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THE SPRINGTIME OF NATIONS - The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Presents . Weekly conversations in international affairs, history and culture with eminent scholars from the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. For information about stations broadcasting "RADIO DIALOGUE " in your area call (202)287-3000 ext. 325. SPRING 1990 THE WILSON QUARTERLY Published by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars COVER STORY EASTERNEUROPE 26 1989-not since 1789 has there been a year of such upheaval. Without a single border changing, the map of Europe was redrawn. The Soviet bloc vanished, and Central Europe was reborn. Our contributors, Ivan Sanders, John Lukacs, Stephen E. Deane, and Stanislaw Baranczak, remind us of legacies that must be overcome-and of others that should be revitalized. They anticipate the challenges, cultural as well as political, that lie ahead. AMERICA'SFIRST WARON POVERTY 78 America's struggle with poverty has reached a stalemate. Perhaps it's time to consider how an earlier generation tackled the problem. How- ard Husock argues that the settlement-house movement, long scorned as idealistic and inadequate, offers solutions of surprising relevance. IDEAS THEBIRTHPLACE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 68 Places as well as people give birth to ideas. Bruno Bettelheim explains why Freud could have developed psychoanalysis only in turn-of-the-cen- tuty Vienna. REFLECTIONS DEPARTMENTS Do WELIKE IKE? 110 Editor's Comment 6 We liked Ike. Then we didn't. Then we did. Alan Brinkley shows how changing views of Periodicals 9 Eisenhower have reflected changes in Amer- ica itself. Current Books 92 Research Reports 142 A MOREPERFECT HUMAN 120 Phrenologist. Sexologist. Father of the octagon Commentary 144 house. Dwight L. Young profiles Orson Squire Cover: A Solidarity poster by M. Stryjecki (1989) from the Fowler, a 19th-century American original. Next Gallery in Berkeley, Calif., courtesy of Igor Gasowski. ISSN-0363-3276 USPS 346-670 11'A VOL. XIV NO. 2 Published in January (Winter),April (Spring), July (Summer), and October (Autumn) by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Indexed biennially. Subscriptions: one year, $20; two years, $36. Outside U.S.: one year, $26.50; two years, $49. Air mail outside U.S.: one year, $35; two years, $66. Single copies mailed upon request: $6; selected back issues: $6, including postage and handling; outside U.S. and possessions, $7. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offices. Editorial offices: 370 L'Enfant Promenade S.W., Suite 704, Washington, D.C. 20024. All unsolic- ited manuscripts should be accompanied by a self-addressed stamped envelope. Members: Send changes of address and all subscription correspondence with Wilson Quarterly mailing label to Subscriber Service, The W~lsonQuarterly, P.O. Box 56I6I, Boulder, Colo. 80322-6161. (Subscriber hot line; 1-800- 876-8828.) Postmaster: Send all address changes to The Wilson Quarterly, PO. Box 56161, Boulder, Colo. 80301. Microfilm copies are available from University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. U.S.A. newsstand distribution by Eastern News Distributors, Inc., I130 Cleveland Road, Sandusky, Ohio 44870. We Saved Jimmy A. Martin's Life Chest pain you shouldtell Not with clinical diagnosis, surgery or medication -with information your doctor about Specifically, the kind of information on diseases and their symptoms that's featured in our innovative Partners in Healthcare series. At Pfizer, we recognize that consumer education is an integral facet of healthcare. And because our c'consumer" may be sick and not know it, informational medicine can be the best first-line therapy available. Just ask Jimmy A. Martin. He's a living example. A PARTNER IN HEALTHCARE" NEW FROLIBERTY FUND THE ETHICS OF REDISTRIBUTION by Bertrand de Jouvenel Introduction by John Gray he distinguished French political philosopher TBertrand de Jouvenel shows, through many varied and insightful arguments, that redistribution is ethically indefensible for, and practically unwork- able in, a complex society. 'Only Hayek has rivaled Bertrand de Jouvenel in demonstrating why redistributionism in the democ- racies inexorably results in the atrophy of personal responsibility and the hypertrophy of bureaucracy and the centralized state instead of in relief to the hapless minorities it is pledged to serve.'' -Robert Nisbet 98 + xviii pages. Foreword and preface to the 1st Edition, introduction, appendix, index. Hardcover $12.00 0-86597-084-x Paperback $ 5.00 0-86597-085-8 LibertyPress, 1989 ALSO AVAILABLE WHAT SHOULD TEACHER IN ECONOMISTS DO? AMERICA By James M. Buchanan By Jacques Barzun Preface by H. Geoffrey Brennan and With a new Introduction by Robert D. Tollison the author ixteen essays on the relevance of econom- r. Barzun writes about teaching, as it is sics from the 1986 Nobel Prize win- D done, as it should be done, and as it ner in economics. should not be done. 292 pages. Hardcover $8.00 476 + mipages. Hardcover $9.00 LibertyPress, 1979 Paperback $3.50 LibertyPress, 19 8 1 Paperback $4.00 Please send me: Quantity 0Enclosed is my check or money order Ordered Title Edition Price Amount made payable to Liberty Fund, Inc. The Ethics of Hardcover $12.00 0 Please send me a copy of your current Redistribution Paperback $ 5.00 catalogue. What Should Hardcover $ 8.00 Name Economists Do? Paperback $ 3.50 Address - Teacher in America Hardcover $ 9.00 City Paperback $ 4.00 Statelzip Subtotal Mail to: Liberty Fund, Inc. Indiana residents add 5% sales tax 7440 North Shadeland Avenue, Dept. BB113 Total Indianapolis, IN 46250 We pay book rate postage. Please allow approximately 4 weeks for delivery. All orders must be prepaid in U.S. dollars. IS YOUR NAME HERE? >ELOW are the names of some of the most distinguished If your surname is listed you should have your manuscript. We American families. Our research staff has, over a period of believe you will find it not only of keen interest, but a source of years, completed amanuscript history ofeachofthese families. pride and satisfaction for yourself and your kinsmen. THESE FAMILY HISTORIES $30.00 EACH Each manuscript is a GENEALOGICAL and HIS- TOPICAL study ofthe family from earliest times. It & records the origin and growth of the family in Europe; its place among the gentry there; its part in the early ' settlement and subsequent history ofAmerica, includ- ing service in the Revolutionary War, and its achieve- ments and leading representatives in this country. The derivation and meaning of the name is traced; re- current family traits are brought out; and genealogical data on various lines are set forth. A valuable bibliography is included, as well as the authoritative description of a family coat of arms. Each historv is a seoarate and distinct workoainstakinelv comniled~- from. the most authentic sou~ces.Reproduced on fine paper anrboundin a hand- some blackcover stamped insilver ink. it issuitably. desienedforfilinramone- - - your family records or other documents. If you order promptly we will also include, at no extra cost, our specially designed Ancestry Chart. Itmeasures 17 by 22 inches andcontainsspaces in which to record the names of your ancestors in all lines for eight generations. The coupon ora letter, with $30.00(noothercharges; NY State residents add appropriate sales tax), will bring you your manuscript and The Ancestry Chart. Any two manuscripts may be had for $50.00, any three for $75.00. Satisfaction is assured by our money backguarantee. Send for yours today. Roots Research Bureau, Ltd., 39 W. 32 Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10001. Roots Research is a member of the Direct Marketing ssociaion's Customer Commitment Program [m Look Also ForYour Mother's and Grandmother's Maiden Names Editor: Jay Tolson Editor's Comment Deputy Editor: Steven Lagerfeld d Managing Editor: James H. Carman Literary Editor: Jefferv Paine Ever since the scientific revolution and the Enlighten- production Assistant: - Henry L. Mortimer, Jr. ment, Western thinkers and statesmen have been vulner- ContributingEditors: Steven Fraser, able to the belief that, with the right adjustments here and Walter Reic , Neil Spttzer; Senior there, a New Man and a New Society can reasonably be Researcher: Sian M. Hunter; Re- searchers: Emily E. Miller, Chris made. Utopians deserve some credit. Their ideals have McConnell Librarian: ZdenEk V. Da- spurred real accomplishments in all areas of life. The fate vid; Editorial Advisers: Mary B. Bull- of the West, for better or worse, is tied to a logic of ock, Philip Cook, Robert Damton, Francis M. Deng, Denis Donoghue, progress, and the idea of utopia sweetens this logic. But Nathan Glazer, Michael Haltzel, behind such sweetness lurks a danger. Despite what have Harding, Elizabeth Johns, Mi- often been the best of intentions, schemers after a better aLacey,John R. Lampe, Jack- son Lears, Robert Utwak, Frank world have helped bring on some of the worst nightmares McConnell, Richard Morse, Mancur of the 20th century-gods that not only failed but turned Olson, Richard Rorty, Blair Ruble, into monsters. This issue looks at many faces of utopian- Ann Sheffield, S. Frederick Starr, Jo- seph Tulchin; Senior Editorial Ad- ism, from the god that failed in Eastern Europe to an ex- viser: Peter Braestrup. otic 19th-century American reformer, Orson Squire Fowler. Elsewhere, Howard Husock argues that the en- Publisher: Warren B. Syer during reality of poverty may be more effectively battled Deputy Publisher: Kathy Read Business Assistant: Suzanne Turk by individual involvement than by all the "best-laid plans" Circulation Director: Rosalie Bruno of social policy. And Alan Brinkley discusses the fluctuat- Advertising Director: Sara Lawrence ing reputation of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a poli- 370 L'Enfant Promenade S.W. Suite 704 tician whose notion of government's proper role included Washington,D.C. 20024 a strong distrust of utopian yearnings. (202) 287-3000 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Smithsonian Institution Building Washington, D.C.
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