Bookmarks of Jewish History The George Washington University Spring 2011

History 3001/Honors 2175 Prof. Daniel B. Schwartz W 2:00-4:30 PM Phillips 317 I. Edmund Kiev Library in Gelman (202) 994-2397 The Library of Congress Hebraica Section [email protected] Office Hours: F 12:30-2

“The study of Jewish history is an invitation to travel” Leon Wieseltier, Kaddish (1998)

This course, which is being offered for the first time in Spring 2011, is an undergraduate seminar in the history of the Jewish book that also serves as an introduction to the remarkable riches of the Judaica collections of the Library of Congress and the Kiev Library in Gelman. In this course we will learn about the history of books in general and Jewish books in particular, studying how texts were made, circulated, and read. We will also learn about the ways in which books gave rise to new conceptions of knowledge and authority and even to new ideas of what it meant to be Jewish. And we will do all this on site at the Library of Congress and the Kiev Library, in the physical presence of the primary sources we are studying, many of them centuries old and exceedingly rare.

The inaugural version of “Bookmarks” will be divided into two halves. In the first half of the semester, we will examine the impact of print on Jewish cultural development from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, a period often referred to as “early modern” in Jewish historiography, in part on account of the transformations wrought in Jewish life by the invention of movable type. Topics to be discussed include the transition from manuscript to print and the first Hebrew printed books; early printed editions of such foundational works as the Babylonian Talmud, the Shulhan Arukh, and the Zohar; Christian-Jewish collaboration in the print shops and the influence of censorship in the shaping of the Jewish book and of Jewish identity; women as printers and readers, and new books for women; and new illustrated works, by Jews and non- Jews alike, depicting Jewish customs and ceremonies in novel ways. In the second half of the semester, we will trace Jewish book history through the lens of a single genre—the Passover Haggadah. The Haggadah is recited every year at the Seder, the festive evening meal that ushers in the Jewish holiday of Passover and commemorates the ancient redemption of Israel from Egyptian slavery. A mixture of story, song, and prayer, the Haggadah is perhaps the best known of all Jewish books; it is certainly the most widely printed and distributed. With its vast, enduring popularity and relative brevity, its iconic rituals (“The Four Questions”) and themes (“The Four Sons”) as well as legacy of artistic illustration and illumination unique among Jewish sacred texts, and its persistent tension between tradition and innovation the Passover Haggadah stands out as a particularly valuable prism for viewing the history not only of the Jewish book, but of Jewish culture, memory, and identity in a broader sense. In our survey of the Haggadah, we will explore everything from medieval illuminated Haggadot to milestone early modern

1 printed Haggadot to mass-produced twentieth-century Haggadot. We will explore Hebrew- language Haggadot, to be sure, but also Haggadot in English, Yiddish, and even Marathi. And we will explore nontraditional Haggadot of all kinds, including Reform Haggadot, kibbutz Haggadot, Soviet Haggadot, post-Holocaust Haggadot, and feminist Haggadot.

Learning Objectives

This course has several learning objectives that will serve as the basis for assessment. Students will be evaluated on their ability to:

• Identify various dimensions of the impact of the invention of print on Jewish culture

• Contextualize the history of the book in Jewish culture within the history of the book more generally (e.g. through exposure to some of the chief approaches to, and debates within the growing field of Book History).

• Grasp major trends in the history of the Passover Haggadah as both a physical object and a social and cultural phenomenon (e.g. the impact of print on both the text and the very idea of the Haggadah as well as on the experience of the Passover Seder).

• Reason historically, e.g. by thinking contextually and concretely, avoiding unwarranted generalizations and anachronisms, perceiving change and continuity over time, considering how historians with divergent orientations (political, social, intellectual) might approach and explain the same historical phenomenon differently, appreciating complexity, periodizing, etc.

• Analyze both primary and secondary literature (historiography) critically, e.g. by attending to things like context, structure, and argument, distinguishing thesis from supporting evidence, considering alternative explanations for given data, discerning possible authorial biases, etc.

• Write essays that draw on all the above skills and are clear, cogent and concise.

Requirements:

• Short Paper (20%). One short paper of roughly 1500 words, analyzing a particular scholarly controversy within the field of Book History, is required of all students. The essay will be due Wednesday, February 9 at the beginning of class. Since our meeting that day will be devoted in part to discussing the texts that are the subject of the paper, no extensions will be granted.

• Research Paper (40%). A term paper of no fewer than 4000 words that draws on the Judaica collections of the Library of Congress and/or the Kiev Library to produce a work of original research in the history of the Jewish book is the core requirement of the course. Early in the semester, each student, with the assistance of the instructor and possibly one of the Judaica librarians at either of the two sites, will formulate a paper

2 topic well suited to his or her research interests. The final version of the essay will be due at our last meeting, Wednesday, April 13. However, there will be two other graded components of the research project due earlier in the semester. A Research Paper Proposal (10%) of roughly three pages in length that articulates the main research question(s), identifies the methodology and sources to be used, and previews the tentative argument of the paper will be due, in class, on Wednesday, February 23. And an Annotated Bibliography (10%), which lists and briefly describes the primary and secondary sources on which the paper is based, will be due, in class, on Wednesday, March 23.

• Attendance and Participation (20%). This class is an upper-level undergraduate seminar, and its success will depend in large part on the work students do in preparation for each meeting and their contributions to class discussions. As you can see, the weight given to “Attendance and Participation” is equivalent to the percentage of your final grade that will be determined by the short paper (20%). So you are strongly encouraged to contribute in class in a constructive manner, by posing and responding to questions, making comments, asking me to clarify something I have said, and just in general demonstrating a high level of engagement. The reading will run anywhere from 75 to 150 pages per week. Students should plan on devoting some time most weeks to doing readings that are on Gelman reserve [GR] or that are part of the Kiev Judaica Collection and thus can only be studied during the hours that the latter is open (typically, Mondays through Fridays 10 to 5). Moreover, for the weeks that we meet at the Library of Congress, students must allocate sufficient time for travel to Capitol Hill from Foggy Bottom. Attendance in class mandatory. Two or more unexcused absences—or repeated lateness to class—will reduce your grade for attendance and participation.

• Laptops may be used only to take lecture notes or to look at scanned excerpts of materials we are studying online. Text messaging, sending e-mail, playing computer games, and web surfing of any kind are unacceptable during class. Using electronic technology inappropriately will negatively affect your Attendance and Participation grade.

• Academic dishonesty is a serious university offense. While it is expected—at least in the research paper for this class—that you will assimilate the work and ideas of others, you must give credit to your sources when appropriate. Furthermore, you need to integrate your findings into an essay whose style and argument are incontrovertibly your own. I will be available to answer any questions you might have about the nuances of when to cite, but know from the outset that I am obliged to report suspected cases of plagiarism and cheating. Be sure to familiarize yourselves with both the Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition) and the GW Code of Academic Integrity, which can be found at http://www.gwu.edu/~ntegrity/code.html.

• In order to receive accommodations on the basis of disability, students with special needs must give notice and provide proper documentation to the Office of Disability Support Services, Marvin Center 436, 994-8250.

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Readings

There are no books that you are required to purchase for this course, though you are encouraged to buy the new facsimile of the Washington Haggadah that will be published in early March by Harvard University Press.

With few exceptions, the readings for the course can be found in seven places: on Blackboard, under Electronic Reserve [ER]; online, with a URL listed on the syllabus; in Gelman, on reserve [GRes]; in Gelman, as a reference work [GRef]; in Gelman, as an E-Book [Gelman E-Book]; in the Kiev Library on the seventh floor of Gelman; and in the Library of Congress. Materials for the Kiev can be reviewed only during the hours it is open. You are not expected to travel to the Library of Congress to prepare the week’s readings, though you may well find yourself doing so for your research paper.

Schedule of Classes

I. Print and Jewish Cultural Development

W Jan 12 Introduction (LC)

W Jan 19 From Manuscript to Print; Early Hebrew Printing (Kiev)

Led by B.S. Hill, Librarian of Kiev Judaica Collection

• Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge UP, 1979), 3-43 [ER] • Encyclopedia Judaica [EJ], “Printing, Hebrew,” “Incunabula,” “Colophon,” “Soncino” [Gelman E-Book] • Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, “Print and Jewish Cultural Development,” Encyclopedia of the Renaissance, 6 vols. (New York: Scribner’s, 1999), 3:344-346 [GRef]

W Jan 26 Printing the Talmud (LC)

• Lawrence H. Schiffman, “The Making of the Mishnah and the Talmud,” Printing the Talmud: From Bomberg to Schottenstein, ed. Sharon L. Mintz and Gabriel M. Goldstein (New York: Yeshiva University Museum, 2005), 3-18 http://www.printingthetalmud.org/essays/1.html • Haym Soloveitchik, “The Printed Page of the Talmud: The Commentaries and Their Authors,” Printing the Talmud http://www.printingthetalmud.org/essays/4.html

4 • Marvin J. Heller, “Earliest Printings of the Talmud,” Printing the Talmud, 61-79 http://www.printingthetalmud.org/essays/7.html • Elisheva Carlebach, “The Status of the Talmud in Early Modern Europe,” Printing the Talmud, 79-89 (http://www.printingthetalmud.org/essays/8.html) • Talmud Berakhot, Venice, 1520-1523, printed by Daniel Bomberg, BM 499 1520-1533, v. 1 Fols. 46v-47r (http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Talmud%2C_Berakhot%2C_Venice%2C_ 1520-1523%2C_Printed_by_Daniel_Bomberg%2C_BM499_1520- 1523_v.1%2C_Fols._46v-47r.)

W Feb 2 The Shulhan Arukh (“Set Table”) & the Standardization of Halakhah (Kiev)

• The Center for Online Judaic Studies, “Overview: Halakhah” http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Overview:_Halakhah • Jacob Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World, revised edition (HUC: 1998), pp. 200-204, excerpts from Shulhan Arukh [ER] • Isidore Twersky, “The Shulhan Arukh: Enduring Code of Jewish Law” [1967], in The Jewish Expression, ed. Judah Goldin (New York: Bantam, 1976), 322-343 [ER] • Elchanan Reiner, “The Ashkenazi Elite at the Beginning of the Modern Era: Manuscript versus Printed Book,” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 10 (1997): 85-98 [ER] • Shulhan Arukh, Venice, 1565, RB125:1-4, Title Page (http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Shulhan_Arukh%2C_Venice%2C_1565% 2C_RB125:1-4%2C_Title_page.)

W Feb 9 The Printing of the Zohar and the Popularization of Kabbalah (LC)

• Lawrence Fine, “Kabbalistic Texts,” in Back to the Sources, ed. Barry W. Holtz (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), pp. 305- 360 [ER] • Boaz Huss, “Interpretation and Power: The Emergence of Zohar Hermeneutics in the 16th Century” (http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/cjt/files/electures/zohar4.htm) • Bernard Cooperman, “Technology, Preservation, and Freedom of Expression: Isaac de Lattes as Printer in Sixteenth-Century Italy” (http://www.earlymodern.org/workshops/2009/cooperman/index.p hp?pid=101) • Zohar, Mantua, 1558 RB146:10, Title Page (http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Zohar%2C_Mantua%2C_1558%2C_RB1 46:10%2C_Title_page.)

W Feb 16 Censorship, the Counter-Reformation, & the Jewish Book (LC)

5 • Kenneth R. Stow, “The Burning of the Talmud in 1553, in the Light of Sixteenth-Century Catholic Attitudes toward the Talmud [1972], Essential Papers on Judaism and Christianity in Conflict, ed. Jeremy Cohen (New York, 1991) [ER] • Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, “Censorship, Editing, and the Reshaping of Jewish Identity,” Hebraica Veritas? Christian Hebraists and the Study of Judaism in Early Modern Europe (Penn UP, 2004), 125- 155 [ER] • First printed edition of Rabbi David Kimchi’s commentary on Psalms (http://picasaweb.google.com/gomo18/RareJewishBooksJTSLibrar y#5361499285194840130) • “Edict Ordering the Confiscation and Burning of the Talmud,” Venice, 1553, in Printing the Talmud http://www.printingthetalmud.org/objects.html • Federica Francesconi, “Jews under Surveillance: Censorship and Reading in Early Modern Italy” (http://www.earlymodern.org/workshops/2009/francesconi/index.p hp?pid=96)

W Feb 23 Women and the Jewish Book (Kiev)

Guest visit: Ms. Jennifer Breger, independent scholar and expert in Jewish women’s liturgy and literature, Jewish women’s printing, and the history of Hebrew printing

• Chava Weissler, Voice of the Matriarchs, chap. 2 [ER] • Edward Fram, “Seder Mitzvot Nashim” (http://www.earlymodern.org/workshops/2004/fram/index.php?pid =24) • Mahzor (Italian rite, commissioned for woman), Abraham b. Mordecai Farissol (scribe), Italy, 1471, MS 8255, Fol. 5v http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Mahzor_%28Italian_rite%3B_commission ed_for_woman%29%2C_Abraham_ben_Mordecai_Farissol_%28s cribe%29%2C_Italy%2C_1471%2C_MS_8255%2C_Fol._5v.

W Mar 2 CLASS CANCELLED

W Mar 9 Picturing Jews: Early Modern Jewish and Non-Jewish Representations of Jewish Customs and Ceremonies (LC)

• Proops Minhagim (Amsterdam, 1707) [LC] • Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde (Amsterdam, 1728) [LC]

6 • Bernard Picart, The ceremonies and religious customs of the various nations of the known world, etc. (London, 1733) [LC] • Richard Cohen, Jewish Icons, chap. 1 [Gres] • Lynn Hunt, Margaret Jacob, & Wijnand Mijnhart, “Introduction” and “Familiarizing Judaism,” in The Book that Changed Europe: Picart and Bernard’s Religious Ceremonies of the World (Cambridge: Harvard, 2010), 1-24, 169-193 [ER]

W Mar 16 SPRING BREAK—No Class

II. The Passover Haggadah

W Mar 23 Haggadah: Origins, Component Parts, Early History; Medieval Illuminated Haggadot (LC)

• The Passover Haggadah (read through entirety and prepare outline of its structure) • EJ, “Passover Haggadah,” [Gelman E-Book] • Dropsie Genizah Haggadah (http://www.cjs.upenn.edu/publications/breaking%20new%20grou nd/the_dropsie_haggadah.pdf) • The Sarajevo Haggadah, facsimile [GRes] • The Ashkenazi Haggadah, facsimile [Kiev] • ***The Washington Haggadah*** [LC] • Abraham Karp, From the Ends of the Earth, pp. TBA [GRes] • Marc M. Epstein, “Illustrating History and Illuminating Identity in the Art of the Passover Haggadah” [ER]

W Mar 30 Becoming a Book: The Early Printed Haggadah; Two Seventeenth-Century Haggadot (Venice and Amsterdam) A Passage to India: The Poona Haggadah of 1874 (LC)

• Y.H. Yerushalmi, Haggadah and History (Harvard, 1975), pp. 13- 47, Plates 1-17, 22-31, 34-55, 59-62, 66-72, 107-110 [GRes] • Facsimile of Mantua Haggadah of 1560 [KIEV] • Richard I. Cohen, Jewish Icons, pp. TBA [GRes] • W. Fischel, The Haggadah of the Bene Israel of India, facs. edition (New York, 1968) [ER] • N. Katz, “An Identity Transformed: The Bene Israel,” in Who are the Jews of India? (Berkeley, CA, 2000) [ER]

W Apr 6 The Szyk Haggadah (LC—Rare Book Room)

7 • Szyk Haggadah (Abrams, 2011)

W Apr 13 To Each His (or Her) Own Haggadah (Kiev)

• Yerushalmi, Haggadah and History, pp. 66-74, Plates 93, 94, 96, 115, 126, 144, 166, 174-5, 182-5 • The Union Haggadah (1907) [GoogleBooks] • A Passover Haggadah: the New Union Haggadah [GRes] • A Survivor’s Haggadah [GRes] • Muki Tsur, et al. (eds.), Yot’sim be-hodesh ha-’aviv, illustrations [GRes] • The Women’s Haggadah [GRes] • Arnold Eisen, Rethinking Modern Judaism, pp. TBA [ER]

W Apr 20 PASSOVER (appropriately)—NO CLASS

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