Bourdet Dominic – Well Test Analysis. the Use of Advanced Interpretation
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Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production 3 Series Editor JOHN CUBITT ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York- Oxford - Paris San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney- Tokyo WELL TEST ANALYSIS: THE USE OF ADVANCED INTERPRETATION MODELS DOMINIQUE BOURDET Consultant, Paris, France 2002 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York- Oxford - Paris San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney- Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. 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Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external resale or distribution of such material. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a chapter. Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, at the fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2002 British Library CataloguinginPublication Data Bourdet, Dominique Well test analysis : the use of advanced interpretation models. - (Handbook of petroleum exploration and production ; 3) l.Oil wells - Testing - Data processing 2.Gas wells - Testing - Data processing I.Title 622.3'382 ISBN 0444509682 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bourdet, Dominique. Well test analysis : the use of advanced interpretation models / Dominique Bourdet.-- 1st ed. p. cm. -- (Handbook of petroleum exploration and production, ISSN 1567-8032 ; 3) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-444-50968-2 (alk. paper) 1. Oil wells--Testing. I. Title. II. Series. TN871 .B54 2002 622'.3382--dc21 2002026548 ISBN: 0-444-50968-2 ISSN: 1567-8032 (Series) Cover illustration by Jenny Ryrie 'White Sands; Moon' is by British artist Jenny Ryrie, who specialises in works on paper. The painting is one of a series inspired by the deserts of southern New Mexico, U.S.A. The artist exhibits internationally and can be contacted at: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1244 881 078. The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. PREFACE During the last two decades, well test analysis techniques have changed significantly. With the introduction of high accuracy pressure measurements and powerful computers, information that is more accurate and useful is extracted from well tests. The new interpretation methods, using the derivative of the pressure, magnify the characteristic features of the many different types of wells and reservoirs, including groundwater hydrogeology systems. Due to the improved diagnosis of well test data, the number of theoretical solutions available to the interpretation engineer is expanding all the time. Today well test interpretation computer programs offer a wide range of complex well and reservoir configurations for the analysis of pressure transient test responses. This book covers all aspects of well test analysis for the today's engineer who has access to powerful computers. The most recent advanced interpretation models are presented in detail and their application to field measurements is documented. Practical analyses of well test data is thoroughly discussed. Should the recorded test data deviate from the theory due to operational conditions, guidelines are established for proper analysis. The basic well test analysis technique and the associated theory have been abundantly discussed in the literature and they are simply summarized here. Focus is placed on computerized interpretation of complex systems. With this book, well test interpretation engineers will not only find answers to the different questions encountered in the course of analysis, but also gain a better understanding of the physical process involved, and the meaning and limitations of the results. The interpretation methodology is briefly presented in the two first Chapters. In Chapter 1, the different types of tests are described, several typical well pressure responses are documented, and the usual well test analysis terminology is introduced. Chapter 2 presents the various interpretation techniques, and defines the limitations of the different methods. In Chapters 3 to 5, the basic interpretation models are reviewed for well, reservoir and boundary conditions. The analysis of interference tests is described in Chapter 6. The interpretation methods and models are presented from Chapter 1 to 6 for a single-phase liquid flow (oil or water), tests in gas and multiphase reservoirs are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. In Chapter 9, the analysis of different type of tests, such as drill stem tests, single well vertical interference tests, is explained. Several factors complicating well test analysis are discussed in the conclusion Chapter 10, together with a summary of the test interpretation methodology. vi All figures and equations are presented in the usual oil field system of units, which is still currently used in the industry despite numerous attempts to have a metric system accepted. In the Appendix, the equations are presented with the practical metric system. Several field examples presented in this book have been published in technical articles. The test data and interpretation analysis results are available in the website http://www, else vier. c om/lo c ate/we 1lte st. A lot of the material presented in this book is based on discussions with many well test interpretation specialists during the last 25 years. In particular, I want to thank Alain Gringarten for the many comments and his encouragement during the preparation of this work, and Piers Johnson for the complete revision of the book. Two interpretation software packages have been used for the preparation of the Figures: PIE of WTS and SAPHIR of KAPPA Engineering. Paris, December 2001 Dominique Bourdet has worked over 25 years with Oil and Gas Industry. He is the author of several publications on different aspects of well test analysis. His main research interest is in the analysis of fissured reservoirs. He developed the pressure derivative analysis method that became a standard in the Industry. He has been involved in the research of new well test analysis techniques, in the technical support to field operations, and in the development of well test interpretation software packages. He is an Independent Consultant, specializing in the design, supervision, and interpretation of well tests in unconventional systems. During the last twenty years, he has continuously taught well test interpretation in the Industry and in Universities. vii CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSIENT TESTING ................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Description of a well test ........................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Typical flow regimes ....................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Types of