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Array-Based Localization in DTV Passive Radar DISSERTATION

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Array-Based Localization in DTV Passive Radar DISSERTATION Array-Based Localization in DTV Passive Radar DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Huimin Huang Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee: Graeme Smith, Advisor Emre Ertin Niru Kamrun Nahar Gerald Kosicki Copyrighted by Huimin Huang 2019 Abstract This dissertation investigates the use of array-based localization to passively locate a target. Target localization in passive radar typically employs multilateration where a set of hyperbolic equations from range differences or elliptic equations from bistatic ranges are solved to determine the position of the target. To provide an unambiguous target location in three dimensions, there is another way, which is to use an efficient direction finder capable of providing a precise measurement of the target’s bearing. This direction finder can be implemented using an array of antenna elements and the intersection of ellipsoid and bearing vector gives the three-dimensional (3D) position of the target. The array-based localization method is developed by noting that the stable range resolutions afforded by digitally modulated signals, like digital television (DTV), and Doppler resolution from long integration times of passive radar can sufficiently resolve returns from multiple targets. The phase information from each array element from a resolved target can then be used with the Bartlett method of bearing estimation. Thus, target bearing can be estimated with far greater accuracy than the beamwidth resolution of the array alone. This was demonstrated in experiments conducted using a DTV-based passive radar with an electrically small array. The procedure of the in-field calibration of the array using opportunistic air targets is also elaborated. ii Expressions to calculate the location accuracies from the array-based localization method were derived and an analysis was performed on the location accuracy as a function of bistatic geometry. The developed theory was verified through simulation and experiments that made use of an aircraft, which traversed a wide range of bistatic geometries, and whose position was known. Finally, the performance of array-based localization was compared with that of multilateration. In multistatic radar, target location estimates from both multilateration and array-based localization would be available. Based on insights from the comparative analysis of both methods as a function of geometry, a method of selecting the best target location estimate was proposed that makes use of the Kalman filter for data fusion. This dissertation demonstrates that with the array-based localization method, DTV-based passive radar is able to locate and track a target in 3D Cartesian space using an electrically small array. iii Dedication To God, Sejun, and my parents for the sacrifices they made for me out of love. iv Acknowledgments I thank Chris Baker and Graeme Smith for starting me off and guiding me through the PhD program; Landon Garry, for teaching me about passive radar and aspects of doing research; Danny Tan, Andrew O’Brien, and Matthew Barr for their help in the passive radar experiments; Domenic Belgiovane and Teh-Hong Lee for their help with antenna characterization; Emre Ertin, Niru Kamrun Nahar, Inder Jeet Gupta, Philip Schniter, and Gerald Kosicki for being on my committee; and my group members in the Cognitive Sensing Group: Moayad Alslaimy, Peter John-Baptiste, Jakob DeLong, Saif Alsaif, Ahmed Balakhder, Adam Mitchell, Zachary Cammenga, and Seung Ho Doo, for their encouragement to keep going. v Vita 2009 ........................................................... B.S. Electrical Engineering, Purdue University 2010 ........................................................... M.S. Electrical Engineering, Stanford University 2010 to present ........................................... Senior Member of Technical Staff, DSO National Laboratories Publications J. H. Huang, J. L. Garry, G. E. Smith and D. K. Tan, "In-field calibration of passive array receiver using detected target," in 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18), Oklahoma City, 2018. J. H. Huang, M. N. Barr, J. L. Garry and G. E. Smith, "Subarray processing for passive radar localization," in Radar Conference (RadarConf), 2017 IEEE, Seattle, 2017. vi J. H. Huang, J. L. Garry, G. E. Smith and C. J. Baker, "Array based passive radar target localization," in Radar Conference (RadarConf), 2016 IEEE, Philadelphia, 2016. Fields of Study Major Field: Electrical and Computer Engineering vii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................v Vita ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables................................................................................................................xiv List of Figures ..............................................................................................................xvi Chapter 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1 1.1 Localization with Passive Radar .............................................................................1 1.2 Aims of the Dissertation .........................................................................................3 1.3 Overview of the Dissertation ..................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Background Theory .........................................................................................5 2.1 Bistatic Radar Fundamentals ..................................................................................5 2.1.1 North-Referenced Coordinate System and Definitions of Bistatic Terms ..........6 2.1.2 Bistatic Radar Range Equation ....................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Bistatic Range and Doppler Resolutions ........................................................ 12 viii 2.1.4 Operational Differences between Monostatic and Bistatic Radar .................... 17 2.2 Bearing Estimation ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Linear Array .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Bearing Estimation Algorithms ...................................................................... 21 2.3 Evaluation of Error in Estimates ........................................................................... 25 2.3.1 General Formula for Error Propagation .......................................................... 25 2.3.2 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) ............................................................... 26 2.4 Sensor Fusion ....................................................................................................... 27 2.4.1 The Kalman Filter .......................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 The Extended Kalman Filter .......................................................................... 31 Chapter 3 Literature Review .......................................................................................... 32 3.1 Waveforms for Use in Passive Radar .................................................................... 32 3.2 Passive Localization Methods .............................................................................. 33 3.2.1 Passive Source Localization Methods ............................................................ 33 3.2.2 Multistatic Passive Radar Localization Methods ............................................ 34 3.3 Array-Based Localization ..................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4 DTV-Based Passive Radar ............................................................................. 38 4.1 Detection Range of DTV Passive Radar ............................................................... 38 4.2 Specifications of DTV Signals.............................................................................. 42 ix 4.3 Signal Processing Stages in DTV-Based Passive Radar ........................................ 44 4.3.1 Waveform Conditioning Processing ............................................................... 44 4.3.2 Direct Signal Interference Suppression........................................................... 47 4.3.3 Short-Time Cross-Correlation ........................................................................ 51 Chapter 5 Array-Based Localization .............................................................................. 58 5.1 Received Signal Model......................................................................................... 59 5.2 Bearing Estimation ............................................................................................... 64 5.3 Conversion to Cartesian Space ............................................................................. 67 Chapter 6 System Overview .........................................................................................
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