Retinoblastoma
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The Retinoblastoma Tumor-Suppressor Gene, the Exception That Proves the Rule
Oncogene (2006) 25, 5233–5243 & 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/06 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc REVIEW The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, the exception that proves the rule DW Goodrich Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (Rb1)is transmission of one mutationally inactivated Rb1 allele centrally important in cancer research. Mutational and loss of the remaining wild-type allele in somatic inactivation of Rb1 causes the pediatric cancer retino- retinal cells. Hence hereditary retinoblastoma typically blastoma, while deregulation ofthe pathway in which it has an earlier onset and a greater number of tumor foci functions is common in most types of human cancer. The than sporadic retinoblastoma where both Rb1 alleles Rb1-encoded protein (pRb) is well known as a general cell must be inactivated in somatic retinal cells. To this day, cycle regulator, and this activity is critical for pRb- Rb1 remains an exception among cancer-associated mediated tumor suppression. The main focus of this genes in that its mutation is apparently both necessary review, however, is on more recent evidence demonstrating and sufficient, or at least rate limiting, for the genesis of the existence ofadditional, cell type-specific pRb func- a human cancer. The simple genetics of retinoblastoma tions in cellular differentiation and survival. These has spawned the hope that a complete molecular additional functions are relevant to carcinogenesis sug- understanding of the Rb1-encoded protein (pRb) would gesting that the net effect of Rb1 loss on the behavior of lead to deeper insight into the processes of neoplastic resulting tumors is highly dependent on biological context. -
Central Nervous System Cancers Panel Members Can Be Found on Page 1151
1114 NCCN David Tran, MD, PhD; Nam Tran, MD, PhD; Frank D. Vrionis, MD, MPH, PhD; Patrick Y. Wen, MD; Central Nervous Nicole McMillian, MS; and Maria Ho, PhD System Cancers Overview In 2013, an estimated 23,130 people in the United Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology States will be diagnosed with primary malignant brain Louis Burt Nabors, MD; Mario Ammirati, MD, MBA; and other central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms.1 Philip J. Bierman, MD; Henry Brem, MD; Nicholas Butowski, MD; These tumors will be responsible for approximately Marc C. Chamberlain, MD; Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD; 14,080 deaths. The incidence of primary brain tumors Robert A. Fenstermaker, MD; Allan Friedman, MD; Mark R. Gilbert, MD; Deneen Hesser, MSHSA, RN, OCN; has been increasing over the past 30 years, especially in Matthias Holdhoff, MD, PhD; Larry Junck, MD; elderly persons.2 Metastatic disease to the CNS occurs Ronald Lawson, MD; Jay S. Loeffler, MD; Moshe H. Maor, MD; much more frequently, with an estimated incidence ap- Paul L. Moots, MD; Tara Morrison, MD; proximately 10 times that of primary brain tumors. An Maciej M. Mrugala, MD, PhD, MPH; Herbert B. Newton, MD; Jana Portnow, MD; Jeffrey J. Raizer, MD; Lawrence Recht, MD; estimated 20% to 40% of patients with systemic cancer Dennis C. Shrieve, MD, PhD; Allen K. Sills Jr, MD; will develop brain metastases.3 Abstract Please Note Primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system are The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with varied outcomes and (NCCN Guidelines®) are a statement of consensus of the management strategies. -
Late Effects Among Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Leukemia in the Netherlands: a Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group Report
0031-3998/95/3805-0802$03.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 38, No.5, 1995 Copyright © 1995 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Late Effects among Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Leukemia in The Netherlands: A Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group Report A. VAN DER DOES-VAN DEN BERG, G. A. M. DE VAAN, J. F. VAN WEERDEN, K. HAHLEN, M. VAN WEEL-SIPMAN, AND A. J. P. VEERMAN Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group,' The Hague, The Netherlands A.8STRAC ' Late events and side effects are reported in 392 children cured urogenital, or gastrointestinal tract diseases or an increased vul of leukemia. They originated from 1193 consecutively newly nerability of the musculoskeletal system was found. However, diagnosed children between 1972 and 1982, in first continuous prolonged follow-up is necessary to study the full-scale late complete remission for at least 6 y after diagnosis, and were effects of cytostatic treatment and radiotherapy administered treated according to Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group during childhood. (Pediatr Res 38: 802-807, 1995) protocols (70%) or institutional protocols (30%), all including cranial irradiation for CNS prophylaxis. Data on late events (relapses, death in complete remission, and second malignancies) Abbreviations were collected prospectively after treatment; late side effects ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia were retrospectively collected by a questionnaire, completed by ANLL, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia the responsible pediatrician. The event-free survival of the 6-y CCR, continuous first complete remission survivors at 15 y after diagnosis was 92% (±2%). Eight late DCLSG, Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group relapses and nine second malignancies were diagnosed, two EFS, event free survival children died in first complete remission of late toxicity of HR, high risk treatment, and one child died in a car accident. -
The Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on Social Competence: an Investigation Into the First Three Months of Treatment
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2010 The Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on Social Competence: An Investigation into the First Three Months of Treatment Rachel L. Duchoslav Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Duchoslav, Rachel L., "The Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on Social Competence: An Investigation into the First Three Months of Treatment" (2010). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 549. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/549 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF PEDIATRIC ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ON SOCIAL COMPETENCE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FIRST THREE MONTHS OF TREATMENT by Rachel L. Duchoslav A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Psychology Approved: Clinton E. Field, Ph.D. J. Dennis Odell, M.D. Major Professor Committee Member M. Scott DeBerard, Ph. D. Byron R. Burnham, Ed.D. Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2010 ii Copyright © Rachel L. Duchoslav 2010 All rights reserved iii ABSTRACT The Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on Social Competence: An Investigation into the First Three Months of Treatment by Rachel L. Duchoslav, Master of Science Utah State University, 2010 Major Professor: Clinton E. -
Health | Childhood Cancer America's Children and the Environment
Health | Childhood Cancer Childhood Cancer Cancer is not a single disease, but includes a variety of malignancies in which abnormal cells divide in an uncontrolled manner. These cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can migrate by way of the blood or lymph systems to other parts of the body.1 The most common childhood cancers are leukemias (cancers of the white blood cells) and cancers of the brain or central nervous system, which together account for more than half of new childhood cancer cases.2 Cancer in childhood is rare compared with cancer in adults, but still causes more deaths than any factor, other than injuries, among children from infancy to age 15 years.2 The annual incidence of childhood cancer has increased slightly over the last 30 years; however, mortality has declined significantly for many cancers due largely to improvements in treatment.2,3 Part of the increase in incidence may be explained by better diagnostic imaging or changing classification of tumors, specifically brain tumors.4 However, the President’s Cancer Panel recently concluded that the causes of the increased incidence of childhood cancers are not fully understood, and cannot be explained solely by the introduction of better diagnostic techniques. The Panel also concluded that genetics cannot account for this rapid change. The proportion of this increase caused by environmental factors has not yet been determined.5 The causes of cancer in children are poorly understood, though in general it is thought that different forms of cancer have different causes. According to scientists at the National Cancer Institute, established risk factors for the development of childhood cancer include family history, specific genetic syndromes (such as Down syndrome), high levels of radiation, and certain pharmaceutical agents used in chemotherapy.4,6 A number of studies suggest that environmental contaminants may play a role in the development of childhood cancers. -
Biology and Disease Associations of Epstein±Barr Virus
doi 10.1098/rstb.2000.0783 Biology and disease associations of Epstein±Barr virus Dorothy H. Crawford Division of Biomedical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Edinburgh University Medical School,Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH89AG, UK ([email protected]) Epstein^Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus which infects almost all of the world's population subclinically during childhood and thereafter remains in the body for life. The virus colonizes antibody- producing (B) cells, which, as relatively long-lived resting cells, are an ideal site for long-term residence. Here EBV evades recognition and destruction by cytotoxic Tcells. EBV is passed to naive hosts in saliva, but how the virus gains access to this route of transmission is not entirely clear. EBVcarries a set of latent genes that, when expressed in resting B cells, induce cell proliferation and thereby increase the chances of successful virus colonization of the B-cell system during primary infection and the establishment of persis- tence. However, if this cell proliferation is not controlled, or if it is accompanied by additional genetic events within the infected cell, it can lead to malignancy. Thus EBV acts as a step in the evolution of an ever-increasing list of malignancies which are broadly of lymphoid or epithelial cell origin. In some of these, such as B-lymphoproliferative disease in the immunocompromised host, the role of the virus is central and well de¢ned; in others, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, essential cofactors have been identi¢ed which act in concert with EBV in the evolution of the malignant clone. -
Interplay Between Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Environmental Xenobiotic Exposure in Cancer Francisco Aguayo1* , Enrique Boccardo2, Alejandro Corvalán3, Gloria M
Aguayo et al. Infectious Agents and Cancer (2021) 16:50 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-021-00391-2 REVIEW Open Access Interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection and environmental xenobiotic exposure in cancer Francisco Aguayo1* , Enrique Boccardo2, Alejandro Corvalán3, Gloria M. Calaf4,5 and Rancés Blanco6 Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Both B cells and epithelial cells are susceptible and permissive to EBV infection. However, considering that 90% of the human population is persistently EBV-infected, with a minority of them developing cancer, additional factors are necessary for tumor development. Xenobiotics such as tobacco smoke (TS) components, pollutants, pesticides, and food chemicals have been suggested as cofactors involved in EBV-associated cancers. In this review, the suggested mechanisms by which xenobiotics cooperate with EBV for carcinogenesis are discussed. Additionally, a model is proposed in which xenobiotics, which promote oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage, regulate EBV replication, promoting either the maintenance of viral genomes or lytic activation, ultimately leading to cancer. Interactions between EBV and xenobiotics represent an opportunity to identify mechanisms by which this virus is involved in carcinogenesis and may, in turn, suggest both prevention and control strategies for EBV-associated cancers. Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus, environmental, cancer Introduction persistently infects approximately 90% of the world Approximately 13% of the cancer burden worldwide is population [5]. This virus establishes latent persistent in- etiologically related to viral infections with variations de- fections in B cells and is transmitted via nasopharyngeal pending on sociodemographic factors [1, 2]. The long- secretions [6]. -
Pearls and Forget-Me-Nots in the Management of Retinoblastoma
POSTERIOR SEGMENT ONCOLOGY FEATURE STORY Pearls and Forget-Me-Nots in the Management of Retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma represents approximately 4% of all pediatric malignancies and is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. BY CAROL L. SHIELDS, MD he management of retinoblastoma has gradu- ular malignancy in children.1-3 It is estimated that 250 to ally evolved over the years from enucleation to 300 new cases of retinoblastoma are diagnosed in the radiotherapy to current techniques of United States each year, and 5,000 cases are found world- chemotherapy. Eyes with massive retinoblas- Ttoma filling the globe are still managed with enucleation, TABLE 1. INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF whereas those with small, medium, or even large tumors RETINOBLASTOMA (ICRB) can be managed with chemoreduction followed by Group Quick Reference Specific Features tumor consolidation with thermotherapy or cryotherapy. A Small tumor Rb <3 mm* Despite multiple or large tumors, visual acuity can reach B Larger tumor Rb >3 mm* or ≥20/40 in many cases, particularly in eyes with extrafoveal retinopathy, and facial deformities that have Macula Macular Rb location been found following external beam radiotherapy are not (<3 mm to foveola) anticipated following chemoreduction. Recurrence from Juxtapapillary Juxtapapillary Rb location subretinal and vitreous seeds can be problematic. Long- (<1.5 mm to disc) term follow-up for second cancers is advised. Subretinal fluid Rb with subretinal fluid Most of us can only remember a few interesting points C Focal seeds Rb with: from a lecture, even if was delivered by an outstanding, Subretinal seeds <3 mm from Rb colorful speaker. Likewise, we generally retain only a small and/or percentage of the information that we read, even if writ- Vitreous seeds <3 mm ten by the most descriptive or lucent author. -
Inhibitors of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Downregulate MYCN Protein Expression and Inhibit Neuroblastoma Growth in Vitro and in Vivo
Oncogene (2008) 27, 2910–2922 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/08 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE Inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin downregulate MYCN protein expression and inhibit neuroblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo JI Johnsen1,6, L Segerstro¨ m1,6, A Orrego2, L Elfman1, M Henriksson3,BKa˚ gedal4, S Eksborg1, B Sveinbjo¨ rnsson1,5 and P Kogner1 1Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Division of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linko¨ping University, Sweden and 5Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Tromso¨, Tromso¨, Norway Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown the most common and deadly solid tumor of childhood to play an important function in cell proliferation, (Brodeur, 2003). Amplification of the MYCN oncogene metabolism and tumorigenesis, and proteins that regulate is associated with rapid tumor progression and fre- signaling through mTOR are frequently altered in human quently detected in advanced-stage neuroblastoma, but cancers. In this study we investigated the phosphorylation is also a major negative prognostic factor in localized status of key proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway tumors (Schwab et al., 2003). Advanced-stage tumors and the effects of the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and and those with MYCN amplification show typically CCI-779 on neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Significant emergence of treatment resistance, and alternative expression of activated AKT and mTOR were detected treatment strategies for these patients are therefore in all primary neuroblastoma tissue samples investigated, urgently needed. -
Metabolic Profiling of the Three Neural Derived Embryonal Pediatric Tumors
Metabolic profiling of the three neural derived embryonal pediatric tumors retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, identifies distinct metabolic profiles Kohe, Sarah; Bennett, Christopher; Gill, Simrandip; Wilson, Martin; McConville, Carmel; Peet, Andrew DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24168 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Kohe, SE, Bennett, CD, Gill, SK, Wilson, M, McConville, C & Peet, AC 2018, 'Metabolic profiling of the three neural derived embryonal pediatric tumors retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, identifies distinct metabolic profiles', OncoTarget, vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 11336-11351. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24168 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. -
Approved Cancer Drugs for Children
U.S. FOOD & DRUG li1 ADMINISTRATION Approved Cancer Drugs for Children Amy Barone, MD, MSCI March 15, 2019 Frequent Criticism: Too few drugs approved for pediatric cancer “Since 1980, only 4 drugs have been approved for the first instance for use in children.” - Coalition Against Childhood Cancer “In the last 20 years, only two new drugs have been approved that were specifically developed to treat children with cancer.” – St. Baldricks “Over the past 20 years, the FDA has approved about 190 new cancer treatments for adults but only three for children.” USA Today “Since 1980, fewer than 10 drugs have been developed for use in children with cancer. Only three drugs have been approved for use in children. Only four additional new drugs have been approved for use by both adults and children.” - National Pediatric Cancer Foundation “15 oncology drugs were approved by the FDA for pediatric use between 1948 and 2003.” – Managed Care “From 1980 to 2017, only 11 drugs (already approved in adults) have been approved to use in children with cancer” - Coalition Against Childhood Cancer 2 Question: How many drugs are FDA approved to treat pediatric cancer? • A: 11 • B: 34 • C: 4 • D: 15 3 “There’s no tragedy in life like the death of a child.” - Dwight D. Eisenhower 4 Antitoxin Contamination • Early 1900s – Animal anti-sera given to patients with cholera, typhoid, etc. • A Horse named “Jim” – Contaminated serum – Anti-toxin resulted in deaths of 13 children • Second incident – Contaminated smallpox vaccine killed 9 children Laws Enacted 1902 – Biologics Control Act 1906 – Pure Food and Drug Act 6 Elixir Sulfanilamide Tragedy O ' 7 Law Enacted The Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FDC) Act of 1938 8 Thalidomide T~~:••~ ~ . -
1P36 Tumor Suppression—A Matter of Dosage?
Published OnlineFirst November 20, 2012; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2230 Cancer Review Research 1p36 Tumor Suppression—A Matter of Dosage? Kai-Oliver Henrich, Manfred Schwab, and Frank Westermann Abstract A broad range of human malignancies is associated with nonrandom 1p36 deletions, suggesting the existence of tumor suppressors encoded in this region. Evidence for tumor-specific inactivation of 1p36 genes in the classic "two-hit" manner is scarce; however, many tumor suppressors do not require complete inactivation but contribute to tumorigenesis by partial impairment. We discuss recent data derived from both human tumors and functional cancer models indicating that the 1p36 genes CHD5, CAMTA1, KIF1B, CASZ1, and miR-34a contribute to cancer development when reduced in dosage by genomic copy number loss or other mechanisms. We explore potential interactions among these candidates and propose a model where heterozygous 1p36 deletion impairs oncosuppressive pathways via simultaneous downregulation of several dosage-dependent tumor suppressor genes. Cancer Res; 72(23); 1–10. Ó2012 AACR. Introduction (Fig. 1; refs. 1, 17–29). Despite extensive 1p36 candidate gene Deletions of the distal short arm of chromosome 1 (1p) are sequence analyses, success was limited for identifying tumor- fi frequently observed in a broad range of human cancers, speci c mutations in neuroblastomas or other malignancies, including breast cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, which led some to conclude that a deletion mapping approach pheochromocytoma, thyroid cancer, hepatocellular cancer, was unlikely to deliver tumor suppressor genes. Many tumor colorectal cancer, lung cancer, glioma, meningioma, neuro- suppressor genes, however, do not require inactivation in a blastoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, rhabdomyosar- classic "two-hit" manner but contribute to tumor development coma, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and when their dosage is reduced, sometimes only subtly, by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1, 2).