Stanley Dean Macdonald Carpenter Mlitt Thesis

PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT OF THE HIGHLAND REGIMENTS OF THE BRITISH ARMY, 1756-1815 Stanley Dean MacDonald Carpenter A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of MLitt at the University of St Andrews 1996 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12633 This item is protected by original copyright TEE UlITVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS PATTERNS OF RECRUITK8NT 05' TEE HIGHLAND rox;n-rEnTS OF TEE :BRITISH ARMY, 1756 to 1815. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Hodern History of the Faculty of Arts in Car.didacy For the Degree of Haster of Letters· Department of Modern History BY STAlU,EY DEAN },IacDONALD CARPEr~ER, B.A. ST lJillllE.. 1S, SCOTLA..."ID MAY 1977 Abstract of M.Litt. Thesis. Patterns of Recruitment of the Highland Regiments of the BrITish Army, 175bto 1815. -- stanley Dean MacDonald Carpenter. Dept of Mode~n History. , ~,'1 r' r " ' ~ ~; "'<!. V" _ , In th'e years following the mili tary 'defeat o'f Jacobi tism : .~, "", - : .'. , "'. ' ,'.. • , ~~." ~ '"\ ~ ;''', f" 'I;' ~ '~'l t., -: ~, . in 1746 and the legal destruction of the' Highland' clan system, ~... _~, :'": "c. ~.'.' _ ,,~.,~":.-,! ., :: ""71'" 1 ';"~ .~" the Highlands of Scotland provided many thousands of troops for service in the Brit1sh army and especially in the numerous High- , -.. !', ." ~. f' ~',:'-" . ~ ~ '1 ' ,"" ,- .," , ,"': ; 1:~. "7 ~ ~ .... land corps, both Fenc1 ble B.ndregular 'of th'e line ~s 'well LaS ~ ,', ~.' ": ~ " _, l , , ' '" .., - ~'j" "\ .' ,- ~ . ,_ "It. '\ 'y" • Volunteer and M1l1tia, 'which 'were raised after 1756.' ,~ :.• ... .f ~ -'>', r,-;~,!"'~ ~) ... ~ Al though 'other H1ghland. co'rp's ~~ ·the ,Argyfesh'1re Highl'anders -~ . ,," -: "" ~. T t \, _ t ":.~. '" ra1sed. in 1689, the 'Bl~'ck Watch composed of the amalgamated' Inde;'endent C~mJ)a~ie~' 1~ 1739 and Loudon'lS Highlanders embOdied' , , 1n 1745, had been ra1sed prior to 1756, the great fear of Jacob ite activity~and ~f '~rm1ng the Highlanders on the part of the English poli tical 'ne,t1on ~ pr~vented the ext'ensi ve 'use of High- landers 1n the British army throughout the first half of the 18th ~en~u~y. With" the . re~ew~l ' o'f 'wa~wi th 'Fr'a~d~'in 1756 ~~~w'€ver, ,.', ." • eo>. -~, .... ~ '",' .'~; " i,.;! 1"> , ,.' .. T,:"~ .. ,.-,'~,' >.11"'-[ in persuad1ng the Cab1net an.d King George of the "great advantages of emploY1~g Highla~d~rs"1~ army serv16~.~· Not> 0 ~i o3 d1dc th1:S ~ctio n • 't I 1;' ~ ') " ~", ,,, 'Y' _,' ~ '. ",' 1c .,', l' remove the d1saffected 'H1ghla!'1ders from the 'country'and employed them against th~ f~r~ig~'; en~~ies;' the POli~y~pen~d ':up 'a' storehouse of w1lling,aggress1ve; loyal·a.~d first~~~te-tr6op~"fJ; the Wars of the 18th and early 19th Centur1es o f ..f/' / Thousa.nds of Highla."1ders enl1sted in th~H1gh{~o~.d reg1ments and as many as 100,000 men served from 1793 to:, 1815 ,a figure' , ~i' ", .::.,,- """,, ,; / out of proport1on to the poptilat1o'1 of the region 1n the 18th . .' ,,~ ~ . ..- Century. Not orily the pressures of e.rap1dly r1s1ng populat1on and unemployment, but also the appeals to clan loyalty a.nd 2. duty to one's superior served to bring out the Highlanders in great numbers. The area of heaviest recruitment proved to be the 110rthwest Highlands and Islands where the pressures of populati:on and unemployment were most heavily felt. Th~s region Was also the most conservative and traditional, a phenomenon brought about by the relative isolation from the modernizing influences of Lowland Scotlando The over-recrui ti n.g of the Hlghla,"lds, especially after 1800, led to the eventual collapse of Highland recruiting. Not only WaS the surplus manpower severly drained, but appeals to clan loyalty an.d spirit had diminish€d in strength, especially Under the impact of a, changing economy and the growing alienation of clan chieftains to their tenants a,nd the erosion of the patriarchal social system. Several factors were of importance to the patterns of recrui tment of the Highland regime'1.ts such as the matter of financial arra''1gements. Bounties became increasingly important as the recruiting efforts began to falter. The growing dependence on non-Highla'1ders, particularly Lowlanders a,nd Irish, clearly indicate the breakdown of Highland recruiting. This thesis, theo, eXamines in detaiL these major themes and patterns of recruiting for the Highland regiments from the begin1ing of the Seven Year's War to the final defeat of ~apoleonic France in 1815. i. I, stanley Dean HacDona1d Carpenter, do attest that this thesis, Patte::r'!:.s E.!. Recruitment E.!. ib2. JIighland ReFiments .2.f. ~ 3ri tish P.:rr.,.y, 112§. 12. 1815, is an original work researched and composed by myself, and has not been subrr~tted in candidacy for any other higher degree at any University. l Date. ii. The candidate, Stanley Dean MacDonald Carpenter, was admitted in October 1975 under the provisions of The Resolution of the University Court, 1967, No.9, Sections 1, 2 and 3 to pursue a two year course leading to a Degree of Haster of Letters (11. Litt.) in Arts. The study was carried out under the supervision of the Department of Modern History, Scottish History, Faculty of Arts. I Date. I testify thB.t the candidate, Stanley Dean 1-1acDonald Carpenter, has studied under my supervision in a course leading to a }taster of Letters Degree in Arts since October 1975, and that the candidate has fulfilled all regulations for the Degree as set forth by the Resolution of the University Court, 1967, No.9. Date. Eruc e P. Lenrnan, Supervisor. iii. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS THESIS. OSA •••••••••• For The Statistical Account of Scotland by Sir John Sinclair, Bart. SHR • • • • • • • • • • Scottish Historical Review • SHS .. Scottish Historical Society• Vol • ••••••••• For Volume. Arabic or Roman numerals are used depending upon how presented in work. PP • •••••••••• From page X to page Y or pages. P. • •••••••••• Page. 2.3 •••••••••• Notation for Sections as used in the Appendices and notes. 2.3 stands for Chapter II, Section 3. Similarly, 5.2 stands for Chapter V, Section 2. All footnotes are given at the end of ~ach Chapter. The * d~notes a note at the foot of page either adding further explanation or reference to Appendix. Footnotes ••• For the sake of brevity, especially as many titles of older works are quite lengthy, a partial title and the author's na~e is given so as to be easily identifiable but not cumbersome. For reference to the full title of a work with details of publication and date, see the Bibliography. Spellings and Punctuations ••• In the case of quotations of the text of letters, documents manuscripts, and so on~ the original spelling and punctuation has been reproduced without alteration. Deletions within the body of a document are notated with •••• iv. TAIlLE OF CONTENTS. Statements •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• i Abbreviations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii Chapter I. !h£~ Nilitary Culture ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Section 1.1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 1 Section 1.2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Section 1.3 • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 Chapter 11. Gove~ment Policy, Reconciliation and ~ Raising £!~ Re~iments ••••••••••••••••••••• 24 Section 2.1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 Section 2.2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Section 2.3 ·......................... ~ ................. 34 Section 2~4 ..................................1 •••••••••••• 39 Chapter Ill. The Dynamics of Recruiting ••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Section 3.1 ....•.••.•.•.••...•••.•.•.................... 48 Section 3.2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Section 3.3 •.••••••••.••••••••••••.•••.•.•.•••••••••••.• 63 Chapter IV. ~ Origins ~ EackgTound .£f. .!h! Recruits •••••••• 72 Section 4.1 • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 72 Section 4.2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71 Section 4.3 ...... " .............................. " .... 86 Section 4.4 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 92 Chapter V. ~ Ereakdown of High1a:Jd Recruiting After .!.7.2l. .... 100 Section 5.1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 100 Section 5.2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 110 Section 5.3 • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 115 Section 5.4 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 120 v. TARLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 121 Section 1 ...... ~ ...........................•............ 121 Section 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 130 Section 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1;2 APPENDIX A ~ ££ Regiments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 135 APPEN:DIX E Letters, Doc1.lments, -etc. •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 139 APPElIDIX C Charts ~ Statistics ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 143 APPENnIX :D Photocopies ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1448. SOURCES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 145 CHAPrER I. ~ Clan Hili tary Culture. CHAFfER I. SECTION 1 Clan Warfare as a Natural Extension of Environment. - - - - ---~---------- Between the years 1756 and 1815, a tremendous number of troops were drawn from the Highlands of Scotland for service in the army of Great Britain in the form of Regulars of the line, Fencibles for home service in the British Isles ~~d Volunteers or Ydlitia for part time local service. The ease with

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