Study Guide Chp. 10, s.2

I. complete terms and names on page 272 1. What issue would divide the Muslim world following the death of Muhammad? 2. Who became the first caliph in 632? 3. What does the word caliph mean? 4. What did the first four caliphs use as a guide for leadership? What were they called? 5. After some abandoned Islam and others refused to pay taxes, what did Abu-Bakr invoke for the sake of Islam? 6. What meaning of Jihad did Abu-Bakr invoke? 7. By 750, how far did the Muslim empire stretch? 8. What two empires to the north were weakened and exhausted militarily because they had been in conflict for a long time? 9. Why did Muslims allow conquered peoples to follow their own religion? 10. Even though they could not spread their religions in the Muslim state, in what positions could Christians and Jews serve? 11. What happened in 656? What did this event start? 12. What happened in 661? What system died with the assassination of Ali? 13. What family came to power? 14. Where did they move the capital to? 15. Who felt the new capital was to far from their home lands? 16. What did the Umayyads surround themselves with? 17. For Shi’ites, who did the caliph need to be a descendent of ? 18. What did those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads become known as? 19. What kind of life did the Sufi pursue? 20. What group took control of the empire in 750? 21. What prince escaped the Abbasid slaughter of the Umayyads? 22. Where did this prince flee to? What did he set up? 23. What were the Muslims who settled Spain called? 24. How far did Berber armies advance before being halted? 25. At what battle were the Berbers halted? 26. Where did the Abbasids move the capital to in 762? 27. How did the Abbasids support their huge bureaucracy? 28. How long did the Abbasid caliphate last? 29. What caliphate began in North Africa by Shi’a Muslims? 30. What two major sea trading networks existed? 31. What did the land network connect? 32. What single language and currency did Muslim merchants need to travel the empire? 33. What letter of credit did banks offer to merchants? How did Europeans pronounce these letters? 34. What city of 200,000 persons in al-Andalus attracted poets, philosophers, and scientists?