are derived. Meat is one of the most important livestock products, although there could be loss of it due MATERIALS AND METHODS to the presence of helminthes parasites. They are a major cause of health problems in goats. They cause the This study was conducted in the province of Figuig during animals to be unthrifty which may include the loss of the grazing season for a period of 12 months. A total of weight, low birth weights, and difficulty in kidding. Due to 120 black goats were examined immediately after parasitism, the animals become susceptible to other slaughter. The intestines were collected and knot was health problems which can lead to death (Ijaz et al., given at the starting of the duodenum and at the ending 2008; Amadi et al., 2012). of the rectum. After shifting to the laboratory, the According to Yayarm (2002), goats harbour a variety of intestines were cut along the log axis with the help of gastrointestinal parasites, many of which are shared by scissors and the internal mucus membranes were also both species. In Morocco, little information is available thoroughly examined. Parasites were collected according about the infection rate, diversity and intensity of to the procedures by Urquhart et al. (1996). Collected helminthes. In the other countries, examination of helminths of Capra hircus was done and the results showed that the overall prevalence of helminth infection was 82% in goat from Pakistan (Ayaz et al., 2013) and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Lamrioui et al. 280 Table 1. Characteristic of parasite intensity according to Bilong-Bilong and Njine (1998). Parasite intensity Characteristic I < 10 Very low 10 < I < 50 Low 50 < I < 100 Medium I > 100 High Table 2. Prevalence of parasite according to sex. Specie Sex Uninfested host Infested host (Prevalence) Total Statistics analysis Female 32 36 (52.94%) 68 χ²=0.012 T. colubriformis ddl=1 Male 27 25 (48.08%) 52 p=0.912 Female χ²= 0.333 52 16 (23.53%) 68 N. Spathiger ddl=1 Male 46 6 (11.54%) 52 p=0.629 Female 51 17 (25%) 68 χ²= 0.569 T. ovis ddl=1 Male 41 11 (21.15%) 52 p=0.451 Female χ²= 0.738 56 12 (17.65%) 68 H. contortus ddl=1 Male 41 11 (21.15%) 52 p=0.390 Female 38 30 (44.12%) 68 χ²= 0.554 S. ovis ddl=1 Male 31 21 (40.38%) 52 p=0.457 Female 36 32 (47.06%) 68 χ²= 0.045 T. circumcincta ddl=1 Male 26 26 (50%) 52 p=0.832 parasites were washed several times in normal saline, (48.33%), S. ovis (42.50%), T. ovis (23.33%), H. and nematodes were preserved in luke-warm 70% contortus (19.16%) and N. spathiger (18.33%). This alcohol. Nematodes were identified following the keys finding is in agreement with that of the research and descriptions given by Soulsby (1982). conducted in Tunisia and the Moroccan Middle atlas Chi square (χ2) was used to detect significant (Aziza, 1986; Laouali, 1992). The relationship between differences between the infection and studied factors at the infection and sex of goats was studied and there was 5% level of significance. SPSS 11.5 for Windows was no significant relationship between them (Table 2). used to do the statistical analyses. The intensity and In this study, female has higher mean intensity than abundance of parasite infection was performed according male. According to Bilong-Bilong and Njine (1998), the to Margolis et al. (1982) and analysed using the mean parasite intensity is low for the following species: T. classification of Bilong-Bilong and Njine (1998) (Table 1). colubriformis, T. ovis and T. circumcin. The abundance varies in the same way as parasitic intensity (Table 3). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, male has higher prevalence than female in all examined livestock animals. Apio et al. (2006) Overall, 79% of the studied goats were carrying explained these greater parasite intensities with nematodes infection, and these parasites comprised: hormones, in that they debilitate immune functions, Trichostrongylus colubriformis (52.50%), T. circumcincta thereby favoring the growth and success of parasites. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res. 281 Table 3. Epidemiological index of parasitic nematodes in Capra hircus (local goat). Parasite specie Sex Number of parasites Uninfested host Mean intensity (Im) Abundance (A) Female 1066 36 (52.94%) 29.61 15.67 T. colubriformis Male 490 25 (48.08%) 19.60 09.42 Female 998 16 (23.53%) 62.37 14.67 N.Spathiger Male 250 6 (11.54%) 41.66 04.80 Female 210 17 (25%) 12.35 03.08 Trichuris ovis Male 111 11 (21.15%) 10.09 02.13 Female 756 12 (17.65%) 63 11011 H.contortus Male 699 11 (21.15%) 63.54 13.44 S.Ovis Female 1545 30 (44.12%) 51.50 22 .72 Male 755 21 (40.38%) 35.95 14.51 Female 843 32 (47.06%) 26.34 12.39 T.circumcincta Male 632 26 (50%) 24.30 12.15 25 Trichostrongylus.colubriformis 20 Némathodirus.spathiger 15 Hamonchus.contortus 10 Skrjabinema.ovis 5 Trichuris. ovis 0 Téladorsagia.Circumsincta Figure 1. Prevalence of nematodes of goats in Figuig Region. During this study, it was observed that parasitism is REFERENCES present throughout the season. Contemporarily, prevalence of other gastrointestinal helminths identified Amadi ANC, Avoaja DA, Essien EJ (2012). Epidemiology was higher in winter and lower in summer (Figure 1). of Helminth Parasites of West African Dwarf Goat Almost similar studies were conducted by Asanji and (Capra hircus) in Umuariaga in Ikwuano L.G.A. Abia Williams (1987). The climatic conditions are conducive for State. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 4: 359-362. development of parasites, notably the exogenous stage Apio A, Plath M, Wronsk T (2006). Patterns of of their life cycle (Salifou et al., 2013). gastrointestinal parasitic infections in the bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus from the Queen Elizabeth Conclusion National Park. Uganda. J. Helminthol., 80: 213-218. Asanji MF,Williams MO (1987). A qualitative and It was concluded that gastrointestinal nematodes can quantitative survey and seasonal dynamics of cause economic losses in livestock in the study area. gastrointestinal helminth parasites of livestock in Sierra Further studies are needed to establish the seasonal Leone. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afric., 35: 191-199. epidemiology of these parasites. Such information will be Ayaz MM, Raza MA, Murtaza S, Akhtar S (2013). important in designing an integrated control program for Epidemiological survey of helminths of goats in southern these parasites. Punjab.Pakistan. Trop. Biomed. Mar., 30: 62-71. Lamrioui et al. 282 Aziza A (1986). Gastrointestinal strongyles goat. Nwigwe JO, Njoku O, Odikamnoro O, Uhuo A, Cosmas Identification and epidemiological studies in the region (2013). Comparative study of intestinal helminths and of Ain Draham. Maghreb Veto., 3: 52. protozoa of cattle and goats in Abakaliki metropolis of Bilong-Bilong CF, Njiné T (1998). Population dynamics of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 4: 223-227. three monogenean parasites Hemichromis fasciatus Salifou S, Florian D, Attindehou S (2013). Prevalence (Peters) in the municipal lake of Yaounde and potential and intensity of nodular oesophagostomosis in West interest in intensive fish farming. Sci. Nat. et Vie., 34: African Long Legged goats in Northern Benin. J. 295-303. Parasitol. Vector Biol., 5: 17-19. Ijaz M, Khan MS, Avais M, Ashraf K, Ali M, Saima Soulsby EJL (1982). Helminths, arthropods and protozoa (2008). Infection rate and chemotherapy of various of domesticated animals. London, UK. Baillière Tindall. helminths in goats in and around Lahore. Pakistan Vet. Urquhart GM, Armour J, Duncan JL, Dunn AM, Jennings J., 28: 167-170. FW (1996). Veterinary Parasitology. 2nd edn., Laouali A (1992). Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases of Blackwell Science Ltd., London, pp. 102-103. the goat in the Middle Atlas (Ifrane).
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