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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9031074 The institutionalization of Aimee Semple McPherson: A study in the rhetoric of social intervention Grindstaff, Roy Arthur, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1990 Copyright ©1990 by Grindstaff, Roy Arthur. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF AIMEE SEMPLE McPHERSON: A STUDY IN THE RHETORIC OF SOCIAL INTERVENTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Roy Arthur Grindstaff, B.A., M.A., M.Div. ***** The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee Approved By William R. Brown Goodwin F. Berquist U' Adviserjv Joseph M. Foley Department of Communication Paul C. Bowers Copyright © by Roy A. Grindstaff 1990 AIMEE SEMPLE McPHERSON, aged forty-five, photograph taken in 1935 To My Wife and Children ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr. William R. Brown for his guidance, insight and support throughout this research. Special gratitude goes to Dr. Goodwin Berquist for his support and suggestions along the way. Thanks goes to Drs. Paul C. Bowers and Joseph M. Foley for their sugges tions and comments. Graditude is expressed to Anna Swartz, Librarian at L.I.F.E. Bible College, Los Angeles, for her assistance in gathering materials; to Dr. Harold Helms, pastor of Angelus Temple, Charles Duarte, Chairman of the Heritage Committee, and Dorothy Jean Furlong, for personal interviews; and to Dennis S. Luna, Program Director, and the staff of Mount Vernon Developmental Center who provided time to complete this project. Thanks goes to Dr. Duarte and the Heritage Committee for permission to reprint the portrait of Aimee Semple McPherson in the Frontpiece, the Foursquare Logo, words to hymn, Why Are They Whipping My Jesus, adver tisement from Bridal Call, "Soul Saving Stations Around the World," and the poem, Birthday Tribute. The technical assistance of Susan McDonald is gratefully acknowledged. To my wife, Loris, I offer sincere thanks for your unshakable faith in me and your patience in enduring the process of my endeavors. To my children, Roy, Yolonda, and Benjamin, I thank you for your understanding my preoccupation, and for your being my cheering section. To my friends and family thanks for the encouragement and support. VITA January 18, 1946 ........ Born - Cambridge, Ohio 1972 ..................... B.A., Biblical Literature Olivet Nazarene University, Kankakee, Illinois 1973 ..................... M.A., Religion Olivet Nazarene University, Kankakee, Illinois 1969 - 1973 ............. Pastor, Foursquare Gospel Church, Bradley, Illinois 1973 - 1974 ............. Pastor, Community Foursquare Church, Royal Oak, Michigan 1974 - 1977 ............. Pastor, Sugartree Ridge Circuit United Methodist Church, Hillsboro, Ohio 1977 ..................... Master of Divinity Asbury Theological Seminary Wilmore, Kentucky 1977 - 1978 ............. Professor Mount Vernon Bible College Mount Vernon, Ohio 1977 - 1982 ............. Pastor, United Methodist Church New Guilford, West Carlisle, Ohio 1985 ..................... Adjunct Professor Central Ohio Technical College Newark, Ohio 1985 - 1986 .............Adjunct Professor Mount Vernon Bible College Mount Vernon, Ohio 1986, 1988 .............. Adjunct Professor Mount Vernon Nazarene College Mount Vernon, Ohio 1978 - Present Administrative Chaplain Mount Vernon Developmental Center Mount Vernon, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Communication Studies in: Rhetoric, Religious Communications Drs. Willianf^R. Brown, Goodwin Berquist, John MaKay, James Golden. Communication Theory Drs. Victor D. Wall, Donald Cegala, Alan Sillars. Telecommunication Drs. Joseph M. Foley Thom McCain Steven R. Acker. Major Field: Religion: Religious Philosophy Drs. George Pappas Tamar Rudavsky Moral Development Dr. Donald Joy Biblical Literature Drs. Robert Traina George Herbert Livingstone William Woodruff Practical Theology Drs. Frank Bateman Stanger Donald Demaray Jerry Mercer v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................... iii VITA ............ iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................ ix CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Introduction .......................... 1 Pentecostalism ................................... 2 Charismatic Personality ......................... 4 Justification for Study .............................. 6 Limitations .......................... *.............. 11 Literature Review ........ 12 Search for Literature .......................... 13 Evaluation of Prior Research ................... 19 Review of Primary Literature \................... 26 Significant Secondary Literature .............. 31 Statement of Problem ....... 34 The Servant ..................................... 34 The Campaigner .................................. 35 The Builder ...................................... 36 The Legend ....................................... 37 Questions ............................................ 38 Summary .............................................. 39 II. METHODOLOGY .......................................... 41 Introduction ......................................... 41 History and Rhetoric ............................ 42 History and Theory .............................. 46 Rhetoric of Social Intervention .................... 48 Attention Switching ............................. 50 Ideology ......................................... 54 Need ............................................. 57 Power ............................................ 60 Point of Entry ....................................... 64 III. THE HANDMAIDEN OF THE LORD ......................... 66 Development of the Evangelist ...................... 66 vi Worldview of the Evangelist ........................ 90 What it Meant to be Pentecostal ............... 90 Powershares in Pentecostal Groups ............. 93 The Saved and the Baptized .................. 93 The Faithful ................................. 94 The Called ................................... 95 The Called and Gifted ....................... 96 The Full Gospel ................................. 99 Salvation .................................... 99 Baptism In The Holy Spirit ................ 100 Divine Healing .............................. 103 The Second Coming of Jesus ........................ 104 Need and The Evangelist ........................... 106 The Need to Belong ............................ 106 The Need for Identity ,........................ 109 The Need for Security...... 112 The Need for Purpose .......................... 114 Summary ............................................. 116 Notes ............................................... 118 IV. THE FEMALE BILLY SUNDAY ...................... 122 Introduction ........................................ 122 Initiating the Institution ..................... 124 Development of Roles and Relationships ....... 124 Prescriptions of Roles and Relationships .... 133 Developing Reinforcements and Sanctions ...... 147 Conventionalization of the Institution ........... 164 Establishment of Custom and Expectation in the Temple ............. 169 Breach of Conformity in the Disappearance .... 179 Summary ............................................. 201 Notes ............................................... 203 V. EVERYBODY'S SISTER ................................. 206 Introduction ........................................ 206 Institutionalization and Expectation ............. 210 The Challenge of Lifestyle .................... 210 The Challenge of the Model for the Church .... 223 The Challenge of Principle ..... 237 The Purpose of the Church ..................... 251 The Institutionalization Process .................. 263 Institutionalization and the Legendary Leader ...................................... 266 Institutionalization and Communicating Through Power ............................... 270