Schools, Seismicity and Retrofitting

Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING

PERSISTAH Project (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva)

BOOK REVIEW SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.)

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.)

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING

PERSISTAH Project (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva)

Antonio Morales Esteban, Emilio Romero Sánchez, Beatriz Zapico Blanco, María Victoria Requena García de la Cruz, Jaime de Miguel Rodríguez and João Estêvão

Sevilla 2021 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) © © © Cover design: EmilioRomero Sánchez EP –INTERREG VA Spain Portugal (POCTEP). the universities ofthe Algarve andSeville andfundedby theEuropean Commissionthrough thecall Resilientes aosSeismosno Território do edeHuelvaAlgarve This work hasbeen developed withinthe framework ofthePERSISTAH project, Universidadpublisher deSevilla). (Editorial ofthe chanical methods, permission written withouttheprior including photocopying, recording, orotherelectronic orme duced, distributed, orby ortransmittedinany form means, reserved.All rights ofthispublication may Nopart berepro Antonio TejedorCabrera José-Leonardo RuizSánchez EugeniaPetit-BreuilhMaría Sepúlveda PalenqueMarta Sánchez Manuel Padilla Cruz delPópuloMaría Pablo-Romero Gil-Delgado Ana IlundáinLarrañeta GraciaGarcía Martín María Chacón Fernández Rafael Concepción Barrero Rodríguez (Deputy Director) Leal Abad Elena Universidad deSevilla(Editorial Director) Araceli LópezSerena Editorial Committee Collection Edicionesespeciales Layout edition: anddigital DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447231225 ISBN-e: 978-84-472-3122-5 Antonio MoralesEsteban(Universidad deSevilla), EmilioRomero Sánchez(Universidad deSe ZapicoBlanco(coord.) 2021 Beatriz Web: electrónico:Correo [email protected] Tlf. 954487447; 954487451-Fax 954487443 c/ Porvenir, 27-41013Sevilla Universidad deSevillaEditorial 2021 (Universidade do Algarve) 2021 (Universidad deSevilla), (Universidad Jaime deSevilla) deMiguelRodríguez andJoão Estêvão villa), ZapicoBlanco(Universidad deSevilla), Beatriz María RequenaGarcía delaCruz Victoria

Dosgraphic, S.L. ([email protected])

(0313_PERSISTAH_5_P), developed jointlyby - - Projetos deEscolas SUMARY -

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 2.5. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. Chapter 2. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. Chapter 1. Abbreviations Symbols 3.1. Chapter 3. Region Algarve-Huelva The structure Document

3.1.3. 3.1.2. 3.1.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.1. 2.3.3. 2.3.2. 2.3.1. Comparison ofseismichazard inthe Comparison Algarve-Huelva region Seismic hazard inPortugal Seismic hazard inSpain The impactofsoiltypeonseismichazard Main outcomesoftheproject Project objective andjustification Sources ofinformation ......

2.4.2.2. 2.4.2.1. 2.4.1.2. 2.4.1.1. 2.3.3.2. 2.3.3.1. 2.3.2.2. 2.3.2.1. Questionnaires senttoschools Creation ofbuilding specificationsheets Creation ofthedatabase code:Mandatory Eurocode 8 seismiccodes:Historical Decree law no. 235/83 Recommended code: Eurocode 8 codeinSpain Mandatory Chronological evolution ofseismicbuilding codesinSpain Characterisation ofschools Characterisation Seismic hazard inthe Algarve-Huelva Region Introduction ...... otgee ainl Annex National Portuguese Annex National Spanish

Construction oftheresponse spectrum Construction ofseismicaction Determination Probabilistic seismichazard analysis Determining theresponse spectrum Determining Update oftheseismichazard maps The SeismicBuildingCode(NCSE02) ...... Summary ......

15 13 11 47 21 51 48 48 39 38 34 26 47 42 40 40 39 38 38 37 35 32 26 25 24 24 21 20 18 17 7 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Chapter 5. 4.4. 4.3. 4.2. 4.1. Chapter 4. 3.2. 5.1. 3.4. 3.3. point Performance analysis Capacity Method col module Schools

5.1.3. 5.1.2. 5.1.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.1. 3.4.7. 3.4.6. 3.4.5. 3.4.4. 3.4.3. 3.4.2. 3.4.1. 3.2.3. 3.2.2. 3.2.1. Structural damageanalysis Structural processSchool buildings characterisation Characterisation ofreinforced concreteCharacterisation framebuildings buildings ofmasonry Characterisation School Menu: Method N2 Subtypes Irregularities Slabs facilites Sports 4.3.2.1. 4.3.1.1. 3.4.7.4. 3.4.7.3. 3.4.7.2. 3.4.7.1. 3.2.2.5. 3.2.2.4. 3.2.2.3. 3.2.2.2. 3.2.2.1. Importing capacitycurves Importing Menu: Schoolbuildings method Capacity-demand spectrum Infill walls Column andbeams Area andheight andregulations Date ofconstruction and Classification according togeometry volumetry of construction systemand Classification according tostructural year PERSISTAH Software safetyanalysis Structural ...... Irregular Intersection footprint Rectangular footprint Square buildings Juxtaposed buildings Prism buildings Intersection Implementation inthePERSISTAH software Implementation inthePERSISTAH software Linear typebuildings Compact typebuildings ...... SUMARY

104 103 100 100 99 81 64 64 91 84 80 79 76 76 76 75 74 73 73 71 65 53 60 58 55 53 93 93 85 84 82 81 77 71 65 54 8

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) List oftables References Chapter 7. 6.4. 6.3. 6.2. 6.1. Chapter 6. 5.3. 5.2. List offigures buildings Masonry context International module Damage 6.3.2. 6.3.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.1. 6.1.3. 6.1.2. 6.1.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.1. Seismic Reinforcement Index Reinforced concrete buildings Seismic actionmodule

EC8 356 FEMA ATC-40 Operation 6.3.1.4. 6.3.1.3. 6.3.1.2. 6.3.1.1. 6.2.1.6. 6.2.1.5. 6.2.1.4. 6.2.1.3. 6.2.1.2. 6.2.1.1. 6.1.3.3. 6.1.3.2. 6.1.3.1. Retrofitting schemesconsidered State oftheart Retrofitting schemesconsidered State ofthe Art Obtaining theSchool-score Sismic ...... Example ofseismicretrofitting ...... Confinement jackets Confinement walls Shear Bracings Rebaring Injections mesh Wire buildings Other buildings Masonry retrofitting strategies Energy dissipationsystems Carbon fibre reinforced (CFRP) polymers Reinforced concrete elements Steel sheetbands Reinforced concrete buildings ...... SUMARY

161 159 153 147 109 145 142 140 140 139 138 115 113 110 110 108 106 106 104 143 139 136 134 133 132 131 129 128 126 125 120 119 116 9 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY 10

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) d E d F d d * d a d d F d m C et f’ E A F Fi F u E y y C t,D f gR A a t d a E a Di f f * * * * * * * * d * m m u b b b k y g c I I r I t Cost index Soil factor Reference PGA(T Ground accelerationforatype A soil Reference peakacceleration Base groundacceleration Architectural impact expansionCoefficient Thermal DFYed strength SDOF Yield Ultimate strength Yield strength strength Mortar compressive characteristic Masonry strength Set ofMDOFappliedforces compressiveConcrete characteristic strength CompressiveBrick strength SDOF systemequivalent force Efficiency index energy Plastic hingeformation modulusofelasticity Brick Modulus ofelasticity(Young's modulus) atyieldpoint SDOF deformation SDOF ultimatedeformation Displacement associatedtoadamagelimitstate SDOF targetinelasticdisplacement MDOF targetinelasticdisplacement Displacement atplastichingeformation SDOF elasticdisplacement Average displacementassociatedtoadamagelimitstate SDOF systemequivalent displacement MDOF systemequivalent displacement R =475). Symbols SUMARY 11 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) a 1 , a T 2 S y a A e %S k , T M m (T) (T) T T T b T W R m m T K N a U q Φ G q k f K V T v v x t Di G h * q * * μ S r l D w C B B u 3 0 x e c r I s f i i i l Upper limit of the period oftheconstantspectralaccelerationbranch(EC8-1) Upper limitoftheperiod Lower oftheconstantspectralaccelerationbranch(EC8-1) limitoftheperiod (NCSE02) oftheresponse parameters spectrum Characteristic SDOF equivalent systemperiod ofalinearSDOFsystem Vibration period Elastic response spectrum factor Soil amplification Reinforcement index Unconfined compressive strength Point resistance ofthestaticpenetrometer Behaviour factor, systemandductility structural considering MDOF nodeoffreedom Seismic momentmagnitude MDOF standardised massesofeachfloor SDOF equivalent mass factor Damping modification factor Bilinear curve stiffness combination(EC-6) andmortar Constant dependingonthebrick factor Contribution Shear modulus Spectral accelerationpercentage MDOF Displacementateachfloor Cumulative distribution functionforthenormal distribution factor Dimensionless risk Equivalent damping Ductility coefficient MDOF Lateralloadparameter withreference factor valueDamping correction factor MDOF-SDOF transformation Standard deviation ofthedisplacementlogarithm Value elasticresponse spectrum ofthenormalised factors.¡ Reinforcement indeximportance Density elasticwavesLongitudinal propagation speed Transverse elasticwaves orshearwaves propagation speed MDOF systembaseshear Poisson Coefficient Shear resistance period Return (EC8-1) spectrum Value of the constant displacement response range of the defining the beginning d Di SUMARY 12

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) PERSISTAH RSAEEP PNRRC NCSE02 SIRCO ERSTA MDOF LNEG EC8-3 EC8-1 CFRP SDOF PSHA EMS IGM PGA FRP IGN EC6 EC8 NC RC OP DL SD Single-degree offreedomSingle-degree system Seismic RiskSimulator Significant damagelimitstate Reglamento deSegurançae de EdifíciosePontesAcçoes paraEstructuras Reinforced concrete Probabilistic seismichazard analysis Peak groundacceleration NacionalesparalaReduccióndeRiesgoCatástrofes Plataformas Projetos deEscolasResilientesaosSISmosno Território do Algarve edeHuelva Operacional damagelimitstate Españolade2002 Sismorresistente Normativa deConstrucción Near collapsedamagestate offreedomMulti-degree system Portugal’s ofEnergyandGeology NationalLaboratory andMiningInstitute ofSpain Geological Institute Spanish NationalGeographic Fibre reinforced polymers do Algarve Algarve SeismicRiskand Tsunami Study European Macroseismic Scale Eurocode 8, 3 part Eurocode 8, 1 part Eurocode 6 Eurocode 8 Damage limitationdamagestate Carbon fibre reinforced polymer Simulador deRiscosísmiCO Estudio doRiscoSísmicoede Tsunamis Abbreviations SUMARY 13 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SUMARY 14

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Chapter 1. Introduction

This document presents the work carried out within the European research project PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese), which has been developed jointly by the University of Seville (Spain) and the University of Algarve (Portugal). This research project focuses on the study and assessment of the seismic risk of primary school buildings in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain) regions. To this end, the objectives established by the National Platforms for Disaster Risk Re- duction (PNRRC) of the National Civil Protection Commissions of Portugal and Spain have been considered. 15 Earthquakes are among the natural disasters that cause the greatest number of casualties and economic losses worldwide. Numerous studies establish the importance of studying the seismic risk of buildings in order to estimate and evaluate the possible damage that can be caused by a seismic action, with the aim of minimising human losses and impacts on material and economic assets. The destructive potential of an earthquake depends on its magnitude, but also on the seismic resilience of the affected area. In Europe, Earthquakes have historically caused significant damage and loss of life. The earthquakes that occurred in this continent at the beginning of the 20th century cost around 29 billion euros and caused 19 000 casualties (Battarra et al., 2018). The Iberian Peninsula has moderate seismic activity (Morales-Esteban et al., 2014). However, most activity is concentrated in the south, which is characterised by large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6), with long return periods (Morales-Esteban et al., 2014), making the population unaware of the danger. This activity is due to the convergence between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates and the proximity of the Azores-Gibraltar fault (Morales-Esteban et al., 2014). The Algarve-Huelva region is located in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula. This area is close to the Marques de Pombal, Saint Vicente and Horseshoe faults, which have caused some of the most significant earthquakes that have affected the Iberian Peninsula, such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake-tsunami SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING SUMARY SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Their typically simple and repetitive layouts were designed and calculated based other hand, schoolbuilding alsopresent structures highseismicvulnerability. of anearthquake andthebenefitsofpreparedness (UNICEF, 2011). Onthe problemsonchildrenous psychological whohave canarise suffered theeffects affected inasignificant way. Inthis regard, several studies have shown thatseri arephysical expected: damageandinjuries children would alsobeemotionally emergency complicated. Moreover, intheevent ofanearthquake, notonly ratio andhighoccupation, making theevacuation an ofthebuilding during hand, theircommunity present ahighvulnerability, dueto their low adult/child object ofstudybecausetheirrelevance incaseofanearthquake. Ontheone the implementationofseismicretrofitting techniques. (Mazzoni come amajorconcern earthquakes. Therefore, of buildings has be enhancing the seismic performance of the buildings of these cities werelarge part severely these damaged during (Ruiz-Pinilla ca earthquake in2011(Spain)andthe earthquake in2016(Italy) Amatrice recent earthquakes, suchastheL’Aquila earthquake in2019(Italy), theLor focus of European interest in recent years. This is due to the damage caused by tential ofanearthquake. Thevulnerabilityofexistingbuildings hasbeenthe seismic events. the levels ofphysical damage, humanlossesandtheeconomicimpactoffuture retrofittingtation of appropriate to the reduction of solutions can contribute sense, vulnerabilityanalysesofexistingbuildings rigorous andtheimplemen by improvingto reduce seismicrisk prevention andemergencyplans. Inthis Nacional deProtecção Civi [ANPC], 2010). They concludethatitispossible al timation methods such as SIRCO (Seismic Risk Simulator) (Fazendeiro Sá south-east. out,ried Peninsula asmostseismicstudiesoftheIberian focusontheeastand risk,there issignificantseismic few seismicstudiesofthearea have beencar the Algarve (IX-X)andHuelva (VII-VIII)(Teves-Costa maximum seismic intensity of this region, based on past earthquakes, is high in documented seismicevent tohave affectedEurope, killing100 (Mw umns. Thistypeof buildings were the 2011Lorca significantlydamaged during two orthree floors, andthey have seismically col weak elementssuchasshort mately 50%ofthebuildings were designed with reinforced concrete and have on old regulations that did not take into account the seismic action. Approxi ., 2016) or ERSTA (Algarve Seismic Risk and Tsunami Study) (Autoridade The schoolbuildings in thePERSISTAH project have beenchosenasthe The seismicbehaviour ofbuildings plays akey role inthedestructive po The seismicvulnerabilityoftheregion’s buildings was evaluated usinges = 8.7 – 9.0) andthe1969earthquake (Mw et al ., 2016; DelGaudio et al ., 2018), whichcanbeachieved through et al ., 2017; Fiorentino = 8). isalsothelargest Thefirst et al .,2019). Although 000 people. The et al SUMARY .,2018). A et ------

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) regarding theseismicresilience ofthe Algarve andHuelva regions: The PERSISTAH project was conceived basedonanumber ofkey points 1.1. according tothehazard, vulnerabilityandexposure ofeachbuilding. ofschoolbuildings).of theseismicrisk Seismicbehaviour hasbeenevaluated school hasbeenmadethrough the taining thecapacitycurve. Finally, therankingofseismicbehaviour ofeach school hasbeenanalysedthrough anon-linearstatic (pushover) analysisforob each building hasbeencreated. With thisinformation, thevulnerabilityofeach Subsequently, aninventory of oftheconstructive characteristics andstructural specifications ofeach region. school(142in primary Algarve and138inHuelva), takingintoaccountthe In addition, adatabasehasbeendeveloped sheetsfrom each withinformation have ofbothcountries reduction beencompared. strategies and seismicrisk sense, the seismic regulations, techniques, construction civil protection policies country, practices. onseismicstandards andconstruction particularly Inthis project istoimprove theknowledge relatedsituationofeach tothecurrent (Algarve andHuelva) would beequallyaffected. Oneoftheobjectives ofthe stabilityintheeventstructural ofanearthquake. afteradisaster.shelters All thismakes itessentialtoassessandguaranteetheir earthquakes. by thepresence ofsuperficailsoftsoillayers, whichcanamplifytheeffectsof earthquake (Ruiz-Pinilla — — — — schoolshave beenidentifiedinthisproject.The maintypesofprimary tonotethatintheeventIt isimportant ofanearthquake, bothregions In additiontothis, duetotheirpublic nature, schoolscanalsobeusedas — PROJECT OBJECTIVEANDJUSTIFICATION

volved willhave in construction apositiverisk reduction. effect onthe Making recommendations for rehabilitation aimed attechnicians in the community. would to students and teachers reduce the seismic vulnerability risk of The development andthe communication of ofeducationalmaterial ofapossible seismicevent.in theface tostudytheapplication ofmitigationmeasures inschools It isimportant ings isessentialforeffective emergency response. Knowledge ofexisting hazards andtheseismic vulnerability ofbuild Huelva areas would have impact. atransboundary oftheknownA significantpart seismicsources around the Algarve and et al ., 2016). Furthermore, thearea ischaracterised School-Score system (a system of prioritisation system(aofprioritisation SUMARY - - - 17 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) event. After adisaster, thechildren toschool, shouldfeelsafewhenreturning role inthelives ofchildren, whoare themostvulnerable peopleinthistypeof buildings, whichare very vulnerable toearthquakes. They play afundamental a societythatismore resilient toearthquakes. reduction, andtherelevance ofthebuildings understudy. area,of theseismicitythisgeographical cooperationforrisk theinternational Portuguese andSpanishsociety. Thisimpactismaximisedby thesingularities The PERSISTAH research project was conceived forhaving animpactonthe 1.2. Spain have beenconsidered. tion (PNRRC)oftheNationalCivil Protection CommissionsofPortugal and the objectives for DisasterRiskReduc established by theNational Platforms the Algarve (Portugal) andHuelva cooperatively. (Spain)regions To thisend, SISTAH schoolsin istheassessmentofseismicvulnerabilityprimary through assessment methodology. anintegrated Thismethodology isbasedon public nature, they afteradisaster. canbeadaptedasshelters tonormality.which meansareturn Moreover, becauseoftheirdesignand The first contribution istheanalysisof seismicvulnerabilityofschool contribution The first Accordingly, thePERSISTAH research project to shaping has contributed — — — — — — — This objective can besubdivided intothefollowing goals: Based onthesepoints, themainobjective oftheEuropean project PER — The MAIN OUTCOMESOFTHEPROJECT

to befound. the dissemination of the project results, where the present document is intheschoolcommunity,risks and the creation ofeducationalguidestocreate awareness oftheseismic school pilotbuilding, the applicationofthosemeasures toonePortuguese andoneSpanish need them, the definitionof rehabilitation measures forthose buildings whichmay the definitionofavulnerabilityindexthatallows tocompare them, the assessmentoftheirvulnerability, the classificationofschool buildings ofthearea, silience. seismicre willenhancetheregions regions these two neighbouring The creation between of cooperative mitigation efforts links in risk analysis oftheschoolsseismic vulnerability has been carried out hasbeencarried SUMARY - - - 18

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) about thesesubjectsinafun way, together witheasyself-protection actionsto been developed of an earthquake. key toincreasing how awareness andlearning toactintheevent of seismicrisk school building. Inaddition, out. were earthquake drills carried Thisactionis T andstudents a number ofactivities inschoolsforboth teachers andseminars isessential.of existingrisks outthrough oftrainingshave A series beencarried impactonthem,psychological andtherefore, educationandcommunication of theschoolsapowerful motorfor change. A seismicevent causesagreat atschool,learn theirknowledge home totheirfamilies, andbring whichmakes subject. Children are the future of our society and play a vital role in it awareness amongtheeducationalcommunity conditions, would beaffectedequallyinthe event ofanearthquake. tion ofseismicrisk, sincebothregions, whichpresent very similargeographical for ofthebuildings. risk order andnon-structural toreduce thestructural oftheseismicretrofitting out, designhaveand theparticularities beencarried in of training activities for technicians future seismicretrofitting interventions inthe buildings. Furthermore, aseries is toobtainthe 2016) and routinesgramming previously developed intheapplications Estêvão, 2020), where was implementedtheadaptationofasetcomputerpro age probability oftheschoolbuilding iscalculated. pointofthebuilding. performance structural With thisinformation, thedam a vulnerabilityanalysisthrough thebuilding capacity curve, usedtoobtainthe 1. outbefore andafteraseismicevent be carried drawn upbasedontheir oration ofallteammembers. A listwiththeclassificationofschools has been earthquakes. Inthiscontext, anew schooldatabasewas created withthecollab a highvalue forthisparameterindicatesthatthe schoolismore vulnerable to account whenstudyingtheseismicvulnerabilityofaschoolbuilding. Obtaining dents, aspectsaffecting evacuation, etc parameters, elements, such as the vulnerability of non-structural number of stu hese dealtwithissues Why does the shake? ground Practical for guide Earthquake resilient schools international cooperation international Finally, anotherkey pointoftheproject is inthisprojectAnother fundamentalfactor isthesignificanceofandneed This methodology hasbeenimplementedinanew software (Estêvão, 2019; SIMULSIS . T School-score hese materials includepracticalactivities forchildren tolearn hese materials A number resources of pedagogical have for teachers also (Estêvão andOliveira, 2012) related to identifying risks both inside andoutsidethe related toidentifyingrisks (https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230471). School-score , whichisbasedonthedamageprobability andother between countries whenitcomestothereduc between countries , anditwillbetaken intoconsiderationfor on the aspects of the methodology applied . T (https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230532). hese are essentialelementstotake into 1 . the creation of seismic risk the creation ofseismicrisk . T he purpose ofthissoftwarehe purpose andtheirtraininginthis EC8spec SUMARY (Estêvão, . T hey - - - - - . 19 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) well asthedifferent techniquesstudiedintheproject. retrofitting techniques proposed by thedifferent regulations are outlined, as outfortheirsubsequentseismicanalysisisshown.carried Finally, several seismic addition, classificationofschool andtypological buildings thecharacterisation cussed, aswell forseismicanalysis. astheseismicactionusedineachregion In of theproject. Lateron, theseismichazard ofthe Algarve andHuelva area isdis will bepresented. Thismethodology responds totheobjectives andmainideas the vulnerabilityanalysisandsubsequentseismicretrofitting ofschool buildings In thepresent document, themethodology andseismicregulations appliedin 1.3. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE SUMARY - 20

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) reaching the Azores islands( and the Strait of Gibraltar, region which extend throughout the Mediterranean tivity. Thisisduetotheconvergence oftheEurasianand tectonicplates,African However, inthesouthofpeninsula, there isasignificant level ofseismicac withotherareas oftheworldtivity incomparison Peninsula by havingThe Iberian ischaracterised amoderatelevel ofseismicac 2.1. that inthecaseofanearthquake, bothareas would beequallyaffected. out, thefact mined according toeachseismicregulation iscarried underscoring are outlined; lastly, insection and recommended seismic building codes in Spain and Portugal, respectively, both areas; insections soil onseismichazard isshown of by analysingthegeotechnicalcharacteristics 2.1 In thischapter, theseismichazard ofthe Algarve-Huelva isshown. region In , isanalysed; theconfigurationof region insection THE ALGARVE-HUELVA REGION Figure 1.

Convergence oftheEurasianand tectonic plates. African 2.3 and figure in the Algarve-Huelva Region in theAlgarve-Huelva 2.5 2.4 , oftheseismicactiondeter acomparison Chapter 2. , therequirements setoutintheapplicable 1 ). ). (Carre andZornoza,(Carre 2011) Seismic hazard 2.2 , theinfluenceof SUMARY - - - .

21 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) disaster ever documented. mic events in the world. At European level, it is the most catastrophic natural tsunami ofLisbon, considered tobeoneofthemostdevastating seis historical (Sá M Among these, the1356(Cape St. Vincent. Intensity VIII), 1722(GulfofCadiz. merous high-magnitudeearthquakes that haddisastrous consequences ( w 1680 1531 1522 1356 2016 2011 2009 2007 1969 1884 1829 1804 1755 1722 Year .) 15 ( 1755 =6.5), et al Because ofthisconvergence, Peninsula nu theIberian hasexperienced ., 2018) Table 1. Alboran Sea Lorca (Murcia) (Huelva) Isla Cristina St. Vincent SW ofCape St. Vincent Cape (Granada) Arenas delRey (Alicante) Torrevieja Alboran Sea St. Vincent SW ofCape Gulf ofCadiz Grande (Málaga) el Alahaurín Lisbon Alboran Sea St. Vincent Cape . The1755earthquake isknown earthquake and asthefamous Place

M Historical earthquakes felt in the Iberian Peninsula earthquakes feltintheIberian Historical w .) n te 99 ( 1969 the and =8.5–9.0)

(Silva and Rodriguez Pascua,(Silva andRodriguez 2014). I. VIII Mag. 6.3 5.1 6.3 6.1 8.0 6.7 6.6 6.7 8.5 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.5 Destruction ofalargenumber ofhousesin Destruction (Spain). damageinMotril Serious 90 almost 15minheight. Between 10 ofmostLisbon.Destruction Tsunamiof in Tavira.tsunami St. Vincent toCastro Marim. Itcausedalocal damagefrom Cape humanandmaterial Serious Various towns affectedcausingminordamage. Around 30 Granada. Total of destruction andtowns in Almería South ofPortugal. damageinLisbon. Serious damagein Serious Western Andalusia andthe (Spain). injuries. Islands Smalltsunami intheBalearic Detachment offaçades, cracksandminor buildings. highly important Significant damageandvictims. Collapsesof collapsed. Minor damage. Cracksinbuildings. walls Factory Minor damage. Several deathsandminordamage. Almost onethousanddeaths. townsvarious inthedistrict. Around 400deaths. 000 deathscausedby both disasters. 000 deathsinthecityofLisbon. M w Consequences

= 8) earthquakes standout 000 and SUMARY

table 1 ). ). - - 22

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) population inhabiting the region isnotawarepopulation inhabitingtheregion oftheseismichazard ofthearea. hazard values. However, oftheseevents, periods duetothelongreturn the Peninsula. Furthermore, theproperties oftheregion’s soilincrease theseismic fault. earthquakes intheIberian causedsomeofthemostdamaging Thesefaults the Algarve, suchastheMarqués dePombal ( fault (Gràcia ic platesanditsclosenesstothe zone.Azores–Gibraltar fault Recentstudies (Morales-Esteban by high-magnitudeearthquakes ( characterised and therelocation ofmore than10 resulted in devastating effects, causing more than 300 injuries, several casualties, imately 1kmfrom andaccelerationsof0.36gwere thesurface recorded. This its moderatemagnitude, its hypocentre was locatedatvery little depth, atapprox recently feltonthePeninsula was the2011Lorca earthquake (Murcia). Despite ability are focusedonthisarea. mostdevastatingThe seismicevent thatwas most For this reason, of studies and analyses of seismic hazard and vulner the majority by frequent of moderate- and low-magnitudeterised occurrence earthquakes. the the southeastandcomprises Alboran SeaandMurcia. ischarac region This However, the Algarve-Huelva region, inthesouthwest ofthepeninsula, is seismichazard withthegreatest The region onthepeninsulaislocatedin et al Figure 2. with themagnitude oftheearthquakes (created by theauthor). ., 2010)havefault zonesinthesouthwest alsoidentified of region

et al Map of active quaternary faults in the Iberian Peninsula intheIberian faults Map ofactive quaternary ., 2014). Thisisduetotheconvergence ofthetecton 000 people(Salgado-Gálvez M w

≥ figure 2

6) and long return periods periods 6) andlongreturn ) ortheSan Vicente et al. SUMARY

, 2016). - - - - 23 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) on seismichazard values willbeanalysed. Then, therequirements setoutinthe the documentdrawn upby Institute(IGN) theSpanishNationalGeographic ments ofseismiccodesthatare inplaceandtheupdatesproposed currently in In this section, thetemporal evolution of seismic codes in Spain, the require 2.3. orsludge.from rock tovery softsoilssuchasslurries a soilbehaviour factor. istabulated foreachtypeofsoil, Thisfactor varying profile mainlymadeof rock, isnotaffected by thisamplification. the coast. Incomparison, area of thesouth-eastern Andalusia, withageological much abundant, inthe South, particularly inestuaries, andnearto marshland some valleys andnearsomerivers. Intheprovince ofHuelva, softsoilsare very ofthepopulationlivesthe majority andwhere schoolbuildings are located), in Mézcua, 1986) its inertia, hasthecapacitytoabsorbenergythatisreleased capacity todissipateseismicwaves. Rockyground, ontheotherhand, dueto aseismicevent, thatduring is duetothefact softgrounddoesnothave the magmatic material materials, calcareous materials,tertiary particularly clays and sandswith some orlesser degree.to agreater Thebay ofthe Algarve isalsoessentiallymadeof est, are fluvial deposits, fluvialterraces, basal sandstonesand sandymarlstones, thatcanbefound, materials main geological from theshallowest tothedeep in someprovincial areas, extensive areas marshland influencesandsignificanttidalfloodplainswhich evidentmake maritime up, oftheGuadalquivir basin, materials cated above and quaternary with tertiary (LNEG) (< of Spain(IGM)andPortugal’s ofEnergy andGeology NationalLaboratory mapofSpainandPortugalgeological by andMiningInstitute theGeological profile,geological nuances, althoughwithcertain ascanbeobserved inthe ofthe Algarve by andHuelva havingThe territory ischaracterised asimilar 2.2. seismic actions, willbedescribed. European code, ofrecommended application, of related tothedetermination The effectsofthesoiltypeare taken intoaccountinseismiccodesthrough The presence of soft soil has an amplifying effect on seismicaction. This SEISMIC HAZARDINSPAIN THE IMPACT OFSOILTYPEONSEISMICHAZARD http://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/portada/ . Inthe Algarve, softsoilsare tobefoundonthecoast(where (Terrinha et al ., 2013) . (Meijninger, 2006) >). Huelva islo SUMARY (Udías and . The - - - 24

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) are included. that should be consideredparameters when applying the code in each country by aNational Annex drawn upby eachcountry, inwhichthespecificnational related totheseismicdesignofbuildings.criteria Thecodeiscomplemented ommended withinSpanishterritory. Theaimofthisdocumentistostandardise the European CommitteeforStandardization (CEN), theuseofwhichisrec Fomento deEspaña, 2012) was published, drawn upby theIGNandofrecommended use bridges, hasbeeninforce. In2012, an the eponymous applicable documentfortheseismicdesignandanalysis of orretrofittingform inSpainare established. Besides, since2007theNCSP-07, related to theseismic action to be considered in anyteria building project, re Code of2002)(NCSE02) tiva de Construcción Sismorresistente more restrictive requirements. new seismichazard mapsandintroduced more complexdesignmethodsand Obras Públicas Transportes yMedio Ambiente, 1994) strucción Sismorresistente the onesetoutinprevious code. damage, several seismic zones and a similar design method forthe buildings to an initialclassificationof typetoestimate buildings according totheirstructural 1974 seismic areas, values ofseismicactionandadesignmethod. cation ofthiscodewas optional. Inany case, the documentproposed different as hydraulic or energy plants. constructions For buildings in group I, the appli buildings”. Groups such IIandIIIencompassedbuildings ofhighimportance ofimportance.to theirdegree Schoolswere includedingroupI, “ordinary de PlanificacióndelDesarrollo, 1968) Spanishseismic building code(PGS-1) The first was passedin1969 2.3.1. considerations setoutinits National Annex, are analysed. of theseismichazard maps andtheEC8forcaseofSpain, aswell asthe Below, established by theNCSE02code, thedifferent criteria the update Lastly, Eurocode 8(EC8) inforceThe seismicbuilding codethatiscurrently inSpainthe In 1994anew seismic building code was passed called the The following seismicbuilding codewas thePDS-1whichwas passedin (Ministerio de Planificación delDesarrollo,(Ministerio 1974) Chronological evolutionofseismicbuildingcodesinSpain (SeismicBuildingCode)(NCSE94) (Ministerio deFomento,(Ministerio 2002) . (AENOR, 1998) Española de 2002 (Spanish Seismic Building . Thiscodeclassified buildings according Update oftheseismichazard mapsinSpain isaEuropean codedrawn upby . Thisdocumentsetout . This codeestablished . Inthiscode, thecri (Ministerio de (Ministerio Norma de Con Norma (Ministerio de (Ministerio SUMARY (Ministerio (Ministerio Norma ------

25 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Where: theelasticresponse spectrum. used todetermine tential seismicdamage. it doesnotconsiderthenon-linearbehaviour of buildings whenanalysingpo that theNCSE02onlyallows fortheelasticbehaviour ofbuildings. Therefore, the listofmunicipalities in Annex 1ofsaiddocument. tonote Itisimportant Seismic hazard inSpainisdefinedthrough theNCSE02seismichazard mapor 2.3.2.1.a. 2.3.2.1. 2.3.2. Being: S r a The designgroundacceleration( b

Mandatory codeinSpain Mandatory The SeismicBuildingCode(NCSE02) is a dimensionless risk factor withthevalueis adimensionlessrisk impor 1for buildings ofnormal note thatthevalues ofa the groundacceleration atthesurface level. andatbedrock to Itisimportant is thesoilamplification factor thattakesintoaccountthedifferencebetween is thebasegroundacceleration established intheseismichazard mapin Its value isshownin table C soilfactor, ofthefoundationsoil. properties dependentonthegeotechnical tance and1.3forbuildings ofspecialimportance. Annex 1. For 0.4g≤ For 0.1g< For Design groundacceleration r ·a b ≤0.1g

r r ·a ·a b b <0.4g b correspond tohard soil, correspond approximately, typeII. a 2 c · =S . a S S c S ) isobtainedthrough equation =1.0 =+ = r ·a 12 12 . C . C b 5 5 33 .( 3 ⋅⋅ ρ 12 . a b 5 −− 01 SUMARY .) ( ( 1 1 ) andis Eq. (1) 12 . C 5 - - ) 26

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) compressive strength (q energy;free-fall pointresistance ofthestaticpenetrometer (q waves (v tic values foreachsoiltype: thepropagationelastic speedofthelongitudinal the propagation elasticwaves speedoflongitudinal measure isused. cohesive soils, theunconfinedcompressive strength testisused, andforboth, each layer. For soils, granular thestaticordynamic penetrationtestsare used; for some of thefollowing procedures the thicknessof can be used to determine waves orshearwaves isused(v with theEuropean Macroseismic Scale(EMS) andusingthedatafrom theIGN In theNCSE02, ofintensity, seismichazard iscalculatedinterms inaccordance 2.3.2.1.b. III II type Soil IV The seismiccodeNCSE02provides ofgeotechnical characteris a series To classify the different layers of soil, the velocity of the transverse elastic III II I Soil type Cohesive Cohesive IV Granular Granular l ); thenumber ofblow to60%ofthe countsintheSPTtestnormalised I Probabilistic seismichazardanalysis v Table 3. >200 >400 >750 s ≤200 ≤400 ≤750 (m/s) Soil layers thatcannotbeclassifiedasI, IIorIII

Table 2. Factor C >1000 m/s >2000 m/s Soil types. values. Geotechnicalcharacteristic 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.0 u ), whichare shown in — — v l

Soil classification and factor.Soil classificationand Granular soilorsoftcohesive soil. consistency. to firm very with afirm Granular soilofaverage compactionorcohesive soil soils. Very fractured rock, orhard densegranular cohesive Solid rock, soil. cementedorvery densegranular s ). Whensaidvelocity cannotbedetermined, No. SPTblow counts >50 >15 >40 — — table 3 Description >15 MPa >20 MPa >6 MPa . — — q c c ) andunconfined SUMARY >200 kPa >500 kPa — — q u - 27 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) tion oftheoscillator’s own naturalperiod of theoscillatorhasapeakacceleration ground apeak accelerationearthquake the oscillatorsuffers ground accelerationof2perthousand(1/ in thecaseofthiscode, to aprobability ofexceedancethepotential(yearly) bution ofmaximum potentialaccelerations(peryear). Saidvalue corresponds, tion. Itisassociatedwithagiven probability fractile in theprobability distri is notaphysical toaprobabilistic recurrencetimebut corresponds interpreta (P period turn The basegroundaccelerationvalues are average values toare corresponding seismic catalogue. through correlations. acceleration is determined Horizontal the following values: ( the quotientbetween thepeakabsoluteaccelerationofalinearelasticoscillator behaviour ofthebuilding. Thevalue ofthespectralordinate, be modifiedaccording tothedamping(ifdifferent from 5%)andtheductile For thecalculation, must reach thisspectrum thebasegroundaccelerationand level. atsurface elasticresponse spectrum This codeestablishes anormalised 2.3.2.1.c. S a ) andthepeakaccelerationappliedtoitsbase( T C K T a Being: (T) A, T B Construction oftheresponsespectrum Characteristic parametersCharacteristic oftheresponsespectrum, withthevalue of: expectedfortheseismichazard area.of earthquakes ofeach Value elasticresponse spectrum. ofthenormalised Ground factor. factor.Contribution Ittakesintoaccounttheinfluenceofdifferenttypes Oscillator’s inseconds ownnatural period R ) of500years. period tohighlightthatthereturn Itisimportant T f T If If T T If A = A > T < T K

≤ T · B A C ≤ T 0 and / 10 B a a a · C/T · (T) =K (T) =2.5 T/T · (T) =1+1.5 T S P T a B = R = . isdefinedthrough Thespectrum ). a · K a · . C ( T a / 2.5. ), with ); thatis, whenthebaseof A a ( T a ) beingafunc a , theresponse ( T SUMARY ), represents - - - -

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) aforementioned Azores-Gibraltar region.aforementioned Azores-Gibraltar whollyfrom earthquakes ofthe tohazardwhere originates thecontribution areas–from and1,5atthepoints continentalearthquakes oradjacentmaritime The Azores-Gibraltar zone, totheseismichazard ineacharea ofSpanishterritory. the peninsulaandadjacentareas, andoftheclosestone, tothe corresponding starts, periods. togreater the spectralvelocity ofthisbranchanddisplace thevalue ( (high periods) influence isintroduced throughfactors the oftheseismicity ferentiating characteristics Azores-Gibraltar zone, whose isestablished inaccordanceThe spectrum withthefoundationsoilanddif formula, ofacceptable accuracyinrelation totheavailable data, hasbeenused. ordinates isvery oftheresponse complex. spectrum Inthiscode, asimplified The contribution factor factor The contribution nicipalities oftheprovince ofHuelva established in Annex 1ofthe NCSE02. Figure 3. 1,0 2,0 3,0 Factor Factors thatinfluencetheshapeand Fully takingintoaccountallofthefactors In 0 K a (T) 0 values rangebetween 1,0–atthepointswhere theseismichazard comes table

K C Elastic response spectrum fordifferentElastic response spectrum values ofCandK(NCSE-02). 4 takes ofseismicity intoaccountthedifferent contributions and thebasegroundacceleration values figure K affectthespectralbranchinwhich velocity isconstant 3 0,5 ); epicentraldistanceamplify softsoilsandthegreater K varies between varies 1,2and1,3. K =1 Hard soil PERIOD T K =1 Medium soil 1,0 C =1,15 C and C =1,30 K =1 Soft soil K a b , respectively. are includedforthemu C =1,70 T 1,5 seconds B , where therange SUMARY - - 29 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Cumbres Mayores Cumbre deSan Bartolomé Cumbres deEnmedio Cortelazor Cortegana Corteconcepción de El Cerro Andévalo Castaño deRobledo Cartaya Cañaveral deLeón Campofrío El Campillo Calañas Cala Cabezas Rubias Bonares Bollullos Par delCondado Berrocal Beas Ayamonte Arroyomolinos deLeón Aroche Aracena Alosno Almonte Almonaster laReal El Almentro Aljaraque Alájar Fuenteheridos Escacena delCampo Encinasola Chucena Table 4. Municipality

Base groundaccelerationvalues (a province ofHuelva. 0,06 0,11 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,05 0,09 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,09 0,14 0,05 0,07 0,06 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,11 0,10 0,06 0,06 0,08 0,06 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,06 0,08 a b Palos delaFrontera La Palma delCondado Niebla Nerva La Nava Moguer Minas deRiotinto Los Marines Manzanilla Lucena delPuerto Linares delaSierra Lepe Jabugo Isla Cristina Huelva Hinojos Hinojales Hieguera delaSierra El Granado La GranadadeRío-Tinto Gibraleón Galaroza San Silvestre deGuzmán Sanlúcar deGuadiana San Juan delPuerto dela San Bartolomé Torre Rosal delaFrontera Rociana delCondado Punta Umbría Moral Puerto Puebla deGuzmán Paymogo delCampo Paterna b ) ofthemunicipalities ofthe Municipality SUMARY 0,06 0,06 0,12 0,06 0,10 0,06 0,12 0,13 0,09 0,10 0,09 0,09 0,10 0,06 0,10 0,11 0,08 0,10 0,08 0,09 0,07 0,06 0,10 0,07 0,06 0,08 0,09 0,06 0,12 0,06 0,13 0,10 0,08 a b 30

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) haviour factor: The following conditionsmust inorder beverified toadoptaductilitybe andconstructive details,terials aductilitybehaviour faactor. anddetermine and very low. Thetypeofductilitybehaviour dependsonthelayout, ma This Codeestablishes fourtypesofductilitybehaviour: very high, high, low 2.3.2.1.d. Villablanca Valverde delCamino Valdelarco Trigueros Santa OlalladelCala Santa BárbaradeCasa Santa Ana laReal Table 4. — — — —

built withmasonry, orconcrete block walls. brick have thecapacity todissipateenergyare included, those particularly Very low ductility( are included. slabs, withflat structures waffle slabsorone-way slabswithplanebeams Low ductility( to dimensioningandconstructive details. edged. Furthermore, they must complywiththerequirements related nals. withreinforced Instructures concrete beams, thesemust besharp- through reinforced concrete uncoupledwall panelsortension diago High ductility( details. ply withtherequirements related todimensioningandconstructive beams, thesemust besharp-edged. Furthermore, they must com designed fordissipatingenergy. withreinforced Instructures concrete ed by frameswithstiff nodesorthrough stiffeningsystemsespecially Very highductility( Construction criteria Municipio

Base groundaccelerationvalues (a m m

= = province ofHuelva 2): inthisgroup, inverted and pendulumstructures 3): seismic action isachieved resistance to horizontal m

= m

1): inthisgroup, thatdonot synthetic structures = 0,13 0,08 0,06 0,09 0,05 0,09 0,06 a 4): seismicactionmust be resist horizontal b Zufre Zalamea laReal Villarrasa Villanueva delosCastillejos Villanueva delasCruces del Alcor Villalba (cont.). b ) ofthemunicipalities ofthe Municipio SUMARY 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,11 0,09 0,08 a b - - - - -

31 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) ground accelerationiscalculated ground acceleration was defined for a type II soil and, based on this, the design the basegroundacceleration value, defines theseismichazard oftheterritory, of500 years, period fora return using comparable to thoseused in theNCSE02. Inthiscode, the seismic hazard map The results obtainedfrom theupdatedseismicmapsof2012are notdirectly 2.3.2.2.b. the catalogue accountedfor 6 were used, andanew establishment ofseismiczoneswas undertaken. Intotal, correlations. Moreover, attenuation laws thathave beentestedandproved valid outaccording tothemomentmagnitudescale( carried measure theseverity ofanearthquake, astandardisation ofthecatalogue was past earthquakes isnotexpressed thatare usedto intheparameters currently depththan65km.a greater Given available thattheinformation onmany considered to 2011 and eliminating earthquakes with expanding the period time frame, usingameanvalue distribution. theprobability ofanevent ofoccurrence This modeldetermines withinagiven out,hazard analysis(PSHA)was carried usingaPoissonian probabilistic model. For theproposition ofnew updatedseismic hazard maps, aprobabilistic seismic 2.3.2.2.a. countries. outwithneighbouring cess was carried Likewise, thestudywas adaptedtoEuropean codes, andastandardisation pro by activity. recent contributed studiesonfault together withtheinformation the peninsulaandadvances intechniquesforcreating new seismichazard maps, lished. Thestudyincludedthemostup-to-dateknowledge oftheseismicity In 2012, anupdateoftheseismichazard mapsdrawn upby theIGNwas pub 2.3.2.2. European codes. for atypeIsoilinorder toadaptit of 475 years hasbeendetermined period the of475 years cannotbecompared with period obtained inPGAforareturn probabilities periods.calculated forvarious ofexceedanceorreturn Theresults ferent parameters, peakgroundaccelerations(PGA)andspectral accelerations r , andthesoilfactor, The new seismichazard mapis, inreality, acollectionofmapswithdif To prepare the database, theseismiccatalogue was taken from theIGN, a b obtained in 2002. Furthermore, the map obtained in PGA for a return Update oftheseismichazardmaps Results obtainedandrelationtotheNCSE02code Probabilistic seismichazardanalysis S . 999 seismicevents. a c , by multiplying a b , factor, andthecontribution a b by factor, theimportance M w ), usingintensity SUMARY K . Thisbase - - - 32

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) adjustments would consistofthefollowing: to bereplaced withthisnew PGAandthesoilfactor Cabezas Rubias Bonares Bollullos Par delCondado Berrocal Beas Ayamonte Arroyomolinos deLeón Aroche Aracena Alosno Almonte Almonaster laReal El Almentro Aljaraque Alájar Campofrío El Campillo Calañas Cala Table 5. Therefore, oftheNCSE02, tousetheelasticresponse spectrum the Municipality a C Being: For 0.4g≤ For 0.7g< For r

PGA Values (T r ·a the soilfactor, ofthefoun characteristics dependentonthegeotechnical the newPGAacceleration reference (T dation soil(NCSE-02art. 2.4). r ≤0.1g r r ·a ·a r r <0.4 R

= 475) ofthemunicipalities oftheprovince of PGA 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,07 0,09 0,12 0,06 0,07 0,07 0,07 0,06 0,07 0,10 0,10 0,07 0,09 0,12 0,06 0,07 Huelva. S = S =C SC =+ 1.0 13 Manzanilla Lucena delPuerto Linares delaSierra Lepe Jabugo Isla Cristina Huelva Puerto Moral Puerto Puebla deGuzmán Paymogo delCampo Paterna Palos delaFrontera La Palma delCondado Niebla Nerva La Nava Moguer Minas deRiotinto Los Marines .( 33 ⋅− 10 Municipality R =475). S must bemodified. The )( ⋅⋅ ρ a g r − SUMARY .) 4 PGA 0,06 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,12 0,09 0,10 0,07 0,06 0,11 0,07 0,06 0,09 0,10 0,06 0,12 0,06 0,13 0,12 a b has - 33 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) existing buildings. presented. Part 3includesthe seismicevaluation andadaptationprocedure for project. 1, Inpart thegeneralrules, are rules seismicactionsandconstruction 2018a) pleted oradapted. Itisdivided into6parts, 1(EC8-1) beingpart own National Annex, established intheEC8are com inwhichthecriteria throughoutdesign ofstructures Europe. However, draws eachcountry uptheir Eurocode 8(1998)arose relating asaway totheseismic ofstandardise criteria 2.3.3. Hinojos Hinojales Hieguera delaSierra El Granado La GranadadeRío-Tinto Gibraleón Galaroza Fuenteheridos Escacena delCampo Encinasola Chucena Cumbres Mayores Cumbre deSanBartolomé Cumbres deEnmedio Cortelazor Cortegana Corteconcepción de El Cerro Andévalo Castaño deRobledo Cartaya Cañaveral deLeón Table 5. and part 3(EC8-3) andpart Recommended code:Eurocode8 Municipality

PGA Values (T (AENOR, 2018b) R

= of Huelva PGA 0,10 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,07 0,10 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,06 0,09 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,06 0,07 0,06 0,12 0,06 475) ofthemunicipalities oftheprovince

(cont.). Zufre Zalamea laReal Villarrasa Villanueva delosCastillejos Villanueva delasCruces del Alcor Villalba Villablanca Valverde delCamino Valdelarco Trigueros Santa OlalladelCala Santa BárbaradeCasa Santa Ana laReal San Silvestre deGuzmán Sanlúcar deGuadiana San Juan delPuerto dela San Bartolomé Torre Rosal delaFrontera Rociana delCondado Punta Umbría the most important onesforthis themostimportant Municipality SUMARY (AENOR, PGA 0,09 0,10 0,09 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,06 0,07 0,09 0,09 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,08 0,06 0,10 0,06 0,08 0,07 0,10

- 34

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) with thefollowing expressions: tional Annex ofeachcountry. However, thisrequirement must becompared withwhatissetoutintheNa importance; ofgreat for structures ofspecialimportance. and1.4forstructures of moderate importance;structures importance; of normal 1.0 for structures 1.2 type, according totheconstruction tor isdetermined withavalue of0.8for ( factor the result ofmultiplying thedesignground acceleration( ( Seismic hazard isexpressed through thereference peakground acceleration 1,In part issetout. theelasticresponse theprocess spectrum ofdetermining 2.3.3.1. a gR ) forsoiltype according totheNational A anddetermined Annex. Thisis The horizontal elastic response spectrum [ elasticresponse spectrum The horizontal g Determining theresponsespectrum Determining I ) according toequation h S T T T a T S Where: T T T ≤ T ≤ T 0 g

D C B D C B ( ≤ T ≤ T ≤ T

≤ T ≤ T ≤ T T ≤ T ≤4s

) is the upper limit of the period oftheconstantspectral accelerationis theupperlimitofperiod branch. is the damping correction factor withreferencevalueis thedampingcorrection is thevalue defining thebeginningofconstantdisplacementre is thesoilfactor. ofalinearsingle-degree-of-freedomsystem. is thevibration period viscous damping. sponse range ofthespectrum. is theelasticresponsespectrum. is the lower limit of the period oftheconstant spectral accelerationis thelowerlimitofperiod branch. is thevalue ofthedesigngroundacceleration ontype A soil. B C D ST ST ST ST eg eg eg eg () () () () =⋅ =⋅ =⋅ =⋅ aS aS aS aS ( a 2). 1, Inthispart fac adifferent importance gR =a ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅+ η η η    12 g · 25 25 25 g . . . T T I

B       TT T S ⋅⋅ T T (. CD C e η ( T    2 )] isdefinedinaccordance    51 − a g ) ) by theimportance    h SUMARY , o 5% for =1, Eq. (2) - - - 35 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) pending on the type of spectrum according to pending onthetypeofspectrum than nitude notgreater isusedfor nearbyThe type2spectrum earthquakes withasurface-wave mag the seismichazard away are far andofamoderatetohighmagnitude ( themostto isusedwhentheearthquakes1 response thatcontribute spectrum of elastic response spectra: 1 and 2 ( the NCSE02standard. In thiscase, by theEC8-1establishes 5soiltypecompared tothe4determined the soiltype. In type Soil Furthermore, from theEC8-1differs theNCSE02 by proposing 2types The values ofparameters D S S C A B E 2 1

included intypes A –EorS soils,Deposits ofliquefiable ofsensitive clays orany othersoilprofile not content of softclays/silts withahighplasticityindex(IP Deposits consistingof, orcontainingalayer atleast10mthick, withvs underlain by stiffermaterial wave velocity) oftypeCor Dandathicknessvarying between 5mand20m, A soilprofile alluviumlayer consistingofasurface with values ofvs(shear cohesive soil (with orwithoutsomesoftcohesive layers), orofpredominantly soft-to-firm Deposits ofloose-to-mediumcohesionlesssoil thickness from several tenstomany hundreds ofmetres Deep depositsofdenseormedium-densesand, gravel orstiffclay with properties withdepth of metres inthickness, increase by ofmechanical agradual characterised Deposits ofvery densesand, gravel orvery stiffclay, atleastafew tens of weaker atthe surface material Rock oranotherrock-like formation, geological includingatmost5m Table Table 6. 6 , the criteria for determining thesoiltypeare outlined., fordetermining thecriteria M w

5,5. varyde andthesoilfactor Theparameters T Classification ofsoiltypes. B , T 1 C figure and Description > T 800 m/s 4 D ). According to the EC8, the type and the soil factor andthesoilfactor table

> 7 40) andahighwater .

S SUMARY dependon M

<5,5). - - 36

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) 2.3.3.2. one. American applied toexistingbuildings, which iswhy othercodesare usedsuchasthe EC8-1 onlyforthedesignofnew buildings. However, thisprocess cannotbe system anditsductility. isspecifiedinthe ofthisfactor Thedetermination tor calledthebehaviour ( factor count fortheeffectsof forces caused vertical by seismicaction. factor. related tothegroundaccelerationvalue andtheimportance ofcriteria a series For inEC8-1, theuseofresponse spectrum theNational Annex establishes Table 7. Figure 4. type Soil In thelinearanalyses, isreduced theelastic response by spectrum afac The EC8-1alsoproposes toac thedesignofanelasticresponse spectrum D C A B E

Spanish NationalAnnex

Values ofparameters T

Elastic response spectrum oftype1(a)and2(b)foreachsoil. Elastic response spectrum 1.20 1.00 1.35 1.15 1.40 S max Seismic Action Type1 Seismic (a) (b) T 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 B (s) T 0.50 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.80 type ofspectrum. C (s) B , T q C ) which considers the type of structural thetypeofstructural ) whichconsiders and T T 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 D (s) D and soil factor Saccording tothe andsoilfactor 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.60 1.80 S max Seismic Action Type2 Seismic T 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.10 B (s) T 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.30 C (s) SUMARY T 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 D (s) - -

37 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) quake in thatoccurred Agadir in1960. The 1961) 1958) of475years. period return changes tothePGA, given thatitisalready expressed foratypeIgroundand using theupdatedseismichazard values of2012, there isnoneedtomake any be multiplied by of 0.8, a reduction factor according to the equation(3).When a typeIIsoiland however, thebasegroundaccelerationvalues of theNCSE02 are established for (Oliveira, 1977) zones); and3)themaximum intensitiesobserved after theearthquakes of1902 from 1902(theearthquakes intheSpanishcatalogue were alsousedforborder cal catalogue from the10thcentury; 2)thePortuguese catalogue instrumental veira, 1977) a type-IIIextreme value distribution, of1 period forareturn influenced by astudyonseismichazard, toa which resorted Poisson modeland The mapofthesixseismiczonesconsidered in the RSAEEP( 2.4.1.1. inthedesignofstructures. analysis principles al-Casa daMoeda, 1983) for buildings structuresand bridges) Segurança e Acçoes para Estructuras deEdifíciosePontes(Safetyregulationandactions seismic building codein The first Portugal was the 2.4.1. requirements appliedseismiccodesare ofthecurrently analysed. In thissection, thechronological evolution ofseismiccodesinPortugal andthe 2.4. changeaffectsthisproject,This class. asschoolsare includedinthisimportance lished intheEC8-1: isincreased from factor thehighestimportance 1.2to1.3. The Spanish factor estab Annex proposes amodificationoftheimportance The SEISMIC HAZARDINPORTUGAL (Nacional, 1958) (Nacional, 1961) Historical seismiccodes:Decreelawno.235/83 Probabilistic seismichazardanalysis a gR . Inthis study, were three sources ofinformation used: 1)ahistori oftheEC8isestablished foratype A soilanda . T r of500years. Thus, inorder tousethem, the . Thesecondseismiccodewas theDecree 44 , whichchangedtheseismicactionduetoearth , dynamic was seismiccodetoincludemodern thefirst (RSAEEP) passedin1983 a gR . · =0.8 a b Decree

Law 235/83, Reglamentode Decree no. 41 (Imprensa Nacion T 000 years r 658 of475years. a figure b SUMARY values must 041 (RSEP, (RSCCS, Eq. ( 5 ) was (Oli 3 - - - - ) 38

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) Portugal. Since December2019, Eurocode 8hasbeentheseismiccodeinforce in 2.4.2. account through factor tra, thoughthiswas adifficult process. Theinfluenceofseismicityis taken into tance from thefocus. Theresponse spectrawere usingpower determined spec fromfar thefocus, dis and 2) anearthquake ofahigh magnitude ata greater tion, fortwo typesofearthquakes: 1)amoderate-magnitude earthquake not Seismic action was defined through thepower spectral densitiesofaccelera 2.4.1.2. hard soilsofamediumconsistency; andtypeIII, softsoils. In terms of the ground type,In terms 3 types were established: type I, rocks; type II, Mandatory code:Eurocode8 Mandatory Determination ofseismicaction Determination Figure 5.

Seismic zonationofPortugal (Decree law no. 235/83). a foreachseismicaction. SUMARY - - -

39 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) the soil factor the soilfactor National Annex. of1.45, factor importance ahighervalue thanthatestablished by theSpanish therefore, inthecontextofatypeIresponse spectrum, toan itcorresponds of seismicaction( values factor classandforeachtype accordingportance totheimportance distant earthquake andtype2isthenearby earthquake. Itproposes new im for earthquakes of two kinds, as is the RSAEEP, but in this case type 1 is the The Portuguese National Annex specifiesthe requirements setoutintheEC8-1 2.4.2.2. eters fied intheEC8-1. However, theNational Annexspecifiesthe valuesofparam outinasimilarway tothatspeci Establishing iscarried theresponse spectrum 2.4.2.1. Importance class Importance It alsoproposes anupdateofthevalues of parameters T B , Portuguese NationalAnnex Portuguese Construction oftheresponsespectrum IV III T II I C and S For 4m/s For 1

2 Importance factors ( factors Importance S = S = SS S and the importance factor. andtheimportance =− 1.0 max max Continent 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 S table max Seismic Action Type2 Seismic 3 − g 9 I 1 ). ). ⋅− () a T g B , T 1 C and Azores SUMARY 1.35 1.15 1.00 0.85 T D and of - - -

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) method. and anew outusingaCornells probabilistic seismichazard analysis was carried was madein2008. Inthisstudy, new seismiczoneswere proposed ( Table 9. type Soil In D C A B E (Campos Costa

Values of T Figure 6. 1.35 1.00 2.00 1.60 1.80 S max Seismic Action Type1 Seismic (a) (b)

T 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Seismic zonationannextype1(a)and2(b). B B , T (s) et al C and T ., 2008) T 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 C (s) D andSforeachtypeofresponse spectrum. aproposal toupdatetheNational Annex T 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 D (s) 1.35 1.00 1.60 1.80 2.00 S max Seismic Action Type2 Seismic T 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 B (s) T 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.30 C (s) SUMARY figure T 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 D (s) 6 ) 41 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) distribution ofmaximum values.distribution that influence Duetothisandotherfactors update in2008, aPoisson was andGumbelIdistribution used, resulting ina However, forthePortuguese codeandtheNational Annex totheECvalues analysis was usedbasedonaPoissonian distribution, henceusingmeanvalues. outlined in et al specifyingtheirownhelp eachcountry parameters. As in tion toolforseismicdesignattheEuropean level, theNational Annexes serve to criteria, they are very similar. hazard analyses. ofotherrequirements, Interms suchasductilityorconstructive seismic actionduetothedifferent approaches usedintheprobabilistic seismic differ considerably garve andHuelva would beequallyaffected, theseismiccodesofeachcountry that,Despite thefact inthecaseofanearthquake, theborder areas ofthe Al 2.5. of 475years. period a return have tobemodifiedfactors,by for soiltypeIor asthey are determined A, for accordingfor eachtypeofresponse to spectrum Portugal andSpaindifferinsomelocations. the results ., 2004) In theSpanishNCSE02andinvalues updatein2012, aseismichazard tonotethat,It isimportant thatEC8arose despitethefact asastandardisa In thisstudy, new values of Seismic zone COMPARISON OFSEISMICHAZARDINTHEALGARVE-HUELVA REGION Ground acceleration Type 1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 Table 10. (Estêvão andOliveira, 2001) , themaindifferences andtheir inthe seismicparameters values are table 11 (Estêvão .

Reference peakground accelerationa a gR in various seismiczones. in various 0.35 (m/s 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 et al 2 a ) ., 2019) gR were proposed foreachseismiczoneand , the acceleration values obtained for . Themaindifference isthe value of Seismic zone Ground acceleration Type 2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 — table 10 . Thesevalues donot (García-Mayordomo gR (m/s a gR SUMARY 2 ) (m/s 0.8 1.1 1.7 2.0 2.5 —

2 ) - - 42

SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) than thatestablished inthe NCSE02 orintheSpanishvalues update. 1 case ofthePortuguese code, of asintheseismichazard period analysisareturn Portuguese update, this value was 475 years. inthe Thisdifference is important NCSE02 usedavalue of500years whilstfortheEC8andSpanish Seismic scale No-collapse value (m/s Attenuation acceleration Importance Importance 000 years was considered. Therefore, theseismic actionisconsiderably greater estimation Table 11. descriptor Parameter limitation limitation functions spectrum Ground Type of damage Seismic analysis Hazard Hazard Severe values values factor Date Regarding period, thereturn significantdifferences are alsofound. The 2 )

Type 1and2 List of basic parameters for determining theground acceleration fordetermining List ofbasicparameters Acceleration T Decree Law Attenuation Gumbel III Magnitude Parameters Historical Historical Gumbel I RSAEEP NCR PGA 1983 years laws — — — =1000

Type 1and2 P T P a T NCR DLR g NCR =a DLR g 1998 years years EC8 I — — — — — =10% =10% =1 according toeachcode. =475 =95 gR · g I Macroseismic P T P Parameters a Ayamonte Historical Historical a a T NCSE02 Intensity NCR c DLR NCR g c Poisson =S· Type 1 =1.597 =1.428 DLR 2002 years years r =1 =10% ‰ =2 =500 =95 r ·a b Acceleration Attenuation P T P Magnitude Parameters Ayamonte Historical Historical a T NCR DLR NCR Spanish c Poisson a Type 1 update =1.763 DLR g maps PGA 2012 years years r laws =1.5 =1 =10% =10% =475 =95

Type 1and2 P a T P Annex to T gR NCR DLR NCR Spanish g DLR .· a =0.8· 2010 years years EC8 I =1,3 — — — — — =10% =10% =475 =95 b SUMARY Type 1and2 g g P Portuguese T P a a Annex to Vila Real T I I NCR -T -T DLR g g NCR DLR – T2 – T1 2010 years years EC8 2 1 a — — — — =10% =10% =1,25 =1,45 =2.1 =2.2 =475 gR =95 43 SCHOOLS, SEISMICITY AND RETROFITTING Beatriz Zapico Blanco (coord.) of softsoilswithsimilarproperties. are separatedonlyby by theGuadianariver andare thepresence characterised for theanalysiswere Vila RealdeSanto Antonio and Ayamonte ( Portuguese border, according to each seismic code. The municipalities selected outoftheseismicactionfortwo municipalitiesried locatedontheSpanish- er values of guese National Annexes, respectively. Thisincrease results inconsiderably high response spectrum, being1,3and1,45, according totheSpanishandPortu 1,0 forschools. However, thisvalue considerably whenusingtheEC8 differs code establish two typesofseismicaction. onesingleresponseconsiders spectrum. However, theEC8andPortuguese specifiedintheSpanishNationaltion factor Annex. Furthermore, theNCSE02 sponse spectrum, theaccelerationofNCSE02must bemodified by a reduc ground, whilsttherest consideratypeI. Therefore, whenusingtheEC8re different types ofsoil. the acceleration fora type II TheNCSE02 determines In theframework ofthePERSISTAH project, hasbeencar acomparison factor, of the importance of In terms a factor the Spanish code determines issueisthattheseismicaccelerationsare expressedAnother important for a g forthecaseofPortugal. Figure 7.

Municipalities considered inthestudy. figure SUMARY

7 ). Both - - - - - 44