Schools, Seismicity and Retrofitting
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Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING PERSISTAH Project (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva) BOOK REVIEW SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING PERSISTAH Project (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva) Antonio Morales Esteban, Emilio Romero Sánchez, Beatriz Zapico Blanco, María Victoria Requena García de la Cruz, Jaime de Miguel Rodríguez and João Estêvão Sevilla 2021 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Collection Ediciones especiales Editorial Committee Araceli López Serena (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla Director) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Elena Leal Abad Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) (Deputy Director) Concepción Barrero Rodríguez Rafael Fernández Chacón María Gracia García Martín Ana Ilundáin Larrañeta María del Pópulo Pablo-Romero Gil-Delgado Manuel Padilla Cruz Marta Palenque Sánchez María Eugenia Petit-Breuilh Sepúlveda José-Leonardo Ruiz Sánchez Antonio Tejedor Cabrera All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or me- chanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla). This work has been developed within the framework of the PERSISTAH project, Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos Seismos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva (0313_PERSISTAH_5_P), developed jointly by the universities of the Algarve and Seville and funded by the European Commission through the call EP – INTERREG VA Spain Portugal (POCTEP). Cover design: Emilio Romero Sánchez © Editorial Universidad de Sevilla 2021 c/ Porvenir, 27 - 41013 Sevilla Tlf. 954 487 447; 954 487 451 - Fax 954 487 443 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Web: <https://editorial.us.es> © Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 2021 © Antonio Morales Esteban (Universidad de Sevilla), Emilio Romero Sánchez (Universidad de Se- villa), Beatriz Zapico Blanco (Universidad de Sevilla), María Victoria Requena García de la Cruz (Universidad de Sevilla), Jaime de Miguel Rodríguez (Universidad de Sevilla) and João Estêvão (Universidade do Algarve) 2021 ISBN-e: 978-84-472-3122-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447231225 Layout and digital edition: Dosgraphic, S.L. ([email protected]) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SUMARY Summary Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Symbols ...................................................................................... 11 Abbreviations ............................................................................... 13 Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................... 15 1.1. Project objective and justification ................................................... 17 1.2. Main outcomes of the project ......................................................... 18 1.3. Document structure ....................................................................... 20 Chapter 2. Seismic hazard in the Algarve-Huelva Region .............. 21 2.1. The Algarve-Huelva Region .......................................................... 21 2.2. The impact of soil type on seismic hazard ....................................... 24 2.3. Seismic hazard in Spain .................................................................. 24 2.3.1. Chronological evolution of seismic building codes in Spain .. 25 7 2.3.2. Mandatory code in Spain ...................................................... 26 2.3.2.1. The Seismic Building Code (NCSE02) .................... 26 2.3.2.2. Update of the seismic hazard maps ........................... 32 2.3.3. Recommended code: Eurocode 8 ......................................... 34 2.3.3.1. Determining the response spectrum ......................... 35 2.3.3.2. Spanish National Annex ........................................... 37 2.4. Seismic hazard in Portugal .............................................................. 38 2.4.1. Historical seismic codes: Decree law no. 235/83 .................... 38 2.4.1.1. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis .......................... 38 2.4.1.2. Determination of seismic action .............................. 39 2.4.2. Mandatory code: Eurocode 8 ................................................ 39 2.4.2.1. Construction of the response spectrum .................... 40 2.4.2.2. Portuguese National Annex ..................................... 40 2.5. Comparison of seismic hazard in the Algarve-Huelva region ........... 42 Chapter 3. Characterisation of schools .......................................... 47 3.1. Sources of information ................................................................... 47 3.1.1. Creation of the database ....................................................... 48 3.1.2. Creation of building specification sheets ............................... 48 3.1.3. Questionnaires sent to schools .............................................. 51 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING 3.2. School buildings characterisation process ........................................ 53 3.2.1. Classification according to structural system and year of construction ..................................................................... 53 3.2.2. Classification according to geometry and volumetry ............. 54 3.2.2.1. Compact type buildings ........................................... 55 Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 3.2.2.2. Linear type buildings ............................................... 58 Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 3.2.2.3. Intersection buildings .............................................. 60 3.2.2.4. Prism buildings ........................................................ 64 3.2.2.5. Juxtaposed buildings ................................................ 64 3.2.3. Sports facilites ...................................................................... 65 3.3. Characterisation of masonry buildings ............................................ 65 3.4. Characterisation of reinforced concrete frame buildings .................. 71 3.4.1. Date of construction and regulations ..................................... 71 3.4.2. Area and height .................................................................... 73 3.4.3. Slabs ..................................................................................... 73 3.4.4. Column and beams .............................................................. 74 3.4.5. Infill walls ............................................................................. 75 3.4.6. Irregularities ......................................................................... 76 3.4.7. Subtypes ............................................................................... 76 8 3.4.7.1. Square footprint ...................................................... 76 3.4.7.2. Rectangular footprint .............................................. 77 3.4.7.3. Intersection ............................................................. 79 3.4.7.4. Irregular .................................................................. 80 Chapter 4. Structural safety analysis ............................................. 81 4.1. Method .......................................................................................... 81 4.2. Capacity analysis ............................................................................. 82 4.3. Performance point .......................................................................... 84 4.3.1. N2 Method .......................................................................... 84 4.3.1.1. Implementation in the PERSISTAH software .......... 85 4.3.2. Capacity-demand spectrum method ..................................... 91 4.3.2.1. Implementation in the PERSISTAH software .......... 93 4.4. Structural damage analysis .............................................................. 93 Chapter 5. PERSISTAH Software ................................................ 99 5.1. Schools module .............................................................................. 100 5.1.1. Menu: School ....................................................................... 100 5.1.2. Menu: School buildings ........................................................ 103 5.1.3. Importing capacity curves ..................................................... 104 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SUMARY 5.2. Seismic action module .................................................................... 104 5.3. Damage module ............................................................................. 106 5.3.1. Operation ............................................................................ 106 5.3.2. Obtaining the School-score .................................................. 108 Chapter 6. Sismic retrofitting strategies ........................................ 109 Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 6.1. International context ...................................................................... 110 6.1.1. ATC-40 ..............................................................................