1983 Report of the UNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION on PUBLIC ··DIPLOMACY 1983 Report of the UNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION on PUBLIC

1983 Report of the UNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION ON PUBLIC ··DIPLOMACY 1983 Report of the UNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION ON PUBLIC .. DIPLOMACY To the Congress and In accordance with the requirements of Section 8, Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1977, and Public Law 96-60, the United States Advisory Commission on Public to the President of Diplomacy submits herewith its annual report on the U.S. Information Agency. the United States Respectfully submitted, :J0krf Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., Chairman President, The Heritage Foundation Virginia

e. robert (bob) wallach Olin Robison Vice Chairman Professor of Political Science Lawyer-Counselor President, Middlebury College Dean, Hastings Law School Center for Vermont Trial and Appellate Advocacy California

/~Lty~ Leonard L. Silverstein Attorney; Partner, Silverstein &: Mullens Hershey Gold President, National Symphony Orchestra Chairman of the Board Association (1980-83) Super Yarn Mart! Cbief Editor. Tax Management California Maryland ~4'-'-~7 f~o,:;o,~ Mae Sue Talley () Vice President and Director of Retired Business Executive. Publisher and Legislative Affairs Civic Leader Timmons and Company, Inc. Arizona Virginia

3 A MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN

ublic diplomacy has come to those who believe in the importance of age. of public diplomacy that the long-time During the last several years, "starvation diet" of the Agency has Pas foreign policy decisions have been to some extent overcome, particu- been seen to have a direct impact on larly at a time of great pressure to re- American politics and the economy. the duce federal spending. Funding levels role of public diplomacy has been sub- have increased in the last three years, stantially heightened. In recognition of although measured in constant dollars, this fact. the importance of the U.S. In- the Agency still operates at a substan- formation Agency within the foreign a-f- tially lower budget level than it enjoyed fairs community has been correspond- in its peak post war years. ingly increased. Effective communication of Ameri- This Administration, with the Com- can policies and values is an important mission's strong support, has under- tool for the policymaker. There are se- taken a long-term commitment to aug- vere limitations on military action in ment USIA's financial resources and virtually any foreign policy crisis. Simi- modernize its facilities. It is heartening larly, concerted economic action is difficult because of domestic political con siderations and because coordinated action among allies is often difficult to achieve. Thus. public diplomacy often becomes the most appropriate, indeed sometimes the only, course of action available to our policymakers. However, public diplomacy is important in its own right not just as the "other option." As Disraeli said, "It is with words that we govern men." The role of semantics is critical in any battle of ideas. This Commission has ex- pended considerable effort during the past year on this issue, and we invite public discussion of the subject. My colleagues and I have traveled throughout the world a great deal dur ing the past several years. and we havs talked with many USIA officers and American ambassadors. We have also met with a number of senior foreign policymakers in Washington. We have been consistently impressed by the quality of USIA personnel and the higl regard in which they are held by othei in the foreign affairs community. Thei ability to reach foreign opinion leader: to explain the subtle nuances of Amer can foreign policy, to convey the uni- versal regard that Americans of all political persuasions have for our systerr of government, and their ability to respond quickly with official U.S. Gover ment views on fastbreaking events make the USIA professional an essenti part of the American foreign policy process.

4 Much of USIA's work is not new, It The communication skills and advi- includes time-tested techniques which sory capabilities of USIA today are are used by our allies and adversaries being more effectively utilized. Their as well: exchange programs, foreign ra- full use in the making of foreign pol- dio broadcasting, television, magazines, icy-as well as in policy implementa- books. libraries and cultural centers. tion-will not be realized until the Di- and many other activities which are rector of the U.S. Information Agency discussed and evaluated in this report. participates regularly as a statutory ad- The current Administration, and par- visor to the National Security Council. ticularly USIA Director Charles Z. This is a recommendation which the Wick. have brought new energy and a Commission has made previously. We renewed sense of purpose to the strongly endorse it again this year. Agency. Director Wick, while occasion- The United States Information ally criticized for his personal style, has Agency is effectively carrying out its nonetheless brought the Agency to the legislative mandate. We commend this forefront of U.S. foreign affairs. New report to everyone interested in public initiatives, such as "Euronet" (satellite diplomacy. television links to embassies in Eu- rope), modernization of the Voice of America, youth exchanges, and substantial expansion of educational exchange programs, have led to a heightened sense of the importance and relevance of the mission of USIA. Director Wick has opened up USIA to Edwin ). Feulner. Jr. new ideas and new people. Private sec- Chairman tor advisory committees have brought some of the best minds from America's private sector to the work of public diplomacy. Their ideas have been a posi- tive stimulus to USIA. Certain policy and managerial changes have raised criticism as well as support among members of Congress and the national news media. While this Commission has been alert to such criticism, it is our judgment that the improvements have far outweighed whatever shortcomings might be seen in the Agency.

5 CONTENTS

3 Letter of Transmittal

4 Message from the Chairman

8 Summary of Recommendations

10 The Commission: What It Is and What It Does

12 The Role of USIAand Public Diplomacy

15 Media and Programs 15 Voice of America 20 Television Service 22 Project Democracy 23 Research 24 Exhibits

25 Educational and Cultural Programs 25 Exchanges and International Visitors 27 University Affiliations 27 Private Sector Programs 28 German-American Tricentennial 29 The President's International Youth Exchange Initiative 30 Books, Libraries, and English Teaching

33 Management 33 The Agency Changes Names 33 Relocation and Consolidation of USIA in Washington 34 Need for More Personnel and Posts Overseas 35 Personnel and Management Problems 35 Senior Foreign Service Assignments

36 AppendixI: Radio Marti

42 AppendixII: Former Advisory Commisson Members

7 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

THE ROLE OF USIA The Commission recommends that a Presidential Directr be issued implementing Congressional intent that the Di AND PUBLIC UIPLOMACY rector of USIA serve as a statutory advisor to the Nationz Security Council and as the principal advisor to the Pres dent on foreign public opinion and the conduct of public diplomacy.

The Commission recommends that a task force be create under the National Security Council to assess the proble of semantics in the international "war of words" and pre pose an institutionalized means to counter misleading te minology and increase the accuracy of international poli cal discourse.

The Commission recommends that USIA's capability to , sess the probable reaction of foreign public opinion be u lized in the making of every major foreign policy propos or policy options study.

The Commission believes it is urgent and essential that VOICE OF AMERICA U.S. do more to ensure that the Voice of America can d liver a strong, reliable signal worldwide.

The Commission recommends that VOA give a higher priority to research and development on direct satellite broadcasting (DBS) technology.

The Commission recommends that a Special Represent; of the President with the rank of ambassador be appoin to coordinate U.S. Government activities relating to the gotiation of VOA transmitter site agreements.

The Commission believes that placing Radio Marti with the Voice of America is questionable public policy that a precedent of uncertain consequence. The Commissior recommends that USIA take care to ensure that VOA's Charter is not compromised, that Radio Marti meets th highest standards of accuracy and objectivity, and that not become the voice of any single segment of America society.

Q RESEARCH The Commission recommends that the staff and budget of the Office of Research be increased substantially to provide the research capability required for national security and foreign policy needs and for the regular and methodical evaluation of Agency programs and products.

EXHIBITS The Commission recommends that USIA strengthen Ameri- can cultural and political presence through an expanded exhibits program in Western Europe and the Third World.

PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS The Commission recommends that Congress not extend the requirement that it be notified fifteen days in advance of all USIA program grants.

The Commission recommends that USIA seek and encourage promising new organizations to participate in its grant programs. Effective. traditionally-funded organizations. subject to careful scrutiny and periodic review, should continue to playa central role in multiplying what can be accomplished through government programs.

DONATED BOOKS The Commission recommends that Congress enact legislation increasing the tax deduction for donated books to increase the incentive for publishers to donate books for USIA program use.

ENGLISH TEACHING The Commission recommends that the Agency strengthen its English teaching programs and give increased support to Binational Centers.

9 THE COMMISSION: WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES

ormore than a generation, it \Ve approach these responsibilitie: has been the intent of Congress with a sobering sense of their magn that a bipartisan group of citi- tude and in the unanimous convicti Fzens, drawn from a broad cross that public diplomacy is indispensat section of professional backgrounds. to our national security. should bring informed and independent USIA is an agency in transition. judgment to bear on America's public gun in World War II. it has been fo diplomacy. To this end. it has estab- for decades to compete in the war ( lished the U.S. Advisory Commission ideas with inadequate resources am on Public Diplomacy to conduct a con- obsolete equipment. Today, this is tinuing overview of the activities of the changing. Both in government and United States Information Agency.' among the American people there i It is the task of the Commission to increasing sense that "ideas have cr recommend policies and programs in sequences"-that using cornmunic: support of CSIA's mission and principal tions technology to shape opinions activities. The Commission is required as important as maintaining a stror to assess the work of the Agency and to national defense. report its findings and recommenda- The results are impressive: tions to the President. the Congress. • A heightened role for the Agenc, the Secretary of State. the Director of the conduct of foreign policy. USL:\. and to the American people. • New approaches to USIA's traditi : The 1'.S. Advisorv Commission on Public Diplornac, information programs and to thr \\'a~ established in I ~J7Kas the successor to two ministration of international edi advisory houiL's--the U.S. Advisory Commission on lnforrnation (or the the IT,S. information Agency and tional and cultural exchange pro the r.S. Ad"b(Jl)' Commission on Interrutional grams. Edllc~lli()nal and Cultural M"airs for the ~'''rmer Hun-au of Educational and Cultural ;\ffairs in till' Dcpart mcnl • A creative sensitivity to the pote of Stall'. The Commission hv law carries (Jut the functions of its predecessors as well as a.lditiona] of communications satellites an: responsibilities set forth in Hcorganization Plan No. ~ state-of-the-art technology in tel of jQ77. sion programming. President Heagan has nominated Priscilla L. Bucklev. Richard M. Scaife. and Herbert Schmertz to be members of the Commission. succeeding Leonard L. Silverstein. • A systematic and long overdue E ~1ae Sue Talley. and Olin Robison whose terms have to modernize the facilities of th, expired. Voice of America. • And above all awareness at the I Chairman Edwin J. Feulner. Jr., accompanied by Commission members Tom C. est levels of American governm( Korologos, Mae Sue Talley, and Vice Chairman e. robert (bob) ioallach. testities on behalf' that public diplomacy is an esse of'VOA Congressional media gallery accreditation betore the Senate Rules Committee. ingredient in the conduct of for affairs. The Commission has been an ar partner with USIA in bringing the changes about. Oversight Activities The Commission believes it can bt carry out its oversight responsibili by thoroughly informing itself on USIA is doing now and what its pl are for the future. This means tak the time to listen to those engage and knowledgeable about the con: of public diplomacy. During the past year the Cornrr sion met at least once a month ar l() required. more frequently. It held regular hearings in Washington with USIA Director Charles Z. Wick and his senior associates. In addition it met with members of USIA's Congressional committees and their staffs. senior officials in the White House and the Depart- ment of State. and with numerous public and private sector communications professionals. ': C!~nm/t:\'sion member Tom C. Koroloaos opens the lSl.vsponsored "American Theater Members of the Commission have Today" exhibit ill .uhens. Obsert-int; are Greek +linister or Culture .\/elina +lercour! and other honored quests. also visited many of USIA's overseas posts for a firsthand look at the Agen- cy's field activities. During 19t1:l. its seven members visited 25 posts and legislation to establish Radio Marti ies, VOi\ correspondents finally have discussed public diplomacy problems within the Voice of America. been granted long overdue accredita- and programs with some 20 U.S. Am- The Commission took a leading role tion and full access to the proceedings bassadors and more than 50 senior in seeking accreditation by the of Congress. USIA officers. Many of these post visits Congressional media galleries for the were privately financed. Commission Voice of America's news correspond- Public Diplomacy Activities members also participated in regional ents, For decades, denial of accredita- In addition to their advisory responsi- conferences for USIA's Public Affairs tion had been based on the argument bilities, Commission members have Officers in Africa and East Asia. A that VO:\. is a government-funded contributed directly to the achievement meeting of the full Commission was agency and therefore not a legitimate of public diplomacy objectives. Some held with members of the United States news organization. At the same time, have undertaken speaking engagements delegation to the United Nations in however. Congress for many years has with foreign audiences on topics rele- New York, permitted numerous other govern- vant to lSIA's country plan objectives. ment -funded news agencies to be ac- Commission members occasionally Legislative Activities credited as exceptions to House and grant media interviews while abroad Senate rules=-Tass, Radio :\1oscow, the and engage in personal contact with in- Making its views known to Congress is BBC, Radio France International. and an important part of the Commission's fluential decision-makers in foreign East Cerrnan Radio. among others, countries, statutory responsibilities. It does so Struck by this double standard, the Members have also represented the through meetings with members of Commission brought the accreditation USIA's authorization and appropriations U.S. Government in such ceremonial issue to the attention of the Senate activities as the launching of the Tri- committees and through letters and re- Rules Committee and other members ports. At appropriate stages in the leg- centennial of the first German settle- of the Senate. In testimony before the ment in the United States in Krefeld, islative process this year, the Commis- Committee, the Commission pointed sion expressed its views to members of Germany: the opening of USIA's out that VOA is a legitimate news or- "American Theater Today" exhibit in Congress and their staffs on USIA's ganization required by law to be an budget. the need to modernize the Athens: the opening of new USIS facili- "accurate, comprehensive and objective ties in Sri Lanka: and the opening of Voice of America, Project Democracy, source of news." Lack of accreditation, the accreditation of the Voice of Ameri- In American graphics exhibit in Tel in the Commission's view, gives intel- Aviv. ca's Capitol Hill correspondents, and lectual ammunition to America's adver- The Commission has taken an activ- saries who characterize \'OA as a prop- ist approach to its responsibilities be- aganda ann of incumbent ; Among others. the Commission met with (ormL'r cause it believes informed private citi- Assist;tnls 10 the l'resident for I\;t!ional Security :\(fairs administrations, while the legitimacy of zens can contribute to the development William 1'. Clark and Richard V. Allen, Ilq'ut\" their own government-supported and Secretarv of Stale I\cnndh Dam. HepreSl'ntalll"C Ilililk of sound public policy. The Commis- B. Fasccll. Arms Cunlrnl and /)is~lrl1lamLlll :\~l'n(y controlled press agencies is enhanced sion is also deeply committed to the Dircrtor Kenneth Adelman, lndcr Secn:lary 1)( St;:!k by having received U.S, Capitol press importance of foreign attitudes in William Schneider. Stale Department Counsell'r credentials. Edward Derwinski .. Imhassador John 1lllldridgl'. achieving U.S, foreign policy objectives Deputv l'S['I\ Amhassador Charles l.ichenstein. The Commission is pleased that as a and to the significance of public diplo- Arnhassador ,\hx Kampehnan, Assistant Serrd,try or result of the hearings and discussions State CI1l'sll'r Crocker. Amhassad()r Thomas Enlkrs. macy, Amh;\ss

11 THE ROLE OF USIA AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

Words and Foreign Policy RECOMMENDATIONS Perhaps the most serious type of • The Commission recommends that a Presidential Directive be issued "disinformation" sown by the Comr implementing Congressional intent that the Director of USIA serve as a nists over the years is that which U statutory advisor to the National Security Council and as the principal der Secretary of Defense Fred C. Ik advisor to the President on foreign public opinion and the conduct of and Senator Daniel Patrick Moynih. public diplomacy. have termed "semantic infiltration, i.e., the systematic distortion of thr • The Commission recommends that a task force be created under the meaning of certain words to confus National Security Council to assess the problem of semantics in the mislead.' The Communists seem to international "war of words" and propose an institutionalized means to have followed the lead of Humpty counter misleading terminology and increase the accuracy of Dumpty, who explained to Alice, international political discourse. "When I use a word it means just \ I choose it to mean." • The Commission recommends that USIA's capability to assess the In just this way Soviet propagan probable reaction of foreign public opinion be utilized in the making of have corrupted such powerfully po: every major foreign policy proposal or policy options study. words as "people," "liberation," "peace," and "democratic," and USI them to describe movements and f ernments whose goals and structui o one in a democratic soci- are the antithesis of their names. j ety-certainly no elected offi- opposing movement or govemrnen cial-would question the im- usually labeled fascist or imperialis N portance of public opinion or The efforts of democratic nations t the power of ideas. Yet these facts, un- counter this have been sporadic ar challenged in our domestic affairs, are unsystematic, and we have even fa often forgotten or slighted in the con- into the trap of using Communist duct of our relations with other coun- minology ourselves, as in, for exar tries. They are, however, the concern the German Democratic Republic. of public diplomacy and USIA whose Regrettably, there is no "truth-i role is to explain the motivations, ac- beling" required of speeches by po tions and policies of the American peo- cal leaders. If there were, it would ple to an often skeptical world. people everywhere to perceive and This is no small task. Even the most derstand the meaning of world evt casual observer of foreign affairs must more accurately. It would also rai: be aware of the troubled state of U.S.- level and accuracy of internationa' European relations, to cite only one litical discourse. This Commission problem area. European publics have lieves that both Administration an expressed, indeed often demonstrated, Congressional leaders must be ma their misapprehensions and criticisms more aware of the crucial import; of the U.S. over nuclear and strategic of semantics in the "war of words matters and the deployment of new our adversaries insist on following U.S. medium range missiles in Europe. Humpty Dumpty's rule, then they There are sharp differences over mone- be called to account for their dist. tary, trade and agricultural export poli- tions. cies. Much of the European media and We believe the times require a public opinion is hostile to U.S. poli- scious effort to improve the accur cies in Central America. Public opinion and political impact of words and polls show a decline in respect for American leadership. Some of these is- 1 Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "Words and Foreign sues reflect divergent national inter- Policy Review, Fall 1978: "Further Thoughts c ests, but some stem from misunder- and Foreign Policy." Policy Review, Spring 19' standings and others are fanned into more recent discussion of this subject. see Jirr Cuirard, "Losing the Semantic War," Washiny controversies by Communist-planted Inquirer, June 17. 1983, . "disinformation." , Lewis Carroll, Through The Looking Class, 12 used by our leaders in speaking to the Special Planning Group world. By so doing, they can help dis- U.S. Information Agency In previous reports, this Commission close the hypocrisy and distortions of Appropriations also stated its conviction that public di- hostile propaganda. This is not a prob- Salaries and Expenses, plomacy is an indispensable element in lem that will go away, and we must be 1967-1984 our national security. We were heart- prepared to deal with it on a systematic ened when President Reagan signed a and continuing basis. National Security Decision Directive The Commission recommends that a 7011 (NSDD 77)4 to strengthen the organiza- task force be created, under the Na- tion, planning and coordination of pub- tional Security Council and including lic diplomacy activities. representatives of the Departments of State and Defense and USIA, to assess NSDD 77 established a Special Plan- the problem and propose an institu- ning Group (SPG) responsible for the tionalized means to respond to inaccu- overall direction of a wide-ranging pro- rate or misleading terminology in in- gram of public diplomacy activities. It ternational political discourse. is chaired by the Assistant to the Presi- dent for National Security Affairs and Resources consists of the Secretary of State, the The role of USIA is not to manipu- Secretary of Defense, the Director of late, but to try to ensure that foreign USIA, the Director of the Agency for perceptions of the U.S. are accurate International Development, and the As- and to correct misinformation and mis- sistant to the President for Communi- understandings. Public diplomacy, wis- cations. Four interagency standing commit- ely and skillfully used, can lessen the 1967 1970 197:1 1976 1979 1982 1984* possibility of confrontation and con- tees operate under the guidance of the SPG: flict, but as we have pointed out in past • Actual Dollars reports, it has for years been woefully The International Information Commit- underfunded. D DollarsAdjusted for Inflation tee is chaired by a senior representative The Commission is encouraged by *FY 1984 include $IK million for th~ National Endowment of USIA. A senior State Department of- recent indications that the U.S. Gov- for Democracy and SIII million for RadioMarti. ficer serves as vice chairman. It is re- ernment is beginning, albeit slowly in sponsible for planning, coordinating certain quarters, to recognize the im- sonnel levels Congress, acting in re- and implementing international infor- portance of public diplomacy. A recent sponse to an Administration request, mation activities in support of U.S. pol- House Foreign Affairs Committee re- appropriated a total of $578 million for icies and national interests. port noted the significance of informa- FY 1983 for USIA, an increase of $82 tion and educational exchange pro- The International Political Committee million over the previous year. For FY grams "has long been overlooked by is chaired by a senior representative of 1984, the White House authorized a U.S. policy makers." The Committee the Department of State. A senior offi- USIA request to Congress of $711 mil- added: cer of USIA serves as vice chairman. It lion. is responsible for planning, coordinat- "The United States has lagged behind In a year of severe budget restraints, ing and implementing international po- those nations that compete with the Congress actually appropriated $660 litical activities in support of U.S. poli- United States in the dissemination of million for USIA for FY 1984. (This in- cies and national security interests. ideas, both in content and in the tech- cludes S10 million for Radio Marti and nology used to deliver that message. $18 million for the National Endow- It also plans activities to support the The committee hopes that the recom- ment for Democracy, both new pro- growth of democratic values and politi- mended increases will be used to ena- grams outside the Agency's traditional cal institutions abroad, as proposed in ble the Agency to playa greater role in activities.) While considerably less than the President's Westminster speech in promoting u.s. national securitu and a the Agency's request, it is nevertheless London on June 8, 1982, and develops more forceful role in the ongoing war a solid increase over the previous year's strategies to counter totalitarian ideolo- of ideas. ":l budget. This Commission has long gies. urged the expansion of USIA's re- After 15 years of declining budgets sources. Consequently, we take much (measured in constant dollars) and per- : NSDD 77 is a classified document. Its substance was satisfaction from this action by the widely reported by the press and described in some Congress which reflects a growing detail to Senate and House Committees in open hearings on USIA's FY 1984 budget request. See The :< House Report No. 9S-I:lO. ,,1ay Iii. 19H:l. commitment to public diplomacy. .Vew York Times, January 20 and February 4, 198:1. l3 White House Chief of Stall James A. Baker III studies USIA's daily Foreign Media Reaction report.

The International Broadcasting Com- mittee is responsible for the planning and coordination of international broadcasting activities sponsored by the U.S. Government, including the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Ra- dio Liberty. The Public Affairs Committee is responsible for the planning and coordination of U.S. Government domestic Vietnam, Iran, and now in Europe and General, members of Congress, and public affairs activities relating to for- Latin America show clearly that foreign several ad hoc task forces appointed eign policy and national security issues. cultures: attitudes, and opinions must Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy routinely be taken seriously into ac- we concluded, as they did, that USli This rather complicated and inter- count in formulating U.S. foreign pol- should participate regularly on the I locking committee structure is in place icy" (emphasis added). A close reading tional Security Council. This does n and functioning. The senior body, the of NSDD 77 reveals no intent to accord necessarily require formal members SPG, met several times last year, and USIA a regular advisory role in the Membership on the Council is lin among other things directed the forma- making of foreign policy. And from ited by law to the President, the Vie tion of a new interagency committee what we have been told by senior President, and the Secretaries of St. on arms control. The International In- Agency officials, USIA is still rarely af- and Defense. However, the legislatir formation and International Political forded the opportunity to participate in that created the NSC provided that Committees meet biweekly on alternate an advisory capacity when policies are would have both members and advi weeks. As one senior USIA official told being developed. The Agency's special- sors. The Director of the Central In the Commission: "We are beginning to ized knowledge and understanding of ligence Agency and the Chairman 0 sense that the government realizes that foreign cultures and attitudes. and its the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been ( public diplomacy matters." ability to survey attitudinal trends and ignated statutory advisors. As a rest As a result of NSDD 77, a mecha- measure foreign public opinion remain both regularly participate in the rru nism now exists that should make for a sadly underutilized resource by our ings of the NSC and, of equal or more effective coordination in explain- government. greater importance, in the NSC inti ing and implementing U.S. foreign pol- An assessment of the probable reac- agency working groups, for it is in icies. It also ensures that the special- tion of foreign public opinion should these groups that the policy option. ized resources and skills of USIA will be an integral part of every major for- developed. play an important role in the process. eign policy proposal or policy options USIA already has a legal responsi In its last report this Commission study. USIA has the capability to pro- ity to serve as an advisor to the NS stated that "the Agency could perform vide this on a regular basis. We urge Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1977 a valuable and much-needed service by that it be used. states: advising the government on the public "The Agency shall be headed by th presentation of its foreign policies and National Security Council Director ... who shall serve as the by actively participating in the coordi- principal advisor to the President, The Commission noted with satisfac- nation of administration statements an- National Security Council, and the nouncing or explaining U.S. policies." tion last year that USIA's role in the Secretary of State on the function: foreign affairs community had been This new interagency committee struc- vested in the Director. " ture should permit that, and should substantially expanded through the en- help the U.S. Government to speak ergetic leadership of Director Charles Thus, the law which created the with one voice in foreign affairs. We Z. Wick. We stated our conviction that Agency confers upon the Director, see this as an important step forward. this more active role must be institu- USIA the same advisory status witl tionalized to ensure the regular partici- spect to the NSC as that of the Dn pation of the Agency in the formulation tor of CIA and the Chairman of th Importance of Public Opinion and execution of American foreign pol- Joint Chiefs of Staff. Congressiona Advising and participating in the icy. That is still our conviction. tent is clear. The statute needs on public presentation of foreign policies After a careful study of the various be implemented by a Presidential, which have already been decided upon ways in which this might be accom- tive to formalize the Agency's role is a satisfactory solution to only part of plished, including a review of earlier designate the Director of USIA a s the problem. As our previous report reports and recommendations made by tory advisor to the NSC. The Com pomted out, "America's experiences in previous Commissions, the Comptroller sion recommends that this be don

1!1 MEDIA AND PROGRAMS

Voice of America

he Voice of America is the international radio of the U.S. RECOMMENDATIONS Government. VOA broadcasts • The Commission believes it is urgent and essential that the U.S. Tnews, balanced programs on do more to ensure that the Voice of America can deliver a strong. reliable American thought and culture, and ex- signal worldwide. planations of U.S. policies worldwide to a regular weekly audience of more than • The Commission recommends that VOA give a higher priority to 100 million listeners. With a current research and development on direct satellite broadcasting lOBS) budget of approximately S150 million technology. and a staff of almost 3,000. VOA is the largest and best known part of USIA. • The Commission recommends that a Special Representative of the As President Reagan noted in his President with the rank of ambassador be appointed to coordinate U.S. radio address to the American people Government activities relating to the negotiation of VOA transmitter site on the Korean Airlines tragedy: agreements. "The truth is mankind's best hope for • The Commission believes that placing Radio Marti within the Voice of a better world. That's why in times like America is questionable public policy that sets a precedent of uncertain this, few assets are more important consequence. The Commission recommends that USIA take care to than the Voice of America and Radio ensure that VOA's Charter is not compromised. that Radio Marti meets Uberty, our primary means otqettinq the highest standards of accuracy and objectivity. and that it not become the truth to the Russian people. the voice of any single segment of American society. "Within minutes of the report of the Soviet destruction of the Korean jet. the Voice of America aired the story on its news programs around the globe. We made sure people in Africa. Asia. the Middle East. Europe and. most important. the people in the Soviet /Jloc itself knew the truth. "Accurate news like this is about as welcome as the plague among the So- oiet elite. The Soviets spend more to block Western broadcasts coming into those countries than the entire worldwide budget of the Voice of America. "I Because of VOA's importance to U.S. national security policy, the Commis- sion has examined its activities and plans for the future with care. We are both pleased and concerned. We are pleased because a historical pattern of neglect of this national resource has been arrested and hopefully reversed. A recent National Security Council review of the government's international broadcasting capabilities led to a Presidential commitment to mod- President Reagan, the ernize VOA's antiquated and obsolete first president since facilities and to expand and signifi- Dwight D. Eisenhower to cantly improve its language services broadcast live from VOA, and geographic coverage. addresses a worldwide audience. !Radio Address of the President to th,' Not ion, Sept em her 10, 19H:1.

15 This commitment, which takes into account past recommendations of this Commission, the General Accounting Office and others, has found resonance among responsible members of Con- gress in both parties. Increased public awareness of VOA's needs is helping to shape a consensus of support for needed improvements. VOA Program Developments The Commission is also encouraged by a number of recent program developments at the Voice. Three new language services have been established-Amharic (Ethiopia), Azerbaijani (Soviet Lnion). and Pashto (Afghanistanl-v-hr inging the total number of VOA languages to 42. The Pashto Service, together with Dari and Farsi, gives VOA direct radio access to all major population groups in Afghanistan. VOA's Polish broadcasting has increased from 21j2 to 7 hours daily, Daily VOA editorials, now broadcast on all language services, explain and \lOA broadcasts more than 320 neicscasts in 42 reoularlu scheduled languages twenty- advocate official government policies. hours a day. f)ai(l/ editorials contain statements of U.S. policy. The Commission finds this to be a pos- itive development. Lively and vigorous, the editorials provide a welcome new articles that amplify and make more VOA Modernization format for carrying out VOA's statutory understandable major VOA program These are all welcome development obligation to "present the policies of themes, The Commission urges Con- the same time, improvements in pr the United States clearly and effec- gress to pass legislation permitting this gramming and administration avail tively," publication to be sold within the tie if VOA is unable to deliver a stre VOA is improving its program review United States. reliable signal worldwide. process, Coherent program and produc- And the separate VOA personnel of- The Commission is concerned th tion procedures are being instituted for fice established in 1980 has done much the U.S. is still doing far less than • the first time for all language services, to upgrade the quality of recruitment can to ensure that the Voice of Ami Higher standards for news content. for- and personnel administration. becomes and remains technological mat, and general broadcast practices In its 1982 report, the Commission competitive. In President Reagan's are being established, recommended that USIA take greater words: "We are as far behind the SI The introduction of computer tech- care to avoid actions and policies that ets and their allies in international nology, long considered essential in the can be easily misinterpreted and cast broadcasting today as we were in S! news rooms of America's commercial douht on VOA's commitment to accu- when they launched Sputnik in 19~ media, has substantially improved the racy and objectivity. Substantial prog- More than 35 percent of VOA's t: speed, productivity, and accuracy of ress has been made. Leadership conti- mittel'S are 30 years old or older. S VOA's news operations, nuity and increased emphasis on equipment predates World War II. An office of audience relations has broadcasting professionalism have Overseas, VOA uses up to 250 KW been created to increase analysis of lis- helped put to rest the fears of some transmitters only, whereas there ar tener mail and overseas awareness of that VOA's credibility is being damaged. now 96 "superpower" 500 KW tran VOA, With the Commission's encour- The Commission is aware of no evi- mittel'S in use by other countries '0 agement, VOA is for the first time pub- dence that VOA's statutory obligation more under construction. Some 12 lishing an audience magazine, The new to broadcast news that is "accurate, ob- countries now broadcast in shortw. bimonthly periodical. called Voice, in- jective, and comprehensive" has been cludes VOA program guides and feature compromised. 'Ihid .. p. n. 16 and the possibility of sabotage are risk factors that must inform VOi\'s decision-making. Back-up transmission sites. redundant facilities. contingency plans. augmented U.S. transmitter capability. and new flexible antenna technology are essential if the U.S. is to cope adequately with the problem of vulnerability . . The Commission is aware that this approach is costly. But it is founded on the reasonable premise that national security. not broadcasting economy. should govern the decisions of Con- gress and the Executive Branch.

Alternative Technologies The Commission is persuaded that VOA must vigorously explore a variety of approaches to delivering its signal. Superpower 500 KW transmitters are one approach to modernization. and many countries have adopted it. The Soviet Union now has more than :W such transmitters. West Germany has nine. Even countries such as Gabon and Libya have four each. It may he that the U.S. should construct some 500 KW transmitters. The Commission finds persuasive. however. arguments and a crowded high frequency spec- nomic and technical decisions underly- that simply increasing transmitter trum makes it increasingly difficult for ing VOA modernization ought to be power is not the only answer to VOi\'s VOA to deliver a signal that can be eas- guided by four fundamental principles. needs. ily heard. Soviet jamming compounds A recent MIT study suggests the cost the problem. Redundancy and Dispersal of Facilities of using 500 KW transmitters is high, The Commission appreciates the po- Conventional shortwave broadcasting, with the newest using about 40 to 56 litical and technological difficulties of according to recent estimates. will be percent more power than comparable modernizing in a highly competitive VOA's primary medium of communica- 250 KW transmitters." Technical and international broadcasting environment tion for the foreseeable future. safety problems also increase with at a time when budget constraints exist Most experts agree that transmitters higher voltage output. The MIT study and communications technology is in the U.S. alone cannot send a com- concludes that an alternative way to changing rapidly. VOA wisely began the petitive signal to much of Europe and obtain higher power is to use an array task by commissioning a series of pre- Asia or to parts of Africa and South of multiple transmitters and multiple liminary engineering studies covering America. To supplement its U.S. trans- antennas to produce a single broadcast antenna systems. technical transmis- mitters. VOA maintains 16 stations beam. New antenna technology also sion requirements. worldwide power around the world to relay shortwave permits selective increases in signal generation requirements. station char- and some medium wave signals. This levels and focused broadcasting to high acteristics and locations. and a world- network. which has a current replace- population and crisis areas. wide operations center and network ment value of about $2 billion. has se- VOA should make every effort to in- control. The absence of such long- rious deficiencies. In critical areas of crease retransmission of its programs range planning in the past led to piece- the world VOA can be heard only with meal projects, numerous delays. major difficulty. if at all. VOA's construction 'John E. \\·aru. Ilhiel Dc Snla Pool. and Richard J. project changes. and extensive budget- program seeks to address these needs. Solomon . .o:\ Study of Future Din:rtions for Ihc ,"nice ary reprogramming. Overseas transmitter sites. however. of America in the Ch,mging \\·orlJ of lntcmational In the Commission's view. the eco- Broaucasting,'· ",liT tlesearch Program on are vulnerable. Political uncertainties Communications Policy. April 25. 1~n·n.

17 by FM. medium wave. and cable where term frequency adjustments to day-to- The stakes are high. Foreign govern- local conditions permit. Packaged pro- day conditions. The Commission be- ments are aware that real estate is es- grams. land line feeds. and direct satel- lieves VOA should make the automa- sential to U.S. international broadcast- lite broadcasting for retransmission to tion of frequency scheduling a high ing. and demands are made receivers located in selected local me- priority. accordingly. VOA has operated in dium wave stations are options that VOA should also explore the possibil- Creece since 1979 without a renewal should be vigorously pursued. VOA ities of station automation. Completely agreement. Negotiations for additional should also take greater advantage of automated, unattended sites may not facilities in Sri Lanka have been long the worldwide expansion in audio cas- be desirable given security. fuel. and and difficult. settes by increasing direct distribution remote site maintenance considera- . The Commission is concerned that of VOA cassettes as well as making tions. but VOA should look carefully at while the importance of site negotia- them available to broadcasters and ca- the cost-benefits to be derived from in- tions has been recognized by senior of- blecasters. creased automation. ficials responsible for U.S. national se- The Commission is also convinced of curity policy. the staffing and carrying the importance of developing and mar- Site Negotiations out of these negotiations has not been keting improved HF receivers. Research The importance to VOA's moderniza- given the priority they deserve. The ap- in the design of high quality, economi- tion plans of successful bilateral negoti- pointment of a senior USIA career offi- cal shortwave receivers should be en- ations with foreign governments can- cer as Special Coordinator for Interna- couraged. not be understated. The need to renew tional Negotiations is a start in the Finally. the Commission believes existing relay station agreements oc- right direction. Given the magnitude of that VOA must give a higher priority to curs periodically. The U.S. is currently the task. however. the Commission rec- research and development on direct negotiating agreements with the gov- ommends that a Special Representative satellite broadcasting ([)BS). USIA's re- ernments of Greece. Botswana. and Sri of the President with the rank of am- cent contract with NASA to begin ex- Lanka. VOA is seeking Congressional bassador be appointed to oversee all ac- ploratory studies of this option is a authorization for additional sites in the tivities of the U.S. Government with re- useful but modest first step. Decisions Middle East. the Persian Gulf. the spect to the negotiation of at ITU Administrative Radio Confer- Western Mediterranean. the Far East. international transmitter site agree- ences in the coming years will greatly Europe, and the Caribbean. ments for the Voice of America. influence adaptation to DBS technology. The U.S. must take care that it is well prepared for and adequately repre- :1 VOA correspondent talks trith Pope John Paul II and (/ member sented at these conferences. And while ot the Vatican Secretariat. the U.S. should be prepared to think in terms of shared channels and common carrier approaches that will assure opportunities to other broadcasters, all such discussions must be viewed in the context of the essential right of VOA to broadcast without censorship or regula- tion.

Automation Much of what VOA now does manually can be automated. A start has been made in the editing and distribution of news and other program materials. Frequency scheduling and the determi- nation of broadcast schedules is another important VOA function which is labor intensive and involves the predic- tion of propagation patterns six to eight months in advance. Better signal monitoring and measurement combined with more advanced computer- based scheduling would permit short- 18 r r

, • ,' . '. .. , • .. I -'. I

The Commission is sympathetic to will report directly to the Director of the magnitude of the modernization USIA and the Director of the Voice of VOA:S master control panel in Washington tasks facing the Voice of America. America. directs programs to transmitters for world- VOA's announced plans are to seek and The Commission believes the deci- wide broadcast, Much of !IDAs equipment spend $1.5 billion during the next six sion to put Radio Marti in the Voice of is outdated, some of it World War II vin- years on the modernization of its America is questionable public policy, tage. broadcasting facilities. Planning, re- It sets a precedent of uncertain conse- search and development are essential to quence that could cast doubt on VOA's doing the job wisely, but in our view it most important and fragile asset-its is time to move quickly to the "bricks credibility, and mortar" before audiences are lost In saying this, we do not mean to to more aggressive competitors. We suggest that Radio Marti will necessar- urge the Congress to grant the re- ily be any less dedicated to truth and sources that are needed and at the objectivity than VOA, The purposes of same time to be probing in its over- surrogate broadcasting, however, differ sight to see that they are spent well. a great deal from those of the radio Radio Marti voice of the U,S, Government. And these purposes are perceived very dif- Compromise legislation that for the ferently throughout the world, The ap- first time places a surrogate broadcast- propriate organizational location for ing service within the Voice of America Radio Marti is with Radio Free Europe was signed into law on October 4, and Radio Liberty under the Board for 1983. The legislation establishes Radio International Broadcasting, Marti, a Cuba Service within VOA to be The Commission is persuaded that administered separately from other the intent of Congress is that VOA's VOA functions for the primary purpose Charter not be compromised, that Ra- of broadcasting news about Cuba to dio Marti meet the highest standards of Cuba.' accuracy and objectivity, and that it Radio Marti's mission will differ sig- not become the voice of any single seg- nificantly from VOA's historic mission, ment of American society," which is to broadcast news about the The Commission intends to monitor U,S, and world events, information closely the implementation of the legis- about significant American thought and lation and the activities of Radio Marti nstitutions, and statements of official and its Advisory Board with a view to- ),S, policy, The head of Radio Marti ward maintaining a strong, credible and highly professional Voice of Amer- ica. '.L. 91l·]]], The Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Act. The \ct provides that the programs oi the Cuha Service are o be designated "Voice of America: Cuba Service" or 'Voice oi America: Radio Marti Program." 'See Appendix I.

10 Television Service

f all the media used by USIA. television has the greatest potential popular appeal and is Operhaps the most powerful means of communicating with foreign audiences when it is used well. Until recently. however. television was something of a stepchild in USIA. The Agency was uncertain as to how to use it or even where it belonged (it has at times been awkwardly attached to the Voice of America). There was an urgent need. as this Commission President Reaqun tilms an exclusive message lor ioorldu-ide distribution hy I'SI.4. pointed out last year. for a qualified professional to direct the Television and Film Service. Under the circum- fed from the Agency's Washington stu- clueing documentaries on politics, eco- stances. it is not surprising that televi- dios to two commercial international nomics, defense, science and the arts. sion has been slow to develop its po- TV news services which include this European stations, which seldom use tential within the Agency. material in their own files. It then is USIA-produced material. welcome the This is now changing. The Commis- transmitted to some 275 stations in HO Agency's cooperation in producing sion is encouraged by progress already countries around the world. Copies of their own. The Unit responds to an av- achieved and efforts to make more ex- the Satellite File are also hand-deliv- erage of 12 requests per week from for- tensive and effective use of this power- ered to a number of Washington-based eign producers for facilitative assistance. ful medium. An experienced television foreign TV correspondents who incor- Television is also being effectively professional was brought in as director porate some of the clips in reports to used by the Agency's Foreign Press of the Service which was subsequently their home stations. Centers, whose potential importance made a separate element of the Agency. Tracking the use of Satellite File for explaining U.S, policies to foreign giving it the prominence it deserves. programs is proving to be difficult. audiences has finally been realized. At One of the first changes of the new They are apparently being used with Director Wick's invitation, senior Ad- management was the introduction of some regularity in Latin America and ministration policy-makers now rou- marketing concepts to attack a basic the Far East, but infrequently so far in tinely come to press centers in Wash- problem: how to get the product Europe where the members of the Eu- ington, New York and Los Angeles to shown. Whereas VOA broadcasts di- ropean Broadcasting Union have been brief the foreign press corps on U.S. rectly to its listeners. television pro- reluctant to use USIA material. Never- views and policies. The Agency has as- grams must be filtered through the theless, the Satellite File has become a signed experienced producers, with managers and editors of foreign televi- worldwide product. Slightly more than minicam crews on call. to assist the sion stations. In the future. it may be a million dollars was spent on the File foreign TV press. They provide video possible for USIA to telecast directly in FY 19tB. and S:3.4 million has been pool coverage of "on-the-record" press into homes. but now it is necessary to requested for FY 19M. briefings, arrange for and record one- offer a product that can compete for The Satellite File is an excellent con- on-one TV interviews with high-level time in the highly competitive. sophis- cept. Whether it can break into the Eu- officials on current issues. arrange for ticated world of international television ropean market, or whether its usage in stock footage and research. and offer broadcasting. A new marketing division other areas will be great enough to reels of short news clips on important hopes to accomplish this by employing make it cost -effeclive remains to be subjects to correspondents for use on basic research. market segmentation, seen. The effort is encouraging, and foreign news programs. audience evaluation and careful plan- the Commission will follow this experi- Interviews are also videotaped at ning. ment with interest. USIA's studios when more elaborate sets or arrangements are required: for Satellite File Foreign TV Press example, a video dialogue between De- Efforts are also being made to de- During the past year cooperative pro- fense Secretary Caspar Weinberger in velop new distribution outlets for ductions and facilitative assistance have Washington and European correspond- USIA's television products. An interest- assumed increasing importance. The ents at NATO headquarters in Brussels. ing innovation with much promise is Co-production Unit has tripled in size. Special interviews by foreign corre- the weekly Satellite File. a half-hour It assists visiting foreign television spondents were also videotaped with reel of short news and features. This is teams in covering news events and pro- Secretary of Agriculture John Block. 20 A oideotape, using the coices ot' Sotiet pilots inoolced in the Korean Airlines traged./j. is shown to a meeting ot the (.~\' Security Council. USIA produced the videotape tor this historic tirst use ot' television in the Security Council chamber.

Special Trade Representative William Brock. Deputy Secretary of State Ken- neth Darn and Dr. Henry Kissinger. among many others. All of President Reagan's major policy speeches have been transmitted by satellite. USIA also played a major role in assisting the foreign press at the Williamsburg Summit. And prior to Vice President Bush's trips to Europe and North Africa. the Agency taped press conferences with the Vice Presi- dent and members of the foreign press. These were followed with a series of one-on-one interviews with journalists from the countries he was to visit. The interviews were then sent by satellite to guarantee timely arrival. The result of these efforts is more accurate information about the United States, its policies and political proc- Ca//in.!J it "one heck oj"a COI)- esses, presented in the news and docu- terence call. " President kea- mentary television programs of foreign can enouoes in a three-icau countries. concersa tion arranoed bi! USIA via Euronet satellite Following the shooting down of the with ~Vest German Chancel- Korean airliner, the Television Service. lor Helmut Kohl ioisitinq ill working around the clock. prepared Athens) and members oj"the videotapes using the voices of the So- tirs! multi-national space viet pilots. These were shown on moni- shut tie creu: tors in the United Nations Security Council chamber during Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick's dramatic debate Euronet with the Soviet Ambassador-the first Euronet permits live transmission 01 In November 191n. the Agency inau- Presidential press conierences and use of television in a UN Security gurated "Euronet," a one-way video. Council meeting. The historic and ex- speeches. press briefings from the State two-way audio link via commercial sat- Department and the Foreign Press Cen- tremely effective presentation was fea- ellite and European ground stations tured prominently by U.S. and foreign ters. as well as the instantaneous deliv- with five embassies in Western Europe. ery oi USIA films. the TV Satellite File. TV networks to an audience of many Other embassies will soon be added to millions. The Commission commends and other material. the net. This provides four hours of di- Next year. through an agreement USIA for its initiative in this innovative rect satellite broadcasting each week. use of the medium. with NASA and the Departments of putting U.S. spokesmen and policymak- State and Defense. the Agency hopes to To take advantage of advances in ers in direct contact with embassy offi- communications technology. the Tele- be able to broadcast via a NASA satel- cers. host country officials, and opinion lite to dish antennas placed on most vision Service has undergone extensive makers. American Embassies in western Eu- technical modernization. It now has The first transmission was made complete compatibility with interna- rope. This will permit longer direct soon after troops from the U.S. and six transmissions and obviate the use of lu- tional television standards and en- Caribbean countries went into Grenada. hanced program flexibility. It has ac- cal land lines. Judging from the experi- The Prime Ministers from Barbados ence thus far, Euronet promises to be a quired in-house capability to convert and St. Lucia and Ambassador Jeane U.S. videotapes to different world com- flexible and powerful communications Kirkpatrick spoke from USIA studios. too I. mercial standards. For an initial invest- They then answered questions from USIA is entering a new and creative ment of $55.000 in conversion equip- journalists gathered in American Em- ment, the Agency and the American television era. The Commission com- bassies in five European capitals. Ex- mends the Agency for the leadership. taxpayer now save more than $150.000 cerpts were shown that evening on TV per year in outside contracts. initiative, and enthusiastic innovation news programs in all five countries. demonstrated in its LIse of this medium.

21 Project Democracy

roject Democracy was a major tional and personal ties between groups tives of both Project Democracy and multi-agency programming ini- here and abroad. the National Endowment for Democ- tiative designed to advocate the Separately, but with Administration racy. A renewed commitment by the Pprinciples of democracy abroad encouragement through an AID study U.S. Government and American private and support people and organizations grant, an alternative approach to the sector organizations to the goal of en- committed to the development of dem- objective of strengthening democratic couraging democratic values and insti- ocratic institutions. Its origins lie in values and institutions abroad was tutions abroad is very much in the President Reagan's Westminster speech presented to the Congress by the bipar- national interest. to the British Parliament on June 8, " tisan American Political Foundation. At the same time, the Commission 1982 when he promised the United This initiative, labeled "The Democracy is troubled by elements of both ap- States would engage in a significant Program," recommended that Con- proaches. new effort to: gress create a private, independent Considerable confusion and misun- "... foster the infrastructure of democ- non-profit corporation to be called the derstanding characterized efforts racy-the system of a free press, National Endowment for Democracy. I to explain Project Democracy. It was unions, political parties, universities- The Endowment would not administer not effectively communicated to the which allows a people to choose their programs but would provide funds to Congress or to the American people. private sector groups. As originally own way, to develop their own cul- The name itself suggests a new man- conceived, principal recipients of En- ture, to reconcile their own ditter- date for USIA, when most of what was ences through peacetul means ." dowment funding would be institutes intended was enhancement of proven created by the Republican and Demo- Agency information and educational Project Democracy was presented to cratic parties, the AFL-CIO's Free Trade and cultural exchange programs. It is a the Congress on February 23, 1983 by Union Institute, and the Chamber of disservice to place Agency programs Secretary of State George Shultz. Its Commerce's Center for International under a label that gives rise to public principal components include: (1) lead- Private Enterprise. suspicion and misunderstanding-a la- ership training in the skills of democ- The Commission supports the objec- bel that also provides critical foreign racy, (2) educational exchanges to in- observers with the opportunity to make crease mutual understanding, (3) :;'1eml1L'rs llf the l\a(ltll1i.t! Endowment lor Dl:ITIIIlTi.KY'S Hoard otliirecturs include Polly Bac:! llarragetll. damaging interpretations of the pro- programs to strengthen the institutions I\"illiam E. Hruck III. Lq.!,w !laniels. Frank J. grams themselves. of democracy, (4) meetings and publi- Fahrenkop! . .Ir .. !lante B. Fascel], Lane Kirkland. The Commission has no intrinsic ob- cations to convey ideas and informa- Charles ~b""lI. Louis .\tartin. John Richardson. Olin Robison. ,llhert Shanker . Jav Van .uidel. Sallv Shelton. jections to USIA's undertaking new ini- tion, and (5) development of institu- and Ch,,,k; II. Smith . .Ir. . . tiatives so long as they are in keeping with the Agency's statutory authorities. USIA should do so cautiously, however, taking care to keep appropriate Congressional committees fully informed. The National Endowment for Democ- racy was approved by Congress in No- vember, 1983.~ Congress appropriated $18 million in USIA's FY 1984 budget for the Endowment. The Endowment's goals, as we understand them, are unobjectionable. Y1oreover. the Com- mission believes strongly that the plu- ralism of American society provides scope for initiative, motivation, innovation, and communication that adds ap- preciably to what can be accomplished • through government programs alone . « r It may be that a new quasi-public organization with its own separate staff ~~- can help to develop a stronger partnership between government and private

1'.1.. 'IX Ili'l. :\()wmhcr zz, 19x:l. 22 Research

organizations in long-term democratic institution-building. It should be remembered, however, RECOMMENDATION that USU\ and AID have for more than • The Commission recommends that the staff and budget of the Ofiice of a generation worked successfully with Research be increased substantially to provide the research capability academic institutions, private founda- required for national security and foreign policy needs and for the tions. trade unions, civic organizations regular and methodical evaluation of Agency programs and products. and professional associations. The relationship has achieved public objectives without undercutting private initiative and professional independence. And in he Director of USIA is required foreign opinion in support of the public those programs where academic integ- by Executive Order to provide diplomacy initiatives undertaken by the rity is essential-such as the Fulbright the President. the National Se- NSC's International Information Com- scholarship program-USIA has main- Tcurity Council, and the Secre- mittee." with emphasis on engendering tained multiple grant relationships with tary of State with "assessments of the foreign public support for U.S. policies. private organizations while preserving impact of actual and proposed United FORA is composed of representatives of immunity to short-term fluctuations in States foreign policy decisions on pub- USIA, the Departments of State and U.S. foreign policy. lic opinion abroad. "I To the extent that Defense and USAID. It is chaired by an The Commission believes that Con- its limited resources permit. the Agen- officer from the NSC. gress in time should look carefully at cy's Office of Research does conduct This is an encouraging, although this legislation to determine whether surveys and analyses of foreign public thus far modest. development. FOI~\ most if not all of the Endowment's ac- reaction to current U.S. policies. It also has no budget and a staff of only one tivities could be accomplished through studies the perceptions and attitudes of officer. If supported and used, however. grants made directly to private organi- influential groups toward the U.S. it should prove useful in identifying zations by existing agencies of govern- These studies have been widely used common information needs of the var- ment. If another organizational filter and praised by the White House, the ious U.S. Government agencies dealing for the purpose of channeling appropri- NSC. and the Departments of State and with foreign affairs. It could also ated funds to private groups does not Defense. To date. however, they have achieve better dissemination and use of on full examination prove to be unnec- focused mainly on assessing public re- research data, and involvement of the essary. the Commission believes the action in Western Europe and Japan to various agencies in the research pro- Congress should take care to ensure existing U.S. security policies and on cess. It could produce some savings that the Endowment's activities com- the problems of implementing them. through elimination of duplicate re- plement existing government programs To our knowledge, USIA has rarely search efforts and through resource- and promote the long-term interests of been a participant in those councils or sharing. And it could help to institu- the United States. For its part. the interdepartmental groups where new tionalize the central role of USIA's Commission too will carefully assess policies or options are developed. Nor opinion research in the foreign policy the activities of the Endowment in has it been asked to assess the impact process. The Commission will watch its keeping with its legislative history and of proposed foreign policy decisions as activities and results with interest. the Commission's USIA oversight re- called for by the Executive Order. sponsibilities.:' In its last two reports, this Commis- In the Commission's view, the Agen- sion observed that staff and funding cy's research capability is a highly valu- levels for research were inadequate and able. if underutilized, resource which should be substantially increased. The I An oversiuhr relationship between this Commission can provide insights into foreign atti- and the National Endowment for Democracy was NSC has indicated that it agrees, Meet- discussed in a colloquy in the I IOllSL' of Representatives tudes that should be an integral part of ing with this Commission, senior NSC between Reps. Dante B. Fascell and Benjamin A. both executive and Congressional for- officers expressed their belief that re- Gilman. Rep. Fascell stated: "There is certainh, an eign policy deliberations. appropriate role lor the 1,..·..,·... ldl'isor..ll Commission on sources for research should be approxi- Public Ih;J/mWl(lJ in ussessino the actirities oj"tht! Recently a new interagency group, mately doubled. Research did receive a Xationa! Endotrment tor Democracu .... 1 beliere that the Foreign Opinion Research Advisory the Commission can. consistent uith its charter. modest increase in FY 198:~ (approxi- contribute uSdid(1f 10 the orersioh: or tlu: Endoumcnt committee (FORA). was approved by mately $13(),O()()), and we were pleased and its relationship u-ith (:"/..I. The Commission s rule the Assistant to the President for Na- to note that FY 1984 appropriations in- trould lie adl"LwJI:1f and 11, the exercise otit« Ol"rI"silJhl tional Security Affairs. It was estab- would hur« n() allt/wri/.lJ or operational resnonsibilitie« cluded $4.1 million for research, an in- uith respect to the Eruknrment. 11001'(!l'er. I beliere lished to coordinate and commission crease of $99 I ,()()O over the previous that Commission orersioh : will help to maintain ttic quantitative and qualitative studies of year. This is encouraging, but it will broad bipartisan support and national consensus /11(1/ will be essential /() success," Cunqressiona! Reconi, November 17. 19H:l, pr. II 1O:l:ll-2. I Executive Order 121l1H, .\1"1'(11 27. I!I7H. :! Ser p.l] of thi,.;.n-port.

23 Exhibits

still not provide the research capability the Commission believes is required. The Commission also recommended HECOMMENDATION the Office of Research playa more ac- • The Commission recommends that USIA strengthen American cultural tive and systematic role in evaluating and political presence through an expanded exhibits program in Western the effectiveness of Agency products Europe and the Third World. and programs, including VOA. We recognized that this would require additional funding and personnel. The Office of Research does. of course. SIA'SEX,llibits.S~rvice produces Union. Recent efforts to negotiate a conduct occasional surveys of VOA lis- an average of thirteen major cultural agreement with the Soviet teners in various foreign countries to exhibits a year. The Agency Union. which would include a major determine audience size and prefer- Uparticipates in international exhibit. have been sidetracked as a re- ences. It also has made studies of com- trade fairs and special international sult of the shooting down of the Ko- munication/media habits in a few key promotions. and it produces and dis- rean airliner. The Commission under- countries. These are of considerable tributes smaller displays in multiple stands the logic of these decisions. but value to USIS posts in their planning. copies for USIS posts. USIA is responsi- anticipates the day when Soviet atti- and should be done more frequently ble. too. for official U.S. national exhi- tudes will permit resumption of more and include every priority country. But bitions at International Expositions. normal cultural relations. The U.S. has these modest efforts fall considerably For example. $8.5 million has been ap- much to gain from the exposure to short of the comprehensive approach to propriated for U.S. participation at In- American life that major exhibits can program evaluation that USIA needs. ternational Expo '85 to be held in Tsu- bring to the Soviet people. We understand that the Office of Re- kuba. Japan. The Commission is also persuaded search plans-contingent upon the The Commission finds the rationale there is much to be gained by mount- availability of funds-to reestablish a for exhibits persuasive. Attendance at ing exhibits in Western and developing separate media research staff to carry major exhibits ranges from the tens of countries. For example. the recent suc- out research for new VOA listener out- thousands to occasional audiences of reach initiatives, to study the impact cess of USIA's American theater exhibit more than one million. A single Expo in Athens. at a time when sensitive and effectiveness of the exchange pro- can draw as many as 20 million visi- base negotiations were taking place. grams, and to begin the systematic tors. In the provincial cities of Eastern evaluation of Agency media products. demonstrated to members of the Com- Europe and in the past. in the Soviet mission that exhibits can make a pow- Such evaluation and impact studies Union. exhibits with language-qualified erful political and cultural statement in would be invaluable to Agency program American guides have provided many non-Communist countries where the planners and resource managers. We with their only first-hand exposure to commend these new plans. We hope L'.S. has vital interests. The Commis- the United States and to American citi- sion recommends that USIA strengthen the Agency will accord them a high zens. priority and that Congress will appro- American cultural and political pres- Following the Soviet invasion of Af- ence through an expanded exhibits propriate the necessary funds. A substan- ghanistan in 1979. the United States tially increased research budget would gram in Western Europe and the Third stopped sending exhibitions and other World. serve the national interest. cultural presentations to the Soviet

American agricultural achievements are shown in this USIA-produced exhibit seen by thousands in the provincial cities of Eastern Europe.

24 EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL PROGRAMS Exchanges and International Visitors

hiS Commission has long re- garded USIA's educational exchange and international visi- International Visitors Program- American Fulbright Grantees, Number of Participants, Ttors programs to be among the 1960-1984 most effective tools of public diplo- 1974-1984 macy. They serve the long-term secu- lJOO -. rity interests of the United States by 2:!llIl promoting mutual understanding be- ~ ~ ~ tween Americans and the citizens of to- V l- :! I 1111 other countries and by exposing foreign 71111 i scholars and leaders to American insti- ir: I cc 1\ ~ filII) 2111111 tutions and values. In our last report Z we expressed our concern over the ~ 5 :;110 steady decline in resources allotted to 1900 , 0"- 1 these programs, and we recommended 41111 53 }I\ 1\ ~ that they be materially strengthened. ~ IHOO \ :;:0 ")J / We are pleased to note that this de- :lfIO IV ~V~ L1 ~ cline has been reversed. The Pell 171H) ~ ~ Amendment to USIA's FY 1983 authori- 21111 ...... •. zation legislation, for example, sought 11111 lliOo \ to double, through annual increases, ~ V the size of the FY 1982 budget for ex- I) 151111 changes by FY 1986. Director Wick has 1%0 li4 liH ,2 71i HO KY* 1974 75 71i 77 70 79 XII HI K:! H:l H4 • declared his wholehearted support for -fil -liS lilJ I;) -tt- -Hl -H4 this amendment. For FY 1984, Con- "Projection * lS·monlh Iransitinn vear when l'SC cllangl'J Iiscal year gress has appropriated $92.9 million ** Projection for the Fulbright program, the Hubert H. Humphrey North-South Fellowship program, Congressional-German Bun- number of IV grantees in 1978 was destag sponsored youth exchanges, and 2,171. Allotted funds did not keep up the International Visitors program-an with inflation or rising costs, however, increase of $15.7 million over the FY and by 1981 that number had fallen to 1983 figure. Congress has authorized 1,579. In response to appeals from am- even higher funding levels for FY 1985. bassadors and USIS posts overseas, The decrease in the number of edu- funds were increased; 1.732 young cational exchanges and international leaders visited this country in FY 1982, visitors was also a matter of concern to and 1,974 grantees came in FY 1983. the Commission. From a high point of The FY 1984 appropriation will result 904 Americans studying abroad on Ful- in a further increase in a program that bright grants in 1966-67, the number this Commission, and many ambassa- fell to 364 by 1980-81. The number dors with whom we have talked, believe rose to 395 in 1981-82 and stayed is one of the most effective foreign af- about the same in 1982-83. With the fairs efforts conducted by the U.S. Gov- new budget, however, the number of ernment. \merican Fulbright scholars is ex- The Hubert H. Humphrey North- oected to be well over 500. Foreign and South Fellowship program awarded 125 rrivate sector contributions to the Ful- grants in FY 1983 to mid-career profes- iright program last year-more than sionals in public service from develop- noo million-were substantially ing countries for one year of non-de- ~reater than government-provided gree study and practical courses. An unds. increase of $560,000 over the FY 1982 The International Visitors (IV) pro- budget of $3.2 million will permit an ~ram, which brings young foreign lead- expansion of this program. .rs to the U.S. for visits of a few weeks, The FY 1984 authorization provided ias followed a similar pattern. The that $2.5 million be used to fund a new

2S workshops conducted h.l/ American artists are (/17 integral part of CSl:I 's cultural programs.

the charter is ..to insure that the schol arly integrity, the excellence and the non-pol itical character of these programs are maintained." The Committe] added that "The effectiveness of these programs can be seriously undermined youth exchange program jointly spon- Agency's Office of Private Sector Pro- if they are perceived as a short-term sored by the Congress and the German grams has provoked fears that the edu- exercise in promoting a particular Bundestag as part of the President'sIn- cational exchange programs might in viewpoint." ternational Youth Exchange Initiative. turn be "politicized" and their schol-' It was, we suspect, the controversy Indicating the Agency's dedication to arly integrity impaired.' The Commis- over the private sector grants that these programs and its desire to im- sion has discussed these concerns with moved Congress to legislate a charter prove them. the Director has created a number of Agency officials. Individual for the Bureau, There were even some an advisory panel on International Edu- Commissioners have talked with chair- suggestions that the Bureau should he cational Exchange. Composed of 12 men of binational Fulbright comrnis- transferred from USIA back to the De- prominent educators. foundation exec- sions abroad as well as USIS Cultural partment of State, to another govern- utives and other private sector repre- Affairs Officers. We have also talked ment agency, or to a private founda- sentatives, the panel was formed to with members and staff of the Board of tion, "suggest means of strengthening ex- Foreign Scholarships. whose mandate The Commission does not question change programs vital to the national is to monitor the administration of the the idea of a charter for educational interest. .. academic exchange programs, and with and cultural affairs, We are disturbed, At an early meeting of the panel. Di- representatives of non-governmental however, by the suggestion that USIA rector Wick explained his view of the organizations in the U.S. engaged in should be reorganized again when it importance and purpose of exchanges: carrying out USIA's exchange pro- has only recently adjusted to the thor- "This commitment to exchange programs. Throughout our inquiries. we oughgoing reorganization of 1977, Fu r grams demonstrates a broad-based un- found no reason to doubt that the thermore, we see no reason for such a derstanding that they serve a vital na- scholarly integrity and nonpolitical change. tional interest. We simply cannot do character of the peer review process by The exchange programs are operat- without the link that they provide us which the educational exchange grants ing well. They are expanding. and we to significant levels of the thinking are awarded is being respected and have found no evidence that their in- maintained. leadership of the world. The Fulbright tegrity has been in any way impaired 0 program is not a national luxury. It is USIA's FY 1984 authorization bill in- compromised, The Agency accords a a national imperative that must be at- cluded for the first time a charter for high priority to the exchange programs tended to." the Bureau of Educational and Cultural and is committed to safeguarding and Affairs analogous to the VOA Charter. strengthening them. The panel is expected to make a pre- According to the Senate Foreign Rela- Finally, it was awkward in the past liminary report early in 1984. tions Committee report. the purpose of and would be again to have the ex- Press and Congressional criticism of change programs directed in Washing- a few controversial grants made by the I See p. 27 of this Report. ton by one agency and carried out overseas by officers of another agency. We would point out that wherever these programs are located in Washing ton, they will continue to be administered overseas by career USIA foreign service officers, They will continue to be looked at in terms of their overall contribution to the long-term foreign USIAS ':4rts America" policy goals of the United States, And program administers the overseas performing and the U.S. share of the programs will fine arts programs of the continue to come largely from appro- U.S. Government. Here priated funds. native American dancers The Commission is convinced that perform for a foreign the proper place for the educational audience. exchange programs is where they are right now-within USIA. 26 University Private Sector Affiliations Programs

n1983. USIA began the first year o.f the worldwide Uni:ers.it~ ~\ffjlia- tion Program. following initial Recommendations Ipilot linkage projects in specific • The Commission recommends that Congress not extend the geographic areas. This program seeks requirement that it be notified fifteen days in advance of all USIA to bring closer ties between U.S. and program grants. foreign colleges and universities • The Commission recommends that lSIA seek and encourage through exchanges of faculty for as promising new organizations to participate in its grant programs. short a period as three weeks and as "Effective. traditionally-funded organizations. subject to careful scrutiny long as a year. and periodic review. should continue to playa central role in multiplying Grants of $50.000 or less were what can be accomplished through government programs. awarded to 29 university partnerships and will be spent over the next two to three years. These faculty exchanges focus on the social sciences. humanities. communications and education. The SIA'SOffice of Private Sector soundness and integrity of these valu- institutions receiving grants in 1983 Programs provides selective as- able programs. ranged from community colleges sistance and limited grant sup- A thorough examination by USIA's to Ivy League schools and included Uport to non-profit activities of Office of Inspections also identified no state colleges and universities through- private sector organizations whose illegalities but did make a number of out the United States. goals complement the public diplomacy useful recommendations that have USIS posts in countries where uni- programs of the U.S. Government. The since been implemented by the Direc- versity affiliations exist are enthusiastic Office has an operating budget of ap- tor of the Agency. Chief among these is proximately $7.1 million. about them and hope to see the pro- the development of adequate guidelines gram expanded. The Commission views During the past year the Office has and standards for the conduct of the this as a logical extension of existing been the focus of considerable press at- grant process and the independent academic exchange programs and a tention and Congressional scrutiny. Al- evaluation of grant applications. These commendable new initiative. legations of political bias. flawed man- guidelines have been submitted to the agement. questionable grant decisions. Commission and appropriate Commit- and even illegality have characterized tees of Congress. The Agency has also an intense public debate that unques- adopted personnel policies that will en- tionably has affected the ability of the sure continuity. staff expertise. and ad- Office to contribute to the Agency's equate management supervision in the overall mission. Office. The Commission and USIA Inspec- In the Commission's judgment. these tors have examined these allegations steps have done a great deal to re-es- with care. We are aware of no illegali- tablish public confidence in USIA's ties in the operations of the Office. and grant programs. we are satisfied that a number of steps The Commission also welcomes con- have been taken to assure critics of the tinued Congressional oversight. It questions. however. whether the requirement that Congress be notified fifteen days in advance of all Agency program grants is necessary or sound public policy. We strongly support the right of Congress to inquire into any aspect of USIA's activities including specific grant decisions. And USIA's Congres- sional oversight committees appropri- Enduring cross cultural ties with foreign ately worked with the Agency to de- nationals are maintained by American Ful- velop new grant application guidelines bright scholars who study. teach and con- and grant review criteria. But it does duct research abroad on grants funded not appear to be appropriate or useful bil USIA. for Congress to participate routinely in decisions to award Agency grants-in 27 German-American Tricentennial

effect reserving the right to influence SIA ha.s been deeply involved tions to support them. President Rea- grant decisions before they are made. during the year in two related gan established a commission with Moreover. to require that all program and significant efforts to members drawn from the government grants be submitted in advance creates strengthen U.S. ties with a key the private sector and the German- an excessive administrative burden on U NATO ally. the Federal Republic of Ger- American community. The USIA Direc the Agency. We urge Congress to re- many. tor served on the Tricentennial Com- consider its notification requirement. The best known is the German- mission as the personal representative Foundations. academic and cultural American Tricentennial. which com- of the President. USIA provided staff institutions. and other not-for-profit memorates the arrival of the first Ger- and administrative support. More than organizations are essential to the con- man immigrants to America in 161S3' 900 programs in 45 states and the Dis duct of public diplomacy. Proven or- when I:l Mennonite families from the ganizations. traditionally funded by trict of Columbia have honored the Tr city of Krefeld. West Germany. arrived centennial. These have included sym- USIA. should continue to playa central in Philadelphia and founded German- phony concerts. film festivals, book role in multiplying what can be accom- town. The Tricentennial celebrates the fairs and art exhibits. plished through government programs contribution that citizens of German alone. They should not. however. be Both countries have given this anni descent have made to the building of versary high-level attention. Vice Presi immune to careful scrutiny and peri- the United States. The Tricentennial odic review. At the same time. promis- dent Bush traveled to Krefeld to take was officially launched on January 6. part with President Karl Carstens and ing new organizations should be en- 198:3when the Chairman of this Com- couraged to participate in the Agency's Chancellor Helmut Kohl in a ceremon mission represented the U.S. Govern- honoring the departure of the first eel grant programs. By acting as a catalyst ment and the American people at the to the involvement of both new and man families. The high point of the inaugural ceremonies in Krefeld. year's cultural activities and ceremo- traditionally-funded organizations. the To encourage and coordinate the Office of Private Sector Programs per- nies was the visit to Philadelphia in O: many activities and observances that tober of President Carstens and the forms an important and necessary took place during the year. and to raise function. dedication the Same month of a two- money from private sector contribu- acre Friendship Garden on the mall be tween the White House and the Jeffer- son memorial. International Visitors selected and funded h,l/ {,Sill are hosted h,l/ thousands otAmerican Another initiative is the Inter-Aaenc citizens through a nation-wide network otlocal roluntcer organizations. Mant) are attiliated with the National Council lor International visitors. Steering Committee on U.S.-German Contacts. At the request of the Secre- tary of State. Director Wick became chairman of the committee on which 25 federal departments and agencies- all with programs involving the Feder: Republic of Germany-are represented They range in size from the Depart- ment of Defense to the National En- dowments for the Arts and Humanities The Federal Republic has created a counterpart committee in Bonn. These committees are working to improve th quality of contacts between the two governments as well as to broaden and strengthen private exchanges. The Commission regards the Ger- man-American Tricentennial as an especially interesting example of private sector-government cooperation. and commends the contribution of the Agency to these important efforts. USL would do well. we think. to make con- tinued use of shared interest in important historical events as a basis for si~, nificant program initiatives. 28 The President's International Youth Exchange Initiative

Seven exchange students, part of"President Reaoan's International} 'outh Exchanqe Initiative, meet their nations' leaders during the Wi//iamshurg Economic Summit.

resident Hea~a.n·s Inte.rnational and government to double the number Youth Exchange Initiative was now appearing on television and radio of exchanges within three years. This and in newspapers and magazines launched in May, 19R2 at the partnership involves private organiza- Versailles conference with the across the country. The Ad Council es- P tions. who as ~rant recipients will ac- timates that :30 to 50 million dollars of enthusiastic approval of all summit tually manage the exchange program; free advertising will result. These ads partners. In the President's words. it private sector financial support raised will "insure closer relations and mutual recruit American host families and by the President's Council; a privately American youth for exchanges abroad. understanding among the 'successor' funded advertising campaign; and in- USIA has always depended heavily on generations" by increasing exchanges creased community involvement. of young people. ages 15 to 25, he- private citizens to carry out its mis- The Initiative will not create new tween the United States and its eco- sion. Director Charles Z. Wick has private or public organizations. Rather, nomic summit partners-Canada, Fed- stated that one of his goals is to en- it will help existing non-profit organi- eral Republic of Germany, France. courage a stronger partnership between zations expand and improve their pro- Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom. USIA and the private sector in achiev- grams by offering grants of combined These countries are matching the ing shared goals in public diplomacy. donated and appropriated funds. In the money that the U.S. is spending on The extensive involvement of the pri- youth exchanges. first year, grants were awarded to 33 vate sector in Youth Exchange-from organizations, ranging from $8,000 to The Youth Exchange Initiative is a families to large corporations to local more than $590.000 and totaling about partnership between the private sector communities-is a major step in that $1.4 million. direction which should be encouraged. The President's Council for Interna- A new program of this magnitude tional Youth Exchange is composed of and complexity will undoubtedly en- 110 American leaders in business and counter some problems. We understand education, including Mrs. Mae Sue Tal- that the intention is eventually to ley, a member of this Commission. The broaden this program to include devel- Council seeks to raise $10 million over oping countries as well. In the Com- the next three years to match an equal mission's view this should be done as amount from the federal government. soon as feasible. Youth Exchange shows During its first year, the Council has promise of becoming a major and per- received pledges of $:3.:35 million. manent U.S. exchange program. The The National Advertising Council has Commission commends the President's taken the International Youth Ex- International Youth Exchange Initiative change as one of its public service ad and will follow its development with campaigns. Youth Exchange ads are great interest.

29 Books, Libraries, and English Teaching

Books USIA's book program promotes the e: RECOMMENDATIONS port and distribution of American • The Commission recommends that Congress enact legislation books in English and in translation increasing the tax deduction for donated books to increase the incentive abroad. Overseas. Agency-supported for publishers to donate books for USIA program use. book publishing is primarily in such languages as Arabic. French. Spanish • The Commission recommends that the Agency strengthen its English and Chinese. with occasional publish- teaching programs and give-increased support to Binational Centers. _ . ing in other languages such as Korea Thai. Burmese. and Portuguese. USIA maintains regional book offic in Mexico City. Buenos Aires. Cairo. Hong Kong. and Paris for the African Regional Service Center. None of the books produced are actually publishe by USIA. Instead. its support takes th form of assistance to publishers who then sell the books through commercial channels. In 1976. the number of books pub lished with USIA's assistance dropped below one million for the first time since the program was established in 1950. USIA's book production in FY 1982 totalled only 571.035. Worldwid Students at the lSlS Libraru in Kinaston. production in the 19605 was more th 10 million in some years.

30 A collection of books on U.S, lau: is donated to the Bahraini Ministru of Justice and 1.1'- lamic Aflairs b.l/ US1S ,I/anama.

USlA's libraries vary from country to country. but the majority offer a full range of library services--book loans. reference services (in person and by telephone and mail) and access to audio-visual materials. The collections in each library may range in size from 4,000 to 30,000 volumes. They focus on current publications in the social sciences, international relations. the arts, and the humanities. All maintain a core collection containing the high- lights and classics of American thought and literature. They provide foreign students and researchers access to the best of American scholarly and cultural achievements and are visited by more than 3.5 million people annually. In 1982. the Agency issued a new policy statement for its libraries. It ern- By comparison, in 1980 (the latest The Commission recommends that phasized their value. calling them "visi- year for which statistics are available). Congress enact legislation increasing ble American institutions ... [which) the Soviet Union published more than the tax deduction for donated books to provide an important and accessible 12 million books in Spanish alone. In double the manufacturing cost. This American cultural presence overseas 1979 and 1980, the USSR's publishing would provide an incentive for publish- ... well suited to reach influential of Spanish language children's books ers to donate books to USIA and, in the leaders and the highly motivated self- exceeded the total worldwide USIA ef- Commission's view. avoid the abuses selecting audience," The Commission forts in all languages. that led to more restrictive tax legisla- concurs and hopes that USIA's libraries USIA's Donated Book program dis- tion. The Agency should of course re- will receive the support they need to tributes books donated by U.S. publish- tain its discretion to select only books strengthen and expand their valuable ers. These books are used for presenta- that have program value. The Commis- work. tion to influential foreign nationals: to sion believes this would be an impor- support Fulbright lecturers or other tant step in promoting the dissemina- English Teaching and Binational Americans speaking overseas; and for tion of American books overseas. Centers distribution or exhibition at libraries. The creation of an organization in Declining funds have also seriously seminars or scholarly institutions. For the United States similar to the British weakened two other important and many years, donated books have been Book Development Council should also closely related programs-English an important resource in USIA's cul- be considered. The Council. sponsored teaching and Binational Centers tural programs. by the British Government and the (BNCs). Until 1968. American publishers publishing industry. views books as an USIA supports both direct and indi- were able to deduct the "fair market important expression of culture. It has rect English teaching programs. The value," i.e. approximately the retail proved exceptionally useful in encour- latter focuses on teacher training, cur- price for books donated to USIA. But aging book distribution overseas. It ricula development. and working with under an IRS ruling and subsequent could serve as a model for U.S. Govern- ministries of education and institutes tax legislation, publishers were limited ment and private sector cooperation. of higher learning. In 1967 there were to deductions for the "actual manufac- 107 USIA staff officers and 49 American turing cost" for such donations. It be- Libraries grantees engaged in English teaching came cheaper for publishers to destroy In the past twenty years the number of programs overseas. Today, the Agency their excess inventories than to pay USIA libraries abroad dropped from 254 has only 9 English teaching officers shipping costs to USIA. Either way the to 131, and the number of books in serving as consultants to USIS posts. tax advantage would be the same. Since those libraries declined from 2.4 mil- The Agency prepares English teaching 1969 donations to the Agency from lion to SOO.OOO.Despite that. libraries and teacher training materials, and also American publishers have decreased continue to playa vital role in the publishes the quarterly journal English from as many as :3 million books per Agency's cross-cultural communication Teaching Forum for teachers of Eng- year to approximately 100,000 per year. effort. lish as a foreign language.

31 The Agency directly supports English teaching through BNCs, local binational institutions of private citizens which are largely self-supporting. In the opinion of many Agency officers, they are potentially one of the most important-and presently most neg- lected-resources for reaching successor generations in the developing-conn- tries. They are especially important in Latin America. Through their classes and libraries, BNCs teach English to large numbers of young people. More than 350,000 attended English-language classes at USIA-assisted centers last year. Some will reach positions of leadership having made a personal commitment to learn our language and culture. The proficiency in English ac- quired at the BNCs enables many of these students to seek admission to American universities and to compete for our exchange grants. These centers, through their libraries and cultural programs, represent a continuing American interest in the daily life of the host country, reinforc- ing the awareness that local citizens and Americans share basic interests and can work together to mutual advantage. Yet despite their proven value to U.S. interests, years of budget constraints and higher priorities in other An American Cultural Center window areas have led to a steady reduction in play commemorates the twentieth ann! the Agency's involvement with BNCs. saru of Burundian independe In 1968, for example, 139 American USIA personnel were serving in 132 BNCs around the world. Today, there are 13 Agency officers serving in 12 centers. The Agency does maintain some contact with approximately 60 centers around the world, offering occasional cultural programs and modest assistance. Enhancement of the BNCs by USIA may take forms which do not necessarily mean a return to direct subsidies. USIA should look carefully at other options which would allow it to offer professional in-service training for Eng- lish teachers and librarians, support in the form of texts and teaching aids, occasional upgrading of physical facilities Thai students learn English at the Bina- of classrooms and libraries, and more tional Center in Bangkok. frequent cultural programs. 32 MANAGEMENT

The Agency Changes Relocation and Names (Plus que ca Consolidation of USIA change ... ) in Washington he United States Information or 30 years ,USIAwas plagued quarters employees are now consoli- Agency (USIA). known from by the fact that its personnel dated in three adjacent buildings. Al- 1978 to 1982 as the U.S. Inter- and major activities in Wash- though some regrets were expressed national Communication T Fington were scattered in many that the new location moved the Agency (uSICA). was officially renamed widely dispersed locations in Washing- Agency even further away from the USIA on August 24. 1982 by act of ton. Inevitably. this made communica- State Department and the NSC. the Congress. Thus the Agency reverted to tion and coordination more difficult. consolidation has increased the effi- the name it had been known by since and the efficiency of the Agency suf- ciency of most Agency operations and 1953, and overseas it is once again fered. In the fall of 1981 the Agency improved space utilization. called the United States Information began planning to rectify this situation It 'is'also expected that there will be Service (USIS). and achieve a long-standing goal to substantial savings. One-time expenses The name "USICA" led to confusion consolidate its Washington' headquar- for the move were approximately $6.5 about the nature and purpose of the ters. million. but over a ten-year period it Agency and was never popular either A search team selected a new build- has been estimated that there will be with the Agency's employees or with ing at 301 4th Street. S.W.. across the savings of between 5)7 and $9 million the public abroad. The legislation intersection from the Voice of America. over and above the cost of the move. I leaves the Agency and its functions in- and Congressional approval to lease the The Commission commends the tact. The Commission commends the building was obtained in September Agency for its initiative in bringing Agency Director for his initiative and 1982. The design of some 330.000 about this long-sought relocation and the Congress for its action in bringing square feet of interior space was consolidation and for the efficiency and about a name change that everyone promptly completed. and the move be- swiftness with which the move was car- welcomed. gan before the end of the year. By Sep- ried out. tember 1983 the new USIA building was almost fully occupied. and more 1 Consolidation ()( I 'nited States lntormation Ayency .lclil'ilies ill ll'

USIAs new headquarters building at 30] 4th St.. S. U~. Washington. D.C.

33 Need for More Personnel and Posts Overseas

nits earlier reports. this Commis- sion expressed its conviction that public diplomacy is indispensable Ito our national security but that it has been inadequately understood and inadequately supported. USIA has never been given resources commensurate with its mission and responsibilities. As columnist James Reston commented recently, "Congress is so preoccupied eign national employees if these impor- should open branch posts in Shenya with the war of missiles, tanks and tant programs are to succeed. (Manchuria). in Chengdu (Sichuan), planes that might happen in the future The investigations of this Commis- concurrent with the opening of the that it tends to forget the importance sion, including inspection trips by indi- new American Consulate General in of the war of words that is now going vidual Commission members to a sub- that city this year, and in Wuhan (C: on. "I stantial number of overseas posts in tral China). where another American The steady decline in the Agency's every geographic area, have pointed up Consulate General is soon to he resources over the past fifteen years the pressing need for more people and opened. These cities are the adminis should be a matter of serious concern more posts. POl' example, China. the trative, commercial and educational to Congress and the nation. Measured world's most populous nation. presents centers for regions having a cornbin. in constant dollars. USIA's budget has unique opportunities and challenges to population of more than :350 million declined 27 percent since 1967. and its USIA as it emerges from 30 years of people. U.S. interests would also he personnel level has dropped 34 percent. isolation. The Chinese are eager to well-served if there were branch posi Even more disturbing to this Commis- know about the U.S. and its policies. in Khon Kaen, Thailand and in Yogy sion is the drop in the number of USIA USIS can perform a vital function here. arta, Indonesia. employees overseas-where the work of as it has demonstrated by the achieve- explaining U.S. actions and supporting Dwindling resources caused the ments of posts in Beijing, Shanghai Agency to close many small posts, U.S. policies takes place. In 1967 the and Cuangzhou (Canton). Agency had 1,716 Americans overseas some of which the Commission be- It is essential that we now reach lieves should he reopened. For the I, and 7,062 foreign national employees. other parts of China. The Agency In 1983 there were only 941 Americans ten years USIS has had no American (a decline of 45 percent) and 3.539 for- officers in any city outside of Londo: eign nationals (a decline of almost 50 or Paris in the United Kingdom and percent). Distribution of USIA Positions France. We believe there is importar Understaffing makes it difficult to ad- work for USIS officers in the major: minister a sound personnel assignment I gional centers in those countries. I Branch posts are also needed in Spai and transfer system. It also adversely 1·\ I .~- L=J! ! Portugal, Germany, Morocco and Ni· affects professional development. For I I geria, American officers should be as example, USIA's staffing level is too low Ie -0 _ .. I c "" ---t-- i signed to Mozambique and Djibouti, to permit adequate specialized educa- :;: I I I The Agency recently expanded its ea. tional and training programs for junior .r::~ 1'.. I i- III r- i , and middle-grade officers. .E ..•.••. ern Caribbean operations to include The expansion of certain existing ac- 'F. ~ r--r-.... Grenada. Beyond that in Latin Amer tivities and the addition of major new 2 x ~ 1 the need is for more people and re- ;:: sources for existing posts. programs will further strain the limits i ~ Ii ~ i We do not wish to list every post, of already overburdened overseas staffs. ~ I --- ~ The President's new International t------position where additional personnel; ~ , Youth Exchange Initiative and the in- ~ " +I-, needed, but we do wish to make the ~ - -=----- p creases in educational exchanges and ~ point that the Agency's overseas stan ., I ing has been reduced below the level the International Visitors program, I I mandated by the Pell Amendment. will I--- ~ where new programs can he accornm dated or critical issues adequately hit require the support of additional Amer- I II i j ican exchange officers and more for- ~ dled. While the Agency proposes to a l!lti7 fi~1 ,/1 7] 75 77 7~1 HI i·n H/I ~ a few new positions and posts overse: ----1eltal it should assign a much higher prior to the strengthening of its operation: I The Sell' } 'ork Times. September 2~. I~j~:). Overseas Missions in the field. 34 Personnel and Senior Foreign Service Management Problems Assignments uring the spring of 1983, the oryears, this Commission has Commission became con- The Foreign Service Act of 1980 in- observed with concern the cerned when a number of structed the Secretary of State and the scant consideration accorded D newspaper stories alleged nep- Director of USIA to "implement poli- Senior Foreign Service Officers otism, favoritism and other personnel F cies and procedures to insure the For- from USIA for assignment abroad as irregularities in USIA. We were also in- eign Service officers of the United ambassadors or deputy chiefs of mis- formed of Congressional inquiries on sion (oCM). States Information Agency are able to the same subject. compete for chief of mission positions USIA's officers constitute approxi- The Commission held closed hear- and have opportunities for assignments mately percent of the career Foreign ings during which it met with the Di- 19 outside their area of specialization on Service. They enter through the same rector, the Agency's Counselor, the the same basis as other Foreign Service competitive process (the sameexamina- Chief Inspector and other senior officers." Unfortunately, this portion of tions administered by the Foreign Serv- Agency officials. We learned that the the Foreign Service Act has largely Director had been out of the country ice Board of Examiners), are promoted been ignored. by the same criteria, and share similar when the press articles appeared and The record will show that USIA offi- experiences and responsibilities abroad the first Congressional inquiries were cers serve with distinction in U.S. mis- with their Foreign Service colleagues made. Upon his return, the Director sions through the level of Public Affairs from State. In fact, most senior acted promptly: he notified the Comp- Counselor. There they find themselves USIA public affairs officers have had far troller General of the allegations and blocked with little chance to compete greater experience managing sizeable also ordered investigations by the for DCM and ambassadorial appoint- staffs and substantial budgets than Agency's Inspection Office, USIA's Of- ments. Inevitably, this has become a their State Department colleagues of fice of Security, and the General Coun- serious morale problem for senior equal rank. Nonetheless, it is rare for a sel. Agency officers. An opportunity to be USIA Senior Foreign Service Officer to The investigations found instances of seriously considered for DCM and am- be appointed ambassador or DOt' procedural irregularities and bad judg- bassadorial appointments would benefit Based on many visits to posts ment, but nothing of an illegal or the officers and the entire service. fraudulent nature. Congressional in- abroad, we are convinced that this does not reflect on the quality of USIA's offi- In an attempt to correct this situa- quiries were answered fully and forth- tion, Congress in 1983 passed legisla- rightly. The Director subsequently es- cers. Rather, it suggests the absence of a process by which they can be fairly tion changing the designation of USIA's tablished a new position of Inspector Foreign Service Information Officers to evaluated in comparison with their General, the number of auditors was Foreign Service Officers. The name increased, and an Assistant Director of State Department colleagues for these senior positions . change helps remove implications of Management for Policy Coordination second-class status. Congressional in- The legislative history of the estab- vas named as an addition to the Direc- tent is clearly to give USIA officers the lishment of the USIA career service and .or's staff. More recently, a new Deputy same opportunities as State Depart- the Senior Foreign Service clearly re- )irector and a new Associate Director ment officers to compete for senior veals the presumption that USIA offi- 'or Management were nominated. Foreign Service assignments.:l cers would serve in senior positions of The Commission was concerned that There is an increasing need for am- nanagerial inadequacies, lax review our overseas missions. As early as 1966, the Deputy Undersecretary of bassadors with public affairs skills. irocedures and critical press coverage Modern developments in communica- ould erode public confidence in the State for Administration, William J. Crockett, testifying before the Senate tion and transportation have signifi- .gency. We are persuaded, however, cantly altered the role and functions of hat when the Director confronted the Foreign Relations Committee, said: "Bringing USIA officers into the career ambassadors, greatly increasing the im- llegations and irregularities, he took portance of public diplomacy in the Foreign Service will increase the num- ction to report, investigate, and cor- conduct of international affairs. As a ect them. The Commission will moni- ber of men and women with broad professional training in foreign affairs result, the experience of USIA's senior ir the new management arrangements officers has become even more relevant nd procedures. from whom the President, with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, can to our country's needs abroad. choose outstanding individuals for We realize that years of habit and posts of high responsibility:? tradition cannot abruptly be changed. Nevertheless, a way should be found by State and USIA to assign the best of I Currently there are 8~ State officers in ambassadorial USIA's career officers as chiefs or dep- positions and 128 OOls. Two CSJ..\officers are presently assigned as amhassadors. Three are OCMs. uty chiefs of mission. , Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing. H9th Congress. April 19. 1%0. .1 P.L. 98-164. November 22. 1983. APPENDIX I

United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy The Honorable George Shultz Secretary of State September 21. 19.s:~ Radio Marti Dear Mr. Secretary:

n September 22. 1981. President At its monthly meeting today, this Commission was fully informed Reagan issued Executive Order for the first time of pending legislation to place Radio Marti within the 12323 creating a Presidential Com- mission on Broadcasting to Cuba. Voice of America. The Commission strongly and unanimously believes AOten-member Commission. chaired by F. this is not sound public policy and that it sets a precedent of uncertain Clifton White, was appointed in mid-Janu- consequence. ary,1982.' In its Final Report. the Commission While we do not argue against Radio Marti as a separately funded urged the early establishment of radio organization administered by the Board for International Broadcasting, broadcasting to provide the people of Cuba we do oppose placing surrogate broadcasting activities within VOA. with accurate news and information. partic- ularly about Cuba itself. The Commission As the official radio voice of the U.S. Government, VOJ\'s mission recommended that broadcasting to Cuba be historically has differed significantly from the surrogate broadcasting ac- undertaken by an independent. non-profit tivities of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and the mission for Radio entity, called Radio Broadcasting to Cuba. Marti envisaged by President Reagan. Placing Radio Marti within VOA can Inc., which would operate in much the same manner as Radio Free Europe and Ra- cast doubt on VOA's most important and fragile asset-its credibility. dio Liberty. However, if the decision cannot be reversed, we believe that legisla- At the same time. President Reagan sought legislation to authorize and appro- tive history must clearly show Congressional intent that VOA's Charter priate funds for radio broadcasting to Cuba. not be compromised, that the newly established Cuban Service meet the The Administration proposed a separate highest standards of accuracy and objectivity. and that it not become the government-funded station named Radio voice of any single segment of American society. Marti and sought to place it under the Board for International Broadcasting. As you know, this Commission is an independent, bipartisan Presi- Congress approved Radio Marti in the dential body created by Congress to conduct a continuing overview of the fall of 1983, but in a very different form. U.S. Information Agency and to report its findings to the President. the Rather than a separate station, it placed Ra- Congress, the Secretary of State, and the Director of USIA. In light of dio Marti within the Voice of America. providing for 14 hours of daily VOA program- our strong concerns, we will closely monitor the implementation of this ming directed at Cuba. It also established a legislation and the activities of the Cuban Service and its Advisory Board Presidential Advisory Board for Radio with a view toward maintaining a strong, credible and highly professional Broadcasting to Cuba. Voice of America. The U.S. Advisory Commission on Pub- lic Diplomacy met to consider the impact of Sincerely, this legislation. Historically, this Commis- sion has not questioned separately funded surrogate broadcasting activities. It has, Edwin J. Feulner. Jr. (R) e. robert (bob) wallach (I)) however, strongly opposed placing them in Chairman Vice Chairman the Voice of America. VIHGINIA CALIFORNIA The Commission decided to reaffirm its position publicly in letters to the President and his senior foreign affairs advisors and Hershey Gold (I)) Tom C. Korologos m) to Congressional leaders involved in the Ra- CALIFORNIA dio Marti decision. We have reprinted the VIHGINIA Commission's letter and several replies to it. because we believe they are helpful in clarifying Congressional and Administration Olin C. Robison (I)) Leonard L. Silverstein (R) intent in implementing the Radio Marti leg- VERMONT MARYLAND islation. As requested by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. and Mae Sue Talley (R) in connection with its general oversight re- ARIZONA sponsibilities, this Commission will assess the activities and organizational structure of Radio Marti with care.

'Other members of the Commission were William Bourne Bayer. Joseph Coors. Tirso lJel Junco. Gcor~c 'Identical letters were also sent to President Reagan. USLI Director Charles Z. \\'ick. VOA Director Kenneth Jacobs. Jorge L. Mas, Richard .\1. Scaife, Herbert Tomlinson. the leadership of the House arul Senate. and members of the House Committee on foreign Affairs Schmertz. Richard B. Stone. and Charles Z. Wick. and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 36 THE SECRETARY OF STATE

WASHINGTON

October 8. 19K3 Dr. Edwin J. Feulner. Jr., Chairman. United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.

Dear Mr. Chairman:

Thank you for your September 21 letter expressing the concerns of the Advisory Commis- sion on Public Diplomacy regarding pending legislation to place Radio Marti within the Voice of America (VOA).

While we do not consider the proposed "compromise legislation" adopted by the Senate on September 13 and by the House of Representatives on September 29 to be the best of all possible arrangements. we are satisfied that the bill will enable the United States to break Castro's monopoly on news and information within Cuba. We believe that this foreign policy initiative should have been implemented 25 years ago.

The intent of the legislation. as we understand it. is to establish a Cuba Service within the VOA as a discrete entity. The Service is directed to "be administered separately from other Voice of America functions." The head of the Service shall report directly to the Director of the United States Information Agency. as well as to the Director of the VOA. The drafters of the legislation have distinguished between the historic mission of the Voice of America and the need for additional broadcasting designed to promote freedom in Cuba.

Senator Charles Percy. Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the "father" of the VOA Charter. called attention to the discrete missions of the VOA and Radio Marti during the recent Senate floor debate on the hill. He said. "The purpose of this substitute (legislation) is to establish within the Voice of America a Cuba Service which will broadcast news, commentary and other information about events in Cuba in an effort to promote the cause of freedom in Cuba."

Senator Percy declared that he strongly supported ..the goals of the Voice of America and the establishment of a home broadcasting service for Cuba." He concluded. "It is my hope that the conflict in these missions will not adversely affect the credibility of the Voice of America nor unduly restrict the flexibility and effectiveness of Radio Broadcasting to Cuba."

Similarly. Senator Lawton Chiles said, "There is no reason to assume that Radio Marti will not abide by the same high standards which have been the trademark of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and the Voice of America: providing objective and reliable information."

While it would have preferred to see Radio Marti under the Board for International Broad- casting, the Administration has agreed to accept this compromise. Broadcasting tailored to the objective of promoting freedom in Cuba by the new Cuba Service will maintain the same high standards for accuracy and reliability as the traditional Voice of America broadcasts. Thus. the Voice of America will maintain its reputation as a credible and highly professional broadcast organization. Sincerely yours.

George P. Shultz

37 THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

Dr. Edwin J. Feulner, Jr. Chairman United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Washington, D.C. 20547 October 11. 19K1

Dear Ed.

I have read with interest your letter to the President regarding the Com- mission's concerns over the legislation that establishes Radio Marti within the Voice of America. We share your concerns, both because of our deep commitment to maintaining the integrity of the Voice of Amer- ica and our parallel commitment to provide a genuine national radio service to the people of Cuba. We are also concerned about several of the managerial arrangements incorported in the legislation including the Ra- dio Marti Advisory Commission which is to be established.

I would encourage your United States Advisory Commission on Public Di- plomacy to keep a close watch over the development of these activities and provide the President periodic reporting. We must insure that the Voice of America mission is not compromised. Similarly, we want to permit Radio Marti to function as it should. I would be interested in your considered judgement on how the new structure is working after a few months have passed. I appreciate your interest in these matters which also are key concerns to the Administration.

William P. Clark

38 PAULA HAWKINS

~Cni£e~ -!D£'l£ez -!Den'lte

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20510

Dr. Edwin J. Feulner, Jr. Chairman United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Washington, D.C. 20547 October 14, 1983 Dear Ed:

Thank you for your letter regarding the Radio Marti compromise legislation that places the surrogate home broadcast station within the Voice of America.

I share the high regard that the Commission holds for the mission and accomplishments of the Voice of America. The Voice is on the frontlines in the battle of ideas, and it is in this arena where the ultimate fate of humanity will be decided. The key to the Voice's success is its credibility. Without this, its message will fall on deaf ears.

The same is true, however, for Radio Marti. The success of this new surrogate home station is no less dependent than the Voice on its credibility. If the people of Cuba cannot rely on Radio Marti for accurate and objective broadcasts then we might as well hang up our hat right now because the station will be a failure.

Though both Marti and the Voice rely on their credibility for their success this does not mean that the purposes of the stations can or should be alike. I know you are familiar with the mission of the Voice. By contrast, Radio Marti is a surrogate home broadcast station, and as such its broadcasts frequently are hard-hitting reports that contrast the real story with what the Cuban people are being fed by the Cuban propaganda ma- chine. Its style will be more like the hard-hitting investigative journalism that we have seen develop in this country over the last decade. This, I believe, is not inconsistent with an emphasis on objectivity and accuracy. I believe that our nation needs both the Voice and Radio Marti, and that both operations can be conducted in the national interest. Sincerely,

Paula Hawkins United States Senator

"<0 ~~~I:~!:'':.~~:JII., UNN. ~!:::~.:;~~~:.~ :;:~::~":A~C;:;:~. :: :.-::-=~."'d. :"';~[L~=~.~'[:::'::~,.:':."MD. :~:"A;.DT=-:.";.~~:~· IOtIDT .oKHWITZ, •••,-. AlAN CIIAH5TON, CAW'" 1....vU.,.•..•U.UIl ••. DAII. cttIIl5~UI J. DOQO. 0)_. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS IEOw ••••• >;> Q ••••• NOIU' ••• T ••.•. " D, •• I:CTO •• OUYI.,Da, CHltI •.•. 1AN5OH. MI_,TV 51 ••.",. D!III:CTOft WASHINGTON. D.C. 20510

October 11. 19k:l

Dr. Edwin J. Feulner, Jr. Chairman United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Washington, D.C. 20547

Dear Mr. Feulner:

Just a brief note to thank you, and the other members of the Advi- sory Commission on Public Diplomacy, for informing me of your views on the recent legislation on Radio Marti. Your concerns regarding a compromise of the VOA's charter are well founded and I am glad to know that you will be monitoring closely the new Cuban service. I hope you will keep me informed of your findings.

With best wishes, Sincerely,

Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. United States Senator

40 United States Information [)lfec/O' Agency *USIA September 23, 1983

The Honorable Edwin J. Feulner, Jr. Chairman United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Washington, D.C. 20547

Dear Ed:

Thank you for your September 21 letter concerning the Advisory Com- mission's views on Radio Marti. USIA did not seek this legislation.

However, I want to affirm that I too will closely monitor its implementation. We totally agree with the need to maintain a strong, credible and highly professional Voice of America.

Best regards. Sincerely, Z~ Charles Z. Wick

41 APPENDIX II

Former Members of the Leo D. Cherne James A. S. Leach Executive Director President, Flamegas Co.. Inc. United States Advisory Research Institute of America Iowa Commission on New York Leonard H. Marks International Educational Thomas B. Curtis Attorney at Law and Cultural Affairs Vice President and General Counsel Cohn and Marks Encyclopedia Britannica Former Director, United States Informatio (1953-1977) Missouri Agency Washington, D.C. David H. Derge President. Southern Illinois University Beryl B. Milburn Homer Daniels Babbidge. Jr. Illinois . Vice Chairwoman, President, University of Connecticut Texas Constitutional Revision Committee Connecticut Harry S. Flemming Texas President, Inverness Capital Corporation Eva T. H. Brann Former Special Assistant to the President Wayland P. Moody St. Johns College Virginia President, San Antonio College Maryland Texas Luther H. Foster Richard T. Burress President. Tuskegee Institute Dortch Oldham Associate Director Alabama Retired Publisher Hoover Institute on War. Revolution and Chairman, Tennessee Republican Party Peace John W. Gardner Tennessee California President. Carnegie Corporation of New York Martha L. Pate New York Chairwoman of College and School Divisio of the United Negro College Fund Lawrence Goldberg Connecticut Vice President. Brandeis University Massachusetts Arnold M. Picker Executive Vice President Rufus C. Harris United Artists Corporation President, Mercer University New York Georgia Thomas E. Robinson Rita E. Hauser Hider College Attorney at Law New Jersey Stroock & Stroock & Lavan New York Robert A. Scalapino Professor of Political Science Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh University of California at Berkeley President. University of Notre Dame California Indiana Joseph H. Smiley Walter Johnson Professor of Modern Languages Professor, University of Chicago University of Texas EI Paso Illinois Texas

Jewel Lafontant William French Smith Attorney at Law Attorney General of the United States Stradford, Lafontant, Gibson, Fisher and Washington, D.C. Corrigan Illinois Pauline Tompkins President. Cedar Crest College Roy E. Larsen Pennsylvania Vice Chairman of the Board Time and Life Building William C. Turner New York President, Western Management Consultants, Ine. Arizona 42 Former Members of the Hobart Lewis Chairman of the Board Former Members of the United States Advisory Editor-in-Chief. Header's Digest United States Advisory Commission on Information New York Commission on Public (1948-1977) Mark A. May Diplomacy Professor of Psychology and Director of (1978-) Institute of Human Relations, Yale University Connecticut

James A. Michener William F. Buckley. Jr. Author John Hope Franklin Columnist Pennsylvania Senior Mellon Fellow. New York National Humanities Center Justin Miller Professor of History Erwin D. Canham Judge. U.S. Court of Appeals University of Chicago Editor President. National Association of North Carolina Christian Science Monitor Broadcasters Massachusetts California Lewis Manilow Attorney, Mrs. Dorothy B. Chandler Clark A. Mollenhoff Vice President. Former President. Chicago Museum of Columnist, Author Contemporary Art Times-Mirror Company Washington, D.C. Illinois California Arthur C. Nielsen, Jr. Jean McKee Jonathan W. Daniels President. Executive Director, Editor, Raleigh News and Observer, Author A.C. Nielsen Company North Carolina Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Illinois New York Lewis W. Douglas Morris S. Novik Neil Sherburne Ambassador to Great Britain Labor Consultant on Media. AFL-CIO Former Chairman. Association of Governing Chairman of the Board, New York Mutual of New York Boards of Universities and Colleges New York Secretary-Treasurer, Minnesota AFL-CIO Philip D. Reed (Retired) Chairman of the Board and President, Minnesota Mark E. Ethridge General Electric Co. Publisher. Louisville Courier Journal New York Kentucky J. Leonard Reinsch George H. Gallup President, Chairman of the Board Cox Broadcasting Corporation American Institute of Public Opinion Georgia New Jersey John L. Seigenthaler Ben Hibbs Editor, Nashville Tennesseean Editor, Saturday Evening Post Tennessee New York John M. Shaheen Palmer Hoyt President, Shaheen Natural Resources Publisher and Editor, Company, Inc. Denver Post New York Colorado Frank Stanton Sigurd S. Larmon President, Columbia Broadcasting System Chairman of the Board and New York President, Young and Rubican Advertising Company Thomas Van Husen Vail New York Publisher and Editor. Cleveland Plain Dealer Ohio

43 For additional information, please write:

United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy

Room 600 301 4th St., SW. Washington, D.C. 20547

G. Richard Monsen, Staff Director Bruce Gregory, Deputy Staff Director (202) 485-2457 United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy

Washington, D.C. 20547