Kenneth Westphal R. Kenneth R. Westphal

mmanuel Kant’s ‘Transcendental Deduction of the Categories’ addresses issues centrally debated today in philosophy and in cognitive sciences, especiallyI in epistemology, and in theory of perception. Kant’s insights into these issues are clouded by pervasive misunderstandings of Kant’s Kant’s ‘Deduction’ and its actual aims, scope, and argument. The present edition with its fresh and accurate translation and concise commentary aims to Kant serve these contemporary debates as well as continuing intensive and ’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories Transcendental extensive scholarship on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Two surprising results are that ‘Transcendental Deduction’ is valid and sound, and it holds independently of Kant’s transcendental idealism. This lucid volume is interesting and useful to students, yet sufficiently detailed to be Deduction of the informative to specialists.

Kenneth R. Westphal is Professor of Philosophy at Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. His research focuses on the character and scope of rational Categories justification in non-formal, substantive domains, both moral and theoretical. His books include several volumes on Kant. Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation and Corroboration Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation and Corroboration

Kant’s Revised Second (B) Edition (1787), German Text with New Parallel Translation, for Students, Cognitive Scientists, Philosophers & Specialists.

Kenneth R. WESTPHAL Department of Philosophy Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul Kant’s Transcendental Deduction Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories of the Categories Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation and Corroboration and Corroboration

Kant’s Revised Second (B) Edition (1787), German Text with New Parallel Kant’s Revised Second (B) Edition (1787), German Text with New Parallel Translation, for Students, Cognitive Scientists, Philosophers & Specialists. Translation, for Students, Cognitive Scientists, Philosophers & Specialists.

Kenneth R. WESTPHAL Kenneth R. WESTPHAL Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul Published by Published by Helsinki University PressHelsinki University Press www.hup.fi www.hup.fi

© The author 2021 © The author 2021 For Jeff Edwards, For Jeff Edwards, generous friend, generous friend, First published in 2021First published in 2021 keen Critical conscience, well-honedkeen Critical in Marburg conscience, well-honed in Marburg

Cover design by Ville KarppanenCover design by Ville Karppanen Portrait of Immanuel KantPortrait by unknown of Immanuel artist, Kant circa 1790by unknown artist, circa 1790

ISBN (Paperback): 978-952-369-028-8ISBN (Paperback): 978-952-369-028-8 ISBN (PDF): 978-952-369-029-5ISBN (PDF): 978-952-369-029-5

https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7

This work is licensed underThis work the Creative is licensed Commons under the Attribution-NonCommercial- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalNoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International 4.0) License. (CC BY-NC-ND To view a copy4.0) License. of this To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444Creative Castro Commons,Street, Suite 444 900, Castro Mountain Street, View, Suite California, 900, Mountain 94041, View, California, 94041, USA. This license allowsUSA. for copyingThis license any partallows of thefor copyingwork for any personal part of use, the providing work for personal use, providing author attribution is clearlyauthor stated. attribution is clearly stated. CONTENTS CONTENTS

The full text of this bookThe has full been text peerof this reviewed book has to ensurebeen peer high reviewed aca- to ensure high aca-§ 1. Introduction§ 1. Introduction 1 1 demic standards. For fulldemic review standards. policies, Forsee http://www.hup.fi/full review policies, see http://www.hup.fi/ § 2. Kant’s B Deduction:§ 2. BasicKant’s Considerations B Deduction: forBasic its Considerations Understanding for its Understanding4 4 § 3. Text, Translation§ 3. & ElucidationsText, Translation & Elucidations 12 12 § 4. The Concepts§ ‘Space’, 4. The ‘Time’ Concepts & the ‘Space’,Categories ‘Time’ & the Categories 92 92 Suggested citation: Suggested citation: 99 99 Westphal, Kenneth R.,Westphal, 2021. Kant’s Kenneth Transcendental R., 2021. Deduction Kant’s Transcendentalof the Categories: Deduction Critical of the Categories:§ Critical 5. Modality in Sensory§ 5. ExperienceModality in & Sensory Perceptual Experience Judgment, & Perceptualin Brief Judgment, in Brief Re-Examination, ElucidationRe-Examination, and Corroboration. Elucidation Helsinki: and Corroboration. Helsinki University Helsinki: Press. Helsinki University§ Press. 6. Analytical Contents§ 6. Analytical Contents 105 105 https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7. . § 7. References § 7. References 107 107 To read the free, open Toaccess read version the free, of open this bookaccess version of this book online, visit https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7online, visit https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-7 or or scan this QR code withscan your this mobile QR codedevice: with your mobile device: Dear Reader, Welcome to some refreshed considerations of Kant’s revised Deduction of the Cat- egories! I hope my elucidations may prove fruitful, whether pro or contra. – K.R. Westphal Dear Reader, İstanbul, 20 Dec. 2020 1 INTRODUCTION Welcome to some refreshed considerations of Kant’s revised Deduction of the Cat- egories! I hope my elucidations may prove fruitful, whether pro or contra. Concerning Kant’s ‘Deduction of the Categories’, Sir Peter Strawson wrote: – K.R. Westphal İstanbul, 20 Dec. 2020 1 INTRODUCTION Kant’s genius nowhere shows itself more clearly than in his identification of the most fundamental of these conditions [of the very possibility of self-conscious expe- rience] in its most general form … These are very great and novel gains in episte- Concerning Kant’s ‘Deductionmology, of the so greatCategories’, and so novelSir Peter that, Strawson nearly two wrote: hundred years after they were made, Kant’s genius nowhere showsthey have itself still more not clearly been fully than absorbed in his identification into the philosophical of the consciousness. (Straw- most fundamental of theseson conditions 1966, 29) [of the very possibility of self-conscious expe- rience] in its most generalBuilding form … upon These Strawson’s are very great insights and novel (also gains in his in episte-subsequent writings), I submit that mology, so great and somy novel previous that, nearly studies two ofhundred Kant’s years Critique after ofthey Pure were Reason made, (Westphal 2004, 2020) have they have still not been fully absorbed into the philosophical consciousness. (Straw- son 1966, 29) made significant further strides in identifying and justifying Kant’s highly original, profoundly important insights, and demonstrating their crucial importance to the- Building upon Strawson’sory insights of knowledge, (also in to his philosophy subsequent of writings),mind and Ito submit cognitive that sciences. This brief book my previous studies of solely Kant’s addresses Critique ofKant’s Pure Reasonown ‘Deduction’. (Westphal 2004,By design 2020) it haveis independent of my other made significant further twostrides books, in identifying of the commentary and justifying genre Kant’s and debate,highly original, and is as lucid and exoteric as profoundly important insights,possible. and The demonstrating issues Kant addresses their crucial in the importance ‘Deduction’ to pertainthe- directly to issues cen- ory of knowledge, to philosophytrally debated of mind today and in to philosophy cognitive sciences.and in cognitive This brief sciences, book especially in epistemol- solely addresses Kant’s ownogy and‘Deduction’. in theory By of design perception, it is independentregarding self-consciousness, of my other self-ascription and two books, of the commentaryperceptual genre judgment. and debate, Yet Kant’s and isimportant as lucid insights and exoteric into these as issues are clouded by possible. The issues Kantprevalent addresses misunderstandings in the ‘Deduction’ of pertain Kant’s directly ‘Deduction’ to issues and cen- its actual aims, scope and trally debated today in philosophyargument. andThis in edition, cognitive fresh sciences, and accurate especially translation in epistemol- and concise commentary aims ogy and in theory of perception,to serve theseregarding contemporary self-consciousness, debates and self-ascription to refresh and continuing scholarship on perceptual judgment. YetKant’s Kant’s Critique important of Pure insights Reason into. these issues are clouded by prevalent misunderstandingsKant’s of Kant’s Transcendental ‘Deduction’ Deduction and its actual of the aims, Pure scope Concepts and of the Understanding, argument. This edition, freshi.e., of and the accurate twelve translationcategories, andhas concise been widely commentary criticised aims for failing to demonstrate to serve these contemporarythat the debates categories and are to and refresh must continuing be applicable scholarship to particular on objects and events we Kant’s Critique of Pure Reasonsense. in our surroundings (esp. Guyer 1987, 1992; Howell 1992). Förster (1989a, b) Kant’s Transcendentalsuggests Deduction that Kant’s of the aimsPure inConcepts ‘the Deduction’ of the Understanding,(to adopt a brief designation for Kant’s i.e., of the twelve categories,chapter) has are been more widely specific criticised and limited for failing than its to criticsdemonstrate assume. Bird (2006a, 323) con- that the categories are andcurs, must as dobe I.applicable Hence Kant’s to particular Transcendental objects Proof and of events Realism we (2004; henceforth ‘KTPR’) sense in our surroundingssaid (esp. only Guyer the necessary 1987, 1992; minimum Howell about 1992). Kant’s Förster Deduction. (1989a, b) There I suggested (KTPR, suggests that Kant’s aims in ‘the Deduction’ (to adopt a brief designation for Kant’s chapter) are more specific and limited than its critics assume. Bird (2006a, 323) con- 1 curs, as do I. Hence Kant’s Transcendental Proof of Realism (2004; henceforth ‘KTPR’) 1 said only the necessary minimum about Kant’s Deduction. There I suggested (KTPR,

1 11) that Kant’s transcendendental11) that Kant’s deduction transcendendental requires thorough deduction reconsideration requires thorough reconsiderationthese lines of justificatorythese reasoning lines of are justificatory more cogent reasoning than Kant are himself more cogent appreciated. than Kant himself appreciated. based upon Michael’s based Wolff’s upon (1995, Michael’s 2009, 2017) Wolff’s landmark (1995, 2009,reconstruction 2017) landmark of reconstructionThis controversial of issue Thiscan be controversial set aside because issue canKant’s be setDeduction aside because addresses Kant’s issues Deduction addresses issues Kant’s completeness proofKant’s of hiscompleteness Table of Judgments. proof of hisThere Table (KTPR of )Judgments. I sought inter There (KTPRof) I validitysought whichinter are neutralof validity with regard which toare transcendentalneutral with regard idealism. to transcendental Setting aside idealism. Setting aside alia to provide proper contextalia to forprovide such properreconsideration context for of Kant’ssuch reconsideration Deduction of ofthe Kant’s DeductionKant’s transcendental of the idealismKant’s transcendentalmay seem to Kant’s idealism scholars may seem a very to large,Kant’s tenden- scholars a very large, tenden- categories. I have foundcategories. since that I stillhave more found context since that is required still more to reconsider context is required tious to reconsider consession, yet my tiouselucidations consession, point yet out my the elucidations vast extent point to which out theKant’s vast pub- extent to which Kant’s pub- Kant’s Deduction, whichKant’s I offer Deduction, in Kant’s which Critical I Epistemology offer in Kant’s (2020; Critical henceforth Epistemology (2020;lished henceforth B Deduction is simplylished independent B Deduction of is Kant’s simply cherished independent transcendental of Kant’s cherished ideal- transcendental ideal- ‘KCE’), where again I say‘KCE only’), thewhere necessary again Iminimum say only theabout necessary Kant’s minimumDeduction about it- Kant’sism. Deduction This should it- not beism. so surprising,This should because not be Kant’s so surprising, B Deduction because focuses Kant’s on B is- Deduction focuses on is- self. self. sues of validity, whereas sues transcendental of validity, whereas idealism transcendental concerns issues idealism of ontology concerns and issues of ontology and One fortunate result of thisOne extensive fortunate stage result setting of this is extensive to unburden stage the setting aims isand to unburdencognitive the aims process and (see below,cognitive §2.15). process (see below, §2.15). scope of Kant’s Deduction!scope This of Kant’saffords Deduction!independent This consideration affords independent of Kant’s considerationDe- ofRegardless Kant’s De- of my own views,Regardless as an ofinterpretive my own views, and critical as an pointinterpretive it is crucial and critical to point it is crucial to duction, without entanglingduction, it in furtherwithout issues entangling Kant itaddresses in further elsewhere issues Kant in the addresses Cri- elsewherespecify in the Cri-extent to which,specify or the extentregards to in which, which, or Kant’s the regards Deduction in which, does (not)Kant’s Deduction does (not) tique of Pure Reason (henceforth:tique of Pure‘KdrV Reason’). Such (henceforth: unencumbered, ‘KdrV ’).independent Such unencumbered, consid- independentrequire consid-transcendental idealism.require transcendentalMy elucidations idealism. aim to Myshow elucidations how Kant’s aim Deduc- to show how Kant’s Deduc- eration of Kant’s Deductioneration is theof Kant’saim of Deductionthis brief commentary. is the aim of Kant’s this brief aim commentary. in the Kant’stion aim can in (and the should) betion understood can (and should) without be appeal understood to transcendental without appeal idealism, to transcendental idealism, ‘Deduction’ is to show that‘Deduction’ not even is the to minimal,show that incomplete not even thethought, minimal, ‘I think incomplete …’, thought,which ‘I think would …’, too easily which short-circuit would Kant’s too easily issues, short-circuit aims and Kant’s reasoning. issues, Why aims and and reasoning. Why and is humanly possible withoutis humanly using (if possible implicitly) without the categories using (if implicitly)in some actual the categoriescontext in somehow actual so contextis indicated brieflyhow below so is (§2.15)indicated by brieflydistinguishing below (§2.15) two senses by distinguishing of ‘constitu- two senses of ‘constitu- on some specific occasion onto atsome least specific formulate occasion a judgment to at least about formulate some (presumptive)a judgment about sometion (presumptive) of objects’ of awareness.tion of Relevant objects’ passages of awareness. are noted Relevant subsequently passages (§3). are noted subsequently (§3). particular(s). Constraintsparticular(s). on humanly Constraints identifiable on particulars humanly are identifiable examined particulars subse- are examinedThe next subse- section (§2) statesThe next plainly section and (§2)directly states key plainly points and required directly to key un- points required to un- quently, in Kant’s ‘Analyticquently, of Principles’. in Kant’s ‘AnalyticThis basic of division Principles’. of Kant’s This basictasks divisionhas of Kant’sderstand tasks and has to assess Kant’sderstand B Deduction. and to assess Those Kant’s seeking B Deduction. grounds forThose my seekingremarks grounds for my remarks been chronically neglectedbeen in thechronically critical literature. neglected in the critical literature. should please consult theshould two indicated please consult books; the readers two indicatedwilling to books; accept readersmy guides, willing to accept my guides, My elucidations aim to identifyMy elucidations Kant’s key aim issues, to identify reasons Kant’s and proofkey issues, in the reasons De- and proofalbeit in provisionally, the De- may albeitwish toprovisionally, read Wolff’s may (2017) wish concise to read account Wolff’s of (2017) why Kant’sconcise account of why Kant’s duction, thus fulfilling criticalduction, interpretive thus fulfilling obligations critical incurredinterpretive by myobligations previous incurred two by myTable previous of Judgments two is ‘precise’Table of in Judgments the sense thatis ‘precise’ none of in these the sense judgmental that none forms of theseis judgmental forms is books. To provide claritybooks. and focus To provide on Kant’s clarity reasons and focus and reasoning,on Kant’s thisreasons concise and reasoning,redundant. this concise §3 presents Kant’sredundant. text §3 and presents my translation Kant’s text of the and B my Deduction translation (verso of) the B Deduction (verso) commentary sets aside commentary Kant’s first edition sets aside (‘A ’) Kant’s Deduction first edition and also (‘ A interpretive’) Deduction and alsotogether interpretive with my elucidationstogether (recto with). §§4my andelucidations 5 present ( rectoand). respond§§4 and to5 presenttwo main and respond to two main controversies. I do not discountcontroversies. Kant’s I firstdo not edition discount Deduction, Kant’s firstbut Kant’sedition success Deduction, but CriticalKant’s questionssuccess regardingCritical my elucidationquestions regarding of Kant’s my Deduction. elucidation §6 ofprovides Kant’s analyt-Deduction. §6 provides analyt- is secured by his revisedis (‘ securedB’) edition. by his Readers revised interested (‘B’) edition. in the Readers scholarly interested debates in the scholarlyical contents, debates including thatical ofcontents, Kant’s ‘Deduction’.including that of Kant’s ‘Deduction’. may consult de Vleeschauermay (1937),consult Birdde Vleeschauer (2006a) and (1937), Motta Bird& alia (2006a) (2021); and experts Motta & alia (2021);I describe experts my commentaryI describe as providing my commentary ‘elucidations’: as providingsufficient necessary‘elucidations’: mini- sufficient necessary mini- will identify views I takewill on identifymany of views those Iissues. take on There many is ofnow those so muchissues. commen- There is now so muchmum commen-information to re-considermum information Kant’s B Deductionto re-consider to better Kant’s understand B Deduction its actualto better understand its actual tary responding to commentarytary responding that there to commentary is insufficient that direct there engagement is insufficient with direct engagementstated aims, with scope, characterstated and aims, success. scope, Sceptical character inquirers and success. may regard Sceptical my inquirerselucida- may regard my elucida- Kant’s text and issues. WhatKant’s are text Kant’s and issuesissues. is What open are to Kant’sscholarly issues examination, is open to in- scholarly examination,tions as interpretive in- hypotheses,tions as interpretiveto be considered hypotheses, and tested, to be thoughconsidered such and testing tested, though such testing terpretation and debate, terpretationbut Kant’s carefully and debate, wrought but Kant’s text must carefully be the wrought fundamental text must be therequires fundamental scholars also to requirestest their scholars own preferred also to testapproach their own and preferredpresumptions. approach Ulti- and presumptions. Ulti- basis for all such study, interpretationbasis for all such and study, debate. interpretation Here Kant’s textand isdebate. central. Here Kant’s text is central.mately such inquiry andmately re-consideration such inquiry is necessaryand re-consideration also in scholarly is necessary debate, also yet in scholarly debate, yet One controversial issue Oneshould controversial be noted, toissue set shouldaside. Ibe do noted, not believe to set Kant’saside. I do not thatbelieve over-grown Kant’s genre hasthat come over-grown to impede genre such has re-consideration. come to impede Detailed such re-consideration. schol- Detailed schol- Critical philosophy requiresCritical his philosophytranscendental requires idealism; his transcendentalneither do I think idealism; any ofneither do arlyI think debate any is ofbest suspendedarly debate for the is present, best suspended for the sake for theof refreshedpresent, for inquiry, the sake con- of refreshed inquiry, con- his arguments for it provehis that arguments idealism. for My it reasonsprove that for idealism. these strong My reasonsclaims arefor de-these strongsideration claims are andde- above allsideration reading. Neither and above is this all reading commentary. Neither an is introduction this commentary to an introduction to tailed elsewhere (KTPR). Parttailed of elsewhere what I highlight (KTPR). (alsoPart ofin whatKCE) Iis highlightthat Kant (also often in de-KCE) is that Kant’sKant often Critique de- of Pure ReasonKant’s; readers Critique seeking of Pure such Reason background; readers seeking may consult such background Buroker may consult Buroker velops parallel yet separablevelops lines parallel of justification yet separable for lineshis main of justification theses, and for some his ofmain theses,(2006), and some Bird (2006a,of b); or(2006), Baum Bird (1986), (2006a, Haag b); (2007). or Baum (1986), Haag (2007).

2 2 3 3 2 3 2 KANT’S B DEDUCTION2 : BKASICANT’ SC BONSIDERATIONS DEDUCTION: B FORASIC ITS CONSIDERATIONS UNDERSTANDING FOR ITS UNDERSTANDINGtal Analytic’ is the ‘Analytictal Analytic’of Concepts is the’ (in ‘Analytic contras tof to Concepts the second’ (in boo contrask, thet ‘Ana-to the second book, the ‘Ana- lytic of Principles’). Thel yticfirs tof chapter Principles of ’). Kant’s The ‘Analyticfirst chapter of Concepts of Kant’s’ is‘Analytic Kant’s of Concepts’ is Kant’s 2.1 The brevity of Kant’s2.1 designatedThe brevity Deduction of Kant’s (KdrV designated §26) indicates Deduction that ( KdrVmuch §26) indicates‘Clue thatto discover much ing all pur‘Cluee concepts to discover of ingthe allunder purstanding’.e concepts Her of ethe Kant under examinesstanding’. Here Kant examines of Kant’s aim in the twoof mai Kant’sn sec aimtions in ( Abschnittenthe two mai) ofn hissec tionschapter (Abschnitten on the Deduc-) of his chapter theon Tatheble Deduc- of judgmental theforms Ta,ble and of suggests judgmental how forms that Table, and suggestscan indicate how ou thatr most Table can indicate our most tion of the categories is totion circumscr of the categoribe hisies issue, is to which circumscr indeedibe hehis does issue,, exactl whichy inindeed he doesbasic, exactlconceptualy in categories.basic Theconceptual second chapter categories. of Kant’s The second‘Analytic chapter of Concepts’ of Kant’s ‘Analytic of Concepts’ accord with his cardinal distinaccordction with between his cardinal two distindistinct,ction integr betweenated r olestwo playeddistinct, by integr ated containsroles played the Dbyeduction; containsthis second the chapterDeduction; is titled this ‘Ofsecond the deducchaptertion is titledof the ‘Of pure the deduction of the pure intellect and sensibility withinintellec humat and nsens experibilityience within and knowledgehuman exper (B75–6,ience and304–5). knowledge (conceptsB75–6, 304–5). of the understanding’.concepts This of thechapter unders containstanding’. two This m ainchapter ‘sections contains’, each two of main ‘sections’, each of Both roles involve variousBoth sor rtsoles of involvecombination, various conjoining sorts of com or ‘synthesisbination, ’,conjoining all of or ‘synthesiswhich is’, subd all ofivided into whichnumber is edsubd §§.ivided The firs intot m numberain sectioned §§. is Ttitled,he firs ‘Ot fm theain prin-section is titled, ‘Of the prin- which are guided or structurwhiched byare our guided mos ort fundame structurntaled by judgmen our mostalt fundameforms andntal cat- judgmentalciples form sof and a transcat- cendentalciples deduction of a trans as scendentaluch’; it contains deduction §§13–14. as such’; Kant’s it contains second §§13–14. Kant’s second egories. This claim conceregoriesns the. Tformshis claim of thes concere varnsious the conjoinings forms of thes! Thate var allious these conjoinings main! That sec alltion these is titled, ‘Transmaincendental section isdeduction titled, ‘Trans of thecendental pure concepts deduction of theof theunder- pure concepts of the under- forms of combination arforme guideds of comby thebination same arforme guidedal or structuraby the saml guidese form (types)al or structuralstanding’; guides (types) it contains §§15–27.standing’; The itpenultim containsate §§15–27. §26 is titled, The penultim‘Transcendentalate §26 isdeduc- titled, ‘Transcendental deduc- does not entail numericaldoe identitys not ebetweenntail numer any icalpair identity of effected between (token) any conjoinings.pair of effected (token)tion conjoinings. of the univers ally postionsible of experthe universiential allyuse posof thesible pur expere conceptsiential us ofe ofthe the under- pure concepts of the under- In particular, Kant’s accountIn particular of such, Kant’sconjoining account or synthes of suchis expressconjoiningly allows or synthes for is expressstanding’.ly allows My for point in rstanding’.eviewing this My taxonompoint in y r eviewingof Kant’s this text taxonom is to suggesy of t Kant’s that text is to suggest that numerically distinct comnumericallbinations requirey distinctd f orcom sensory-perbinations ceptualrequire dpresentations for sensory-per, in ceptual presentationsKant’s key tas, ink in these Kant’stwo m ainkey sections task in thesof hise two chapter main, specifsectionsically of §§13–25his chapter and, specifically §§13–25 and contrast to those combinationscontras trequire to thosd ef orcom explicitlybinations self-cons requireciousd for (apperceptive)explicitly self-cons cious§27, (apperceptive) is to carefully circumscr§27, ibeis to and caref characterisully circumscre the ibeexact and issues characteris and aimse the of exact his issues and aims of his judgments. Kant is quite judgmentsalert to iss. uesKant of issensory-per quite alertceptual to issues ‘binding’ of sensory-per (as it is ceptualnow ‘binding’Deduction (as it is nowof the categoriesDeduction (§26). M ofuch the of categories my aim in(§26). the followingMuch of melucidationsy aim in the is following elucidations is called) as well as to issuescalled) of informa as welltion as toextractio issues nof fr informaom sensory-pertion extractioceptualn frintakeom sensory-per toceptual indicate intake that this is exactlyto indicate how Kantthat thisproceeds is exactly: thirteen how Kant§§ of proceedscareful stage-set-: thirteen §§ of careful stage-set- or indeed from sensory orprese indeedntation. from Sensory-per sensory preseceptualntation. com binationSensory-per andceptual sensory combinationting, andone §sensory of proof . §26 ting,states one Kant’s § of Dproofeduction. §26 statesof the Kant’scategories. Deduction Kant has of thea very categories. Kant has a very presentation are effectedpres sub-persentationonally are byeff ectedcognitiv sub-perse functioningonally by of cognitiv the transcen-e functioning ofspecific, the transcen- unusual point tospecific, make about unus ualhum pointan apper to mception;ake about cons humequently,an apper heception; must consequently, he must dental power of imaginationdental (§24, power B151–2, of im ll.agination 951–2, 961–77,(§24, B151–2, 980– 91;ll. 951–2,§26, B 162,961–77, ll. 980– 91;make §26, clear B162, why ll. this pointmake matters clear, a wndhy why this it point holds matters true of, aus.nd This why requiresit holds trKant’sue of us. This requires Kant’s 1100–10; cf. A79/B104–5).1100–10 Integr; ationcf. A 79/of Bc104–5).onceptual Integr classificationsation of ofconceptual sensed, per-classifications ofextensive sensed, stage per- setting (cf.extensive below, §5). stage setting (cf. below, §5). ceived particulars and theirceiv featuresed particular, requirs anded to their for mfeatures explicit, requir cognitiveed to judgments form explicit cognitive2.4 judgmentsOne challenge of reading2.4 One Kant’s challenge KdrV is of that reading he examines Kant’s KdrV issues is both that ofhe cog-examines issues both of cog- (however tentative, approxim(howeverate ortentative, precise) approximabout themate , orKant precis asse)igns about to under-them, Kant assnitiveigns toprocess under- and of cognitivenitive process validity. and Thes ofe cognitivetwo kinds validity. of issues Thes hee contrasts two kinds by of issues he contrasts by standing. (Kant’s contrasst tanding.between (Kant’s these two contras functionst between is m ythes rease ontwo f orfunctions contrasting is m y reason distinguishingfor contrasting between hisdistinguishing ‘subjective’ betweenand ‘objective’ his ‘subject deductionsive’ and (A ‘objective’xvii, cf. B393). deductions (Axvii, cf. B393). ‘intellect’ to ‘sensibility’ just‘intellect’ above.) to ‘sensibility’ just above.) The former concerns howThe we formercan sens concernse, perceive, how discriminate we can sens e,or perjudgeceive, any discriminate particu- or judge any particu- 2.2 A helpful pointer2.2 about A Kant’s helpful key pointer term ‘transcendental’about Kant’s key is termthis: In‘transcendental’ much islars this: at all;In muchthe latter concernslars at the all; athe priori latter, form concernsal conditions the a prioriunder, formwhichal conditionsalone we under which alone we Mediaeval metaphysics, theMediaeval ‘transcendental’ metaphysics categor, the ies‘trans arecendental’ supposed categorto pertainies artoe supposedcan to m peraketain any to cognitive judgmcan mentake a anybout cognitive any sens judgmed particular(sent about) validlyany sens, byed achieving particular(s) validly, by achieving any and all even possibleany being(s and all). Kanteven re-asspossibleigns being(s the ter).m Kant to des re-assignateigns thos thee tera m to dessufficientlyignate thos accure a ate and sufficientlyjustified refere accurnceate to and any justifparticular(sied refere) andnce ascri to anyption particular(s of fea- ) and ascription of fea- priori, formal aspects of priorihum,an forma cognisl asancepects require of humd foanr cognisany andance all requireeven possibled for an y and allture(s) even topossible that (or to those)ture(s) particular(s to that ).(or By to caref those)ully particular(s considering). basBy iccaref issuesully aboutconsidering basic issues about human self-conscious thoughthuman about self-conscious or experience thought of particulars. about or experience of particulars. sensory binding and informationsensory binding extraction, and togetherinformation with extra our ction, most togetherbasic formal with our most basic formal 2.3 The structure of Kant’s2.3 textThe isstructure complex, of yet Kant’s worth text considering. is complex, Kant’s yet worth Table considering. aspects Kant’s of Tablejudging, to addressaspects issues of judging, about how to address it is at allissues possi aboutble for how any it cognisantis at all possible for any cognisant of Contents is presentedof in Con outlinetents forma is prest entedby Pluhar in outline’s trans formalation t(1996, by Pluhar viii–xv’s itrans). lation human(1996, viii–xvbeing ito). integratehuman sensory being exper toience integr overate sensorytime and exper throughience s paceover stimeo as andto through space so as to Kant’s section and §§ titlesKant’s within se ctionthe ‘D andeduction’ §§ titles ar withine outlined the ‘Dbeloeduction’w in the ar Analyt-e outlined belowbe in able the toAnalyt- judge anythingbe it ableexperiences to judge, Kantanything constructs it experiences a very , sophisticatedKant constructs func- a very sophisticated func- ical Contents (§6). Consicalider Contentshere thes (§6)e titles. Cons andider taxonom here thesy. Tehe titles first and divis taxonomion of y. The firtionalistst divis cognitiveion of architecturtionaliste (KCE cognitive §§30, 43). architectur By identifye (KCEing §§30,these 43).features By identify of cogni-ing these features of cogni- Kant’s ‘Transcendental LKant’sogic’ is‘Trans the ‘Transcendentalcendental Logic’ Analyti is the c’‘Trans (in contrascendentalt to Analytithe c’ (in tivecontras processt to ,the Kant identifiestive mprocessuch mor, Kante specifically identifies which much issues mor eregar specificallyding cognitive which issues regarding cognitive second division, ‘Transcendentalsecond division, Dialectic’). ‘Transcendental The first book D ofialectic’). Kant’s The‘Transcenden- first book of Kant’svalidity ‘Transcenden- require solution, avaliditynd what requir philose sophicalolution, resources and what mphilosay beophical brought resources to bear inmay be brought to bear in

4 4 5 5 4 5 resolving these issues ofresolving validity ( theseKCE, Cissueshs. 4–8). of validity Issues ( ofKCE process, Chs. 4–8).and issues Issues of of processlooking and issues at som ofething. Kant’slooking views at som on ething.human Kant’ssensibility views are on complex human asensnd sophisti-ibility are complex and sophisti- validity run throughout validityKant’s Deduction;run throughout bear ingKant’s their Deduction; distinction bearclearlying intheir mind dis tinction cated;clearly assimilatingin mind his apprcated;oach assimilating to either Car histesianism approach or to em eitherpiricism Car tesianismcauses nothing or em piricism causes nothing is required to recognise isthat requir Kanted distinguishes to recognis ethem that , Kantindeed, distinguishes repeatedly them and ,explic- indeed, repeatedlybut andconfus explic-ion. (See furtherbut confus§5 below;ion. cf.(See Buroker further 1981, §5 below; Georg cf.e 1981,Buroker Falkenstein 1981, Georg e 1981, Falkenstein itly. itly. 1995.) 1995.) 2.5 Kant’s subtle and2.5 successful Kant’s discernment subtle and issuccessful better appreciated discernment by isusing better two appreciated 2.8 by usingIn English, two many 2.8of the Inaspects English, of cognisancemany of the Kant aspects designates of cognisance by Vorstellung Kant designates by Vorstellung diagnostic clues from Ryle.diagnostic One is toclues bewar frome of R yle.‘para-m Oneechanical is to bewar hypotheses’e of ‘para-m aboutechanical hypotheses’or the ver aboutb, vorstellen , iorn connectionthe verb, vorstellenwith sensor, in connectiony perception, with would sensor bey betterperception, would be better the mind. Ryle (1949, 19,the 23, m ind.64, 6Ry8,le &c (1949,) criticis 19,ed 23, Cartesi 64, 6an8, &cpara-m) criticisechanicaled Cartesi hy- an para-mthoughtechanical of ashy- sensory prethoughtsentation(s of as). Kantsensor isy apre dirsentation(sect Critical). Kantrealis tis about a dir ectsensory Critical realist about sensory potheses, but para-mechanicalpotheses, hypotheses but para-m runechanical rampant hypotheses in philosophi runcal ram psychol-pant in philosophiperception;cal psychol- he rejects indireperception;ct, representationalis he rejects indiret theoriesct, representationalis of perception. tThis theories holds of perception. This holds ogy, also amongst empiricistsogy, als, materialistso amongst, empiricistsphysicalists, materialistsand indeed, mosphysicalistst any philo- and indeed mosregardlesst any philo- of his transcendentalregardless idealism of his, transcwithinendental his ‘empiri idealismcal realism’;, within or his regardless ‘empirical realism’; or regardless sophical account of how sophicalthe mind a ccount(supposedly of how) worksthe m.ind One (supposedly example from) works Kant’s. One exampleof fromeither Kant’squalification, if ofhis either idealism qualification, be set aside. if his(See idealism further bebelow, set aside. §5.) (See further below, §5.) Deduction is his lengthyDeduction aside about is thehis apparelengthynt as parideadox about of the self-aff appareectionnt par (Badox152– of self-aff2.9ection In (B English152– as in German,2.9 In ‘determine’ English as (inbestimmen German,) can ‘determine’ mean: cause (bestimmen to be )as can it mean: cause to be as it 6). It overtly concerns process6). It over rathertly concernsthan validity; process it is rathera para-m thanechanical validity; hypothe- it is a para-mechanicalis; yet hypothe-it can also mean: specifis; yety, it as can in alstheo instrucmean: tion,specif ‘Phelps,y, as in thepleas instruce determtion,ine ‘Phelps, what please determine what sis because the paradox sisarises becaus frome theattem parptingadox to arises model from sensor attemy self-awarenesspting to model on sensor y self-awarenessbecame of the on Higgins dossierbecame!’ Iofn thisthe Higginssense ‘determ dossierine’!’ I meansn this sensto finde ‘determ out orine’ spec- means to find out or spec- our sensory awareness ofour things sensor othery awareness than ourselves of things, m adeother yet than mor ourselvese complicated, made yet morifye complicatedwhat has happened. ifyIn whatconnection has happened. with concepts, In connection to ‘specif withy’ a concepts,concept is to to ‘specif y’ a concept is to (and para-mechanical) by(and Kant’s para-m disechanical)tinction between by Kant’s phenome distinctionna a ndbetween noumena. phenome na makeand noumena. it more precise, bymake providing it mor ae morprecise,e exact, by prhenceoviding mor ae morrestreicted exact, m henceeaning mor or e restricted meaning or Accordingly, I have elidedAccordingly, it from the I preshaveent elided edition, it from trans thelation pres aentnd commentaryedition, trans lation andintension commentary (with an ‘s’). Kantintension frequently (with uses an ‘s’). bestimmen Kant frequently and its cognates uses bestimmen in this sense. and its cognates in this sense. of Kant’s Deduction. of Kant’s Deduction. 2.10 A fifth systematically2.10 misleading A fifth systematically expression is misleading‘analytic truth’, expression a direct is descen- ‘analytic truth’, a direct descen- 2.6 Ryle’s (1932 [2009,2.6 41–62]) Ryle’s second (1932 clue[2009, is to41–62]) beware second of systematically clue is to beware mis- of systematicallydant of Hume’s mis- ‘relationsdant of ofideas Hume’s’. Kant ‘relations repeatedly of stressesideas’. Kant that allrepeatedly which c stressesan be that all which can be leading expressions. Fourleading examples expressions pertaining. Four to Kant’s examples Deduction pertaining are to ‘representa- Kant’s Deduction arknowne ‘representa- by conceptual analysisknown, stri byctly conceptual speaking, analysis is whether, strictly any s peaking,specific sub-conceptis whether any specific sub-concept tion’, ‘cognition’, ‘determition’,ne’ and‘cognition’, ‘sinnliche ‘determiAnschauungne’ ’.and Kant ‘sinnliche uses theAnschauung term ‘Vorstel- ’. Kant uses theis termor is not‘Vorstel- included withinis or som is note des includedignated cwithinoncept. som Hencee des ‘analyticignated c troncept.uth’ pertains Hence ‘analytic truth’ pertains lung’ (representation) as alung genus’ (repres for allentation) sorts of as factors a genus per fortaining all sorts to ourof factors cognisance, pertaining to ouronly cognisance, to conceptual contentonly or to intens conceptualion (with content an ‘s’), or i nintens contrasiont (withboth toan intentions‘s’), in contras t both to intentions from individual sensationsfrom up individual to the mos sensationst idealised, up comprehensto the mosivet idealis conceptsed, comprehens of ive(agents concepts’ aims of) and to extentions(agents’ aims (actu) aland instances to extentions of any (actuconceptal instances or term ). of Truthany ,concept or term). Truth, reason. Always bear in mreason.ind Kant’s Always taxonom bear iny mofind representations Kant’s taxonom (A320/y ofB representations376–7). (properlyA320/B376–7). speaking, concernsproperly the relation speaking, between concerns a judgm the relationent or between claim, formulated a judgment or claim, formulated Within this taxonomy, KantWithin typ thisically taxonomy uses the, termKant ‘cognition’typically uses (in thethe termdistributive ‘cognition’ (in theusing distributive some classificatory using concepts some, andclassificatory any particular(s concepts) judged, and aorny claimparticular(sed to in-) judged or claimed to in- singular) to designate a singular)state of ato s ubject,designate a ‘perception’, a state of a whichsubject, connects a ‘perception’, to some which connectsstantiate to thesome relevant prstantiateedicate concepts the relevant (in affirmpredicateative concepts judgments (in). affirmHenceative truth, judgments ). Hence truth, other object, in contrastother to a sensobject,ation, in acontras ‘perception’t to a senswhichation, only a connects‘perception’ (or whichper- only connectsproperly (or speaking, per- is neverproperly mer ely speaking, analytical; is neverit is always merely synthetic, analytical; becaus it is alwayse truth synthetic, because truth tains) to a condition of tains)the cognis to a antcondition subject. of Possible the cognis refereant ncesubject. to objects Possible other refere nce toinvolves objects bothother refer ence involvesand attr ibutionboth refer to indicatedence and particular(sattribution );to thesindicatede cannot particular(s be ); these cannot be than oneself is fundamethanntal to oneself KdrV is. R fundameecall, too,ntal tha tot KdrVKant . (likeRecall, Lei bniz)too, thadistin-t Kant (like Leicontainedbniz) distin- merely within containedany concept, mer theyely within should any never concept, be mis theytaken should for mer nevere con- be mistaken for mere con- guishes between perceptionguishes and betweenapperception; perception unlik eand Hume’s apperception; impressions unlik ande Hume’s un- impressionsceptual andcontent un- or intensceptualion. The content convenient or intens tag,ion. ‘analytic The convenienttruth’ obscures tag, ‘analytica host of tr uth’ obscures a host of like sense data, ‘perceptionslike ’sense are not dat automa, ‘perceptionsatically objects’ are not (or autom aspectsatically) of self-con- objects (or aspectsdistinct,) of self-con- important conceptual,distinct, refer imporential,tant ascriptive conceptual, and refer judgmential,ental ascriptive issues. Even and judgmif, ental issues. Even if, scious awareness (apperception).scious awareness (apperception). e.g., anything coloured muste.g., anythingbe extend coloured (cf.ed Q mustuine 1961,be extend 32ff ),ed this (cf. isQ uinea complex 1961, 32ff ), this is a complex 2.7 I render ‘sinnliche 2.7Anschauung I render’ as ‘sensory ‘sinnliche intuition’.Anschauung ‘Sensible’’ as ‘sensory is not intuition’. incorrect, ‘Sensible’ ishypothetical not incorrect, propos ition,hypothetical which (qua propositionition, orwhich judgm (quaent) propos may haveition noor relevant judgment) may have no relevant but too easily suggests sensebut tood qualities easily suggests of which sense oned is qualities explictly of aware, which as one in senseis explictly aware,instances as in senseand s o may expressinstances no andtruth ,s oeven may if express it may expressno truth ,a evensignif ificant it m relationay express a significant relation data or Humean impressionsdata .or ‘I ntuition’Humean inimpressions Kant’s taxonom. ‘Intuition’y indicates in Kant’s directedness taxonom y indicatesbetween directedness the concepts ‘colourbetweened’ theand concepts ‘extended’, ‘colour and ed’hence and a‘extended’, significant a(thoughnd hence a significant (though to some particular(s) otherto somthane oneselfparticular(s: sensory) other intuition than oneselfconcerns: sensory direction intuition and lo-concerns directionentirely ancounter-fad lo- ctual, entirelyinferential) counter-fa relationctual, between infer ential)any possible relation instances between of any ‘col- possible instances of ‘col- cation, which are neithercation, sens edwhich nor sensorare neithery qualitie senss;ed mos nort liter sensorally,y ‘qualitieanschauens; ’mos is t literally,oured’ ‘anschauen and ‘extended’’ is particulars.oured’ and T he‘extended’ apparent particulars. clarity of convenientThe appare ntphilosophical clarity of convenient philosophical

6 6 7 7 6 7 short-hand may obfuscate!short-hand Quine is may corr obfuscate!ect that problems Quine is lur corrk inect empiricist that problems notions lur k in empiricistentire professnotionsion disappears.entire Kant profess makesion disappears.this deictic Kantpoint makesagains tthis Leibniz deictic with point two agains t Leibniz with two of ‘analyticity’, yet his of extensionalis ‘analyticity’,t semantics yet his extensionalis fails to identifyt semantics and rectify fails to them identify andraindrops rectify them (B328). Furthermorraindropse, for (B unique328). Furthermor reference e,to forser veunique knowledge refer requiresence to serlo-ve knowledge requires lo- (Westphal 2015, Parrini (Westphal2018). 2015, Parrini 2018). cating the particular(s) catingpurpor ttedlyhe particular(s known; this) purpor requirestedly demonstr known; ativethis requiresreference, demonstr ative reference, 2.112.11 The key points of2.11 Kant’s The D eductionkey points concer of Kant’sn cognitive Deduction semantics concer; theyn cognitive hold semanticsdirectly; they or hold indir ectly; merdirectlye truth-values or indirectly; do not mer suffe truth-valuesice for cognition. do not That’ssuffice why for cognition. That’s why independently of Kant’sindependently transcendental of idealism, Kant’s trwithinanscendental the domain idealism, he calls within his ‘emthe -domain heKant’s calls hisand ‘em Evans’- referential,Kant’s demonstrative and Evans’ referential, point is deictic. demonstrative point is deictic. pirical realism’. Kant’s pirical Deductio realism’n addresses. Kant’s necessar Deductioy cnonceptual addresses conditions necessary re-conceptual 2.13conditions Kant’s re- Deduction2.13 does Kant’simply there Deduction are and does must imply be constraints there are and upon must objects be constraints upon objects quired for us at all to thinkquired so as for to us identif at ally to any think particular(s so as to )identif whatsoevery any ,particular(s so as to be) whatsoeverand, so upon as to our be deictic referandence upon to ourdiscrim deicticinated refer particularsence to discrim, such inatedthat w eparticulars can think, such that we can think able competently to ascrableibe comactualpetently features to toascr it ibe(or actualto them features). Kant to expressl it (or toy con-them). Kant ofexpressl them andy con- can know themof them, but and thes cane constraints know them upon, but objectsthese constraints are examined upon in objectsthe are examined in the trasts accurate attributiontrasts of whataccur somate attre particularibution of IS ,what to however some particular it may mere IS, toly ap-however it mseconday mere Blyook ap- of the ‘Transsecondcendental Book ofAnalytic’, the ‘Trans the cendental‘Analytic Analytic’, of Principles the’. ‘AnalyticIn the of Principles’. In the pear to some one of us.pear The tocontrast some oneis correc of ust,. Tyethe evencontrast saying is correcof somt, eyet particular even saying of somDeductione particular Kant focusesDeduction on the key Kant intellectual focuses conditionson the key requir intellectualed for conditionsus at all to required for us at all to that it appears to be such-and-sothat it appear requiress to beidentif such-and-soying that requiresmanifest identifparticular,ying thatat least manifes t particular,think any at sleastuch specific, thinkdeterm anyinate such thought, specific, wh determich weinate could thought, think to wh referich weto anycould think to refer to any putatively. Even this minimaputatively.l identifi Evencation this involves minima lindi identifividuationcation and involves characterisa- individuation andparticulars characterisa-. (Much commentarparticularsy and. (M criticisuch commentarm neglects ythis and basi criticisc pointm neglects and so thismis- basic point and so mis- tion (however approximationte (howeveror provis ional). approxima Thestee orproto-cogn provisional).itive Thesachievementse proto-cogn itive takesachievements the aim and scope takesof Kant’s the aim Deduction.) and scope of Kant’s Deduction.) require using the categoriesrequire in orderusing, theas Kant categories stresses in, orderto think, as that Kant such-and-s stresses, oto ap- think that such-and-s2.14 Kanto ap- explicitly and2.14 repeatedly Kant explicitly parallels and the repeatedlyDeduction parallels of the categoriesthe Deduction to of the categories to pears to oneself – to anypears apper toceptive oneself hum – toan any being, apper whoceptive can humuse thean being,first person who can use thewhat firs het person here calls the transwhatcendental he here callsDeduction the trans ofcendental the a priori Deduction concepts ofof the‘space’ a priori concepts of ‘space’ pronoun ‘I’ to express anypronoun thought, ‘I’ belief,to express judgment any thought, or claim belief, whatsoever. judgment or claim whatsoever.and of ‘time’ (cf. B118–9,and 159, of m ‘timey comments’ (cf. B118–9, below 159, on m ll.y 58–75,comments and below§4). These on ll. two 58–75, and §4). These two 2.12 Central to Kant’s2.12 Deduction Central are to the Kant’s distinct, Deduction distinctive are roles the distinct, of sensory distinctive intu- roles ofa priorisensory concepts intu- must pertaa prioriin toconcepts any particulars must perta of whichin to any we particularscan be awar ofe, which because we can be aware, because ition and intellect withinition human and experieintellectnce: within Sensor humany intuition experie cannce: only Sensor presyent intuition par- can onlywe pres canent only par- respond to wespatio-tempor can only resalpond sensory to spatio-tempor stimulations, aland sensory only by stimulations such sen- , and only by such sen- ticulars to us; thinking canticulars only to judge us; thinkingthose particulars can only presentedjudge thos bye particulars sensory intu- presented bysory sensory receptivity intu- can any soryparticulars receptivity be pres canented any particulars to us, so asbe to pres afforentedd any to thoughtus, so as to afford any thought ition (B75–6, 304–5; cf. ition§14, B(B125,75–6, ll. 304–5;195–205, cf. B§126,14, B ll.125, 216–33). ll. 195–205, In the B 126,Deduction ll. 216–33). In theabout Deduction any particular(s ) aboutat all. (Thisany particular(s states Kant’s) at constraall. (Thisint stateson sensory Kant’s receptivity constraint on sensory receptivity (and elsewhere) Kant expressl(and elsewhery distinguishese) Kant betweenexpressl ymer distinguishese thought andbetween any, merevene thought veryand any,minim evenally, to suggesveryt how minim Kant’sally, transto suggescendentalt how idealis Kant’st account transcendental of space idealis and t account of space and candidate knowing by stresscandidateing issues knowing of reference by stress. Tinghinking issues a thoughtof reference requires. Thinking no a thoughttime requires = nothing no but humtimean forms = nothing of sensory but hum receptivityan forms ( Bof37–8, sensory 59–60) receptivity may be (setB37–8, 59–60) may be set more than thinking a logicallymore than consis thinkingtent, gramm a logicallyatically consis comtent,plete gramm propositaticallyion (incom plete propositaside. Forion pres (in ent purposesaside., thisFor suggespresenttion purposes suffices, ;this I do sugges not prtionetend suffices to justify; I do it not pretend to justify it Kant’s view, as the contentKant’s of aview, judgment as the one content can affirm of a judgment, deny or onereject can altogether). affirm, deny or rejecthere.) altogether). here.) Knowing something requiresKnowing, in somadditionething to requires thought,, in indicating addition demonstrativelyto thought, indicating demonstrativelyKant’s parallel between Kant’sthese twoparallel Deductions between underscores these two Deductions how Kant’s underscores point in how Kant’s point in (deictically) within space(deictically) and time within some particular(sspace and ) timeabout some which particular(s one judges) about by which onethe Deduction judges by of the categoriesthe Deduction concerns of the the categories possible connectionconcerns the of possibleany human connection of any human ascribing characteristicsascribing to it (or characteristicsto them). In this to regarit (ord, to Kant them agrees). In this wi th regar Evansd, Kant agreesthought with to Evans objects, and sothought of any to self-conscious objects, and so human of any awareness self-conscious to objects. human Kant’s awareness to objects. Kant’s (1975), that predication (1975),as ascr iptionthat predication of features as to ascrsomiptione specif ofied, features localis toed som particu-e specified, localisDeductioned particu- does not concernDeduction objects does, except not to concern specify objects that ,any except objects to specifyof which that we any objects of which we lar(s) is constitutive of empiricallar(s) is cons knowledgtitutivee. of Their empirical view knowledgrejects whate. Theirare known view rejectsas whatcan are beknown self-consciously as awarecan be must self-consciously be spatio-temporal aware must and bemust spatio-temporal afford discrimina- and must afford discrimina- ‘descriptions theories’ of‘descriptions reference, that theories propositions’ of refer orence, sentences that propositions refer to whatever or sentences refertion to andwhatever identification tionby using and identificationour most basic by categories, using our becausemost basic these categories, a priori because these a priori is described by their fullyis descrexplicatedibed by meanings their fully or explicatedintension. meaningsSuch views or cannot intens ion.be Such viewsconcepts cannot are be constitutive concepts of any humanly are constitutive possible of thought any humanly (which possible can pertain thought to par- (which can pertain to par- correct, because in any correct,case, whether because ther ine anybe casno e,s uchwhether particulars there, bem anyno such,uch particularsor , mticulars).any such, The or specification ticulars). of objects, The specification however, is leftof objects, wide open however, in the isDeduction, left wide open in the Deduction, only one such particularonly (for oneunique, such singular particular refer (forence) unique, depends singular also , referentirence)ely inde- depends alsoby, entir design;ely inde- it is Kant’s topicby design; in the Analyticit is Kant’s of Principles.topic in the Kant Analytic certainly of Principles. is aware thatKant certainly is aware that pendently, upon what inpendently, the world uponthere whatis. Quine’s in the favourworld itether example,e is. Quine’s ‘the shortestfavourite example,his ‘the Deduction shortest of the categorieshis Deduction entails of constraints the categories upon entails the character constraints of spatio-upon the character of spatio- spy’, may fail of uniquespy’, refer menceay fifail ins oftead unique the refershortesencet spies if ins ateadre dwarf the shortes tripletst ofspies are dwarftemporal triplets particulars of whichtemporal we can particulars perceive andwhich identify, we can but perceive those andconstraints identify, are but those constraints are exactly the same statureexactly and profess the samion,e orstatur if bye andsom professe strokeion, of orgr eatif by for somtune,e strtheiroke of greatnot for Kant’stune, their topic in the Deductionnot Kant’s itselftopic ( cf.in below,the Deduction §§4, 5). itself (cf. below, §§4, 5).

8 8 9 9 8 9 2.15 In this regard it 2.15is helpful In tothis consider regard ittwo is helpfuldifferent to sensesconsider of twothe ‘constitu-different senses ofysis the and ‘constitu- justification ofysis the andnecessar justificaty forionmal of and the mater necessarial conditionsy formal and of possiblematerial conditions of possible tion’ of objects of experience.tion’ of One objects sense of ofexperience. ‘constitution One of sense objects’ of ‘constitution involves our of objects’human involves exper ourience and human cognitive exper judgmienceent and identifies cognit iveand judgm justifiesent robusidentifiest external- and justifies robust external- generation of those objects,generation or at least of thoseof their objects, key features. or at least A distinct of their sense key features. of ‘consti- A distinct senseist aspects of ‘consti- of semantic contentist aspects (intens of semion),antic mental content content (intens andion), cog mnitiveental justifica- content and cognitive justifica- tution of objects’ concernstution necessary of objects’ conditions concerns (typically: necessary a priori conditions and formal, (typically: espe- a priori andtion, formal, all of espe- which stand tion,entir elyall ofindependently which stand ofentir transcely endentalindependently idealism of .transc Indeed,endental idealism. Indeed, cially conceptual or judgmentalcially conceptual conditions) or judgmentalwhich must conditions)be satisfied whichif we aremust to bebe satisfied theif we reasons are to whybe they holdthe sho reasonsw that, why and they how, hold his sho keyw arguments that, and how,for transcenden- his key arguments for transcenden- able to be aware of any ableobject to asbe an aware object, of anyor as object the object as an itobject, is. This or second as the objectsense it is. Thistal second idealism sense are invalid (andtal idealism leave no ar eobvious invalid replacements(and leave no in obvious view). Thesreplacementse strong in view). These strong of ‘constitution of objects’of ‘constitution concerns how of weobjects’ can recogniseconcerns orhow identify we can objects; recognise it or identifyclaims objects; contra transit cendentalclaims idealism contra transare detailedcendental and idealism defended ar ein detailed KTPR. Her ande defI onlyended in KTPR. Here I only concerns issues of validityconcerns and need issues not ofappeal validity to anyand formneed ofnot idealism; appeal to I shallany form call of idealism;aim toI shall elucidate call how Kant’saim to Trans elucidatecendental how DKant’seduction Trans ofcendental the Pure DCategorieseduction of the Pure Categories of it the ‘presuppositional’ itsense. the ‘presuppositional’ The first, generative sense. sense The of first, ‘constitution generative of sense objects’ of ‘constitutionthe Undersof objects’tanding holds,the and Unders can holdtanding entirely holds, independently and can hold of entirely transc endentalindependently ide- of transcendental ide- involves an account of (purported)involves an cognitiveaccount of process (purported). Whether cognitive or how processsuch .process Whether or howalism such. Inprocess exactly this regaralismd, the. In ‘presuppositional’ exactly this regard, sens thee ‘presuppositional’ of object constitution sens esuf- of object constitution suf- can also address issues ofcan validity also address is not obvious;issues of suchvalidity a demonstration is not obvious; is sucha task a fordemonstration fices is fora task Kant’s for B Deduction,fices for although Kant’s hisB D transcendenteduction, althoughal idealism his transcendentpurports to de-al idealism purports to de- advocates of such views.advocates (The divide of markedsuch views. by these (The twodivide senses marked of ‘constitution by these two of senses of ‘constitutionfend a very ofsubtle versionfend of a thever y‘gener subtleative’ vers sension e.of Kant’s the ‘gener achievemeative’ sensnt ise. indeedKant’s achievement is indeed objects’ divided Husserlobjects’ and Roman divided Ingarden; Husserl cf. and Ingarden Roman (1968, Ingarden; 1975).) cf. IIngarden mention (1968, 1975).)extraordinary; I mention we do bothextraordinary; him and ourselves we do botha grave him philos and ourselvesophical disser a grviceave philosif we ophical disservice if we this contrast here becausethis Kant’s contrast transcendental here because idealism Kant’s transcendentalappears to involve idealism or in- appears toremain involve captive or in- to the aboveremain dichotom captivey, to or the otherwise above dichotom miss the y,details or otherwise of his scrutiny miss the details of his scrutiny voke the generative sense,voke whereas the generative the focus sense, of Kant’s whereas Deduction the focus on of issues Kant’s of Deductionva- onand issues justif ofication va- of conditionsand justif ofication cognitively of conditions valid judgm of entcognitively due to preoccupationvalid judgment due to preoccupation lidity – expressly the aimlidity of his – expressly‘objective thededuction’ aim of his – appears‘objective to deduction’invoke or require– appears to invokewith or‘big require picture’ contrastswith amongst ‘big picture’ apparent contrasts ontological amongst alternatives. apparent ontological alternatives. (only) the presuppositional(only) sense the ofpresuppositional ‘constitution of sense objects’ of ‘constitutionas objects of ofour objects’ self- as objects2.16 of ourMy self- cautions above2.16 about My appeal cautions to above transcendental about appeal idealism to transcendentalin connection idealism in connection conscious (apperceptive)conscious awareness. (apperceptive) awareness. with Kant’s Deduction aimswith toKant’s avoid D short-circuitingeduction aims to Kant’s avoid account short-circuiting of the valid Kant’s use account of the valid use The grand dichotomy drTheiving grand Kant’s dichotom transcendentaly driving idealism Kant’s andtrans hiscendental opposition idealism and ofhis toppositionhe categories by prematurof the ecategories appeal to by issues prematur of (putative,e appeal cognitive)to issues ofprocess. (putative, cognitive) process. to empiricism is stated atto the empiricism start of §14 is sintated these at theterm: start of §14 in these term: Conversely, identifying exactlyConversely, why andidentif howying trans exactlycendental why and idealism how transis requirecendentald by idealism is required by Kant’s Deduction can beKant’s ascer Dtainededuction only canby scrutinisbe asceringtained the onlypros bypect scrutinis (presenteding the prospect (presented There are only two possibleThere cases are only under two which possible synthetic cases representations under which synthetic and representations and their objects can come together,their objects connect can tocome each together, other necessarily connect toand each as it other were necessarily andhere) as itthat were it may not be requiredhere) that at it all. may not be required at all. meet one another: eithermeet if the one object another: makes either the representation,if the object makes or this the [latter] representation, or thisIn [latter]my elucidations (§3) InI indicatemy elucidations Kant’s key (§3) concern I indicate with Kant’s intellectual key concern = judg- with intellectual = judg- alone makes the object possible.alone makes (KdrV the §14, object B124–5, possible. cf. Bxiv (KdrV) §14, B124–5, cf. Bxiv) mental synthesis of conceptsmental by synthesis which we of identifyconcepts sensed by which particulars we identify and their sensed fea- particulars and their fea- Kant’s formulation concernsKant’s production formulation or concerns generation; production it states aor para-mechanical generation; it states a para-mechanicaltures. This judgmental synthesistures. This holds judgmental regardless synthesis of issues holds about regardless sensory ofpresenta- issues about sensory presenta- hypothesis concerning process.hypothesis How concerning such issues process. of process How cansuch address issues ofissues process of can addresstion of issues particulars; of expressly,tion of such particulars; judgmental expressly, ‘conjoining’ such judgmentalis an intellectual ‘conjoining’ achieve- is an intellectual achieve- validity is not indicated validityhere. There is not is indicatedno question here. that There Kant is thoughtno question in terms that Kantof thoughtment. in termsThis strongly of suggests,ment. indeed This strongly it may entail,suggests, that indeed the non-idealist, it may entail, non-process that the non-idealist, non-process transcendental idealism transcendentalas the only tenable idealism metaphysical as the only position. tenable Themetaphysical astonishing position. Thegloss astonishing on ‘constitution’ ofgloss objects on ‘constitution’as objects of ourof objects possible as self-consciousobjects of our awarenesspossible self-conscious awareness feature of his KdrV is that,feature and how,of his under KdrV theis that, cover and of how, this macro-levelunder the cover metaphysi- of this macro-level– the metaphysi- second, presuppositional– the second, sense – presuppositional suffices within andsense for – Kant’ssuffices Deduction within and of for Kant’s Deduction of cal contrast Kant developedcal contrast in minute, Kant accurate developed and insufficient minute, detailaccurate an accountand sufficient of detailthe an categories.account of the categories. the validity of possible humanthe validity experience of possible and our human cognitive experience judgments and our which cognitive holds judgments which holds entirely within the domainentirely he designates within the as domain ‘empirical he designatesrealism’, and as yet‘empirical his account realism’, and yet his account of the necessary conditionsof the for necessary the possible conditions validity forof apperceptivethe possible validityhuman ofexperi- apperceptive human experi- ence and cognitive judgmentence and ultimately cognitive shows judgment that the ultimately above dichotomy shows that is the spe- above dichotomy is spe- cious; they are not the onlycious; options! they areInstead, not the Kant’s only options!revolutionary Instead, examination, Kant’s revolutionary anal- examination, anal- 10 10 11 11

10 11 3 TEXT, TRANSLATION3 &T EEXTLUCIDATIONS, TRANSLATION & ELUCIDATIONS I welcome sincere attemptsI welcome to assess sincere my attemptstranslation, to elucidations assess my translation, or editorial elucidations or editorial omissions, by which criticsomissions, may also by assess which their critics preferred may also alternatives. assess their Kant’s preferred De- alternatives. Kant’s De- This section presents Kant’sThis sectiontext with presents my elucidations Kant’s text on with facing my pages. elucidations Kant’s onsec- facing pages.duction Kant’s may sec- deserve or ductionrequire moremay deserve ambitious or requirereconstruction more ambitious than that reconstruction presented than that presented ond edition Deduction ondis pr editioninted with Deduction some omissions is printed in with the s leftome column omissions (verso in), the left here.column I respectfully(verso), submithere. that I respectfully any alternative submit can that benefit any by alternative scrutinising can both benefit it by scrutinising both it and newly translated in andthe rightnewly column translated (verso in). the My right elucidations column and(verso notes). My areelucidations on andand notes the presentare on considerations,and the whichpresent I believeconsiderations, suffice, yetwhich are Ineither believe complete suffice, yetnor are neither complete nor the facing page (recto). Omittedthe facing are page most (recto passages). Omitted overtly are concerning most passages Kant’s overtly tran- concerningfinal. Kant’s The tran-elided passagesfinal. certainly The elided are of passages interest, certainlybut as further are of comments interest, but by asKant further comments by Kant scendental idealism whichscendental do not c idealismoncern issues which of do validity, not concern and those issues concerning of validity, and thoseon variousconcerning related topics,on not various as central related components topics, not of,as centralnor guides components to, the Deduc- of, nor guides to, the Deduc- self-affection, i.e., how weself-affection, can be sensibly i.e., how aware we of can ourselves be sensibly within aware inner of sense.ourselves withintion inner itself. sense. I respectfully tion submit itself. that, I respectfully even with itssubmit tactical that, omissions, even with the its attention tactical omissions, the attention Most of Kant’s footnotesMost are omitted;of Kant’s some footnotes few are are placed omitted; within some the few text. are All placed ellip- within thedevoted text. All here ellip- to Kant’s devotedB Deduction here tois moreKant’s thorough B Deduction and carefulis more than thorough what hasand careful than what has ses are marked; longer elissesions are marked;by ‘[…]’ atlonger the rightelisions margin. by ‘[…] Line’ at numbers the right (outsidemargin. Line numbersbecome (outside accepted in muchbecome contemporary accepted scholarship.in much contemporary scholarship. the far left margin) are citedthe far in leftcomments margin) onare the cited facing in comments page as ‘l. on’ or the ‘ll. ’ facing(plural). page as ‘l.’ or ‘ll.’ (plural). Line numbers indicate Kant’sLine numbers German indicate text; I haveKant’s kept German the English text; I translationhave kept asthe English translation as closely sequenced to Kant’sclosely original sequenced as pos tosible, Kant’s whilst original allowing as pos propersible, paragraphwhilst allowing proper paragraph format. Lines are numberedformat. consecutively Lines are numbered throughout consecutively to simplify references. throughout Kant’s to simplify references. Kant’s first edition (‘A’) is cited firstfor passagesedition (‘ occurringA’) is cited in for that passages edition occurring alone; otherwise in that editiononly alone; otherwise only the second (‘B’) edition theis cited, second except (‘B’) whenedition identifying is cited, excepta passage when in identifyingboth editions a passage in both editions is especially important.. is especially important.. The German text is Kant’sThe originalGerman (1787),text is unmodernised.Kant’s original Kant’s(1787), pageunmodernised. breaks Kant’s page breaks are indicated to the nearestare indicatedwhole word to theby nearestB pagination whole in word square by brackets,B pagination set inin square brackets, set in petit font; e.g.: [B118]. Kant’spetit own font; spelling e.g.: [B118] is less. Kant’s a problem own spelling for foreigners, is less a whoproblem learn- for foreigners, who learn- ing abroad are taught beautifuling abroad 18th -centuryare taught Hochdeutsch beautiful. 18Kantth-century contributed Hochdeutsch greatly. Kant to contributed greatly to establishing the Germanestablishing philosophical the Germanvocabulary. philosophical As this involved vocabulary. developing As this involved developing German counterparts toGerman Latin terminology, counterparts Kant’s to Latin German terminology, spellings Kant’s often Germanretain spellings often retain more Latin than soon becamemore Latin standard than Hochdeutsch soon became, yet standard these Latinate Hochdeutsch features, yet ofthese Latinate features of Kant’s spelling are closerKant’s to English. spelling I haveare closer checked to English.Kant’s text, I have and checked my edition Kant’s of text, and my edition of Kant’s text, against two Kant’svery reliable text, against modern two editions, very reliable those modernof Weischädel editions, and those of of Weischädel and of Timmermann. Modern Timmprintingermann. better Modernindicates pr Kant’sinting Sbetterper r dindicatesruck (for Kant’s empha- Sper rdruck (for empha- Abbreviations Abbreviations sis), but Modern Germansis), omits but someModern of GermanKant’s subjunctive omits some moods. of Kant’s In thesubjunctive Deduc- moods. In the Deduc- tion, these are only stylistiction, niceties,these are yet only Kant stylistic had absoluteniceties, commandyet Kant hadof Germanabsolute commandKdrV of German Kant, Critik der KdrVreinen Vernunft Kant,, 1781Critik (‘ Ader’), reinen1787 Vernunft(‘B’); (Riga, 1781 1787). (‘A’), 1787 (‘B’); (Riga 1787). and wrote with great careand and wrote clarity, with and great often care with and remarkable clarity, and expressive often with power. remarkable expressiveProl. power.Kant, ProlegomenaProl. to Any FutureKant, MetaphysicsProlegomena (Riga to Any 1783). Future Metaphysics (Riga 1783). nd nd Yes, he struggled with expressingYes, he struggled fundamentally with expressing revolutionary fundamentally new ideas, revolutionary but more new ideas,Anth. but more Kant, AnthropologyAnth from. a Pragmatic Kant, Anthropology Point of View from (Königsberg, a Pragmatic Point 2 ed. of View1800). (Königsberg, 2 ed. 1800). often readers confront oftenproblems readers compr confrontehending problems Kant’s comproften brilliantehending concision. Kant’s often brilliantPrin. concision.Descartes, The PrinciplesPrin. ofDescartes, Philosophy (AmsterdamThe Principles 1644).of Philosophy (Amsterdam 1644). (Some examples are noted(Some in §3.) examples All merely are notedphilological in §3.) or All typographical merely philological details areor typographicalEn.1 detailsHume, are Enquiry En.1Concerning Hume,Human EnquiryUnderstanding Concerning (London Human 1748, Understanding 1756). (London 1748, 1756). omitted. Kant’s own editionsomitted. of Kant’sKdrV are own now editions readily of available KdrV are on now the web,readily for available all on theKTPR web, forWestphal, all Kant’sKTPR TranscendentalWestphal, Proof Kant’sof Realism Transcendental (Cambridge Proof 2004). of Realism (Cambridge 2004). who wish to scrutinise them.who wish to scrutinise them. KCE Westphal, Kant’sKCE Critical EpistemologyWestphal, Kant’s(Routledge Critical 2020). Epistemology (Routledge 2020).

12 12 13 13

12 13 Zweites Hauptstück. Chapter Two. 3.1 3.1 ZweitesZweites Hauptstück. Von Zweites der Hauptstück.Deduction VonChapterChapter der DeductionTwo. Two. Of the DeductionChapter Two. of the Of the Deduction §13: of Ofthe the Principles §13: of a OfTranscendental the Principles Deduction of a Transcendental as such. Deduction as such. der reinen Verstandesbegriffe.der reinen [Verstandesbegriffe.B116] Pure Concepts [B116] of the Understanding.Pure Concepts of the Understanding. Erster Abschnitt. B116–7 (ll. 6–33): Kant’sB11 emphatic6–7 (ll. 6–33): contrast Kant’s between emphatic questions contrast of factbetween and questionsquestions ofof nor-fact and questions of nor- Erster Abschnitt. Erster Abschnitt. FirstFirstFirst Section. Section. First Section. mative validity marks themative same validity distinction marks between, the same e.g. distinction, issues of between, psychological e.g., issues process of psychologicaland process and § 13. § 13. § 13. § 13. Von den Principien einerVon transscen- den Principien einerOf thetransscen- Principles of a OfTranscen- the Principlesthose of of a Transcen-logical validitythose stressed of logical by Frege validity (1884); stressed likely by Frege Frege adopted (1884); thislikely contrast Frege adoptedfrom this contrast from 5 dentalen Deduction5 überhaupt.dentalen Deduction überhaupt.dental Deduction as such.dental Deduction as such. Kant’s KdrV. Kant’s KdrVKant’s does KdrV investigate. Kant’s KdrVissues doesof cognitive investigate process issues and of originscognitive of processvarious and origins of various Die Rechtslehrer, wennDie sie Rechtslehrer, von Be- wennSpeaking sie von of entitlements Be- Speaking and claims of entitlementsfactors involvedand claims in humanfactors experience involved and in human cognition, experience for three and reasons: cognition, (1) tofor identify three reasons: as well (1) to identify as well fugnißen und Anmaßungenfugnißen reden, und unter- Anmaßungenin cases reden, at law, unter- juristsin distinguish cases at law, the juristsas possibledistinguish precisely the whichas possible issues preciselyof cognitive which validity, issues concerning of cognitive truth, validity, accuracy, concerning justifica- truth, accuracy, justifica- scheiden in einem Rechtshandelscheiden in die einem Fra- Rechtshandelquestion concerning die Fra- justicequestion (quid concerning iuris) tio justicen or other(quid iurissuch) normativetion or othermodalities such mnormativeust be addressed, modalities (2) m toust suggest be addressed, some consider- (2) to suggest some consider- ge über das, was Rechtensge über ist das,(quid was iuris Rechtens), from ist that (quid which iuris ),concernsfrom factsthat which(quid concernsations in facts view ( quidof whichations they in m vieway be of addressed which they and m (3)ay tobe supportaddressed his and claims (3) tothat support the ac- his claims that the ac- 10 von der, die die Thatsache10 von der, angeht die die(quid Thatsachefacti), and angeht since (quid they demandfacti), and proof since of they coundemandt he proofdevelops of holdscoun truet he of develops us. Kant holdsmarks true their of d usistinction. Kant marks by contrasting their distinction his ‘subjec- by contrasting his ‘subjec- facti), und indem sie vonfacti ),beiden und indem Beweis sie vonboth, beiden they Beweis call the first,both, which they shall call the tiv first,e deduction’, which shall whichtiv concernse deduction’, how experiencewhich concerns or cognition how experience is (possibly) or cognitiongenerated, is to (possibly) his generated, to his fordern, so nennen siefordern, den erstern, so nennen der sieprovide den erstern, the title der or theprovide claim theof jus-title or ‘objectivethe claim deduction’,of jus- ‘objectivewhich aims deduction’, to demonstrate which aimsunder to what demonstrate conditions under cognitive what judg-conditions cognitive judg- die Befugniß oder auchdie Befugnißden Rechtsan- oder auchtice, den the Rechtsan-deduction. Wetice, use the a hostdeduction of . Wements use are a hostcognitively of mentsjustified are or cognitively justifiable justified(Axvii, cf. or B 393).justifiable This (sameAxvii , contrastcf. B393). recurs This insame contrast recurs in spruch darthun soll, spruch die Deduction. darthun soll, dieempirical Deduction. concepts withoutempirical anyone concepts Kant’s without distinction anyone betweenKant’s a distinctiontranscendental between deduction a transcendental of a priori concepts deduction and of their a priori empiri- concepts and their empiri- 15 Wir bedienen uns15 einerWir Menge bedienen empiri- uns einertaking Menge exception empiri- andtaking we take exception our- andcal deduction, we take our-which concernscal deduction, their acquisition which concerns (B117, their ll. 47–57). acquisition (B117, ll. 47–57). scher Begriffe ohne jemandesscher Begriffe Widerrede ohne jemandesselves even Widerrede without a selvesdeduction even to without be a deduction to be und halten uns auch ohneund haltenDeduction uns auchbe- ohneentitled Deduction to ascribe be- to theseentitled concepts to ascribe a to these concepts a rechtigt, ihnen einen rechtigt, Sinn und ihnen eingebil- einen Sinnsense und and eingebil- a presumedsense significance, and a presumed significance, dete Bedeutung zuzueignen,dete Bedeutung weil wir je-zuzueignen,because weil we wiralways je- havebecause experience we always at have experience at 20 derzeit die Erfahrung20 derzeit bey dieder Erfahrung Hand hand bey to derprove Hand their objectivehand to provereality. their objective reality. B B B B [B117] haben, ihre objective[B117] haben, Realität ihre zu objectiveThere are Realität also surreptitious zu There concepts,are also surreptitious117 (l. 21;concepts, cf. 148, ll. 839–51):117 (l. 21; The cf. designation148, ll. 839–51): ‘objective The reality’designation is common ‘objective throughout reality’ is the common throughout the

beweisen. Es giebt indessenbeweisen. auch Es usur- giebt indessensuch as auch luck usur- or fate, such which as circulate luck or fateMediaeval, which circulate and ModernMediaeval periods, and Modernretains use periods, in optics: and Inretains contrast use into optics:the eyepiece, In contrast the to the eyepiece, the

pirte Begriffe, wiepirte etwa Begriffe, Glück, wie with etwa nearly Glück, unanimouswith nearly accord, unanimouslens at the accord, other end whichlens at aimsthe otherat an endobject which is called aims theat an‘objective’ object is lens called (of the a binoculars, ‘objective’ lens (of a binoculars, camera, microscope orcamera, telescope). microscope The sense or oftelescope). ‘objective The reality’ sense = ofdirected ‘objective towards reality’ an =ob- directed towards an ob- Schicksal, die zwarSchicksal, mit fast allgemei- die zwar though mit fast occasionally allgemei- arethough protested occasionally by are protested by ject. Despite all naturalisticject. Despite attempts all to naturalistic reduce, explain attempts or explainto reduce, away explain ‘objective or explain reality’ away or ‘objective reality’ or 25 ner Nachsicht herumlaufen,25 ner Nachsicht aber doch herumlaufen,posing aberthe question: doch posingquid iuris the; and question: quid iuris; and representational contentrepresentational in terms of n contentothing butin termsthe ‘formal of nothing reality’ but of thewhatever ‘formal physical reality’ of whatever physical bisweilen durch die Frage:bisweilen quid durch iuris, die in Frage:then byquid their iuris deduction, in then one by falls their into deduction one falls into objects or events (i.e., obtheirjects reality or events as actual, (i.e., theirexisting reality particulars), as actual, none existing have particulars), (remotely) nonesuc- have (remotely) suc- Anspruch genommenAnspruch werden; dagenommen man a werden; not insignificant da man quandary,a not insignificant since quandary, since ceeded (cf. Westphal 2017).ceeded About (cf. Westphal this duality 2017). Descartes About was this rightduality (cf. Descartes Moran 2014). was right (cf. Moran 2014). alsdann wegen der Deductionalsdann wegen derselben der Deductionone can providederselben no clearone cangrounds provide of no clear grounds of in nicht geringe Verlegenheitin nicht geräth, geringe in-Verlegenheitjustification, geräth, whether in- justification, from experi- whether from experi- 30 dem man keinen deutlichen30 dem man Rechtsgrund keinen deutlichenence, Rechtsgrundor by reason, byence, which or theby reason,title by which the title weder aus der Erfahrung,weder noch aus derder Ver-Erfahrung,to use noch these der concepts Ver- towould use thesebe made concepts would be made nunft anführen kann, nunftdadurch anführen die Befug- kann, dadurchclear and die evident. Befug- clear and evident. niß ihres Gebrauchs deutlichniß ihres würde. Gebrauchs deutlich würde.

141414 14 151515 15

14 15 Unter den mancherleyUnter Begriffen den mancherleyaber, However, Begriffen amongst aber, theHowever, various con- amongstB 117the various(l. 36): Within con- hisB 117taxonomy (l. 36): ofWithin species his of taxonomy representation of species (A320/ of Brepresentation376–7), hence (Awithin320/B376–7), hence within 35 die das sehr vermischte35 die das Gewebe sehr vermischte der cepts Gewebewhich constitute der cepts the very which mixed constitutethe thecontext very ofmixed his ‘Deduction’,the context Kant of histypically ‘Deduction’, (though Kant not exclusively)typically (though uses Erkenntniß not exclusively) (cog- uses Erkenntniß (cog- menschlichen Erkenntnißmenschlichen ausmachen, Erkenntnißfabric of ausmachen, human cognition,fabric of there human are cognition,nition), whether there are singularnition), or plural, whether to designatesingular or subjective plural, to states, designate ‘perceptions’, subjective which states, con- ‘perceptions’, which con- giebt es einige, die auchgiebt zum es reineneinige, Ge-die auchsome zum destined reinen Ge- to a puresome use destined a priori to anect pure to use some a prioriobject distinctnect to tosome the Sobjectubject distinct whose toperception the Subject it is. whose (Recall perception that by ‘percep- it is. (Recall that by ‘percep- brauch a priori (völligbrauch unabhängig a priori von (völlig(entirely unabhängig independent von (entirelyfrom all independentexperi- tion’ from Kant all experi-does not automaticallytion’ Kant does mean not ‘apperception’!) automatically meanAs George ‘apperception’!) (1981) indicates, As George at the (1981) indicates, at the aller Erfahrung) bestimmtaller Erfahrung)sind, und die- bestimmtence), sind, and undthe entitlementdie- ence), to and their the use entitlementtime, the to theirterm useErkenntnißtime, was the used term ( interErkenntniß alia) to was denote used indexical, (inter alia )demonstrative, to denote indexical, ostensive demonstrative, ostensive 40 ser ihre Befugniß 40 bedarfser ihre jederzeit Befugniß einer bedarfalways jederzeit requires einer a deduction:always requires because a deduction:or deictic because reference toor (putative) deictic reference particulars. to (putative) Which factor(s) particulars. or what Which cognitive factor(s) achieve- or what cognitive achieve- Deduction: weil zu derDeduction: Rechtmäßigkeit weil zu derproofs Rechtmäßigkeit from experienceproofs do notfrom suf- experiencement(s) do Kant not suf- may designatement(s) by Kant these may terms designate must bybe thesediscerned terms in must context, be discerned which usually in context, which usually eines solchen Gebrauchseines Beweise solchen Gebrauchsaus fice for Beweise the legitimacy aus fice of theirfor the usage, legitimacymakes of theirhis point usage, quite clear.makes (Always his point keep quite Kant’s clear. taxonomy (Always keep (A320/ Kant’sB376–7) taxonomy in mind.) (A320/B376–7) in mind.) der Erfahrung nicht der hinreichend Erfahrung sind, nicht yet hinreichend one must sind, of courseyet one know must how of courseB117 ( ll. know 47–8): how On ‘ErklärungB117 (ll.’ and47–8): ‘explication’, On ‘Erklärung see ’B and755–8. ‘explication’, ‘Explanation’ see Bconnotes755–8. ‘Explanation’ quid facti; connotes quid facti; man aber doch wissenman muß, aber wie doch diese wissenthese muß, concepts wie diese can connectthese concepts to ob- canexplication connect toadmits ob- of explicationaddressing (normative,admits of addressing justificatory) (normative, quid iuris .justificatory) Kant’s reasons quid foriuris re-. Kant’s reasons for re- 45 Begriffe sich auf Objecte45 Begriffe beziehen sich aufkön- Objectejects, beziehen although kön- these conceptsjects, although are not thesejecting concepts ‘definition’, are not demotingjecting ‘definition’,the status of demoting ‘analytic the truth’ status and of instead ‘analytic advocating truth’ and ‘explica- instead advocating ‘explica- nen, die sie doch ausnen, keiner die Erfahrung sie doch aus derived keiner Erfahrung from any experience.derived from I call any experience.tion’ in philosophical I call tion’ inquiry in arephilosophical decisive: All inquiry we can are know decisive: by conceptualAll we can analysis know by is conceptualthe analysis is the hernehmen. Ich nennehernehmen. daher die IchErklä- nennethe daher explication die Erklä- of howthe a explication priori con- of howintension a priori or classificatorycon- intension content or ofclassificatory a concept, nonecontent of ofwhich a concept, can be nonejustified of whichas necessary can be justified as necessary rung der Art, wie sichrung Begriffe der Art, a priori wie sichcepts Begriffe can a connect priori tocepts objects can their connect truth to objectsmerely by their conceptualtruth merelyanalysis. by Explication conceptual roots analysis. Kant’s Explication justificatory roots fallibilism Kant’s justificatorydeeply fallibilism deeply auf Gegenstände beziehenauf Gegenstände können, die beziehentranscendental können, deduction die , transcendentaland distinguish deductionwithin, and thedistinguish methodologicalwithin and the substantive methodological core of and KdrV substantive. core of KdrV. 50 50 transscendentale transscendentaleDeduction der- Deductionthis from an der- empiricalthis fromdeduction, an empiricalB117 ( ll. deduction, 47–51): Kant’sB117 central (ll. 47–51): issue is Kant’swhether central or how issue pure is awhether priori concepts or how purecan ‘connect’ a priori concepts can ‘connect’ selben und unterscheideselben sie und von unterscheide der which sie indicates von derhow awhich concept indicates can be how( beziehena concept) or canbe referredbe (beziehen to objects.) or beSuch referred (possible) to objects. reference Such to (possible)objects is thereference ‘objective to objects valid- is the ‘objective valid- empirischen Deduction,empirischen welche die Deduction,acquired welche from experience die acquired and fromreflec- experienceity’ of theseand reflec- concept; toity’ show of these that concept;a priori concepts to show havethat asuch priori objective concepts validity have such by demon- objective validity by demon- Art anzeigt, wie ein BegriffArt anzeigt, durch wieErfah- ein Begrifftion upon durch it, Erfah- and so addressestion upon not it, theand so stratingaddresses that not they the can bestrating referred that in they determinate, can be referred cognitively in determinate, legitimate (accurate,cognitively true, legitimate justifi- (accurate, true, justifi- rung und Reflexion überrung dieselbe und Reflexion erwor- überlegitimacy dieselbe buterwor- ratherlegitimacy the fact but by ratherable) theways factis to by‘realise’able) these ways concepts. is to ‘realise’ Kant adoptedthese concepts. this sense Kant of theadopted verb ‘tothis realise’ sense offrom the verb ‘to realise’ from 55 ben worden, und daher55 ben nicht worden, die Recht- und daherwhich nicht the die possession Recht- arose.which the possessionTetens arose. (1775, 1777), whoTetens held (1775, that demonstrating 1777), who held that that a concept demonstrating is cognitively that a legitimateconcept is re-cognitively legitimate re- mäßigkeit, sondern dasmäßigkeit, Factum sondernbetrifft, das Factum betrifft, quires indicating, pickingquires out, indicating, deictically picking demonstrating out, deictically at least demonstratingone relevant instance at least ofone that relevant instance of that wodurch der Besitz entsprungen.wodurch der Besitz[B118] entsprungen. [B118] concept. Kant realisedconcept. that this Kant is precisely realised whatthat mustthis is be precisely shown whatof our must pure be a shownpriori con- of our pure a priori con- cepts, the categories (Bcepts,117, ll. the 34–47). categories (B117, ll. 34–47).

B117 (ll. 45, 49): WhereB117 English (ll. 45, has 49): two Where terms, English Kant hasuses two three: terms, ‘Object Kant’, ‘Gegenstand uses three:’ and ‘Object’, ‘Gegenstand’ and ‘Ding’ (ll. 765, 785, 790,‘Ding 793,’ (808,ll. 765, 884); 785, English 790, 793, provides 808, 884); ‘object’ English and ‘thing’. provides Kant’s ‘object’ terminol- and ‘thing’. Kant’s terminol- ogy is flexible and oftenogy vexingis flexible to readers,and often because vexing (per to hisreaders, use of because conceptual (per hisexplication, use of conceptual explication, noted above) he oftennoted develops above) or glosseshe often his develops terms sufficiently or glosses forhis aterms particular sufficiently context for of a particular context of use. He is not inconsistent,use. He and is hisnot flexibility inconsistent, serves and to his avoid flexibility entrapment serves in to rigidified avoid entrapment termi- in rigidified termi- nology, but it does requirenology, great but care it does by his require readers. great In carelater byparts his ofreaders. the Deduction, In later parts he con-of the Deduction, he con- trasts ‘Object’ to ‘Gegenstandtrasts’, ‘Objectplainly’ tousing ‘Gegenstand the former’, plainly to mark using a conceptthe former of an to object mark asa conceptsuch, of an object as such, whereas the latter can whereasbe an actual the latter particular can be presented an actual to particular us by sensory presented intake. to Byus by‘given’ sensory intake. By ‘given’ Kant usually means ‘presented’Kant usually or ‘availablemeans ‘presented’ in’; at no orpoint ‘available does he in’; mistake at no point any ‘given’ does hefor mistake any ‘given’ for aconceptual knowledgeaconceptual of any particulars. knowledge of any particulars.

16 16 17 17

16 17 Wir haben jetzt schonWir zweierley haben jetzt Be- schonWe zweierley have already Be- foundWe two have quite already B found118 (ll. two 58–86): quite KantB 118 appeals (ll. 58–86): to results Kant of appeals his Transcendental to results of Aesthetic his Transcendental (hereafter: ‘Tr. Aesthetic (hereafter: ‘Tr. griffe von ganz verschiedenergriffe von Art, ganz die verschiedenerdistinctive Art, kinds die of concepts,distinctive which kinds ofAesth.’), concepts, that which we have twoAesth.’), a priori that concepts, we have onetwo of a priori‘space’, concepts, one of ‘time’,one of which‘space’, must one pertainof ‘time’, which must pertain 60 doch darin mit einander60 doch übereinkom-darin mit einandernevertheless übereinkom- agree insofarnevertheless as both agree or insofar ‘connect’ as ( bothsich beziehenor) ‘connect’to any objects (sich beziehen of which) to weany can objects be aware, of which because we canwe canbe aware, only be because we can only be men, daß sie beiderseitsmen, völlig daß siea priori beiderseitsconnect völlig fullya priori a prioriconnect to objects, fully a prioriaware toof objects objects, presentedaware toof usobjects in or presentedthrough sensory to us in intuition, or through which sensory is spatio-temporal intuition, which is spatio-temporal sich auf Gegenständesich beziehen, auf Gegenstände nämlich namely,beziehen, the nämlich concepts namely,of space the and concepts of (in of at space least and the of sense (in that at we least are the only sense sensitive that we or responsive are only sensitive to spatio-temporal or responsive sensory to spatio-temporal sensory die Begriffe des Raumesdie undBegriffe der Zeitdes Raumesals time und as der forms Zeit ofals sensibilitytime as and forms the of sensibilitystimuli; this and minimal the sensestimuli; is this further minimal undergirded sense is by further his transcendental undergirded by idealism, his transcendental but this idealism, but this Formen der SinnlichkeitFormen und die der Catego- Sinnlichkeitcategories und die Catego- as conceptscategories of the under- as conceptslatter of is the set under-aside in theselatter elucidations). is set aside inThis these result elucidations). from the Tr. This Aesth. result is fromhere (forthe Tr.the Aesth.first is here (for the first 65 rien als Begriffe des65 Verstandes.rien als Begriffe Von ih-des Verstandes.standing. To Von want ih- to standing.attempt an To em- want totime) attempt described an em- as theirtime) transcendental described as deduction. their transcendental Kant claims deduction. the parallel Kant point claims regarding the parallel point regarding nen eine empirische nen Deduction eine empirische versuc- Deductionpirical deduction versuc- of thesepirical would deduction be ofthe these categories, would first be identifiedthe categories, by following first identified out the implications by following of out his theTable implications of twelve offormal his Table of twelve formal hen wollen, würde ganzhen vergebliche wollen, würde Ar- ganzan vergeblicheutterly futile Ar- task, anbecause utterly what futile is task,aspects because of whatjudging is for aspectsour most of basicjudging classifications for our most of basic whatever classifications we can possibly of whatever judge, we i.e. can, possibly judge, i.e., the categories as our mostthe categories basic, general as our classifications. most basic, general To justify classifications. a priori his keyTo claimjustify that a priori his key claim that beit seyn, weil eben beit darin seyn, das weil Unter- eben distinctive darin das ofUnter- their naturedistinctive lies ofpre- their nature lies pre- the a priori categories dothe pertain a priori orcategories connect doto anypertain particulars or connect we can to anypossibly particulars experience we can or possibly experience or scheidende ihrer Naturscheidende liegt, daß ihrersie sich Naturcisely liegt, in daß this, sie that sich theycisely connect in this, them- that they connect them- judge is the task of thisjudge chapter, is the the task Transcendental of this chapter, Deduction the Transcendental of the Pure Deduction Concepts of the Pure Concepts of the 70 auf ihre Gegenstände70 aufbeziehen, ihre Gegenstände ohne et- beziehen,selves to ohne objects et- withoutselves borrowing to objects without borrowing Understanding. In contrast,Understanding. their connection In contrast, to our their forms connection of sensibility, to our and forms so toof particu-sensibility, and so to particu- was zu deren Vorstellungwas zuaus deren der Erfah- Vorstellunganything aus der from Erfah- experience.anything If, then,from aexperience. If, then, a lars presented to us inlars sensory presented perception, to us in makes sensory the perception, Deduction makes of ‘space’ the Deduction and of ‘time’ of ‘space’ and of ‘time’ rung entlehnt zu haben.rung Wenn entlehnt also zueine haben.deduction Wenn also of theseeine conceptsdeduction is neces- of these concepts is neces- straightforward (cf. ll. 120–5).straightforward (cf. ll. 120–5). Deduction derselben Deductionnöthig ist, soderselben wird nöthigsary, it ist, must so bewird altogethersary, it transcen- must be altogether transcen- sie jederzeit transscendentalsie jederzeit seyn transscendental müs- dental. seyn müs- dental. […] B120 (l. 86): Kant[…] oftenB120 uses (l. the86): term Kant bestimmen often uses and the its termcognates bestimmen in the and sense its ofcognates specify, in ra- the sense of specify, ra- 75 sen. 75 sen. [… B119] [… B119] ther than in the sense therof ‘to than make in theto besense as itof is’. ‘to Both make senses to be are as italso is’. common Both senses in English, are also common in English, Ob nun aber gleich dieOb einzige nun aber Art ei-gleich dieNow einzige if the Art soleei- possibleNow kindif the of sole though possible contemporary kind of though Anglophones contemporary too often Anglophones neglect the too former often sense, neglect illustrated the former in the sense, illustrated in the ner möglichen Deductionner möglichender reinen DeductionEr- deduction der reinen of pure Er- cognitionsdeduction a prioriof pure, cognitionsexecutive request,a priori, ‘Phelps,executive determine request, what ‘Phelps, became determine of the what Higgins became dossier of forthwith!’. the Higgins dossier forthwith!’. kenntniß a priori, nämlichkenntniß die a auf priori dem, nämlichnamely die a auf transcendental dem namely kind, a transcendental be Thinking kind, of Kant’s be aimsThinking as ‘explanatory’ of Kant’s rather aims asthan ‘explanatory’ ‘explicatory’ rather (per above,than ‘explicatory’ B117, ll. 47–52) (per above, B117, ll. 47–52) transscendentalen Wege,transscendentalen eingeräumet Wege,granted, eingeräumet that does notgranted, yet illuminate that does notre-enforces yet illuminate misleadingre-enforces causal connotations misleading of causal ‘bestimmen connotations’ as ‘make of to ‘bestimmen be’; whereas’ as ‘make Kant’s to be’; whereas Kant’s concern is ‘specify’. concern is ‘specify’. 80 wird, so erhellet 80 dadurchwird, so doch erhellet eben dadurchwhether doch it be ebenso ineluctablywhether required. it be so ineluctably required. nicht, daß sie so unumgänglichnicht, daß nothwen- sie so unumgänglichAbove we nothwen- have, withAbove little difficulty, we have, withB122–3 little (ll. difficulty, 88–145): KantB122–3 highlights (ll. 88–145): how the Kant Deduction highlights of howthe categoriesthe Deduction differs of from the categoriesthe De- differs from the De- dig sey. Wir haben obendig diesey. Begriffe Wir haben des obenpursued die Begriffe the concepts des pursuedof space theand concepts of duction of space of theand aof priori duction concepts of of the ‘space’ a priori and concepts of ‘time’, of because ‘space’ and any of objects ‘time’, we because can (so any to objects we can (so to Raumes und der ZeitRaumes vermittelst und einerder Zeittime vermittelst through einera transcendentaltime through deduc- a transcendentalspeak) encounter, deduc- or whichspeak) can encounter, affect our or sensibility,which can oraffect which our can sensibility, at all be orpresented which can to ourat all be presented to our transscendentalen Deductiontransscendentalen zu ihren Deductiontion to their zu ihrensources tionand haveto their expli- sourcessenses, and havemust expli-be spatio-temporal,senses, must so bethat spatio-temporal, the concepts ‘space’ so that and the ‘time’ concepts must ‘space’ pertain and to ‘time’them. must pertain to them. 85 Quellen verfolgt und85 ihreQuellen objective verfolgt [B120] und ihrecated objective and specified [B120] a prioricated their and specifiedvalid- a(Kant priori quitetheir deliberatelyvalid- (Kant here quiteleaves deliberately entirely open here how, leaves in entirelywhat specific open how,ways, inthose what concepts specific ways, those concepts Gültigkeit a priori erklärtGültigkeit und bestimmt. a priori erklärtity. und bestimmt. ity. […] may pertain to sensed[…] particulars;may pertain see to Bsensed137–8, particulars; ll. 527–38.) see However, B137–8, spatio-temporalll. 527–38.) However, objects spatio-temporal or objects or [… B122] [… B122] appearances or phenomena,appearances though or spatio-temporal phenomena, though and though spatio-temporal affecting and our though sensibility, affecting our sensibility, Die Categorien des VerstandesDie Categorien dage- des VerstandesThe categories dage- of understanding,The categories ofmight understanding, be so confused andmight confusing be so confused (B123, ll. and 130–45) confusing that they(B123, would ll. 130–45) not at allthat afford they wouldor ex- not at all afford or ex- gen stellen uns gar nichtgen stellen die Bedingun- uns gar nichton the die other Bedingun- hand, doon not the provide other hand,us dohibit not the provide kinds ofus featureshibit orthe regularities kinds of features required or for regularities any humanly required possible for any thought, humanly which possible thought, which 90 gen vor, unter denen90 Gegenständegen vor, unter in denen der Gegenständethe conditions in der underthe which conditions objects underrequires which judgmental objects synthesisrequires ofjudgmental sensory representations synthesis of sensory so that representations we can identify so (classify) that we anycan identify (classify) any Anschauung gegebenAnschauung werden, mithin gegebenare werden, given within mithin [sensory]are given intuition, within [sensory]instance of intuition, any category.instance Such ofa conditionany category. may Suchbe called a condition ‘transcendental may be chaos’called ‘transcendentalKTPR ( §§15– chaos’ KTPR ( §§15– können uns allerdingskönnen Gegenstände uns allerdings er- hence Gegenstände objects could er- wellhence appear objects to us, could 29.)well I appear intercalate to us, ‘[sensory]’29.) I tointercalate qualify ‘intuition’ ‘[sensory]’ (l. to 91) qualify to stress ‘intuition’ that Kant (l. 91) is notto stress (at all) that con- Kant is not (at all) con- sidering anything intellectual,sidering but anything intuition intellectual, as sensory but presentation, intuition as whichsensory he presentation, contrasts both which he contrasts both scheinen, ohne daß siescheinen, sich nothwendig ohne daß siethough sich nothwendig without any though necessity without that any necessity that 18 18 19 19

18 19 auf Functionen des Verstandesauf Functionen beziehen des Verstandesthey must beziehen connect to functionsthey must ofconnect the toto functions sensation(s), of theand to toapperceptive sensation(s), experience and to apperceptive or thought experience(cf. below, §5);or thought hence neither (cf. below, is he §5); hence neither is he 95 müssen, und dieser95 alsomüssen, die Bedingungen und dieser alsounderstanding, die Bedingungen whichunderstanding, would thus whichconsiderng would anything thus likeconsiderng Humean anythingimpressions like ofHumean sense, norimpressions of sense data.of sense, nor of sense data. derselben a priori enthielte.derselben Daher a priori zeigt enthielte.contain Daher their conditions zeigt contain a priori their. Thus conditionsA a furtherpriori. Thus important pointA further very important strongly suggested point very by strongly Kant’s formulation suggested by of Kant’s the key formulation of the key sich hier eine Schwierigkeit,sich hier die eine wir Schwierigkeit, im in this regard die wir a difficulty im in this arises regard which a difficultyproblem arises of thewhich Deductionproblem is that, of thewhatever Deduction sub-personal is that, whatever cognitive sub-personal functions must cognitive be struc- functions must be struc- Felde der Sinnlichkeit Feldenicht derantrafen, Sinnlichkeit wie nichtwe did antrafen, not confront wie inwe the did domain not confront of tured in the by domain our basic of formaltured aspects by our of basic judging formal and aspects our categories, of judging Kant and has our excellent categories, reason Kant has excellent reason nemlich subjectivenemlich Bedingungen subjective sensibility, Bedingungen namely: Howsensibility, subjective namely: con- Howto distinguish subjective twocon- differentto distinguish uses of thetwo categories, different usesone ofin guidingthe categories, such sub-personal one in guiding sensory such sub-personal sensory 100 des Denkens100 solltendes Denkens objective solltenditions objective of thought are toditions have of objective thought aresyntheses, to have quiteobjective anothersyntheses, one in structuring quite another our onehumanly in structuring possible ourexplicit humanly forms possible of cognitive explicit forms of cognitive Gül tigkeit haben, Gül d.i. tigkeit Bedingungen haben, validity d.i. Bedingungen, i.e. how can theyvalidity furnish, i.e. howcon- can judgmentthey furnish about con- whateverjudgment particulars about we whatever happen particulars to sense (see we happen below, B to134–5, sense ll. (see 456–68; below, B134–5, ll. 456–68; der Möglichkeit aller Erkenntnißder Möglichkeit der Ge- aller Erkenntnißditions of der the Ge- very possibilityditions of of the all very B possibility151, ll. 943–90). of all ThoughB151, it ll.cannot 943–90). be proven Though by it Kant’s cannot formulation be proven byalone, Kant’s the formulationfurther rele- alone, the further rele- genstände abgeben: denngenstände ohne Functio-abgeben: dennknowledge ohne Functio- of objects:knowledge since without of objects:vant sinceevidence without (I have arguedvant evidence elsewhere) (I have supports argued Kant’s elsewhere) formulation supports and Kant’s its clear formulation indication and its clear indication that he agrees, e.g., withthat Dretske he agrees, (1969) e.g., about with theDretske distinction (1969) betweenabout the simple, distinction non-cognitive between simple, non-cognitive nen des Verstandes nen können des allerdings Verstandes functions können allerdings of the understandingfunctions of ap- the understanding ap- (‘non-epistemic’) seeing(‘non-epistemic’) and any explicitly seeing cognitive and any seeing explicitly that such-and-socognitive seeing is the that case, such-and-so or is the case, or 105 Erscheinungen in105 der ErscheinungenAnschauung gege- in der pearancesAnschauung can gege- of coursepearances be given can of course be given likewise with Travis (2004)likewise about with the Travis silence (2004) of the about senses the ( cf.silence A293/B350). of the senses This (viewcf. A293/B350). does This view does ben werden. Ich nehmeben z.B. werden. den Begriff Ich nehmewithin z.B. den intuition. Begriff I take,within e.g., theintuition. con- I take, e.g., the con- not (at all) invoke or entailnot (at any all) aconceptual invoke or entail‘knowledge any aconceptual by acquaintance’ ‘knowledge or mythical by acquaintance’ ‘given- or mythical ‘given- der Ursache, welcher eineder Ursache, besondere welcher Art einecept besondere of cause, which Art signifiescept of cause,a partic- which signifies a partic- ness’, precisely becauseness’, cognition precisely requires because and cognition involves requiresjudgment, andidentifying involves and judgment classifying, identifying and classifying der Synthesis bedeutet,der da Synthesis auf etwas bedeutet, A ular da kind auf of etwas synthesis, A ular whereby kind ofupon synthesis, whereby upon some particular(s) as exhibitingsome particular(s) such-and-so as exhibiting features –such-and-so exactly in accord features with – exactlyEvans in(1975). accord with Evans (1975). was ganz Verschiedeneswas B ganz nach Verschiedenes einer some B Anach some einer entirelysome distinct A some B is entirelyThe textual distinct andB is exegeticalThe textual evidence and must exegetical be carefully evidence examined, must be because carefully by examined, design Kant because by design Kant a priori a priori 110 Regel gesetzt wird.110 EsRegel ist gesetzt nicht wird. Esposited ist according nicht to positeda rule. Itaccording is not topursues a rule. (functional)It is not issuespursues of (functional) cognitive processes issues of in cognitive order to processes identify key in orderepistemological to identify key epistemological klar, warum Erscheinungenklar, warum etwas Erscheinungen der- clear a priori etwas why der- appearancesclear a priori should why appearancesissues of proper should functioningissues and of properespecially functioning of possible and genuineespecially and of justifiablepossible genuine cognitive and refer- justifiable cognitive refer- gleichen enthalten solltengleichen (denn enthalten Erfah- solltencontain (denn anything Erfah- of thecontain kind (foranything it is of encethe kindto and (for classificatory it is ence identification to and classificatory of particulars. identification These are of theparticulars. two tasks These of his are ‘subjec- the two tasks of his ‘subjec- rungen kann man nichtrungen zum Beweisekann man an- nichtuseless zum Beweise to appeal an- to useless experience to appeal for totive’ experience and his ‘objective’ for tive’ deductions and his (‘objective’Axvii, cf. B 393).deductions (Axvii, cf. B393). führen, weil die objectiveführen, Gültigkeit weil die die- objectiveproof, Gültigkeit because die- the objectiveproof, because validity the objective validity B B 115 ses Begriffs a priori115 mußses Begriffsdargethan a prioriwer- mußof thisdargethan concept wer- can onlyof thisbe provenconcept a can only122 (bell. 106–10):proven a Kant’s122 illustrating (ll. 106–10): the issueKant’s with illustrating the concept the issue‘cause’ with cannot the concept be merely ‘cause’ con- cannot be merely con- tingent. The concept ‘cause’tingent. is Thea priori concept and is ‘cause’ modally is adefined priori and in ways is modally which definedcannot bein waysspeci- which cannot be speci- den können); und esden ist können);daher a priori und es priori ist daher); hence a priori it is doubtfulpriori); hencea priori it is doubtful a priori fied in accord with conceptfied in empiricismaccord with nor concept verification empiricism empiricism; nor verification Kant discusses empiricism; these Kant discusses these zweifelhaft, ob ein solcherzweifelhaft, Begriff ob nicht ein solcherwhether Begriff such nichta conceptwhether might suchnot bea concept might not be points shortly (see below,points re: shortly‘dignity’, (see l. 171).below, Kant’s re: ‘dignity’, issue in l. the 171). Deduction Kant’s issue expressly in the con- Deduction expressly con- etwa gar leer sei undetwa überall gar unter leer sei den und utterly überall empty unter andden pertainutterly to empty no ob- and pertain to no ob- cerns how the mere possessioncerns how of the a priorimere conceptspossession (e.g. of, thea priori categories) concepts does (e.g. ,not the suffice categories) to does not suffice to Erscheinungen keinenErscheinungen Gegenstand an- keinenject Gegenstand whatsoever an- withinject appearances. whatsoever within appearances. show that these conceptsshow have that any these possible concepts valid have cognitive any possible use. Demonstrating valid cognitive that use they. Demonstrating can that they can 120 treffe. Denn daß Gegenstände120 treffe. Denn der sinnli-daß GegenständeThat objects der sinnli- of sensibleThat objects intuition of sensible intuition have such use requireshave ‘realising’ such use them requires by showing ‘realising’ how them it is byhumanly showing possible how it to is indicatehumanly possible to indicate a pri a pri chen Anschauung denchen im GemüthAnschauung -denmust im Gemüth accord with -thosemust formal accord condi- with thoseaccurately formal (if condi- approximately)accurately any, (if though approximately) at least one, any, relevant though instance at least one,(per ll.relevant 110–20). instance This (per ll. 110–20). This ori ori liegenden [B123] formalen liegenden Bedingun- [B123] formalentions of Bedingun- sensibility whichtions lie of a sensibility priori is which the deictic lie a point priori aboutis the the deictic cognitive point (and about so thethe epistemological)cognitive (and so significance the epistemological) of indexical significance of indexical gen der Sinnlichkeit gemäßgen der seyn Sinnlichkeit müssen, gemäßwithin seyn our müssen, mentality within is clear our for mentality this or is demonstrative clear for this referenceor demonstrative Kant learnt reference from Tetens. Kant (This learnt point from is Tetens. neglected (This by point ‘analytic is neglected by ‘analytic ist daraus klar, weil sieist sonst daraus nicht klar, Ge- weil siereason, sonst that nicht otherwise Ge- reason, they would that otherwisenot transcendental they would notarguments’,transcendental which only arguments’, focus upon which concept only possession; focus upon KTPR concept 28–9, possession; KCE §14.) KTPR 28–9, KCE §14.) 125 genstände für uns125 seyngenstände würden; für daß uns sie seynbe würden;objects for daß us; sie however,be objects that forthey us; however, that they aber auch überdem aber den Bedingungen, auch überdem denalso Bedingungen,must further accordalso withmust those further accordB123 ( ll. with 125–45): those KantB here123 ( makesll. 125–45): the point Kant already here makes mentioned, the point that already spatio-temporal mentioned, objects that spatio-temporal objects deren der Verstand deren zur synthetischen der Verstand conditions zur synthetischen required conditions by the under- requiredor byappearances the under- or phenomena,or appearances though or spatio-temporal phenomena, though and though spatio-temporal affecting ourand sensibility,though affecting our sensibility, Einheit des Denkens bedarf,Einheit gemäßdes Denkens seyn bedarf,standing gemäß for synthetic seyn standing unity of forthink- syntheticmight unity be ofso think-confused mightand confusing be so confused that they and would confusing not at thatall afford they would or exhibit not atthe all kinds afford of or exhibit the kinds of features or regularities featuresrequired or for regularities any humanly required possible for anythought, humanly which possible requires thought, judgmen- which requires judgmen- müssen, davon ist diemüssen, Schlußfolge davon nicht ist die ing;Schlußfolge insight into nicht this inferenceing; insight is intonot this inference is not 20 20 21 21

20 21 130 so leicht einzusehen.130 so Denn leicht es einzusehen. könnten so Denn easy. es For könnten appearancesso easy. could For be appearancestal synthesis could of sensory be tal representations synthesis of sensory so that representations we can identify so (classify) that we anycan instanceidentify (classify)of any any instance of any wohl allenfalls Erscheinungenwohl allenfalls so be- Erscheinungenaltogether so so constituted, be- altogether that the so un- constituted,category. that Such the un-a conditioncategory. of ‘transcendental Such a condition chaos’ of ‘transcendentalwould block the chaos’ very possibilitywould block of thehu- very possibility of hu- schaffen seyn, daß derschaffen Verstand seyn, sie daßden derderstanding Verstand sie would den notderstanding find them would at man not findthought them and at judgment,man thought even the and bare judgment, ‘I think even…’. Kant’sthe bare Deduction ‘I think …’. does Kant’s imply Deduction con- does imply con- Bedingungen seiner EinheitBedingungen gar nicht seiner ge- Einheitall in gar accord nicht with ge- theall conditions in accord of with thestraints conditions upon particulars of straints which upon are particulars humanly identifiable which are by humanly sensory identifiable perception, by yet sensory those perception, yet those mäß fände, und allesmäß so in fände, Verwirrung und alles its so unity, in Verwirrung so that everythingits unity, lay so in that everythingconstraints are lay not in the constraintstopic of the are Deduction; not the topic they of are the examined Deduction; in thethey Analytic are examined of Princi- in the Analytic of Princi- 135 läge, daß z.B. in der135 Reihenfolgeläge, daß z.B. der in Er- der Reihenfolgesuch confusion, der Er- so that,such e.g. confusion,, in the soples. that, In e.g. the, in Deduction the ples. Kant In focuses the Deduction on the barestKant focuses necessary on conditions the barest for necessary any humanly conditions for any humanly scheinungen sich nichtsscheinungen darböte, was sich ei- nichtsseries darböte, of appearanceswas ei- series nothing of appearances pre- possible nothing thinking pre- of anypossible thought thinking at all, including of any thought the bare at self-referentialall, including the ‘I thinkbare self-referential…’. ‘I think …’. ne Regel der Synthesisne an Regel die Hand der Synthesis gäbe sented an die itselfHand whichgäbe wouldsented provide itself which a B would123–4 ( providell. 146–85): a KantB123–4 characterises (ll. 146–85): why Kant and characteriseshow the empiricist why and (Humean) how the alternative empiricist of(Humean) alternative of und also dem Begriffeund der also Ursache dem Begriffeund rule der of Ursache synthesis und and sorule would of synthesis corre- andsettling so would for customarycorre- settlingassociations for customary or empirical associations generalities or cannotempirical address generalities key issues cannot about address key issues about Wirkung entspräche, Wirkung so daß dieser entspräche, Be- sospond daß to dieser the conceptBe- spond of cause to the and conceptlogically of cause contingent and yetlogically strictly contingentuniversal empirical yet strictly propositions universal empirical concerning propositions natural kinds concerning or natural kinds or 140 griff also ganz leer,140 nichtiggriff alsound ganzohne leer, Be- nichtigeffect, und so ohne that Be- this effect, concept so would that this(also) concept causal would necessities,(also) and causalconcerning necessities, our fallible and concerning empirical knowledgeour fallible of empirical them. The knowledge first of them. The first deutung wäre. Erscheinungendeutung wäre. würden Erscheinungenthus be entirely würden empty,thus null be and entirely insig- empty,order null of and Kant’s insig- businessorder is toof identifyKant’s businessthe key ais priori to identify concepts the requiredkey a priori even concepts to formulate required even to formulate nichts destoweniger unserernichts destowenigerAnschauung unserernificant. Anschauung Appearancesnificant. would Appearancesnever- these would issues never-and judgments,these issuesand then and to judgments, demonstrate and that then we to can demonstrate use these thatconcepts we can in suf-use these concepts in suf- Gegenstände darbieten,Gegenstände denn die darbieten, An- theless denn present die An- objectstheless to our present intu- objectsficiently to ouraccurate intu- and justifiedficiently cognitiveaccurate andjudgments. justified Readerscognitive accustomed judgments. to Readers Hume’s accustomed empiri- to Hume’s empiri- schauung bedarf derschauung Functionen bedarf des derition, Functionen since intuition des ition, does not since at intuition all cism does find not Kant’s at all presumptioncism find that Kant’s there presumption are such a priori that conceptsthere are assuch the a categories priori concepts ‘unmoti- as the categories ‘unmoti- 145 Denkens auf keine145 Weise.Denkens auf keine Weise.require the functions ofrequire thinking. the functionsvated’. of thinking. The best demonstrationvated’. The that best Kant demonstration is right about that the Kant a priori is right status about of these the aconcepts priori status of these concepts Gedächte man sich vonGedächte der Mühsam- man sich vonDid der we Mühsam- think to extricateDid ourselveswe think to extricateis a strictly ourselves internal critiqueis a strictly of Hume’s internal or critiquealso C.D. of Broad’sHume’s conceptor also C.D.empiricism; Broad’s see concept West- empiricism; see West- keit dieser Untersuchungenkeit dieser dadurch Untersuchungen los- from dadurch the difficulty los- offrom such the inquiries difficulty phal of such (1998, inquiries §4; 2013), phalTurnbull (1998, (1959). §4; 2013), On theTurnbull concept (1959). ‘cause’ On see the B240–1 concept and ‘cause’ Beck (1975,see B240–1 and Beck (1975, zuwickeln, daß man sagte:zuwickeln, die Erfahrung daß man sagte:by saying, die Erfahrung experience byaffords saying, contin- experience120–9), affords whose contin- elucidation120–9), shows whose how elucidation very much shows Kant canhow state very andmuch argue, Kant accurately, can state inci-and argue, accurately, inci- böte unablässig Beyspieleböte einerunablässig solchen Beyspieleual einerexamples solchen of suchual examplesregularities of sively such and regularities so very conciselysively inand one so brief very aside.concisely in one brief aside. 150 Regelmäßigkeit der150 ErscheinungenRegelmäßigkeit dar, der Erscheinungenwithin appearances dar, within which appearances furnish B 123–4 which ( ll. furnish146–85): KantB123–4 highlights (ll. 146–85): here (andKant repeatedly highlights below) here (and what repeatedly are in effect below) Hume’s what are in effect Hume’s die genugsam Anlaß die geben, genugsam den Begriff Anlaß geben,abundant den occasion Begriff abundant for abstracting occasionlessons for abstractingabout how empiricallessons evidenceabout how as empiricalunderstood evidence by empiricists as understood provides by no empiricists more than provides no more than der Ursache davon abzusondernder Ursache und davon da- abzusondernfrom them und the da-conceptfrom of themcause theand conceptcustomary of cause associations and customary which cannot associations at all identify which or cannot justify at the all kindsidentify of ormodality justify theinvolved kinds of modality involved durch zugleich die objectivedurch zugleich Gültigkeit die objectivethus also Gültigkeit ratifying the thusobjective also ratifyingvalid- theeither objective in any valid-causal productioneither in anyof ancausal effect, production or in any ofcognitive an effect, judgment or in any about cognitive what isjudgment the about what is the eines solchen Begriffseines zu bewähren, solchen Begriffs so ity zu of bewähren, such a concept, so ity one of such thus a ne- concept,case one regarding thus ne- any suchcase causal regarding modality. any such This causal latter modality. modal issue This is latter more modal explicit issue later is more explicit later 155 bemerkt man nicht,155 daßbemerkt auf diese man Weise nicht, daßglects auf thatdiese in Weise this wayglects the concept that in ofthis way(B141–2, the concept ll. 612–21; of B165–6,(B141–2, ll. 1190–1202).ll. 612–21; B 165–6,Part of ll.Kant’s 1190–1202). aim is to Part demonstrate of Kant’s thataim isour to key demonstrate that our key der Begriff der Ursacheder Begriffgar nicht der ent- Ursachecause gar cannot nicht atent- all arise,cause but cannot that atit all concepts arise, but and that their it useconcepts are modally and theirstructured use are and modally significant structured in ways and which significant cannot inbe ways re- which cannot be re- springen kann, sondernspringen daß er kann,entweder sondernmust daß eitherer entweder be groundedmust fully either a priori be groundedduced fullyto empiricist a priori accountsduced toof empiricist meaning oraccounts evidence of (conceptmeaning empiricismor evidence or (concept meaning empiricism em- or meaning em- völlig a priori im Verstandevöllig a müsse priori im ge- Verstandein the müsse understanding, ge- in or the otherwise understanding,piricism). or otherwise One surprisepiricism). is that this One modal surprise significance is that this (intension) modal significance is required (intension)even for (appar- is required even for (appar- gründet seyn, oder als gründetein bloßes seyn, Hirnge- oder als einmust bloßes be utterly Hirnge- abandonedmust beas utterlya mere abandonedently) simple as a mereaffirmativeently) judgments simple affirmativeabout what judgments anything ISabout, in contrastwhat anything to however IS, in itcontrast may to however it may 160 spinst gänzlich [B124]160 aufgegebenspinst gänzlich werden [B124] aufgegebenchimera. For werden this conceptchimera. absolutely For this conceptseem to absolutelyone or anotherseem of us. to one or another of us. müsse. Denn dieser müsse. Begriff Denn erfordert dieser requires Begriff that erfordert somethingrequires A be ofthat such somethingB124 A (l. be 171): of such‘Dignity’B 124indicates (l. 171): a status ‘Dignity’ or standing. indicates Kant a status pays or concerted standing. attentionKant pays to concerted the attention to the durchaus, daß etwas Adurchaus, von der daß Art etwassei, Aa kindvon derthat Art something sei, a elsekind B that follows somethingsemantic else B contentfollows (intension)semantic of content key concepts, (intension) especially of key the concepts, categories, especially and the the principles categories, and the principles daß ein anderes B darausdaß ein nothwendig anderes B darausfrom it, nothwendig necessarily andfrom according it, necessarily to and and particularaccording judgments to and (claims)particular we judgments formulate, (claims) consider we and formulate, often affirm, consider and andhow often these affirm, and how these und nach einer schlechthinund nach einer allge- schlechthinan altogether allge- universal rulean . altogether Of course universalintensions rule. Of are course modallyintensions specified inare ways modally which specified cannot bein waysdefined, which identified cannot orbe justified defined, on identified a or justified on a 165 meinen Regel 165 folge.meinen Erscheinungen Regel folge.appearances Erscheinungen provide examples,appearances which provide examples, which

22 22 23 23 22 23 geben gar wohl Fällegeben an die gar Hand, wohl aus Fälle can an dieafford Hand, a rule, aus accordingcan afford to which a rule, accordingstrictly empiricist to which basis strictly (Hume’s empiricist theory ofbasis ideas (Hume’s + concept theory empiricism of ideas ++ conceptverification empiricism empiri- + verification empiri- denen eine Regel möglichdenen ist, eine nach Regel der möglichsomething ist, nach usually der occurs,something but neverusually occurs,cism; En.1 but, §§1–7), never in cism;order En.1to pose,, §§1–7), address in order and ultimately to pose, addressto resolve and questions ultimately about to resolve how, questions about how, etwas gewöhnlicher maßenetwas gewöhnlichergeschieht, a- maßenthat thegeschieht, consequence a- that be the necessary consequence. how wellbe necessaryand with. whathow validity well and or justificationwith what validity (quid iuris or )justification we can use (suchquid iurisconcepts,) we can form use such concepts, form ber niemals, daß der Erfolgber niemals, nothwen- daß der ErfolgHence nothwen- to the synthesisHence of cause to the and synthesis such ofjudgments cause and and affirmsuch judgments(or reject) suchand affirmclaims, (or in reject)view of such the claims,sharp semantic in view ofand the modal sharp semantic and modal 170 dig sey: daher der170 Synthesisdig sey: der daher Ursac- der Synthesiseffect pertains der Ursac- a dignityeffect which pertains one a dignitycontrasts which between one our contrasts(apparent) between empiricist our ‘basis’ (apparent) and theempiricist content ‘basis’ of these and claims. the content In KdrV of these claims. In KdrV he und Wirkung auchhe eine und Dignität Wirkung an- auchcannot eine Dignität at all an-expresscannot empirically, at all expressKant arguesempirically, that we mustKant be argues able to that use we the must categories be able with to use sufficient the categories accuracy with and sufficient justifica- accuracy and justifica- hängt, die man gar nichthängt, empirisch die man aus- gar nichtnam empirischely that the aus- effectnam notely merely that theco- effecttion not if we merely are ever co- abletion even if weto thinkare ever ‘I think able …’.even One to think key reason‘I think justifying …’. One this key veryreason strong justifying this very strong

drücken kann, nämlichdrücken daß die kann, Wirkung nämlichme daßs after die Wirkungthe cause, butme sis afterposited the by cause,it thesis, but is whichposited isby equallyit thesis, anti-empiricist which is equallyand anti-rationalist anti-empiricist (and and anti-Cartesian) anti-rationalist is (anddeveloped anti-Cartesian) is developed nicht bloß zu der Ursachenicht hinzu bloß zukomme, der Ursacheand hinzuissues komme, from it. Theand strict issues univer- from it. Thein the strict Deduction. univer- Onein direct the Deduction. corollary of One Kant’s direct Deduction corollary isof that Kant’s we couldDeduction not even is that col- we could not even col-

175 sondern durch dieselbe175 sondern gesetzt durch sei und dieselbe sality gesetzt of the sei rule,und too,sality is notof the at all rule, too,lect theis notempiricists’ at all preferredlect the empiricalempiricists’ evidence preferred and empirical form their evidence preferred and customary form their beliefs, preferred customary beliefs, unless we succeed, witunlessh sufficient we succeed, if approximate with sufficient accuracy if approximateand justifiedness, accuracy to ide andntify justifiedness, at to identify at aus ihr erfolge. Die aus strenge ihr Allgemein- erfolge. Die strengecharacteristic Allgemein- of empiricalcharacteristic rules, of empirical rules, least some particulars leastin our some surroundings, particulars soin ouras to surroundings, distinguish them, so as and to distinguishour perceiving them, and our perceiving heit der Regel ist auchheit gar der keine Regel Eigen- ist auchwhich gar keine by induction Eigen- canwhich obtain by inductiononly a can obtain only a them, as we perceive them,them, fromas we ourselvesperceive them,as self-consciously from ourselves perceiving as self-consciously those particulars. perceiving those particulars. schaft empirischer Regeln,schaft die empirischer durch In- Regeln,comparative die durch universality, In- comparative i.e., an ex-universality, i.e., an ex- These commonsense discriminationsThese commonsense and identifications discriminations of atand least identifications some perceptible of at leastparticu- some perceptible particu- duction keine andereduction als comparative keine anderetensive als comparative usefulness. Nowtensive the usefulness. use of Now the use of lars all require competent,lars allaccurate require use competent, of the categories accurate ( cf.use B125, of the ll. 205–9;categories B126, (cf. ll.B125, 215–43). ll. 205–9; B126, ll. 215–43). 180 Allgemeinheit, d.i.180 ausgebreiteteAllgemeinheit, Brauch- d.i. ausgebreitetethe pure categories Brauch- wouldthe pure be entirelycategories would be entirely Such self-conscious self-awarenessSuch self-conscious is a cognitive self-awareness achievement, is a cognitive not a mere achievement, assumption not of aan mere assumption of an

barkeit, bekommen können.barkeit, Nunbekommen würde können.altered, Nun if one würde wantedaltered, to treat if themone wantedego-centric to treat predicament.them ego-centric (The question predicament. whether (Th Kant’se question account whether of ‘judgments Kant’s account of percep- of ‘judgments of percep- sich aber der Gebrauchsich der aber reinen der GebrauchVer- only der as reinen empirical Ver- products.only as empirical products.tion’ (Prol. §29), abouttion’ how (somethingProl. §29), aboutmerely how appears something to oneself, merely is consistentappears to withoneself, KdrV is isconsistent with KdrV is standesbegriffe gänzlichstandesbegriffe ändern, wenn gänzlich ändern, wenn a pseudo-issue, becausea pseudo-issue,even to wonder because whether even the to sun wonder warms whether a stone the requires sun warms recognising a stone requires recognising man sie nur als empirischeman sie Producte nur als be-empirische Producte be- and identifying both theand sun identifying and the bothstone, the and sun the and warmth the stone, of eac andh; thesethe warmth identifications of each; these identifications 185 handeln wollte. 185 handeln wollte. require fulfilling the transcendentalrequire fulfilling conditions the transcendental of the possibility conditions of app oferceptive the possibility huma nof ex- apperceptive human ex- perience examined onlyperience within examinedKdrV.) only within KdrV.) 3.2 3.2 § 14. Uebergang zur§ 14. transscendentalen Uebergang zur§ transscendentalen14. Transition to the§ 14 Transcenden-. Transition to the Transcenden-§14: Transition to the§14: TranscendentalTransition toDeduction the Transcendental of the Categories. Deduction of the Categories. Deduction der Categorien.Deduction[…B125] der Categorien.tal Deduction[…B125] of the talCategories. Deduction Bof125 the (ll. Categories. 188–97): KantB 125acknowledges (ll. 188–97): two Kant unproblematic acknowledges cases two in unproblematic which object andcases concept in which object and concept Ist aber das zweite, weilIst aber Vorstellung das zweite, an weil[…] VorstellungIn the second an case,[…] becauseIn the second rep- case,may correspond: because rep- if eithermay onecorrespond: produces if the either other one (see produces above, the§2.15). other Surprisingly, (see above, neither §2.15). is Surprisingly, neither is sich selbst (denn vonsich deren selbst Causalität (denn vonresentation deren Causalität in itself resentation (since causality in itself relevant (since to causality Kant’s Deduction,relevant toregardless Kant’s Deduction,of his transcendental regardless ofidealism his transcendental and how often idealism it and how often it 190 vermittelst des Willens190 vermittelst ist hier gar des nicht Willensthrough ist hier thegar willnicht is notthrough here at the issue) will is suggests not here we at do issue) create suggestsat least wethe dostructure create oatf leastobjects the of structure empirical o fexperience objects of andempirical knowl- experience and knowl- die Rede) ihren Gegenstanddie Rede) dem ihren Da- Gegenstanddoes not dem produce Da- itsdoes object not with produce re- itsedge. object Kant’s with Deduction re- edge. turns Kant’s instead Deduction on identifying turns insteadnecessary on a identifying priori conditions necessary of thoughta priori conditions of thought seyn nach nicht hervorbringt,seyn nach so nicht ist hervorbringt,spect to its existence so ist , neverthelessspect to its existence the ,and nevertheless judgment, and the arguingand judgment, that we must and satisfyarguing these that conditionswe must satisfy if we theseare to conditions be at all aware if we are to be at all aware doch die Vorstellungdoch in Ansehung die Vorstellung des representation in Ansehung desin regardrepresentation to its object in regardof ourselves to its objectas being awareof ourselves of any assensed being (intuited) aware of particular(s)any sensed (intuited)(apperception), particular(s) as his (apperception),next as his next Gegenstandes alsdannGegenstandes a priori bestim- alsdannis aa priori priori bestim-determining,is a if priori through determining, it question if through indicates it (ll. question205–9, 215–32, indicates 247–53). (ll. 205–9, Kant’s 215–32, disuse 247–53). of the firstKant’s two disuse models, of theby first two models, by 195 mend, wenn durch195 siemend, allein wenn es möglich durch siealone allein it esis möglichpossible to aloneknow somethingit is possible as towhich know either something the objectas which produces either the the representation object produces or vicethe versa representation, is a considerable or vice versareason, is afor considerable reason for ist, etwas als einen Gegenstandist, etwas als einen zu Gegenstandobject. There are zu howeverobject . two There condi- are howeverstressing two Kant’s condi- use ofstressing the second, Kant’s presuppositional use of the second, sense presuppositional of ‘constitution seofnse ob ofjects’ ‘constitution (a- of objects’ (a- erkennen. Es sind erkennen. aber zwei Bedin- Es sind tions aber zwei under Bedin- which alonetions the under cogni- which bove, alone §2.15), the cogni- i.e., examiningbove, the§2.15), a priori i.e., conditionsexamining requiredthe a priori to conditionsconstitute objectsrequired as to objects constitute of objects as objects of gungen, unter denen gungen,allein die unter Erkennt- denen alleintion ofdie an Erkennt- object is possible,tion of firstan object intu- is humanpossible, thought, first intu- perceptionhuman or thought, experience. perception Here Kant or experience. expressly contrastsHere Kant the expressly existence contrasts of the existence of niß eines Gegenstandesniß möglich eines Gegenstandes ist, erst- ition möglich, by which, ist, erst- thoughition only, by aswhich, ap- thoughobjects only and asany ap- knowledgeobjects we and may any have knowledge of them aswe objects may have (ll. 192–7, of them 202–4). as objects (ll. 192–7, 202–4).

24 24 25 25

24 25 200 lich Anschauung,200 lich dadurch Anschauung, derselbe, pearance, dadurch derselbe, it is given; pearance, second concept it is , given;B125 second (ll. 197–204): concept, KantB125 clearly (ll. 197–204): and unambiguously, Kant clearly though and unambiguously, briefly, recalls thoughhis key briefly,doctrine recalls his key doctrine aber nur als Erscheinung,aber nurgegeben als Erscheinung, wird; by which gegeben an objectwird; isby thought which whichan object ofis thethought two distinct,which mutuallyof the two integrated distinct, roles mutually of sensory integrated intuition roles andof sensory intellectual intuition concep- and intellectual concep- zweitens Begriff, dadurchzweitens ein Begriff, Gegen- dadurchcorresponds ein Gegen- to this intuition.corresponds […] to this tualisationintuition. […] within humantualisation experience within and human knowledge experience (B75–6, and 304–5), knowledge and at (B12675–6, (ll. 304–5), 215–32). and at B126 (ll. 215–32). stand gedacht wird, derstand dieser gedacht Anschau- wird, der dieser Anschau- ung entspricht. […] ung entspricht. […] 205 Nun frägt es sich,205 obNun nicht frägt auch es Be- sich, obHere nicht arises auch theBe- question,Here whether arises the question,B125 (ll. 206–10): whether KantB125 hints (ll. at206–10): the key Kantto the hints transcendental at the key to deduction the transcendental of the categories, deduction of the categories, griffe a priori vorausgehen,griffe alsa priori Bedingun- vorausgehen,any conceptsals Bedingun- a priori precede,any concepts as con- a priorithat precede, their useas con-is necessarythat intheir order use foris necessaryus at all toin thinkorder of for something us at all towe think (apparently) of something intuit we (apparently) intuit gen, unter denen alleingen, unteretwas, denen wenn alleinditions etwas, under wennwhich alone,ditions if notunder now whichthrough alone, if sensation not now to bethrough some sensationobject or toother, be someso as objectto be ableor other, to experience so as to it.be Thisable pointto experience it. This point gleich nicht angeschauet,gleich dennoch nicht angeschauet, als intuited, dennoch something als intuited, nevertheless something is he neverthelessamplifies at B126 is (ll.he 215–43). amplifies at B126 (ll. 215–43). Gegenstand überhauptGegenstand gedacht überhauptwird; thought gedacht as [an] wird; objectthought as such; as since [an] object as such; since 210 denn alsdann ist210 alledenn empirische alsdann [B ist126] alle in empirische that case all[B 126]empiricalin thatcognition case all of empiricalB125–6 cognition (ll. 210–5, of 220–7,B125–6 227–3 (ll.2 210–5,): Kant 220–7,formulates 227–3 his2): key Kant claim formulates three times, his keythat claim only threeby times, that only by Erkenntniß der GegenständeErkenntniß solchen der Gegenständeobjects necessarily solchen accordsobjects with necessarily such accordsassuming with that such objects assumingof human that experience objects conformof human to experience the categories conform is anything to the categoriespossibly is anything possibly Begriffen nothwendigerBegriffen Weise nothwendiger gemäß, concepts, Weise since gemäß, withoutconcepts, their presup- since withoutan object their presup- of our experiencean object (cf. of above, our experience §2.15). Kant’s (cf. above, formulation §2.15). is Kant’s consistent formulation with the is consistent with the weil ohne deren Voraussetzungweil ohne deren nichts Voraussetzungposition nothing nichts is possibleposition as nothing [an] ispresuppositional possible as [an] sensepresuppositional of ‘constitution’ senseof objects, of ‘constitution’ that the proper of objects, use of that the thecategories proper beuse of the categories be als Object der Erals fahrung Object möglich der Er fahrungobject of experience möglich. Nowobject besides of experience intui- . Nownecessary besides to constitute intui- necessary any particular to constitute as an object any particularof our apperceptive as an object experience. of our apperceptive This read- experience. This read- 215 ist. Nun enthält215 aberist. alle Nun Erfahrung enthält abertion alle of Erfahrung the senses, bytion which of the some- senses, ing by disregards which some- Kant’s transcendentaling disregards Kant’sidealism, transcendental yet it may suffice idealism, for hisyet Deduction.it may suffice ‘Proper’ for his Deduction. ‘Proper’ außer der Anschauungaußer der der Sinne, Anschauung wo- thing der is Sinne,given, all wo- experiencething is also given, con- all experienceuse is an alsoambitious con- claim,use justifyingis an ambitious which claim,requires justifying also the which Analytic requires of Principles. also the Analytic of Principles. durch etwas gegebendurch wird, etwas noch gegebeneinen tains wird, a nochconcept einen of an objecttains a whichconcept is of an object which is Begriff von einem Gegenstande,Begriff von der einem in Gegenstande,given in intuition der in or [which]given in appears: intuition or [which] appears: der Anschauung gegebender Anschauung wird oder er- gegebenAccordingly wird oder concepts er- Accordingly of objects concepts as of objects as 220 scheint: demnach220 werdenscheint: Begriffe demnach von werdensuch Begriffeas conditions von a suchpriori as of conditionsexperi- a priori of experi- Gegenständen überhauptGegenständen als Bedingun- überhauptential als cognition Bedingun- underlieential all cognition such ex- underlie all such ex- gen a priori aller Erfahrungserkenntnißgen a priori aller Erfahrungserkenntnißperience: consequentlyperience: the objective consequently the objective zum Grunde liegen: zum folglich Grunde wird liegen: die validity folglich of wird the die categoriesvalidity as ofa priori the categories as a priori objective Gültigkeit derobjective Categorien Gültigkeit als derconcepts Categorien would alsbe basedconcepts on this: would that be based on this: that 225 Begriffe a priori 225 daraufBegriffe beruhen, a priori daß daraufonly beruhen, by them daßwould only experience by them (ac- would experience (ac- durch sie allein Erfahrungdurch (der sie Formallein Erfahrungdes cording (der toForm the des form cording of thinking) to the be formB 126 of thinking)(ll. 227–32): be KantB 126states (ll. the 227–32): key aim Kant of thestates Deduction, the key aim to demonstrateof the Deduction, that the to a demonstrate priori that the a priori Denkens nach) möglichDenkens sei. Denn nach) als- möglichpossible. sei. Denn For in als- this casepossible. they Forneces- in thiscategories case they are neces- objectivelycategories valid becauseare objectively they alone valid render because experience they alone possible render in experience regard to possible in regard to dann beziehen sie sichdann nothwendiger beziehen sie sichsarily nothwendiger and a priori connectsarily themselves and a priori connectthe very themselves form of thought;the verythat formonly byof usingthought; the thatcategories only by can using any the object categories of experience can any be object of experience be Weise und a priori aufWeise Gegenstände und a priori der aufto Gegenstände objects of experience, der to objectsbecause of only experience,at all becausethought ( onlyl. 232) asat anall object.thought (Thisl. 232) principle as an object.is Kant’s This key principle to the entireis Kant’s Deduction key to (thell. entire Deduction (ll. 230 Erfahrung, weil 230 nurErfahrung, vermittelst weil ihrer nur by vermittelst their mediation ihrer canby any their object mediation of can233–43). any objectSceptics of and 233–43).critical enquirers Sceptics mayand alreadycritical enquirersask, why thinkmay alreadythat such ask, thoughts why think must that such thoughts must überhaupt irgend einüberhaupt Gegenstand irgend der einexperience Gegenstand be at der all thought.experience be at all thought.be either accurate or justifiedbe either or accurate justifiable? or justified These questions or justifiable? are crucial, These questions but they are are not crucial, but they are not Erfahrung gedacht werdenErfahrung kann. gedacht werden kann. Kant’s topic in the Deduction!Kant’s topic Although in the heDeduction! does illustrate Although (§26) he how does and illustrate why proper (§26) usehow of and why proper use of Die transscendentale DieDeduction transscendentale aller TheDeduction transcendental aller deductionThe transcendental of all the deduction categories of is all necessarythe categories for any humanly is necessary possible for any experience humanly of possible any particulars, experience at of the any particulars, at the very end of the Deduction;very end proof of thatthe Deduction;those illustrations proof that are thosejustified illustrations is provided, are by justified design, is provided, by design, Begriffe a priori hat alsoBegriffe ein Principium, a priori hat alsoa priori ein Principium,concepts thus ahas priori a principleconcepts thus has a principle in the Analytic of Principles,in the Analyticincluding of the Principles, Refutation including of [material] the Refutation Idealism. of [material] Idealism. 235 worauf die ganze 235Nachforschungworauf die ganze gerich- Nachforschungby which the gerich- whole enquiryby which must the bewhole enquiry must be 26 26 27 27

26 27 tet werden muß, nämlichtet werden dieses: muß,daß sie nämlichguided, dieses: namely daß this:sie thatguided, they namelymust be this: that they must be als Bedingungen a priorials derBedingungen Möglichkeit a priorirecognised der Möglichkeit to be a priorirecognised conditions to ofbe a priori conditions of Kant’s pronoun, ihr (l.Kant’s 239) is pronoun, not plural, ihr but(l. 239)feminie is not singular plural, dative: but feminie ‘her’; itsingular refers backdative: to ‘her’; it refers back to der Erfahrung erkanntder werden Erfahrung müssen erkanntthe werden possibility müssen of experiencethe possibility (whether of experienceconditions (whether found withinconditions sensory intuitionfound within (Anschauung sensory, fem.).intuition (Anschauung, fem.). (es sei der Anschauung,(es diesei inder ihr Anschauung, ange- of dieintuition, in ihr inange- which ofthey intuition, are met, in or which they are met, or 240 troffen wird, oder240 destroffen Denkens). wird, Begrif- oder des ofDenkens). thinking). Begrif- Conceptsof which thinking). afford ConceptsB126 which (ll. 240–7): afford KantB 126 contrasts (ll. 240–7): the Deduction Kant contrasts to any the examination Deduction of to experiences any examination within of experiences within fe, die den objectivenfe, Grund die den der objectiven Mög- the Grund objective der Mög-ground theof theobjective possibil- groundwhich of the any possibil- category maywhich be instantiated; any category this may stresses be instantiated; yet again thethis distinctive stresses yet modality again the of distinctive the modality of the lichkeit der Erfahrunglichkeit abgeben, der sind Erfahrung e- ity abgeben, of experience sind e-are fority thatof experience very rea- areclaims for that at veryissue rea-in the Deduction,claims at issue in contrast in the Deduction, to the ineluctable in contrast contingencies to the ineluctable involved contingencies in any involved in any ben darum nothwendig.ben Die darum Entwicke- nothwendig.son Dienecessary. Entwicke- However,son unravelling necessary. However,- illustrative unravelling instances. - Toillustrative this contrast instances. belongs To Kant’sthis contrast concern belongs about Kant’sthe ‘dignity’ concern or (modalabout the ‘dignity’ or (modal lung der Erfahrung aber,lung worin der Erfahrung sie ange- aber,the worinexperience sie ange- in whichthe they experience found is in whichand justificatory)they found is statusand of thejustificatory) concept ‘cause’ status (ofB124, the conceptl. 171). ‘cause’ (B124, l. 171). 245 troffen werden, ist245 nichttroffen ihre werden,Deduction ist nichtnot ihre their Deduction deduction not (that their is rather deductionB 126–7 (that ( isll. 247–53): rather Kant’sB126–7 stress (ll. 247–53):upon the Kant’s possible stress ‘connection’ upon the (possibleBeziehung ‘connection’) of a priori cate- (Beziehung) of a priori cate- (sondern Illustration),(sondern weil sie Illustration), dabei their weil illustration), sie dabei sincetheir in illustration), that way sincegories into thatobjects, way wheregories these to must objects, be (if where indeed these there must be beany (if for indeed us human there beings)be any forobjects us human beings) objects doch nur zufällig seyndoch würden. nur zufällig Ohne seynthey würden. would yet Ohne remainthey merely would contin- yet remainof experience,merely contin- underscoresof experience, his concern underscores with using his concepts concern in with connection using concepts with, i.e. in, in connection deic- with, i.e., in deic- diese ursprüngliche Beziehungdiese ursprüngliche [B127] auf Beziehunggent. Without [B127] auf this originalgent. Without connec- this tic original reference connec- to, objectstic wereference can perceive. to, objects This we is Tetens’scan perceive. point This about is ‘realising’Tetens’s point concepts, about ‘realising’ concepts, mögliche Erfahrung, inmögliche welcher Erfahrung, alle Ge- intion welcher to possible alle Ge- experience,tion to inpossible which experience,and Kant’s in which point aboutand ‘objective Kant’s point reality’ about and ‘objective ‘objective reality’ validity’, and both ‘objective of which validity’, concern both of which concern 250 genstände der Erkenntniß250 genstände vorkommen, der Erkenntnißoccur vorkommen, all objects of occur cognition, all objects their ofpossible cognition, reference their to actualpossible particulars reference which to actual we can particulars locate, discriminate,which we can identify locate, anddiscriminate, ex- identify and ex- würde die Beziehungwürde derselben die Beziehung auf ir- connection derselben aufto any ir- objectconnection whatsoever to any objectperience. whatsoever perience. gend ein Object gar nichtgend begriffenein Object wer- gar nichtcould begriffen not at all wer- be comprehended.could not at all[…] be comprehended. […] den können. den können.[… B128] [… B128] Vorher will ich nur nochVorher die will Erklä- ich nur Consider noch die first Erklä- the explicationConsider of first the the Bexplication128 (ll. 254–60): of the KantB128 explicates (ll. 254–60): the categories: Kant explicates They are the each categories: concepts They of are an object each concepts as of an object as 255 rung der Categorien255 rung voranschicken. der Categorien Sie voranschicken.categories. They Sie are categories. concepts of They an aresuch, concepts by which of anany intuitedsuch, byobject which (any any sensed intuited particular) object (any can sensedbe determined particular) (specified) can be determined in (specified) in sind Begriffe von einemsind Gegenstande Begriffe von ü- einemobject Gegenstande as such, byü- whichobject its asintuition such, by whichregard itsto intuitionone or anotherregard of theto oneformal or anotheraspects of logicalthe formal functions aspects of of judgment. logical functions On Kant’s of judgment. On Kant’s berhaupt, dadurch dessenberhaupt, Anschauung dadurch dessenin respect Anschauung of one or morein respect of the of logi- one or Tablemore ofof logicalthe logi- functionsTable of ofjudgment logical functionssee Wolff of (2017). judgment see Wolff (2017). in Ansehung einer derin logischen Ansehung Func- einer dercal logischen functions Func- of judgmentcal functions is regarded of judgment is regarded tionen zu Urtheilen alstionen bestimmt zu Urtheilen angese- alsas bestimmt determinate. angese- Thus asthe determinate. function of Thus the function of B128–9 (ll. 260–77): KantB128–9 remarks (ll. 260–77): on how, Kant in a categoricalremarks on judgment, how, in a whichcategorical concept judgment, is used which concept is used 260 hen wird. So war 260die henFunction wird. desSo warcate- die Functionthe categorical des cate- judgmentthe iscategorical that of the judgment is that of the as the subject term andas whichthe subject as the term predicate and which can be as indifferent, the predicate or theycan becan indifferent, be converted, or they can be converted, gorischen Urtheils diegorischen des Verhältnißes Urtheils dierelation des Verhältnißes of subject torelation predicate, of subjecte.g., to predicate, e.g., per Aristotle’s Square ofper Oppositions. Aristotle’s Square Here Kantof Oppositions. shrewdly exploits Here Kant the existentialshrewdly exploits presuppo- the existential presuppo- des Subjects zum Prädicat,des Subjects z. B. zum alle Prädicat,all bodies z. are B. alledivisible.all bodiesHowever are in divisible. However in sitions of Aristoteliansitions syllogistic of Aristotelian for epistemological syllogistic insight, for epistemological noting that the insight, mere noting logical that the mere logical Körper sind theilbar. AlleinKörper in sind Ansehung theilbar. Alleinregard in to Ansehung the mere logicalregard use to ofthe the mere inter-convertibilitylogical use of the of inter-convertibilitysubject and predicate of subjectterms is and abandoned predicate by terms judging is abandoned any sensed by ob- judging any sensed ob- des bloß logischen Gebrauchsdes bloß logischen des Ver- Gebrauchsunderstanding des Ver-it remainsunderstanding unspecified, it remainsject to unspecified, be a substance jectexhibiting to be a some substance feature exhibiting (now ascribed some featureto, or predicated(now ascribed of it, to, by or the predicated of it, by the 265 standes blieb es 265 unbestimmt,standes blieb welchem es unbestimmt,to which welchem of the twoto concepts which of one the twoexemplary, concepts illustrative one exemplary, categorical illustrative judgment). categorical On Aristotle’s judgment). logical On square, Aristotle’s see Parsons logical square, see Parsons von beyden Begriffen von[B129] beyden die Function Begriffen [mayB129] assigndie Function the functionmay of assign the sub- the function(2015). of the sub- (2015). des Subjects, und welchemdes Subjects, die des Prädi-und welchemject, die and des to Prädi- which thatject, of andthe to predi- which that of the predi- cats man geben wolle. cats Denn man man geben kann wolle.cate. Denn For man one kann can alsocate. say: For Some one can also say: Some auch sagen: Einiges auch Theilbare sagen: ist Einiges ein divisibles Theilbare are ist bodies. ein However,divisibles byare the bodies. However, by the 270 Körper. Durch die 270 CategorieKörper. Durch der Sub- die Categoriecategory derof substance, Sub- category if I subsume of substance, if I subsume stanz aber, wenn ich stanz den Begriff aber, wenn eines ich under den Begriff it the concept eines under of a body, it the it concept is of a body, it is

28 28 29 29 28 29 KörpersKörpers darunter darunter bringe, bringe,Körpers wird wird darunter es es be- be- bringe,specified:specified: wird that that es itsbe- its empirical empiricalspecified: intuition intuition that its empirical3.3 §15: intuition Of the Possibility3.3 §15: of a OfCombination the Possibility as such. of a Combination as such. stimmt:Körpersstimmt: daß daß darunter seine seine empirische empirischebringe,stimmt: wird Anschau-daß Anschau- es seine be- empirischeinspecified:in experience experience Anschau- that must must its empiricalalways alwaysin experience be be intuitionregard- regard- must always be regard- §15 begins Kant’s Second§15 beginsSection Kant’s (Abschnitt Second), titled Section ‘Transcendental (Abschnitt), titledDeduction ‘Transcendental of the Pure Deduction of the Pure ungung in in der der Erfahrung Erfahrung immer ungimmer in nur dernur als Erfahrungals Sub- Sub- edimmered only only nur as as als subject, subject, Sub- never nevered only as as a aas mere mere subject, never as a mere stimmt: daß seine empirische Anschau- in experience must always be regard- Concepts of the Understanding’.Concepts of Yet the eleven Understanding’. more §§ continue Yet eleven to prepare more §§ for continue §26: ‘Transcen- to prepare for §26: ‘Transcen-

275 ungject, inniemals der Erfahrung als bloßes275 immerject, Prädicat niemals nur betrach-als als Sub- bloßespredicate;edpredicate; Prädicat only as andbetrach- andsubject, likewise likewise neverpredicate; in in as all all a other othermere and likewisedental in deduction all other of thedental universally deduction possible of the experiential universally use possible of the experientialpure concepts use ofof thethe un-pure concepts of the un- categories. tet werden müsse; undtet sowerden in allen müsse; übri- undpredicate;categories. so in allen and übri- likewisecategories. in all other derstanding’; in §21 Kantderstanding’; remarks thatin §21 a startKant has remarks been madethat a onstart the has Deduction been made (B 144,on thell. Deduction (B144, ll. gen Categorien. gen Categorien. categories. 703–6), i.e., in the first7 03–6),part of i.e. that, in verythe firstRemark part (ofi.e. ,that §21). very §§15–21, Remark at (least,i.e., §21). are expressly§§15–21, at least, are expressly Zweiter Abschnitt. preparatory. preparatory. Zweiter Abschnitt. Abschnitt. Zweiter Transscendentale Abschnitt. SecondSecond Transscendentale Section.Section. TranscendentalSecond Section. De- Transcendental De- Deduction der reinenDeduction Verstandesbe- der reinenSecondduction Verstandesbe- Section. of the Pure duction Concepts of of the PureB129 Concepts(l. 283): Kant’s of termB129 ‘m (l.anifold’ 283): Kant’s simply term designates ‘manifold’ some simply (unspecified) designates plu somerality (unspecified)or vari- plurality or vari- 280280 griffe. 280 griffe. the Understanding. the Understanding.ety; which kind is specifiedety; which by context. kind is Herespecified it is bya plurality context. of Here representations it is a plurality within of representationssen- within sen- sory intuition. (Below soryKant intuition. comments (Below on a Kantmanifold comments of representations on a manifold which of representationsare concepts which are concepts 280 § 15. Von der Möglichkeit§ 15. Von einer der Ver- Möglichkeit§ 15. Of einer the Possibility Ver- § 15. of Ofa Combi- the Possibility of a Combi- integrated within somein candidatetegrated within judgment; some B 129,candidate ll. 299–303). judgment; Here B129, (ll. 285–6) ll. 299–303). Kant stressesHere (ll. 285–6) Kant stresses bindung überhaupt. bindung überhaupt. nation as such. nation as such. that mere sensibility isthat merely mere receptive sensibility (i.e. is, merely receptive receptive to sensory (i.e. , stimulations receptive to resultingsensory stimulationsin resulting in Das Mannigfaltige derDas Vorstellungen Mannigfaltige derThe Vorstellungen manifold of representationsThe manifold of representations sensations). sensations). kann in einer Anschauungkann gegebenin einer Anschauungwer- can begegeben given inwer- an intuitioncan be whichgiven inis an intuition which is 285 den, die bloß sinnlich,285 den, d.i. die nichts bloß sinnlich,als merely d.i. sensuous, nichts als i.e., merelynothing sensuous, but re- i.e.B,129 nothing (ll. 283–90): but re- Kant’sB129 term (ll. ‘representation’283–90): Kant’s (termVorstellung ‘representation’), especially ( Vorwhenstellung used), inespecially sensory when used in sensory Empfänglichkeit ist, undEmpfänglichkeit die Form dieser ist, undceptivity, die Form and dieser the formceptivity, of this and intu- the formor perceptual of this intu- contexts,o r mustperceptual be handled contexts, carefully. must beWithin handled philosophy carefully. of Within perception, philosophy the of perception, the Anschauung kann a Anschauung priori in unserem kann a prioriition can in lie unserem a priori in itionour capacitycan lie a ofpriori sensein our of capacity Kant’s ofterm oftensense wouldof Kant’s better term be oftenconveyed would by better ‘presentation’ be conveyed than byby ‘presentation’‘representa- than by ‘representa- VorstellungsvermögenVorstellungsvermögen liegen, ohne doch representing, liegen, ohne doch without representing, however being withouttion’, however which beingto Anglophonetion’, whichreaders to readily Anglophone suggests readers an indirect readily theory suggests of perception.an indirect Kanttheory of perception. Kant

etwas andres als die Artetwas zu seyn,andres wie als das die Artanything zu seyn, other wie das than howanything the subject other thanhol howds a the direct subject critical hol(ratherds a directthan naïve)critical realism (rather about than naïve)sensory realism perception. about This sensory is one perception. This is one 290 Subject afficirt wird.290 AlleinSubject die afficirt Verbin- wird. Alleinis affected. die Verbin- Yet the combinationis affected. ( con- Yet thecon combinationsequence (ofcon- not mistakingconsequence sensations of not formistaking objects sensations of self-conscious for objects awareness, of self-conscious but in- awareness, but in-

dung (conjunctio) einesdung Mannigfaltigen (conjunctio) einesjunctio Mannigfaltigen) of this manifoldjunctio as )such of this can manifoldstead astreating such cansensationsstead as treatingsub-personal sensations factors as insub-personal sensory awareness factors ofin sensoryother particulars awareness of other particulars

überhaupt kann niemalsüberhaupt durch Sinne kann niemalsin never durch enter Sinne us by in thenever senses enter and us so by the(whether senses in and one’s so surroundings(whether inor one’s within surroundings one’s own body).or within This one’s view ownis common body). Thisto Reid, view is common to Reid, Tetens, Roy Wood Sellars,Tetens, Chisholm, Roy Wood Wilfrid Sellars, Sellars Chisholm, and (e.g. Wilfrid) Dretske. Sellars Bird and rightly (e.g. )emphasi- Dretske. Bird rightly emphasi- uns kommen und kannuns also kommen auch nicht und kannalso also as auch such nicht cannotalso be as contained such cannot be contained ses Kant’s espousing thisses Kant’sview; cf.espousing below, §5. this (Kant’s view; cf.direct below, perceptual §5. (Kant’s realism direct holds perceptual both realism holds both in der reinen Form derin der sinnlichen reinen Form An- derwithin sinnlichen the pure An- form withinof sensory the pureintu- form of sensory intu- within his own ‘empiricalwithin realism’, his own and ‘empirical also if his realism’, transcendental and also idealism if his transcendental be rejected.) idealism be rejected.) 295 schauung zugleich295 [Bschauung130] mit enthalten zugleich [B130]ition; mit for enthaltenit is an actusition; of spontaneity for it is an actus of spontaneity seyn; denn sie ist ein seyn;Actus denn der Sponta-sie ist ein Actusof the der capacity Sponta- to representof the capacity and, in to B represent129 (ll. 283–317): and, in KantB129 sharply (ll. 283–317): contrasts Kant the passivity sharply contrastsand manifold the passivity character and or contentmanifold of character or content of neität der Vorstellungskraft,neität derund Vorstellungskraft, da man contradistinction und da man to contradistinction sensibility, one tosensory sensibility, intuition one to thesensory spontaneity intuition (activity) to the andspontaneity discriminating, (activity) integrating, and discriminating, synthetic con-integrating, synthetic con- diese zum Unterschiedediese von zum der Unterschiede Sinn- must von call der this Sinn- understanding;must call it this thus understanding;joining or binding it thus (Verbindenjoining) oreffected binding by (intellect.Verbinden His) effected remarks by carveintellect. through His remarks a host of carve intri- through a host of intri- lichkeit Verstand nennenlichkeit muß, Verstand so ist alle nennenfollows muß, thatso ist all alle combinationfollows that – whe- all combinationcate issues –and whe- optionscate which issues require and optionsand receive which more require extensive and receive treatment more throughout extensive treatmentthe throughout the 300 Verbindung, wir 300 mögenVerbindung, uns ihrer wir be- mögenther unswe are ihrer conscious be- ther of it we or arenot, conscious be Transcendental of it or not, beAnalytic.Transcendental Kant’s key points Analytic. stand Kant’s independently key points of stand issues independently about sensory of at- issues about sensory at-

wußt werden oder nicht,wußt es werden mag eineoder nicht,it a combination es mag eine of theit a manifold combination in ofomism, the manifold though Kant in rightlyomism, raises though issues Kant about rightly what raises are issuesnow called about the what ‘binding are now problems’ called the ‘binding problems’

Verbindung des MannigfaltigenVerbindung der des An- Mannigfaltigenintuition order in An- severalintuition concepts, or and in severalin p concepts,erception, andconcerningin p erception,how sensory concerning intake can how be sensoryintegrated intake at an cany one be timeintegrated within at any any one time within any

schauung oder mancherleyschauung Begriffe, oder undmancherleyin the Begriffe, former caseund be init athe sensory former or case a beone it asensory sensory modality, or a oneand sensoryagain synchronically modality, and across again sensorysynchronically modalities; across and sensory likewise modalities; how and likewise how it can be integrated overit can time be within integrated any oneover sensory time within modality, any oneand sensoryagain diachronically modality, and ac- again diachronically ac- an der ersteren deran sinnlichen der ersteren oder dernon-sensory sinnlichen intuition oder non-sensory – is an act intuition of – is an act of ross sensory modalities.ross However sensory thosemodalities. issues Howeverare resolved, those Kant’s issues key are point resolved, pertains Kant’s to in-key point pertains to in- 305 nichtsinnlichen Anschauung305 nichtsinnlichen seyn, eine Anschauungthe understanding seyn, eine to whichthe understanding we would to which we would formation extraction, howformation sensory extraction, information how cansensory be, to information speak with canDretske, be, to decoded speak with so Dretske, decoded so Verstandeshandlung, Verstandeshandlung,die wir mit der all- diegive wir the mit general der all- appellationgive the of general synthe- appellation of synthe- 3131 31 3030 30 31 3030 31 gemeinen Benennunggemeinen Synthesis Benennung bele- sis Synthesis, so as to mark bele- expressly,sis, so as that to we mark expressly,that we are that able we to sensethat our we surroundingsare able to sense (or alsoour surroundingsour proprioception), (or also and our yet proprioception), again, how and yet again, how gen würden, um dadurchgen würden, zugleich um be- dadurchcannot zugleich represent be- anythingcannot as represent bound anythinginformation as bound can be extractedinformation from can and be exploited extracted in from express and judgments, exploited in beliefs express or judgments, claims beliefs or claims merklich zu machen, merklichdaß wir uns zu machen,nichts daßtogether wir uns within nichts an object,together which within we an about object, what which we perceive we about in our what surroundings we perceive (or in also our withinsurroundings our own (or bodies). also within Here our especially own bodies). Here especially 310 als im Object verbunden310 als imvorstellen Object verbundenkön- have vorstellen not first kön- ourselveshave bound not first to- ourselvesKant’s bounddiscernment to- ofKant’s these discernmentissues about ofprocesses these issues of sensory about integrationprocesses of(quid sensory facti) integration pose (quid facti) pose nen, ohne es vorher selbstnen, ohneverbunden es vorher zu selbstgether, verbunden and among zu all gether,representations and among allimportant representations issues of howimportant our sensory-perceptual issues of how our systems sensory-perceptual function, which systems pose yetfunction, more im-which pose yet more im- haben, und unter allenhaben, Vorstellungen und unter die allencombination Vorstellungen is die uniquelycombination that which is uniquelyportant that epistemological which portant issues epistemological(quid iuris) of how issues our (quid judgmental iuris) of capacities how our judgmentalcan accurately capacities can accurately Verbindung die einzigeVerbindung ist, die die nicht einzigecannot ist, be die given nicht by objects,cannot but be rathergiven by objects,and justifiedly but rather exploit andinformation justifiedly extracted exploit informationfrom sufficiently extracted reliable from and sufficiently accurate sensoryreliable and accurate sensory durch Objecte gegeben,durch sondern Objecte nur gegeben,is effected sondern only nur by theis subjecteffected itself, only by perception. the subject Most itself, importantly,perception. Kant Most soon importantly, stresses (B Kant131n. , soonll. 334–49) stresses that (B131 forn. us, ll. to 334–49) think that for us to think 315 vom Subjecte selbst315 vom verrichtet Subjecte werden selbst because verrichtet it is werden an actus becauseof its own it isself- an actusanything of its own whatsoever self- aboutanything any whatsoever sensed particular about any at all sensed requires particular discerning, at all differentiating, requires discerning, differentiating, kann, weil sie ein Actuskann, seiner weil sie Selbst- ein Actusactivity. seiner Here Selbst- it is readilyactivity. understood Here it is readilyidentifying understood and integratedidentifying some pluralityand integrated of its featuressome plurality so as to of form its features any, even so ascandidate to form any, even candidate cognitive judgment aboutcognitive that particular judgment. This about intellectual, that particular judgmental. This intellectual, achievement, judgmental whatever achievement, whatever thätigkeit ist. Man wirdthätigkeit hier leicht ist. Man ge- wirdthat hier this leicht action ge- mustthat originally this action be must originally be concepts (classifications)concepts it invokes, (classifications) involves both it invokes, analysis involvesand synthesis; both analysisit holds and independ- synthesis; it holds independ- wahr, daß diese Handlungwahr, ursprünglichdaß diese Handlungstrictly ursprünglich one and is equallystrictly valid one for and all is equally valid for all ently of questions aboutently whether of questions or how about such ‘unity’whether amongst or how diverse such ‘unity’ aspects amongst or features diverse of aspects or features of einig und für alle Verbindungeinig und gleichgel- für alle Verbindungcombination, gleichgel- and thatcombination, the resolution, and that the resolution, things may (not) ‘enter’things our cognizance may (not) ‘enter’via our our sensory cognizance channels. via our sensory channels. 320 tend seyn müsse, 320und tenddaß dieseyn Auflösung, müsse, und daßanalysis die, Auflösung,which seems analysisto be its, which oppo- seems to be its oppo- A n a lysis, die ihr GegentheilA n a lysis, zu die seyn ihr Gegentheilsite, nevertheless zu seyn alwayssite, presupposes nevertheless alwaysB130 presupposes(ll. 290–317): KantB130 stresses (ll. 290–317): his key Kantpoint, stressesthat any his and key all point, connecting that any (Verbindung and all connecting) as (Verbindung) as scheint, sie doch jederzeitscheint, voraussetze; sie doch jederzeitit; for voraussetze; where understandingit; for where has not understandingsuch is a spontaneous has not such act ofis oura spontaneous capacity to actrepresent, of our capacityan act of to intellection, represent, anregardless act of intellection,of regardless of denn wo der Verstanddenn vorher wo nichts der Verstand ver- alreadyvorher nichts conjoined, ver- therealready it cannot conjoined, at therewhether it cannot(i) we are at consciouswhether of (i) the we connectingare conscious or not,of the (ii) connectingthe connected or not, manifold (ii) the be connected intu- manifold be intu- bunden hat, da kann erbunden auch nichtshat, da auf- kann erall auch disjoin, nichts inasmuch auf- asall onlydisjoin, through inasmuch it itive as only(sensory) through or itmay itivebe a (sensory)plurality ofor concepts,may be a (iii)plurality whether of concepts, a form of (iii) intuition whether is sensorya form of intuition is sensory 325 lösen, weil es nur325 durchlösen, ihn weil als es nurver- durchcan anything ihn als as ver- combinedcan anything be offered as combinedor non-sensory. be offered Humanor intuitingnon-sensory. is sensory; Human Kant intuiting sets aside is sensory; the last Kant option, sets butaside each the oflast the option, but each of the bunden der Vorstellungskraftbunden der hat Vorstellungskraft gege- to our power hat gege-of representing.to our power of representing.others is central to KdrVothers, and is especially: central to KdrVwhether, and we especially: are conscious whether of various we are factors conscious re- of various factors re- ben werden können. ben werden können. quired of, or involvedquired in our of, cognisance or involved is IRinrelevant: our cognisance ‘transparency is IRrelevant: of consciousness’ ‘transparency is a of consciousness’ is a Aber der Begriff derAber Verbindung der Begriff derHowever, Verbindung the conceptHowever, of combina- the conceptCartesian of combina- myth, followedCartesian faithfully myth, by Hume,followed which faithfully by-passes by Hume, Kant’s which key issue: by-passes How Kant’s are we key issue: How are we at all able to achieve self-consciousat all able to achieveawareness? self-conscious Kant’s KdrV awareness? is guided Kant’s by this KdrV insight: is guided ‘Now by this insight: ‘Now führt außer dem Begriffeführt des außer Mannigfal- dem Begriffetion des carries Mannigfal- with it, besidestion carries the con- with it, besides the con- it is indeed very enlightening,it is indeed that very whatever enlightening, I must presupposethat whatever in Iorder must at presuppose all to know in anyorder at all to know any 330 tigen und der Synthesis330 tigen desselben und der noch Synthesiscept desselben of the noch manifoldcept and of of the its manifold and of its object, cannot itself beobject, known cannot as object itself […] be’ ( Aknown402). as object […]’ (A402). den der Einheit desselbenden derbey Einheit sich. Ver- desselbensynthesis, bey sich. also Ver- the conceptsynthesis, of also their the concept of their bindung ist Vorstellungbindung der syntheti- ist Vorstellungunity. der Combination syntheti- isunity. representation Combination B is130 representation (ll. 306–33): KantB 130approaches (ll. 306–33): more Kant closely approaches his ultimate more point closely by stressing his ultimate that pointknowing by stressing that knowing schen Einheit des Mannigfaltigen.*schen Einheit[B 131]des Mannigfaltigen.*of the synthetic[ Bunity131] ofof a manifold.*the synthetic unity anyof a objectmanifold.* requires recognisingany object that requires within recognising it various featuresthat within or aspectsit various are features integrated, or aspects but are integrated, but * Ob die Vorstellungen* Ob selbst die Vorstellungenidentisch * Whetherselbst identisch the representations* Whether arethe representationsour representing any are suchour integration representing ofany a suchplurality integration of features of awithin plurality any of one features particular within re- any one particular re- 335 sind, und also eine335 durchsind, die und andere also eineana- durchthemselves die andere identical, ana- sothemselves that the identical, one quires so that that the we onedifferentiatequires those that wefeatures differentiate and re-integrate those features them soand as re-integrate to ascribe themthem soall asto to ascribe them all to lytisch könne gedachtlytisch werden, könne das gedachtthrough werden, the other das canthrough be thought the other that can particular be thought insofar asthat we particular recognise insofar these asfeatures we recognise to be integral these featuresto it. Any to particularbe integral is toan it. Any particular is an kommt hier nicht in kommt Betrachtung. hier nicht Das in analytically, Betrachtung. is Dasnot pertinentanalytically, here. isIn- not pertinentactual synthetic here. In- unity ofactual manifold synthetic features; unity bothof manifold sensory features; perception, both and sensory also knowing perception, or re- and also knowing or re- Bewußtseyn der einenBewußtseyn ist, so fern der vom einensofar ist, so as fern the topic vom heresofar is the as the mani- topic herecognising is the that mani- particular,cognising require that actually particular, integrating require (synthesising) actually integrating at least (synthesising)some of its sev- at least some of its sev- Mannigfaltigen die RedeMannigfaltigen ist, vom Be- die Redefold, ist, consciousness vom Be- offold, the consciousness one is of eral of thefeatures. one isThat of ‘we’eral actively features. integrate That ‘we’sensory actively intake integrate does not sensory entail intakethat we does do notso self- entail that we do so self- 340 wußtseyn der anderen340 wußtseyn doch immer der anderen zu course doch immeralways zu to becourse distinguished always to consciously; be distinguished sensory integrationconsciously; is sensoryactive, yetintegration entirely sub-personal;is active, yet entirelyexpress sub-personal;cognitive judg- express cognitive judg- unterscheiden, und aufunterscheiden, die Synthesis unddie- auffrom die Synthesis consciousness die- offrom the other,consciousness and ment of the is other,self-conscious, and ment but mayis self-conscious, involve or require but may many involve further or implicitrequire featuresmany further or aspects implicit features or aspects of judging. Kant here ofstresses judging. the Kantspontaneous here stresses act of the judgmental spontaneous synthesis act of or judgmental integration synthesis of or integration of ses (möglichen) Bewußtseynsses (möglichen) kommt Bewußtseynses the sole kommtconcern es here theis the sole synthesis concern here is the synthesis 32 32 33 33

32 33 hier allein an. hier allein an. of this (possible) consciousness.of this (possible) consciousness.conceived (classified) featuresconceived of (classified)any one object features judged of any(ll. 299–17).one object Such judged spontaneous (ll. 299–17). judg- Such spontaneous judg- Die Vorstellung dieserDie Einheit Vorstellung kann dieserThe Einheit representation kann of Thethis representationunity can mental of this integration unity can holdsmental for anyintegration and all holdsforms forof judging,any and andall formswhatever of judging,concepts and are whatever inte- concepts are inte- 345 also nicht aus der 345Verbindungalso nicht entstehen, aus der Verbindungthus not entstehen, arise from conjunction;thus not arise ra- fromgrated conjunction; within a judgment ra- grated (ll. 317–20). within a judgment (ll. 317–20). sie macht vielmehr dadurch,sie macht daß vielmehr sie zur dadurch,ther, by daß coming sie zur to thether, representation by coming to theB131 representationn. (ll. 334–43): Kant’sB131 n.footnote (ll. 334–43): (*) rightly Kant’s stresses footnote that (*) the rightly relevant stresses syntheses that the concern relevant syntheses concern Vorstellung des MannigfaltigenVorstellung hinzu- des Mannigfaltigenof the manifold, hinzu- [thisof the unity] manifold, first our [this own unity] judgments, first whetherour own these judgments, concern whether specifications, these concern marks orspecifications, Merkmale within marks any or Merkmale within any kommt, den Begriff derkommt, Verbindung den Begriff al- dermakes Verbindung possible al- the conceptmakes possible of com- the one concept concept of com-(intension),one or concept aspects (intension),of any one particular,or aspects including of any one those particular, which including can only thosebe which can only be lererst möglich. Diese lererstEinheit, möglich. die a prio- Diese bination.Einheit, die This a prio- unity, bination. which precedes This unity,distinguished which precedes by reasondistinguished because there by isreason no real because distinction there betweenis no real them distinction (e.g., colour between and them (e.g., colour and 350 ri vor allen Begriffen350 ri der vor Verbindung allen Begriffena priori der Verbindungall concepts of acombination, priori all concepts is ofextension), combination, or various is extension),relations between or various any relationsplurality betweenof particulars. any plurality Each ofof theparticulars. relevant Each of the relevant vorhergeht, ist nicht etwavorhergeht, jene Categorie ist nicht etwanot jene as it Categorie were that categorynot as it of were unity that aspects category must of unitybe differentiated,aspects must identified be differentiated, and integrated identified within andsome integrated judgment, within so as someto as- judgment, so as to as- der Einheit (§ 10); dennder alle Einheit Categorien (§ 10); denn(§ 10); alle since Categorien all categories(§ 10); are since ground- all categoriescribe thoseare ground- characteristicscribe or those relations characteristics to relevant or concepts relations orto torelevant relevant concepts particulars. or to This relevant particulars. This gründen sich auf logischegründen Functionen sich auf inlogischeed upon Functionen logical functionsin ed upon of judging, logical functionskey point of aboutjudging, judgmentalkey point differentiation, about judgmental integration differentiation, and attribution integration (ascription) and attribution is one key (ascription) is one key Urtheilen, in diesen aberUrtheilen, ist schon in diesen Ver- aberyet ist in theseschon is Ver- alreadyyet thought: in these con- is alreadyreason thought: why Kant’s con- transcendentalreason why Kant’sdeduction transcendental can succeed, deduction independently can succeed, of his transcenden- independently of his transcenden- 355 bindung, mithin 355 Einheitbindung, gegebener mithin Be- Einheitjunction, gegebener hence Be- unityjunction, of given hence con- unitytal idealism, of given by con- justifyingtal idealism,the presuppositional by justifying sense the presuppositional of ‘constitution ofsense objects’ of ‘constitution as constitut- of objects’ as constitut- griffe gedacht. Die Categoriegriffe gedacht. setzt also Die Categoriecepts. Thus setzt the also categorycepts. already Thus pre-the categorying objects already as objectspre- ofing our objects self-conscious as objects awareness of our self-conscious (above, §2.15). awareness (above, §2.15). schon Verbindung voraus.schon AlsoVerbindung müssen voraus.suppose Also conjunction. müssen suppose Thus we conjunction. must B131 Thus (ll. 344–64): we must As BWolff131 ( ll.(2017) 344–64): notes, As cognitive Wolff (2017) judgments notes, are cognitive complex; judgments they integrate are complex; they integrate wir diese Einheit (alswir qualitative, diese Einheit § 12) (alsseek qualitative, this unity §12) (as qualitative,seek this unity § 12) (as several qualitative, judgments § 12) and severalseveral judgmentsfunctions ofand judgment several functions in discriminating of judgment whatever in discriminating particular(s) whatever particular(s) noch höher suchen, nämlichnoch höher in demjeni- suchen, nämlichstill further in demjeni- up, namely,still in furtherwhatever up, is namely,we doin whateverso as to identify is we it do(or sothem) as to and identify its (or it their)(or them) features. and Anyits (or category their) features. used in aAny judg- category used in a judg- 360 gen, was selbst den360 Grundgen, was der selbst Einheit den Grundthe ground der Einheit of the unitythe ground of diverse of the ment unity integrates of diverse at leastment those integrates features indicatedat least those by (at features least) twoindicated concepts, by (at but least) categories two concepts, are but categories are verschiedener Begriffeverschiedener in Urtheilen, Begriffemit- concepts in Urtheilen, within mit- judgments,concepts or within in judgments,used and logical or infunctionsused ofand judging logical arefunctions exercised of injudging complex are combinationsexercised in complex which we combinations do which we do hin der Möglichkeit deshin Verstandes der Möglichkeit so- deswhatever Verstandes contains so- thewhatever possibility contains of - theintegrate. possibility This of most - fundamentalintegrate. This integration, most fundamental conjunction integration, or ‘synthesis’ conjunction makes possible or ‘synthesis’ the makes possible the gar in seinem logischengar Gebrauchein seinem logischenent- the Gebrauche understanding ent- in itsthe logical understanding use. inuse its oflogical any oneuse. and of useany ofplurality any one of andcategories, of any pluralityand of any of categories,plurality of and logical of any functions plurality of of logical functions of hält. hält. judging. To be effectivejudging. at all, theseTo be complex effective syntheses at all, these must complex be possible syntheses for us, must but be they possible are for us, but they are not made by possible notby anymade one by category, possible norby anyby severalone category, categories nor severally by several (individually). categories severally (individually). There must be a moreThe comprehensive,re must be a morefundamental comprehensive, form of fundamentalsynthesis to effectform ofcognitive synthesis to effect cognitive judgment at all; this is judgmentKant’s quarry, at all; first this expresslyis Kant’s identifiedquarry, first in expressly§16. identified in §16.

365 § 16. Von der 365 ursprünglich-syntheti- § 16. Von der ursprünglich-syntheti-§ 16. Of the Original-Synthetic§ 16. Of the Unity Original-Synthetic3.4 §16: UnityOf the Original-Synthetic3.4 §16: Of theUnity Original-Synthetic of Apperception. Unity of Apperception. schen Einheit der Apperception.schen Einheit der Apperception.of Apperception. of Apperception. B131–2 (ll. 367–74): Kant’sB131–2 key ( ll.thesis 367–74): about Kant’s the ‘I keythink’ thesis is expressly about the modal; ‘I think’ the is self-reflexive expressly modal; the self-reflexive Das: Ich denke, mußDas: alle Ich meine denke, mußThe I allethink meine must be ableThe to I thinkaccom- must be able to accom- thought, ‘I think …’, canthought, accompany ‘I think any …’, representations can accompany of any which representations any one of us of can which be self- any one of us can be self- Vorstellungen begleitenVorstellungen [B132] können; begleitenpany [B 132]all my können; representations;pany all for my oth- representations; for oth- aware. Kant again acknowledgesaware. Kant that again many acknowledges representations that manymay occurrepresentations within one’s may (so occur to within one’s (so to denn sonst würde etwasdenn in sonst mir würdevorge- etwaserwise in mir something vorge- woulderwise be something repre- spe wouldak) mentality be repre- withoutspe everak) mentality being connected without withever beingself-conscious connected apperception, with self-conscious or without apperception, or without 370 stellt werden, was370 gar stelltnicht werden, gedacht waswer- gar nichtsented gedacht in me wer- which couldsented not in me be at whichpossibly could notbeing be so at connected.possibly E.g. being, Kant so connected.follows Tetens E.g. , (1777,Kant follows1:306, 338, Tetens 375–6) (1777, and 1:306, Reid 338, 375–6) and Reid den könnte, welches den eben könnte, so viel welches heißt, ebenall thought; so viel whichheißt, wouldall thought; mean that which (1765, would C meanh. 6, §§8, that 20–22;(1765, cf. below, Ch. 6, §5)§§8, by 20–22; holding cf. below,that typically §5) by visualholding sensations that typically themselves visual sensations themselves als die Vorstellung würdeals die entweder Vorstellung un- würdethe representation entweder un- itselfthe wouldrepresentation either itselfare rarely would if evereither objects areof ourrarely self-conscious if ever objects (apperceptive)of our self-conscious awareness. (apperceptive) Rather, typically, awareness. sen- Rather, typically, sen- möglich, oder wenigstensmöglich, für oder mich wenigstensbe impossible für mich or else bebe impossiblenothing for or elsesations be nothing are sub-personal for sations states are or sub-personalevents which statesare aspects or events of acts which of awareness are aspects of of some acts ofpar- awareness of some par- nichts seyn. Diejenige nichts Vorstellung, seyn. Diejenige die me. Vorstellung, That representation die me. which That canrepresentation be which can be 34 34 35 35

34 35 375 vor allem Denken375 gegebenvor allem seyn Denken kann, gegebengiven prior seyn to kann, all thought,given prior is called to all thought,ticular, whether is called a particularticular, in whether one’s surroundingsa particular inor one’s a particular surroundings condition or a of particular one’s own condition of one’s own heißt Anschauung.heißt Also Anschauung. hat alles intuition Also . Thus hat allesall the intuitionmanifold. Thus of in- all thebody. manifold This contrastof in- betweenbody. This sub-personal contrast betweensensory andsub-personal perceptual sensory states (andand perceptualwhatever pro- states (and whatever pro- Mannigfaltige der Mannigfaltige Anschauung eine der Anschauungtuition has a necessary eine tuition connection has a necessaryto cessing connection such sensory to intakecessing requires) such sensory and any intake self-conscious requires) and awareness any self-conscious of our surroundings awareness of our surroundings nothwendige Beziehungnothwendige auf das: Beziehung Ich the: aufI think das: of Ich that samethe: I subject think of in thator same our own subject internal in statesor our Kant own marks internal by statesdistinguishing Kant marks (as didby distinguishingLeibniz) between (as did‘percep- Leibniz) between ‘percep- denke, in demselben denke, Subject, in darin demselben die- Subject,which this darin manifold die- which is found. this This manifoldtion’ is andfound. ‘apperception’. This tion’ Hence and ‘apperception’. Kant’s readiness Hence to acknowledge Kant’s readiness that various to acknowledge representa- that various representa- 380 ses Mannigfaltige 380angetroffenses Mannigfaltige wird. Die- angetroffenrepresentation wird. Die- is howeverrepresentation an act of is howevertional states an actmay of occurtional within states ‘me’ mayof which occur ‘I’ within am unaware ‘me’ of (whichll. 367–71). ‘I’ am unaware (ll. 367–71). se Vorstellung aber se ist Vorstellung ein Actus der aber istspontaneity, ein Actus i.e. , der it cannotspontaneity, be regarded i.e., it cannotKant be usesregarded the ordinaryKant German uses theterm ordinary Gemüt toGerman render terminto GermanGemüt to therender Latin into term German ani- the Latin term ani- Spontaneität, d. i. sie Spontaneität,kann nicht als d. zuri. sie kannas belonging nicht als to zur sensibility.as belonging I call this to sensibility.mus, familiar I call from this the musLatin, familiar title to fromAristotle’s the Latin de Anima title to, pertaining Aristotle’s to de whatever Anima, pertaining makes a liv- to whatever makes a liv- Sinnlichkeit gehörig angesehenSinnlichkeit werden. gehörig angesehenthe pure apperception werden. , tothe distinguish pure apperception it ,ing to being distinguish alive and it active.ing being English alive provides and active. us only English ‘mind’ provides and ‘body’, us only obscuring ‘mind’ and utterly ‘body’, obscuring utterly Ich nenne sie die reineIch nenneApperczep- sie die reinefrom Apperczep- the empirical; from it may the also empirical; be Kant’s it may concern also bewith humanKant’s concernembodiment with andhuman whatever embodiment animates and us whatever= our human animates Gemüt us. = our human Gemüt. Kant uses this term to Kantavoid uses taking this a termstand to on avoid Cartesian taking dualism a stand of on mens Cartesian and corpora dualism – a ofdual- mens and corpora – a dual- 385 tion, um sie von385 dertion, empirischen um sie von zu dercalled empirischen the original zu apperceptioncalled the, inas-original apperception, inas- ism of mind and body ismDescartes of mind advocates and body in Descartes the Meditations advocates and Principlesin the Meditations, though otherwiseand Principles, though otherwise unterscheiden, oder unterscheiden, auch die ur- oder much auch as dieit is thatur- self-consciousnessmuch as it is that self-consciousness advocating a much moreadvocating nuanced aview much (Ferrini more nuanced2015). view (Ferrini 2015). sprüngliche Apperception,sprüngliche weil Apperception,which, since it weilproduceswhich, the represen-since it produces the represen- sie dasjenige Selbstbewußtseynsie dasjenige ist, Selbstbewußtseyn was, tation I think ist, , was,which musttation be I thinkable , towhichB 132must (ll. be 376–80): able to KantB 132states (ll. that 376–80): any and Kant all intuitivestates that manifold(s) any and all are intuitive necessarily manifold(s) connected are necessarily connected indem es die Vorstellungindem Ich es denke die Vorstellung her- accompany Ich denke all her- others,accompany and which all in others,to the and ‘I whichthink’. That in theyto the are ‘I connectedthink’. That necessarily they are does connected not entail necessarily they are does connected not entail directly they are connected directly 390 vorbringt, die alle390 anderevorbringt, muß begleitendie alle andereall consciousnessmuß begleiten is all one consciousness and the by is self-conscious one and the introspection!by self-conscious Kant’s introspection!statement neither Kant’s invokes statement nor endorses neither invokes Cartesian nor endorses Cartesian können, und in allemkönnen, Bewußtseyn und in ein allemsame, Bewußtseyn cannot be ein accompaniedsame, cannot by any be accompaniedself-transparency, by any nor anyself-transparency, form of intellectual nor any intuition. form of intellectual intuition. und dasselbe ist, vonund keiner dasselbe weiter ist, be- von further keiner representation. weiter be- further I also representation.call the B132 I (alsoll. 376–93): call the HavingB132 stressed (ll. 376–93): the spontaneous Having stressed act of the discerning, spontaneous differentiating act of discerning, and inte- differentiating and inte- gleitet werden kann. Ichgleitet nenne werden auch kann. die Ichunity nenne within auch it die the transcendentalunity within unity it the transcendentalgrating various unity factorsgrating (‘cognitions’, various whetherfactors (‘cognitions’,concepts, sensed whether features concepts, or identified, sensed featureslocal- or identified, local- Einheit derselben dieEinheit transscenden- derselben die of transscenden- self-consciousness,of to self-consciousness, indicate the ised to sensed indicate particulars) the ised in sensed (candidate) particulars) cognitive in judgments(candidate) (§§15–17), cognitive judgments and that this (§§15–17), most and that this most 395 tale Einheit des 395Selbstbewußtseyns,tale Einheit des um Selbstbewußtseyns,possibility it affords um possibility of cognition it affordsa fundamental of cognition synthetic a fundamentalconjoining is synthetic more fundamental conjoining thanis more any fundamentalspecific combination than any (syn-specific combination (syn- die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnisdie Möglichkeit a priori der Erkenntnispriori. For a the priori manifoldpriori. representa- For the manifoldthesis) representa- by using any onethesis) category by using to classify, any one or category any one to judgment classify, or to any integrate, one judgment categorial to integrate, categorial aus ihr zu bezeichnen.aus Denn ihr zu die bezeichnen. man- tions Denn which die are man- given tionsin any which one intu- are givenclassifications in any one intu- in any oneclassifications instance (§§15–17), in any one Kant instance now contends(§§15–17), that Kant this now most contends fundamen- that this most fundamen- nigfaltigen Vorstellungen,nigfaltigen die in Vorstellungen, einer ition die would in einer not be ition collectively would my not betal collectivelyactive, synthetic my integratingtal active, is synthetic expressed integrating (if incompletely) is expressed by the (if apperceptive,incompletely) self-refer- by the apperceptive, self-refer- gewißen Anschauunggewißen gegeben Anschauung werden, representations, gegeben werden, if theyrepresentations, did not collec- if theyential did ‘I not think collec- …’, whichential of course‘I think requires …’, which its complement of course requires content(s). its complement content(s). 400 würden nicht insgesamt400 würden meine nicht Vorstel- insgesamttively meine belong Vorstel- to one tively single belong self-con- to one single self-con- B132 (ll. 378–411): TheB 132‘original’ (ll. 378–411): apperception The ‘original’ expressed apperception by the ‘I think expressed …’ is unitary, by the ‘Iinso- think …’ is unitary, inso- lungen seyn, wenn sie lungennicht insgesamt seyn, wenn zu sie nichtsciousness, insgesamt i.e., aszu my sciousness,representations i.e., as my representations far as one and the samefar activeas one self-conscious and the same subject active self-consciousthinks each and subject every thinksone of each its vari- and every one of its vari- einem Selbstbewußtseyneinem gehöreten, Selbstbewußtseyn d. i. (even gehöreten, if I am d.not i. presently(even ifaware I am ofnot presentlyous thoughts, aware includingof ous those thoughts, thoughts including about those whatever thoughts it may about apperceptively whatever it experience. may apperceptively experience. als meine Vorstellungenals (obmeine ich Vorstellungenmich ih- them (ob asich such), mich henceih- themnecessarily as such), they henceThe necessarily unity of thisthey ‘I think’The Kant unity callsof this the ‘I ‘transcendental think’ Kant calls unity the of ‘transcendental self-consciousness’ unity ofbecause self-consciousness’ because rer gleich nicht als solcherrer gleich bewußt nicht bin) als solchermust accord bewußt with bin) the conditionmust accord under with thefrom condition it can beunder deducedfrom further it can knowledge be deduced a priori further. This knowledge matches his a priori initial. This gloss matches on ‘transcen- his initial gloss on ‘transcen- 405 müssen sie doch der405 Bedingungmüssen sie notwen- doch der Bedingungwhich alone notwen- they canwhich stand alone together they candental’ stand (Tr. together Aesth. §3,dental’ B40), namely:(Tr. Aesth. ‘the §3,explication B40), namely: of a concept‘the explication as a principle of a concept which af-as a principle which af- dig gemäß seyn, unterdig der gemäß sie allein seyn, in unterei- inder onesie allein universal in ei- self-consciousness,in one universal self-consciousness,fords the possibility offords other the synthetic possibility cognitions of other a synthetic priori. This cognitions aim requires a priori (1). This that suchaim requires (1) that such nem allgemeinen Selbstbewußtseynnem allgemeinen zu- Selbstbewußtseynbecause otherwise zu- theybecause would otherwisenot all theycognitions would actuallynot all flowcognitions from the actually given concept,flow from (2) thethat given these concept, cognitions (2) arethat only these possible cognitions are only possible sammenstehen können,sammenstehen [B133] weil können,sie belong [B133] to me. weil From sie thisbelong original to me. con- Fromunder this original the presupposition con- under of athe specific, presupposition given explication of a specific, of this given concept’. explication of this concept’. sonst nicht durchgängigsonst mir nicht angehören durchgängigjunction mir angehörenmuch can be junctioninferred. much can be inferred. 410 würden. Aus dieser410 ursprünglichenwürden. Aus dieserVer- ursprünglichen Ver-

36 36 37 37 36 37 bindung läßt sich vielesbindung folgern. läßt sich vieles folgern.This is to say, this thorough-goingThis is to say, thisB133 thorough-going (ll. 412–35): KantB 133draws (ll. his 412–35): first major Kant conclusion draws his firstabout major human conclusion apperception about from human his apperception from his Nemlich diese durchgängigeNemlich Identität diese durchgängigeidentity of Identität apperceptionidentity of that of mani- apperceptionexplication of that of mani- its transcendentalexplication unity: of its Eventranscendental if we were unity: to grant Even that if weindividual were to perceptions, grant that individual perceptions, der Apperception einesder in Apperception der Anschau- einesfold in dergiven Anschau- in [an] intuitionfold givencontains in [an] a intuitionas perceptive contains states a oras events, perceptive were states also self-conscious or events, were states, also theseself-conscious are only states,individually, these are only individually, ung gegebenen Mannigfaltigen,ung gegebenen enthält Mannigfaltigen,synthesis of enthält representationssynthesis and of representationsis distributively and perceptive is distributively or also apperceptive perceptive states. or also As apperceptive such and in states.principle As nonesuch andof them, in principle none of them, 415 eine Synthesis der415 Vorstellungen,eine Synthesis und der ist Vorstellungen,only possible und through ist only the possibleconscious- throughwhether the conscious- single or plural,whether can or single does oraccount plural, for can any or onedoes conscious account (orfor self-conscious)any one conscious state (or self-conscious) state nur durch das Bewußtseynnur durch dieser das Syn- Bewußtseynness of dieserthis synthesis. Syn- nessFor theof this empiri- synthesis.of Forawareness the empiri- of any pluralityof awareness of those of individual any plurality perceptive of those states.individual If such perceptive perceptions states. are If ‘a-such perceptions are ‘a- thesis möglich. Denn thesisdas empirische möglich. DennBe- dascal consciousnessempirische Be- whichcal accompaniesconsciousness whichbout’ accompanies anything, they arebout’ not anything,about one they another; are not nor about do they one bundle another; themselves nor do they together bundle into themselves together into wußtseyn, welches verschiedenewußtseyn, welchesVorstel- verschiedenevarious representations Vorstel- various is as such representations dis- any isone, as suchmore dis- complexany conscious one, more state. complex Conscious conscious awareness state. ofConscious any two awarenessor more percep- of any two or more percep- lungen begleitet, ist anlungen sich zerstreut begleitet, und ist an persedsich zerstreut and without und connectionpersed and to without the tionsconnection is a distinctive, to the higher-ordertions is a distinctive, form of consciousnesshigher-order form which of takesconsciousness two or more which percep- takes two or more percep- tual states of consciousnesstual states as its of content consciousness or object. as Humeits content was orquite object. right Hume that nothing was quite in right that nothing in 420 ohne Beziehung 420 auf ohne die Identität Beziehung des auf identity die Identität of the des subject.identity This connec- of the subject. This connec- his empiricist principleshis can empiricist or does principles account for can such or does unitary, account compound for such conscious unitary, aware-compound conscious aware- Subjects. Diese BeziehungSubjects. geschieht Diese alsoBeziehungtion geschiehtis not effected also merelytion is by not my effected ac- merely by my ac- ness of any pair or pluralityness of of any first-order pair or pluralityperceptions. of first-order Hume’s official perceptions. empiricism Hume’s cannot official at empiricism cannot at dadurch noch nicht, dadurch daß ich nochjede Vor- nicht, daßcompanying ich jede each Vor- representationcompanying with each representation with all explicate or justify allhis explicate own use orof justifythe term his ‘judgment’, own use of nor the even term of ‘judgment’, ‘word’; neither nor even can ofit ‘word’; neither can it stellung mit Bewußtseynstellung begleite, mit Bewußtseyn son- consciousness, begleite, son- but ratherconsciousness, that I com- but rather that I com- account for all the manyaccount cognisant for all activities the many and cognisant achievements activities of ‘imagination’and achievements (Westphal of ‘imagination’ (Westphal dern daß ich eine zudern der daßandern ich hin- eine zu bine der one andern to the hin- othersbine and one am to con- the others and am con- 2013). For each of us apperceptive2013). For each human of us beings, apperceptive insofar human as ‘I’ can beings, think insofar of any asof ‘I’my can vari- think of any of my vari- 425 zusetze und mir425 derzusetze Synthesis und dersel- mir derscious Synthesis of their dersel- synthesis.scious Thus of their only synthesis. Thus only ous perceptual episodes,ous I perceptualcan have one episodes, comprehensive I can have awareness one comprehensive of those many awareness perceptual of those many perceptual ben bewußt bin. Alsoben nur bewußt dadurch, bin. daß Also becausenur dadurch, I can comprehenddaß because the I mani-can comprehendepisodes, the and mani- be awareepisodes, of them and all asbe my aware own of perceptual them all asepisodes. my own How perceptual extensive episodes. or accu- How extensive or accu- ich ein Mannigfaltigesich gegebener ein Mannigfaltiges Vor- fold gegebener of given Vor- representationsfold of givenin one representationsrate such comprehensive in one rate apperceptionsuch comprehensive may be isapperception entirely a further may be question. is entirely Also a further a further question. Also a further stellungen in einemstellungen Bewußstseyn in einemconsciousness Bewußstseyn is it possibleconsciousness that I is can it possiblequestion that is whether I can orquestion how this is point whether can oraid how our thisinsight point into can whether aid our or insight how well into we whether actu- or how well we actu- verbinden kann, ist esverbinden möglich, kann, daß ich ist esrepresent möglich, to daß myself ich thisrepresent very identity to myself of allythis canvery or identity do know of anyally empiricalcan or do particulars. know any Thisempirical latter particulars.is Kant’s topic This inlatter the isAnalytic Kant’s oftopic in the Analytic of 430 mir die Identität430 desmir Bewußtseyns die Identität des consciousness Bewußtseyns within theseconsciousness representations within, thesePrinciples; representations it is not, his Principles;topic in the it isTranscendental not his topic inDeduction the Transcendental of the Pure Deduction Concepts ofof thethe Pure Concepts of the in diesen Vorstellungenin diesen selbst Vorstellungen vo- i.e., the selbstanalytic vo- unity ofi.e. ,apperception the analytic unityUnderstanding! of apperception MisunderstandingUnderstanding! this Misunderstanding point is central to this many point objections is central to to Kant’s many (pur-objections to Kant’s (pur- rstelle, d.i. die analytischerstelle, d.i.Einheit die analytische der is only Einheit possible der on theis only presupposi- possible onported) the presupposi- Deduction. Instead,ported) Kant’s Deduction. Deduction Instead, aims Kant’s to show Deduction that we cannotaims to at show all think that orwe a- cannot at all think or a- Apperception ist nur Apperception unter der Voraus- ist nur tion unter of der some Voraus- kind of synthetiction of unity.some kind ofchieve synthetic any unity. apperceptionchieve unless any we apperception successfully unless use categories we successfully in some use candidate categories cognitive in some candidate cognitive setzung irgend einersetzung syntheti irgend schen einer syntheti schen judgment(s) about anythingjudgment(s) presented about us anythingby sensory presented intuition us (B by134–5, sensory ll. 436–82). intuition One (B134–5, key ll. 436–82). One key 435 möglich. 435 möglich. [B134] [B134] point here (ll. 417–35)point is that here any ( ll.analytically 417–35) is unitary that any ‘I thinkanalytically ...’ only unitary occurs ‘I asthink the ...’unitary only occurs as the unitary Der Gedanke: diese inDer der Gedanke: Anschau- diese Thein der thought: Anschau- all theseThe representa- thought: all (identical) these representa- first-person(identical) self-referential first-person thought self-referential of some plurality thought of of one’s some self-conscious plurality of one’s self-conscious ung gegebene Vorstellungenung gegebene gehören Vorstellungen mir tions gehören given in mir intuitiontions altogether given in intuitionstates, where altogether this pluralitystates, of whereself-conscious this plurality states ofis selfsome-conscious synthetic unitystates ofis someself-consciousness synthetic unity of self-consciousness insgesamt zu, heißt demnachinsgesamt so zu, viel, heißt als demnachbelong toso me,viel, amounts als belong to this, to thatme, amountsI (apperception). to this, that This I unitary(apperception). synthetic Thisapperception unitary synthetic consists apperceptionin self-consciously consists representing in self-consciously representing ich vereinige sie in einemich vereinige Selbstbewußt- sie in einemunify Selbstbewußt- them in one self-consciousness,unify them in one self-consciousness,some plurality of one’ssome own pluralityconscious of (perceptive)one’s own conscious states. The (perceptive) analytical unitystates. of The appercep- analytical unity of appercep- 440 seyn, oder kann sie440 wenigstensseyn, oder darin kann ve-sie wenigstensor can at darin least ve- so unifyor them,can at and least if so unifytion (whenever them, and it if occurs)tion requires (whenever some it occurs)synthetic requires unity of some apperception. synthetic unity of apperception. rinigen, und ob er gleichrinigen, selbst und nochob er gleichthis is selbst not itself noch at this once is the not con- itself atB 134 once (ll. the436–56): con- KantB 134here ( ll.contrasts 436–56): the Kant mere here distributively contrasts the perceptive mere distributively or (for the perceptivesake of or (for the sake of nicht das Bewußtseynnicht der das Synthesis Bewußtseynsciousness der Synthesis of the synthesissciousness of represen- of the synthesisdiscussion) of represen- apperceptivediscussion) states afforded apperceptive by the statesCartesian afforded equation by the of Cartesiansensations equation with what- of sensations with what- der Vorstellungen ist,der so Vorstellungen setzt er doch ist, tations, so setzt it er nevertheless doch tations, presupposes it neverthelessever one presupposes takes oneself everto sense one (Med.takes oneself 2, AT 7:29)to sense and (Med. its progeny 2, AT within7:29) and the itsempiricist progeny (sen- within the empiricist (sen- die Möglichkeit der letzterendie Möglichkeit voraus, d.i.der letzterenthe possibility voraus, ofd.i. thisthe latter, possibility i.e. only of thissory latter, atomist) i.e. traditions only sory to theatomist) unitary traditions collective to self-consciousness the unitary collective required self-consciousness to recognise anyrequired to recognise any 445 nur dadurch, daß445 ichnur das dadurch, Mannigfaltige daß ich because das Mannigfaltige I can comprehendbecause their I can man- comprehendplurality theirof such man- states asplurality one’s own of .such Such states recognition as one’s requiresown. Such a singlerecognition comprehensive requires a graspingsingle comprehensive grasping derselben in einem Bewußtseynderselben in begrei- einem Bewußtseynifold in one begrei- consciousnessifold in do one I call consciousness do I call

38 38 39 39 38 39 fen kann, nenne ich dieselbefen kann, insgesammt nenne ich dieselbethem insgesammt all my representations;them all my since representations;of some multitude since of perceptiveof some multitude states together of perceptive in one unitary states thoughttogether in of one those unitary states thought as one’s of those states as one’s meine Vorstellungen; meine denn sonst Vorstellungen; würde otherwise denn sonst I würdewould haveotherwise as many-col- I would haveown. asEven many-col- granting (generously)own. Even thatgranting individual (generously) perceptive that statesindividual may perceptivealso be apperceptive states may also be apperceptive ich ein so vielfärbiges,ich ein verschiedenes so vielfärbiges,oured, verschiedenes diverse a self asoured, I have diverse repre- a selfstates as I onlyhave sufficesrepre- forstates distributive only suffices apperception for distributive of each suchapperception state; in principleof each such it does state; not in principle it does not 450 Selbst haben, als ich450 VorstellungenSelbst haben, habe,als ich Vorstellungensentations of habe, which Isentations am conscious- of whichand I am cannot conscious- suffice forand unitary cannot awareness suffice forof anyunitary plurality awareness of such of states any pluralityas one’s of own. such In states ex- as one’s own. In ex- deren ich mir bewußtderen bin. Synthetischeich mir bewußtness. bin. Synthetic Synthetische unity ofness. the Synthetic manifold unityactly of thethis manifoldregard Kant actlystresses this the regard synthetic Kant unitystresses of anythe manifoldsynthetic sensoryunity of intuition(s)any manifold as sensorythe intuition(s) as the Einheit des MannigfaltigenEinheit der des Anschau- Mannigfaltigenof intuition, der Anschau- as given ofa priori, intuition, is thus as givenground a priori, for isthe thus possibilityground of any for identicalthe possibility apperception of any by identical which apperception one can identify by whichthat plural- one can identify that plural- ungen, als a priori gegeben,ungen, istals alsoa priori der gegeben,the ground ist also derof thethe identity ground of of ity the of sensory identity intuition(s) of ity of(perceptions) sensory intuition(s) as one’s own(perceptions) perceptions as one’s (ll. 436–56). own perceptions (ll. 436–56). Grund der Identität Grund der Apperception der Identität apperception der Apperception itself, whichapperception a priori pre- itself, whichB134 ( ll.a priori451–6), pre- B135 B(ll.134 469–76): (ll. 451 –6),Kant’s B135 thesis (ll. 469–76):is that the Kant’s synthetic thesis unity is that of thethe manifoldsynthetic ofunity of the manifold of 455 selbst, die a priori455 allemselbst, meinem die a priori be- allemcedes meinem any and all be- of mycedes specific any think-and all of sensorymy specific intuition think- is thesensory ground intuition of the identityis the ground of apperception of the identity holds of distributively apperception for holds any distributively for any stimmten Denken vorhergeht.stimmten Denken Verbin- vorhergeht.ing. However, Verbin- conjunctioning. However, never lies conjunctionhumanly never possible lies instancehumanly of ‘I possiblethink …’. instance This thesis of ‘I does think not …’. address This thesis how doesextensive not addressor per- how extensive or per- dung liegt aber nicht dungin den liegt Gegenstän- aber nicht inin denthe objectsGegenstän- and cannotin the possibly objects be and cannotsisting possiblyanyone’s bepersonalsisting identity anyone’s may be.personal It explicates identity a maypriori be. conditions It explicates required a priori to conditionsthink (ll. required to think (ll. den und kann von den ihnen und nicht kann etwa von borrowed ihnen nicht from etwa themborrowed through from per- them472–6) through any such per- apperceptive472–6) anyidentity. such apperceptive identity. durch Wahrnehmungdurch entlehnt Wahrnehmung und in ception entlehnt and und only in thusception taken upand into only thus taken up into B134–5 (ll. 456–68): KantB134–5 again (ll. claims456–68): that Kant combining again claims or Verbindung that combining is not due or Verbindungto objects is not due to objects 460 den Verstand dadurch460 den allererst Verstand aufge- dadurchthe allererst understanding; aufge- insteadthe understanding; it is en- instead it is en- and cannot be absorbedand from cannot them. be absorbedCertainly conjoinfrom them.ing or Certainly binding asconjoin activitiesing or are bind noting ef- as activities are not ef- nommen werden, sondernnommen ist allein werden, [B135] sonderntirely ist an allein achievement [B135] tirelyof understand- an achievement of understand- fected within or by anyfected objects; within objects or by have any whatever objects; pluralityobjects have of featureswhatever they plurality do. The of featureskey they do. The key eine Verrichtung deseine Verstandes, Verrichtung der desing, Verstandes, which itself der is nothinging, which other itselfthan is nothingpoint is other indeed than intellective:point thatis indeed recognising intellective: any object that to recognising have any any features object requires to have recognis-any features requires recognis- selbst nichts weiter istselbst als das nichts Vermögen, weiter ist theals dascapacity Vermögen, to conjointhe a prioricapacity and to to conjoining ita andpriori ascribing and to to ingit some it and plurality ascribing of features.to it some This plurality requires of features.(i) discriminating, This requires recognis- (i) discriminating, recognis- a priori a priori zu verbinden und das zuMannigfal- verbinden undbring das the Mannigfal- manifold of bringgiven therepresen- manifold ofing given and integratingrepresen- thoseing andfeatures integrating into the those sensory features perception into the of sensorythat particular perception and (ii)of thatex- particular and (ii) ex- 465 tige gegebener Vorstellungen465 tige gegebener unter Ein-Vorstellungentations underunter Ein- the unitytations of appercep- under the unityplicitly of discriminating, appercep- plicitly identifying discriminating, (classifying) identifying and integrating (classifying) those and (classified) integrating features those in (classified) features in heit der Apperceptionheit zu der bringen, Apperception wel- tion; zu bringen, this principle wel- istion; the this ultimate principleany is judgment the ultimate by whichany one judgment ascribes those by which features one toascribes that particular.those features Those to arethat two particular. different Those are two different cher Grundsatz der oberstecher Grundsatz im ganzen der obersteprinciple im in ganzenall human principlecognition. in all humansets cognition. of achievements;sets later of (§§24, achievements; 26n.) Kant later ascribes (§§24, 26 then. ) former, Kant ascribes sensory-perceptual the former, sensory-perceptual menschlichen Erkenntnißmenschlichen ist. Erkenntniß ist. achievements to the transcendentalachievements powerto the oftranscendental (productive) powerimagination of (productive) (functioning imagination sub-per- (functioning sub-per- Dieser Grundsatz derDieser nothwendigen Grundsatz derNow nothwendigen this principle of Nowthe necessary this principlesonally), of the necessaryand the lattersonally), to the understanding and the latter asto ourthe capacityunderstanding to make as ourexpress, capacity explicit to makejudg- express, explicit judg- 470 Einheit der Apperception470 Einheit ist der nun Apperception zwar unity ist of nun apperception zwar unity is of itself apperception of ments isabout itself anything of wements can about or do anythingperceive. we can or do perceive. selbst identisch, mithinselbst ein identisch, analytischer mithincourse ein analytischer identical, thuscourse an analytical identical, thus an analytical B135 (ll. 461–8): The mostB135 fundamental(ll. 461–8): The characteristic most fundamental of our capacity characteristic to judge of atour all, capacity i.e., our to judge at all, i.e., our Satz, erklärt aber dochSatz, eine erklärtSynthesis aber des doch proposition,eine Synthesis yet des it explainsproposition, the neces- yet it explains the neces- understanding, is its capacityunderstanding, to combine is its according capacity to combineits own a accordingpriori functions to its pluralitiesown a priori of functions pluralities of in einer Anschauung gegebenenin einer Anschauung Mannig- gegebenensary synthesis Mannig- of the sary manifold synthesis given of the manifold given representations so thatrepresentations they can be brought so that under they canthe beunity brought of apperception. under the unity This ofis, apperception.Kant This is, Kant faltigen als nothwendig,faltigen ohne als welche nothwendig,in an ohne intuition, welche withoutin an which intuition, that withoutstates, the which highest that principlestates, of the human highest cognition. principle of human cognition. 475 jene durchgängige475 Identitätjene durchgängige des Selbst- Identitätthorough-going des Selbst- identitythorough-going of self-con- identity of self-con- bewußtseyns nicht gedachtbewußtseyns werden nichtkann. gedachtsciousness werden cannot kann. besciousness thought. cannot For B be135 thought. (ll. 470–82): For KantB 135expressly (ll. 470–82): contrasts Kant the expressly conceptual contrasts simplicity the of conceptual the thought, simplicity ‘I think’, of the thought, ‘I think’, Denn durch das Ich Denn als einfache durch das Vor- Ich through als einfache the ‘I’ Vor- as simplethrough representa- the ‘I’ as simplewhich is representa- ‘identical’ by whichdefault: is it‘identical’ neither expresses, by default: integrates it neither nor expresses, differentiates integrates any norplurality differentiates any plurality stellung ist nichts Mannigfaltigesstellung ist nichts gege- Mannigfaltigestion nothing gege- manifoldtion is given; nothing only manifoldwhatsoever; is given; hence only it iswhatsoever; ‘analytic’ by hence default: it is it ‘analytic’ has no internalby default: semantic it has (intensional)no internal semanticcom- (intensional) com- ben; in der Anschauung,ben; die in der davon Anschauung, un- in the die davonintuition, un- whichin the is different intuition, whichplexity iswhich different could beplexity explicated, which explicitated could be explicated, or otherwise explicitated articulated. or Thisotherwise very simplicityarticulated. This very simplicity 480 terschieden ist, kann480 esterschieden nur gegeben ist, undkann esfrom nur gegebenthat, can undit be givenfrom and that, by can con- it behighlights given and that by con-any use highlightsof this thought, that any or useany of occasion this thought, for thinking or any thisoccasion thought, for thinkingmust have this thought, must have durch Verbindung durchin einem Verbindung Bewußt- junctionin einem in oneBewußt- consciousnessjunction canin one it be consciousnessits judgmental, can it be intensionalits judgmental, or sentential intensional complement: or sentential some thought complement: thunk by some any thought ‘I’. No thunk by any ‘I’. No such complement can suchbe provided complement by the can ‘I think’be provided itself; itby must the ‘Ibe think’ otherwise itself; provided. it must be The otherwise provided. The seyn gedacht werden. seyn[…] gedacht werden.[B136] […]thought. […] [B136] thought. […]

40 40 41 41 40 41 most general answer canmost only general be that answer some cansensory only intuition(s)be that some presents sensory some intuition(s) comprehensi- presents some comprehensi- ble content which can beble thought content (conceived, which can be judged), thought and (conceived, conceived judged), as one’s and own conceived thought ofas one’s own thought of ___ (whatever is sensorily___ presented).(whatever is Thought sensorily without presented). content Thought is empty; without mere content sensory is con- empty; mere sensory con- tent(s) are ‘blind’ (B75),tent(s) since are they ‘blind’ do not (B75), and since cannot they provide do not orand afford cannot any provide apperceptive or afford any apperceptive thought of or throughthought them about of or anythingthrough whatever.them about In anythingthese regards whatever. Kant Inexamines these regards the Kant examines the most basic logical functionsmost basic of thought logical andfunctions judgment of thought to highlight and judgmentthat the Cartesianto highlight cogito that the Cartesian cogito can only be a result, indeedcan only an abstractionbe a result, fromindeed a result;an abstraction it is not thefrom automatic, a result; it fixed is not starting the automatic, fixed starting point it is so widely presumedpoint it is toso be.widely Any presumedoccasion to to think be. Any ‘I thinkoccasion …’ isto parasitic think ‘I upon think …’ is parasitic upon some actual occasion(s)some in whichactual oneoccasion(s) at least inpresumptively which one atperceives least presumptively something ofperceives one’s something of one’s surroundings. The Deductionsurroundings. underscores The Deduction that no thought underscores and no that thinking no thought is at all and humanly no thinking is at all humanly possible without exercisingpossible (if wittingly,without exercising sub-personally (if wittingly, or implicitly) sub-personally some of orour implicitly) most basic some of our most basic judgmental capacities tojudgmental discriminate, capacities differentiate, to discriminate, and integrate differentiate, various features and integrate of any various one features of any one perceived particular in perceivedorder to perceive particular that in individual. order to perceive that individual.

§ 17. Der Grundsatz§ 17. der synthetischenDer Grundsatz§ der17. synthetischenThe Principle of§ 17. the The Synthetic Principle3.5 of the§17: SyntheticThe Principle3.53.5 of§17: the SyntheticThe Principle Unity of of the Apperception Synthetic Unity is the of Highest Apperception Principle is the Highest Principle Einheit der ApperceptionEinheit ist der das ApperceptionUnity ist of das ApperceptionUnity is of the Apperception is of the the Use of the Understanding.of the Use of the Understanding. 485 oberste Princip485 alles oberste Verstandes- Princip allesHighest Verstandes- Principle of Highest all Use of Principle of all Use of B136–7 (ll. 487–508, cf.B 136–7ll. 477–82): (ll. 487–508, Kant begins cf. ll. 477–82):by noting Kant a parallel begins between by noting the atranscen- parallel between the transcen- gebrauchs. gebrauchs. the Understanding. the Understanding.dental deduction of thedental concepts deduction ‘space’ of and the ‘time’concepts in the ‘space’ Transcendental and ‘time’ in Aesthetic the Transcendental (§13, Aesthetic (§13, Der oberste GrundsatzDer der oberste Möglich- GrundsatzThe der ultimate Möglich- principleThe of theultimate possi- principleB121, of cf. theTr. possi-Aesth. §§3,B121, 5, B cf.40, Tr. 48, Aesth. 63–4), §§3, that 5, anything B40, 48, which63–4), appears that anything to us by which sensibility appears to us by sensibility keit aller Anschauungkeit in Beziehungaller Anschauung auf bility in Beziehung of all intuition auf inbility connection of all intuition to must in connection be temporal, to andmust much be of temporal, it must also and be much spatial; of ithence must thealso concepts be spatial; ‘time’ hence and the ‘space’ concepts ‘time’ and ‘space’ die Sinnlichkeit war lautdie Sinnlichkeit der transscen- war lautsensibility der transscen- was, accordingsensibility to was, the accordingmust pertain to to the these mustdomains pertain (respectively). to these domains (Kant’s (respectively).Transcendental (Kant’s Idealism, Transcendental his hallmark Idealism, his hallmark 490 dentalen Ästhetik:490 daßdentalen alles Mannigfalti- Ästhetik: daßTranscendental alles Mannigfalti- Aesthetic,Transcendental this: that Aesthetic,thesis that this: space that itselfthesis = nothing that space but a itselfhuman = nothingform of butsensory a human receptivity form of+ timesensory itself receptivity = + time itself = ge derselben unter denge formalenderselben Bedin- unter denall formalen its manifold Bedin- must standall its manifoldunder the mustnothing stand underbut a humanthe nothingform of butsensory a human receptivity form of(Tr. sensory Aesth. receptivity§§6, 8, esp. (Tr. B59–60), Aesth. may§§6, be8, esp. B59–60), may be gungen des Raums undgungen der Zeitdes Raums stehe. undformal der Zeitconditions stehe. of formalspace and conditions time. ofelided space here and and time. throughoutelided muchhere andof Kant’s throughout Deduction much byof substitutingKant’s Deduction a weaker by thesis,substituting that a weaker thesis, that Der oberste GrundsatzDer eben oberste derselben GrundsatzThe eben ultimate derselben principleThe of ultimate that same principleour humanof that form same of sensoryour human receptivity form of is sensory only receptive receptivity (sensitive, is only responsive) receptive (sensitive, to spatio- responsive) to spatio- in Beziehung auf denin Verstand Beziehung ist: auf daß den possibility Verstand ist: in daßconnectionpossibility to under- in connectiontemporal to particulars; under- cf.temporal above, §2.15.) particulars; cf. above, §2.15.) 495 alles Mannigfaltige495 deralles Anschauung Mannigfaltige un- derstanding Anschauung is: that un- all manifoldstanding of is: intu- that all manifold of intu- B136–7 (ll. 487–508): Kant’sB136–7 parallel (ll. 487–508): claim about Kant’s apperception parallel claim is aboutexpressly apperception modal: Whatever is expressly modal: Whatever ter Bedingungen derter ursprünglich-syn- Bedingungen der ition ursprünglich-syn- (would) stand underition conditions(would) stand under conditions can at all be thought can must at in all principle be thought be mustintegratable in principle with and be integratable by the original with unity and byof the original unity of thetischen Einheit thetischen der Apperception Einheit derof the Apperception original syntheticof the unity original of syntheticapperception unity so ofas to apperceptionbe at all a candidate so as to for be myat express,all a candidate self-conscious for my express, thought self-conscious that such- thought that such- stehe. Unter dem ersterenstehe. Unter stehen dem alle ersterenapperception. stehen All alle manifoldapperception. represen- All manifoldand-so. represen- and-so. mannigfaltige Vorstellungenmannigfaltige der An- Vorstellungentations of der intuition An- standtations under of intuition the stand under the 500 schauung, so fern500 sie unsschauung, gegeben so fern wer- sie unsformer, gegeben so far wer- as theyformer, are given so to far us; as theyB137 are ( ll.given 510–26): to us; SpeakingB137 (generally,ll. 510–26): Kant Speaking glosses generally, understanding Kant glossesas the capacityunderstanding for cogni- as the capacity for cogni- den, unter dem zweiten,den, so unter fern dem sie inzweiten,and so under fern the sie latter, in and so far under as theythe latter,tions, so and far asany they cognitiontions, as andthe determinateany cognition connection as the determinate of given representations connection of togiven an ob-representations to an ob- einem Bewußtseyn müsseneinem Bewußtseyn verbunden müssenmust be verbunden able to be conjoinedmust be able within to be ject.conjoined This determinate within ject. connection This determinate is ascriptive connection: ascribing features is ascriptive to : some ascribing sensed, features localised to some sensed, localised particular as its features.particular This is aas key its features.point at whichThis is Kant’s a key pointconcern at whichwith process Kant’s highlightsconcern with process highlights [B137] werden können;[B 137] denn werden ohne können; das one denn single ohne consciousness; das one singlefor without consciousness; for without kann nichts dadurch kann gedacht nichts oder dadurch er- such gedacht conjunction oder er- nothingsuch conjunction can be a nothing key epistemological can be issuea key about epistemological cognitive semantics, issue about which cognitive requires semantics, at least whichputative requires deictic at least putative deictic reference and putativereference ascription and of putative features ascription to some particular(s). of features to These some epistemological particular(s). These epistemological 505 kannt werden, weil505 diekannt gegebene werden, Vorstel- weil die thoughtgegebene orVorstel- cognised,thought because or the cognised, because the 42 42 43 43

42 43 lungen den Actus derlungen Apperception: den Actus dergiven Apperception: representations givenwould representations have no- issues would must have await no- the issues Analytic must of await Principles; the Analytic here Kant of Principles;anticipates herethat Kantwhatever anticipates we may that whatever we may Ich denke, nicht gemeinIch denke, haben nicht und gemeinthing in haben common und withthing the in actus common of putatively with the know,actus of and howeverputatively (and know, however and however well) we (and may however putatively well) know we it,may requires putatively of us know it, requires of us dadurch nicht in einemdadurch Selbstbewußt- nicht in einemapperception, Selbstbewußt- I think,apperception, and so would I think,actively and discerning, so would differentiating,actively discerning, identifying differentiating, and integrating identifying some pluralityand integrating of information some plurality of information seyn zusammengefaßtseyn seyn zusammengefaßt würden. notseyn be würden. brought togethernot into be broughtone sin- togetherby which into onealone sin- we canby (even which putatively) alone we localisecan (even any putatively) candidate localiseparticular any object candidate of knowl- particular object of knowl- gle self-consciousness.gle self-consciousness.edge and ascribe (evenedge putatively) and ascribe any features(even putatively) to it. All any of featuresthis requires to it . that All we of canthis ex- requires that we can ex- 510 Verstand ist, allgemein510 Verstand zu reden, ist, das allgemeinGenerally zu reden, speaking, das understandingGenerally speaking,pressly understanding and explicitly pressly make such and cognitive explicitly judgments,make such which cognitive requires judgments, that we which can indeedrequires that we can indeed Vermögen der Erkenntnisse.Vermögen der Diese Erkenntnisse.is the capacity Diese for cognitionsis the capacity. These forthink cognitions ‘I think’. These in connectionthink ‘I with think’ whatever in connection judgments with we whatever consider judgments making about we consider this or these making about this or these bestehen in der bestimmtenbestehen Beziehung in der bestimmtenconsist in Beziehung determinateconsist connection in determinate of particular(s). connection Only of by particular(s).such intellectual, Only judgmental by such intellectual, integration judgmental of some plurality integration of sensory of some plurality of sensory gegebener Vorstellungengegebener auf ein Vorstellungen Object. given auf representationsein Object. given to an representations object. and toclassificatory an object. informationand classificatory can our proto-cognitive information can states our proto-cognitivehave any ‘objective states validity’ have any as ‘objective validity’ as Object aber ist das,Object in dessen aber Begriff ist das, However, in dessen object Begriff is thatHowever, in the concept object is that(re)presenting in the concept this apperceived(re)presenting state ofthis affairs. apperceived Only insofar state of as affairs. we can Onlyengage insofar actively as wein scru-can engage actively in scru- tinising whatever we experiencetinising whatever and identifying we experience at least and some identifying of it, do atwe least have some and ofexercise it, do we have and exercise 515 das Mannigfaltige515 einerdas gegebenen Mannigfaltige An- einerof gegebenenwhich the manifold An- of of which a given the in-manifold of a given in- any understanding whatsoever.any understanding whatsoever. schauung vereinigt schauung ist. Nun erfordertvereinigt tuition ist. Nun is erfordertunited. Nowtuition all unification is united. Now all unification aber alle Vereinigung aber der Vorstellungenalle Vereinigung of der representations Vorstellungen requiresof representations unitary B137–8 requires (ll. unitary527–76): KantB137–8 further (ll. 527–76): explicates Kant his thesisfurther concerning explicates thehis principlethesis concerning of the origi- the principle of the origi- Einheit des BewußtseynsEinheit in derdes Synthe-Bewußtseynsconsciousness in der Synthe- in theirconsciousness synthesis. in nal their synthetic synthesis. unity of apperception,nal synthetic unityby highlighting of apperception, that, merely by highlighting because our that, sensibility merely because pre- our sensibility pre- sis derselben. Folglichsis ist derselben. die Einheit Folglich des Consequentlyist die Einheit thedes unityConsequently of conscious- the unitysents of to conscious- us whatever itsents may withinto us whatever space and it timemay withinand in spacesome andregard time or andother in assome spatial regard and or other as spatial and 520 Bewußtseyns dasjenige,520 Bewußtseyns was allein dasjenige, die ness was is that allein which die aloneness constitutes is that which temporal, alone constitutes does not at temporal,all specify, does individuate not at allor specify,discriminate individuate any particular(s) or discriminate within anyspace particular(s) or within space or Beziehung der VorstellungenBeziehung auf der einen Vorstellungenthe connection auf einen of representationsthe connection to of representationstime. That the concept to time. ‘time’ That as thesuch concept cannot ‘time’serve asto suchdelimit cannot any periodsserve to of delimit time, andany soperiods of time, and so Gegenstand, mithin ihreGegenstand, objective mithin Gül- ihrean object objective (Gegenstand Gül- ),an and object thus ( Gegenstandtheir cannot), and servethus their to delimitcannot any appearance(s)serve to delimit within any anyappearance(s) period of within time, is any underscored period of bytime, is underscored by tigkeit, folglich daß tigkeit, sie Erkenntnisse folglich daß objective sie Erkenntnisse validity, soobjective that they validity, be- soKant’s that reason they be-why theKant’s Tr. Aesth. reason cannot why theinclude Tr. Aesth. even thecannot mere include concept even ‘alteration’ the mere (Ver- concept ‘alteration’ (Ver- werden, ausmacht, undwerden, worauf ausmacht, folglich undcome worauf cognitions, folglich andcome thus cognitions, is that andänderung thus) among is that its a prioriänderung data,) among because its anya priori alteration data, becausemust instead any alteration be some mustaltering instead within be some altering within 525 selbst die Möglichkeit525 selbst des die Verstandes Möglichkeitupon des which Verstandes rests theupon possibility which ofrests thetime possibilityat some time of or timeduring at somesome periodtime or of during time, someand would period require of time, some and perception would require of some perception of beruht. beruht. the understanding itself.the understanding itself.something existing whichsomething exhibits existing successive which features exhibits (A 41/successiveB58); mutatis features mutandis (A41/, Bthe58); same mutatis mutandis, the same would hold of the conceptwould ‘space’ hold of (cf. the B195). concept Hence ‘space’ these ( cf.concepts B195). Hencedo not these suffice concepts for cog- do not suffice for cog- Das erste reine VerstandeserkenntnisDas erste reine VerstandeserkenntnisThus the first pure cognitionThus the of first the pure cognition of the nition (of particulars; l.nition 513, cf. (of ll. particulars;539–40), though l. 513, theycf. ll. are539–40), required though for the they possibility are required of their for the possibility of their also, worauf sein ganzeralso, worauf übriger sein Ge- ganzerunderstanding, übriger Ge- uponunderstanding, which is upon which is cognition (ll. 534–38). cognitionKant appeals (ll. 534–38). to his earlier Kant point appeals about to histhe earlierconcepts point ‘space’ about and the ‘time’, concepts ‘space’ and ‘time’, brauch sich gründet, brauch welches sich auch gründet, zu- grounded welches auchits entire zu- furthergrounded use, whichits entire further use, which that they indicate unboundedthat they continuous indicate unbounded manifolds, continuous one successive, manifolds, the other one concurrentsuccessive, the other concurrent 530 gleich von allen Bedingungen530 gleich von der allen sinnli- Bedingungenalso is altogetherder sinnli- independentalso is altogether of all independent of all though extended (spatially),though yet extended these concepts (spatially), can yet be thesearbitrarily concepts delimited can be so arbitrarily as to circum- delimited so as to circum- chen Anschauung ganzchen unabhängig Anschauung ist, ganzconditions unabhängig of sensible ist, conditions intuition, isof the sensible intuition, is the scribe periods of time scribeor regions periods of space,of time or or both regions together of space, (B39–40, or both 47–8). together Here Kant(B39–40, adds 47–8). Here Kant adds ist nun der Grundsatzist der nun ursprüngli- der Grundsatzprinciple der ursprüngli- of the originalprinciple synthetic of unity the originalthat anysynthetic cognitive unity usethat of suchany cognitivespecifications use ofof suchspatio-temporal specifications scope of spatio-temporalrequires that one scope can requires that one can chen synthetischenchen Einheit synthetischen der Ap- of Einheitapperception. der Ap- Thusof the apperception. mere form Thusbe awarethe mere of theform unity ofbe eachaware or of any the such unity bounded of each region,or any suchso as boundedto be able region, to know so thatas to re- be able to know that re- perception. So ist dieperception. bloße Form So der ist dieof bloße our outer Form sensory der intuition,of our outer space, sensorygion intuition, as one space,specific particulargion as oneregion specific (ll. 534–48), particular and region (prospectively) (ll. 534–48), to andbe able (prospectively) to know any to be able to know any 535 äußeren sinnlichen535 äußeren Anschauung, sinnlichen der is Anschauung, not yet a cognition; der is it not only yet affords a cognition;particular it only occupyingaffords thatparticular region (§26).occupying that region (§26). Raum, noch gar keine Raum,Erkenntnis; noch garer gibt keine Erkenntnis;a priori the manifold er gibt ofa prioriintuition the manifoldto a of intuition to a nur das Mannigfaltigenur der dasAnschauung Mannigfaltige a possibleder Anschauung cognition. a Yetpossible actually cognition. to B138 Yet (ll. actually 539–57): to The Bsynthetic138 (ll. 539–57): unity of The consciousness synthetic unity required of consciousness to delimit and required to designate to delimit and to designate priori zu einem möglichenpriori zu Erkenntnis. einem möglichenknow anything Erkenntnis. whateverknow in space,anything e.g. ,whateverany such in space, spatio-temporal e.g., any regionsuch spatio-temporal is thus ‘an objective region condition is thus ‘an of objectiveall cognitions’, condition insofar of allas cognitions’, insofar as Um aber irgend etwasUm im aberRaume irgend zu er-etwasa im line, Raume I must zu drawer- ita andline, so I must effect drawit itis andrequired so effectto have any,it is evenrequired putative to have particular any, even object putative of awareness particular or object prospective of awareness ascrip- or prospective ascrip- tion within some indicatedtion withinregion, some as an indicated object one region, presumes as an toobject be aware one presumesof, because to what- be aware of, because what- 540 kennen, z.B. eine 540Linie,kennen, muß ichz.B. sie eine zie- Linie,synthetically muß ich sie a zie- determinatesynthetically connec- a determinate connec- 44 44 45 45

44 45 hen und also [B138] einehen bestimmte und also [Ver-B138] einetion bestimmte of the givenVer- manifold,tion of so the that given manifold,ever particular(s) so that we canever know particular(s) occupy suchwe can regions, know andoccupy because such anyregions, possible and thoughtbecause oneany possible thought one bindung des gegebenenbindung Mannigfaltigen des gegebenenthe Mannigfaltigenunity of this act is theequally unity also of thisthe act canis equally have ofalso any the one suchcan haveparticular of any requires one such that particular one can (andrequires often that does) one self-consciouslycan (and often does) self-consciously synthetisch zu Standesynthetisch bringen, so zu daß Standeunity bringen, of consciousness so daß unity (in of the consciousness con- integrate (in thesuch con- cognitivelyintegrate crucial such information cognitively so crucial that any information of us can think:so that ‘I anythink of …’us canin re-think: ‘I think …’ in re- die Einheit dieser Handlungdie Einheit zugleich dieser die Handlungcept of zugleich a line), sodie thatcept thereby of a anline), ob- so thatgard thereby to this andesignated, ob- gard circumscribed, to this designated, localised, circumscribed, sensorily presented localised, particular. sensorily The presented sense ofparticular. The sense of 545 Einheit des Bewußtseyns545 Einheit (im des Begriffe Bewußtseynsject (a (im determinate Begriffe space)ject (a is determinate at all ‘objective’ space) is condition at all is‘objective’ that such conditionthoughts canis that have such objective thoughts validity can have by actually objective being validity about by actually being about einer Linie) ist, und dadurcheiner Linie) allererst ist, undein dadurchknown. allererst The synthetic ein known. unity of The con- syntheticparticulars unity of one con- judgesparticulars – or mis-judges one judges as the – caseor mis-judges may be, though as the caseKant’s may transcendental be, though Kant’s transcendental Object (ein bestimmterObject Raum) (ein erkannt bestimmtersciousness Raum) erkanntis thus an objectivesciousness condi- is thus anproof objective of (Critical condi- commonsense,proof of (Critical direct perceptual)commonsense, realism direct rules perceptual) out the sceptical realism rulesgeneralisa- out the sceptical generalisa- wird. Die synthetischewird. Einheit Die synthetischedes Be- tion Einheit of all descognition, Be- tionnot onlyof all to cognition, en- tion not from only the to occasional,en- tion yetfrom ubiquitous the occasional, possibility yet ubiquitousof perceptual possibility errors or of illusions perceptual to theerrors or illusions to the wußtseyns ist also einewußtseyns objective ist Bedin- also eineable objective me to Bedin- know an able object, me but to knowone ansceptical object, hypothesis but one ofsceptical global perceptual hypothesis scepticism. of global perceptual(This is the scepticism. key point (Thisof his isRefutation the key point of his Refutation of Idealism, B275–87.)of Idealism, B275–87.) 550 gung aller Erkenntniß,550 gung nicht aller deren Erkenntniß, ich under nicht which deren must ich standunder any which intu- must stand any intu- bloß selbst bedarf, umbloß ein selbst Object bedarf, zu umition, ein if Object it is to becomezu ition, an object if it for is meto , becomeB138 an ( objectll. 539–57): for me ,MostB 138directly, (ll. 539–57): for any Mostobject directly, to be an for object any forobject me requires to be an that object I can for thinkme requires that I can think erkennen, sondern untererkennen, der jede sondern An- unterbecause der in jede any An-other waybecause and withoutin any otherin way regard and to without it ‘I think …’.in regard This analyticallyto it ‘I think simple …’. This apperceptive analytically thought simple isapperceptive a necessary thoughtaspect is a necessary aspect schauung stehen muß,schauung um für stehen mich muß,this um synthesis, für mich the manifoldthis synthesis, would the of manifold any such wouldthought aboutof any any such particular thought of about which any any particular human beingof which can beany self-aware. human being And can be self-aware. And Object zu werden,Object weil auf zu andere werden,not weil be aufunited andere within notone besingle united con- withinthis one analytically single con- simple,this self-referential analytically simple,apperceptive self-referential thought onlyapperceptive occurs, andthought only onlypertains occurs, and only pertains 555 Art und ohne diese555 SynthesisArt und ohne das Man- diese Synthesissciousness. das Man- sciousness. to knowledge, insofar toas knowledge,one thinks ‘insofarI think …’as one in connectionthinks ‘I think to some…’ in synthetic connection unity, to some some synthetic unity, some nigfaltige sich nicht nigfaltige in einem sich Bewußt- nicht in einem Bewußt- judgmentally integratedjudgmentally classifications integrated of the spatial classifications region occupied of the spatial by some region particular occupied ex- by some particular ex- seyn vereinigen würde.seyn vereinigen würde. hibiting such-and-so (identified,hibiting such-and-so classified, ascribed) (identified, features classified, (however ascribed) approximately). features (however approximately). Dieser letzte Satz ist,Dieser wie letzte gesagt, Satz This ist, wie last gesagt, propositionThis itself last is, proposition as B138 ( itselfll. 558–70): is, as KantB138 again (ll. contrasts558–70): theKant conceptual again contrasts simplicity the ofconceptual the thought, simplicity ‘I think’, of the thought, ‘I think’, selbst analytisch, ob erselbst zwar analytisch,die syntheti- ob ermentioned, zwar die syntheti- analytic, thoughmentioned, it makes analytic,which though is ‘identical’it makes (cf. whichB135, isll. ‘identical’469–82) or (cf. ‘analytic’, B135, ll. which469–82) is ordecisive ‘analytic’, precisely which because is decisive its precisely because its 560 sche Einheit zur 560 Bedingungsche Einheit alles Den-zur Bedingungthe synthetic alles Den-unity intothe a conditionsynthetic unityof intopossibility a condition requires of somepossibility (one or requiresanother, some however (one episodic or another, or extensive) however episodicsynthetic unity, or extensive) and synthetic unity, and kens macht; denn er kens sagt nichtsmacht; weiter, denn er sagtall thinking; nichts weiter,for it saysall no thinking; more than for it saysit makes no more possible than any self-consciousit makes possible thought any self-conscious about any particulars thought we about can thinkany particulars of or about. we can think of or about. als, daß alle meine Vorstellungenals, daß alle meine in ir- Vorstellungenthat all of in my ir- representationsthat all of myin representations in gend einer gegebenen gendAnschauung einer gegebenen unter whateverAnschauung given unter intuitionwhatever must given stand intuition must stand der Bedingung stehender müssen, Bedingung unter stehender undermüssen, the unter condition der under under the which condition under which 565 ich sie allein als 565 m eiich ne sie Vorstellungen allein als m eialone ne Vorstellungen I can ascribe themalone as Imy can repre- ascribe them as my repre- zu diesem identitschenzu Selbst diesem rechnen, identitschensentations Selbst rechnen, to this identicalsentations self, to and this identicalB138 (571–6): self, Kant and underscoresB138 (571–6): that Kanthis explication underscores of anythat humanly his explication possible of ‘Iany think humanly …’, under possible ‘I think …’, under und also, als in einer undApperception also, als in syn- einer Apperceptionthus, as conjoined syn- syntheticallythus, as conjoined within syntheticallywhat necessary within conditionswhat a necessarypriori it is possible,conditions and a prioriwhat it cognitive is possible, achievements and what cognitive its occurrence achievements its occurrence thetisch verbunden, durchthetisch den verbunden, allgemei- durchone apperception,den allgemei- [I one can] apperception, summarily [Irepresents, can] summarily are not conceptualrepresents, truths are asnot such; conceptual they cannot truths and as such;do not they belong cannot to andany do‘analytic not belong to any ‘analytic nen Ausdruck Ich denkenen Ausdruck zusammenfa- Ich denkegrasp zusammenfa- them all togethergrasp with them the gen-all togethertranscendental with the gen- argument’;transcendental they are conceptual argument’; explications they are ( perconceptual B755–8) explicationsand pertain (per to B 755–8)a specific and pertain to a specific 570 ßen kann. 570 ßen kann. eral expression: I thinkeral. expression: I thinkkind. of understanding kindqua capacityof understanding to judge, namelyqua capacity any kindto judge, whose namely apperceptive any kind thought, whose Iapperceptive‘ thought, I‘ Aber dieser GrundsatzAber ist dochdieser nicht GrundsatzYet ist this doch principle nicht is ofYet course this notprinciple a thinkis of course…’, does not not a automaticallythink …’, does contain not orautomatically provide anything contain manifold. or provide Its anythingvery simplicity manifold. is Its very simplicity is ein Prinzip für jedenein überhaupt Prinzip fürmögli- jeden principle überhaupt for mögli- any possibleprinciple understan- for any possibleKant’s keyunderstan- to demonstratingKant’s that key thinkingto demonstrating this thought that is thinking parasitic this (dependent) thought is upon parasitic other (dependent) cog- upon other cog- chen Verstand, sondernchen nur Verstand, für den, sondernding nuras such, für but den, ratherding only as such,for that but rathernitive only achievements, for that asnitive conditions achievements, necessary as for conditions the possibility necessary of humanfor the apperception.possibility of Onlyhuman apperception. Only durch dessen reine Apperzeptiondurch dessen in reine der Apperzeptionkind, through in whoseder kind, pure throughappercep- whosevery pure few appercep-of these conditionsvery few are of identified these conditions within the are Deduction; identified mostwithin are the identified Deduction; in themost An- are identified in the An- alytic of Principles; cf. Balytic122–3 of ( ll.Principles; 88–145), cf.B 164–5B122–3 (ll. ( ll.1128–70) 88–145), re: B 164–5transcendental (ll. 1128–70) affinity, re: transcendentaland affinity, and 575 Vorstellung: Ich575 bin,Vorstellung: noch gar nichts Ich bin,tion noch in the gar representation: nichts tion inI am the, noth- representation: I am, noth- B162 (ll. 1084–99) re: seeingB162 a(ll. house 1084–99) (and re:KCE seeing, Pt 2). a house (and KCE, Pt 2). Mannigfaltiges gegebenMannigfaltiges ist. […] [ Bgegeben139] ing ist. at […] all manifold [B139] is yeting given. at all manifold[…] is yet given. […]

46 46 47 47 46 47 § 18. Was objective §Einheit 18. Was des objectiveSelbst- Einheit§ 18. What des isSelbst- Objective§ 18. Unity What of Self-is Objective3.6 Unity§18: of WhatSelf- is 3.6Objective §18: Unity What of Self-Consciousness.is Objective Unity of Self-Consciousness. bewußtseyns sei. bewußtseyns sei. Consciousness. Consciousness. B139 (ll. 579–84): TheB 139transcendental (ll. 579–84): unity The oftranscendental apperception unity is that of unitaryapperception consciousness is that unitary consciousness Die transscendentaleDie transscendentale Einheit The transcendental Einheit unityThe of appercep-transcendental unity of appercep- which integrates whateverwhich manifold integrates of sensedwhatever features manifold may of be sensed presented features in sensory may be intuition presented in sensory intuition

580 der Apperception580 istder diejenige, Apperception durch isttion diejenige, is that durch unity throughtion is which that unityall throughinto a concept which ofall the objectinto a conceptso presented. of the Kant’s object phrase, so presented. ‘vom Objec Kant’st’, may phrase, be more ‘vom conciseObject’, may be more concise

welche alles in einer welche Anschauung alles in gege- einer Anschauungthe manifold gege- within thean intuitionmanifold iswithinthan an weintuition would wish, is thanbut it we clearly would contrasts wish, b tout hisit clearly previous contrasts locutions to hiswhich previous expressly locutions con- which expressly con-

bene Mannigfaltige in beneeinen Mannigfaltige Begriff vom in unitedeinen Begriffwithin voma conceptunited of an within object. a conceptcern conceptsof an object. of an ‘objectcern as concepts such’, ofto anwhich ‘object no presentedas such’, to manifold which no of presented sensory intuition manifold per- of sensory intuition per-

Object vereinigt wird.Object Sie heißt vereinigt darum wird.This Sie unity heißt is darum thus calledThis objective unity , isand thus calledtains. objectiveThe conclusion, and tains. of §17 The expressly conclusion concerns of §17 constraints expressly uponconcerns intuition constraints and sensory upon intuition and sensory objectiv und muß vonobjectiv der s u bjecti-und muß vonmust der be s udistinguished bjecti- must from be the distinguished subjec- manifolds from the required subjec- formanifolds anything ‘torequired become for an anything object for‘to me’.become The an ‘objectivity’ object for ofme’. this The unity ‘objectivity’ of this unity 585 ven Ein heit des585 Bewußtseynsven Ein heit unter- des Bewußtseynstive unity of unter- consciousness.tive unity […] of Inconsciousness. of apperception […] Inis thatof it apperceptionis required for is objectivethat it is requiredreference for or objectivefor objective reference reality or (possible for objective reality (possible schieden werden, […]schieden. [B140] werden,Dagegen […]contr. [B140]ast, the Dagegen pure formcontr of intuitionast, the pure in formrepresentation of intuition of in particulars)representation or for ofobjective particulars) validity or f(possiblyor objective justified validity representation (possibly justified of representation of steht die reine Form dersteht Anschauung die reine Form in dertime, Anschauung merely as in intuitiontime, merelyas such, as intuitionparticulars); as itsuch, is necessary, particulars); though it notis necessary, sufficient, thoughfor truth, not accuracy sufficient, or forjustifiedness. truth, accuracy It is or justifiedness. It is der Zeit, bloß als Anschauungder Zeit, bloß über- als Anschauungwhich contains über- a givenwhich manifold,contains a necessary given manifold, so that any humanlynecessary possible so that thoughtany humanly can be possible object-directed thought orcan pertain be object-directed to objects. or pertain to objects. haupt, die ein gegebeneshaupt, Mannigfaltiges die ein gegebenesstands Mannigfaltiges under the originalstands unityunder ofthe original unity of B140 (ll. 586–97): KantB 140here ( ll.remarks, 586–97): not Kant upon here time, remarks, but upon not the upon form time, of anybut sensoryupon the intu- form of any sensory intu- 590 enthält, unter der 590ursprünglichenenthält, unter Einheit der ursprünglichenconsciousness Einheit solely consciousness in consequence solely in consequence ition within time whichition contains within sotimeme whichspecific, contains de facto ,so ‘given’me specific, sensory de manifold,facto, ‘given’ though sensory manifold, though des Bewußtseyns lediglichdes Bewußtseyns durch die lediglichof the durchnecessary die connectionof the necessaryof the connection of the considering these ‘merelyconsidering as intuition these as ‘merelysuch’, andas intuition regardless as ofsuch’, any andparticular regardless manifold of an ofy particular manifold of manifold of intuition manifoldto one: I ofthink; intuition to one: I think; nothwendige Beziehungnothwendige des Mannigfalti- Beziehung des Mannigfalti- sensation. This temporalsensation. form of This an intuition temporal only form pertains of an intuitionto the original only pertains unity of to appercep- the original unity of appercep- gen der Anschauunggen zum der Einen: Anschauung Ich that zum is, Einen:it so stands Ich solelythat is, in it conse- so standstion solely insofar in conse-as the manifoldtion insofar it contains as the canmanifold be integrally it contains comprehended can be integrally by someone comprehended (syn- by someone (syn- denke, also durch die denke,reine Synthesis also durch des die reinequence Synthesis of the des pure synthesisquence of of the un- purethesised) synthesis who of un-can think,thesised) ‘I think who …’ can in connectingthink, ‘I think that …’sensory in connecting manifold thatto some sensory putative manifold to some putative a priori a priori 595 Verstandes, welche595 Verstandes, der empiri- welche derstanding, der empiri- which synthesisderstanding, is pre- which object synthesis so presented is pre- (intuited),object sothought presented and (intuited), (hence) conceived. thought and (hence) conceived. schen zum Grunde liegt.schen Jene zum Einheit Grunde ist liegt.supposed Jene Einheit a priori ist bysupposed any empirical a priori by Note any empiricalthat the genitiveNote preposition that the ‘o genitivef’ – as alwayspreposition in epistemology! ‘of’ – as always – must in epistemology!be under- – must be under- allein objectiv gültig; […]allein objectiv gültig; […]synthesis. The formersynthesis. unity alone The is former stood unity carefully alone to is avoid stood a host carefully of errors. to avoidA ‘manifold a host ofof errors.sensation’ A ‘manifold is not some of sensation’batch of sen- is not some batch of sen- objectively valid; […]. objectively valid; […]sations;. it is some pluralitysations; of it sensedis some qualities, plurality characteristics, of sensed qualities, features characteristics, or aspects; it featurescon- or aspects; it con- cerns contents conveyedcerns in, contents through conveyedor by sensory in, through processes or andby sensory channels. processes Sensations and aschannels. Sensations as occurrences may be modificationsoccurrences ofmay a subject’sbe modifications sensory receptivity,of a subject’s but sensory the character receptivity, or ‘con- but the character or ‘con- tent’ of such sensory tent’modifications of such sensorymay be modificationsand often is indicativemay be and of oftensomething is indicative real as aof something real as a (typical) occasioning cause(typical) or source occasioning of such cause type orsensations; source of cf. such B207 type and sensations; below, §5. cf. B207 and below, §5.

§ 19. Die logische Form§ 19. allerDie Urtheilelogische Form§ 19. allerThe UrtheileLogical Form§ 19. of The all Judg-Logical Form3.7 of§19: all Judg-The Logical3.7 Form§19: of allThe Judgments Logical Form consist ofs allin Judgmentsthe Objective consist Unitys inof the the Objective Con- Unity of the Con- besteht in der objectivenbesteht Einheit in der objectivenments Einheitconsists in the mentsObjective consists in the Objectivecepts they Contain. cepts they Contain. 600 600 der Apperception derder darin Apperception ent- derUnity darin of ent- the ConceptsUnity they of theB 141–2 Concepts (ll. 602–21): they InB 141–2contrast (ll. to602–21): the logician’s In contrast account to theof judgment,logician’s accountand apart of from judgment, any and apart from any haltenen Begriffe. haltenen Begriffe. Contain. Contain. consideration of reproductiveconsideration imagination of reproductive (required toimagination continue considering(required to any continue sensed considering par- any sensed par- […] Wenn ich aber die[…] Beziehung Wenn ich gege- aber die[…] Beziehung However, gege- if I examine[…] However, the con- if I examineticular through the con- any periodticular of throughtime), simply any period regarding of time), the connection simply regarding of any thegiven connection cognitions of any given cognitions bener Erkenntnisse inbener jedem Erkenntnisse Urtheile ge- in nectionjedem Urtheile of given ge- cognitionsnection of in givenany cognitionswithin any judgment, in any aswithin belonging any judgment, to understanding, as belonging Kant to finds understanding, that judgment Kant is findshow thosethat judgment is how those nauer untersuche, undnauer sie, alsuntersuche, dem Ver- undjudgment sie, als dem more Ver- exactly,judgment and distin- more exactly,cognitions and are distin- broughtcognitions to the objective are brought unity toof theapperception. objective unity This ofconnection apperception. is expressed This connection is expressed 605 stand angehörige,605 vonstand dem angehörige,Verhältnisse vonguish dem Verhältnisse these as belongingguish these to the as belongingby the affirmative to the copulaby the‘IS’, affirmative constitutive copula of any ‘IS judgment’, constitutive one canof anymake judgment that any one particular can make that any particular nach Gesetzen der reproductivennach Gesetzen Einbil- der reproductivenunderstanding Einbil- from understanding those relations fromis as those one now relations judges itis to as be. one That now is judgesthe ‘objective’ it to be. unityThat isof the apperception, ‘objective’ unityin contrast of apperception, to the in contrast to the

48 48 49 49

48 49 dungskraft (welches nurdungskraft subjective (welches Gül- nuraccording subjective to Gül- laws ofaccording reproductive to laws subjective of reproductive unity, whichsubjective concerns unity,merely which how concernssomething merely seems how to one something to be: objective seems to unity one to be: objective unity tigkeit hat) unterscheide,tigkeit so hat) finde unterscheide, ich, imagination so finde (which ich, onlyimagination have subjec- (which isonly directed have subjec-to and concernsis directed that objectto and, not concerns merely howthat objectit may, not seem merely or appear how it to may one seem to be. or appear to one to be. daß ein Urtheil nichtsdaß andres ein Urtheilsey, als nichtsdie tiveandres validity), sey, als I diethen findtive thatvalidity), a judg- I thenThe find objectivity that a judg- here atThe issue objectivity is two-fold: here That at issue the iscognitions two-fold: (sensory That the or cognitions conceptual) (sensory inte- or conceptual) inte- 610 Art, gegebene Erkenntnisse610 Art, gegebene zur objecti- Erkenntnissement is zur nothing objecti- other mentthan theis nothing way to othergrated than withinthe way an to affirmativegrated within judgment an affirmativehave objective judgment reality, have in that objective they represent reality, in or that can they represent or can ven Einheit der Apperceptionven Einheit zu der brin- Apperceptionbring given zu cognition brin- bringto the given objective cognitionpertain to the to objective objects, andpertain that in tothis objects, judgment and thesethat in cognitions this judgment have thesethis objective cognitions reality, have that this objective reality, that gen. Darauf zielt dasgen. Verhältnißwört- Darauf zielt dasunity Verhältnißwört- of apperception.unity That’s of apperception. the they pertain That’s to thethis presented,they pertain discriminated, to this presented, identified discriminated, particular one identified now judges. particular This (cog-one now judges. This (cog- chen ist in [B142] denselben,chen ist um in die[B142] ob- denselben,point ofum the die copula ob- ‘pointIS’ within of the judg- copulanitively) ‘IS’ within necessary judg- unitynitively) of apperception necessary unityis entirely of apperception consistent withis entirely the logical consistent contingency with the logical contingency jective Einheit gegebenerjective Vorstellungen Einheit gegebenerments, Vorstellungen to distinguishments, the objective to distinguishof any the empirical objective judgmentof any one empirical makes ( e.g.judgment, that bodies one makes are heavy, (e.g., orthat that bodies this bodyare heavy, is heavy). or that this body is heavy). 615 von der subjectiven615 von zu unterscheiden. der subjectiven unity zu unterscheiden. of given representationsunity of given from representationsB142 (ll. 621–35): from KantB carefully142 (ll. 621–35): distinguishes Kant hiscarefully intended distinguishes modal claim his fromintended any modalmodal claimclaim from any modal claim Denn dieses bezeichnetDenn die dieses Beziehung bezeichnetthe diesubjective Beziehung unity. Forthe thatsubjective [copula] unity.about For that the [copula] representationabout of the constituent representation aspects of within constituent any empirical aspects (sensory) within any intuition empirical (its (sensory) intuition (its derselben auf die ursprünglichederselben auf Apper- die ursprünglicheindicates their Apper- connectionindicates to the their orig- connection‘manifold’) to the belonging orig- together‘manifold’) necessarily. belonging Kant’s together modal necessarily. claim concerns Kant’s themodal possibility claim concerns of mak- the possibility of mak- ception und die nothwendigeception und Einheit die nothwendigeinal apperception Einheit andinal its apperception necessary anding any its judgment necessary about anying anysensed judgment particular about ( anyll. 634–5). sensed Kant’sparticular claim ( ll. is634–5). that these Kant’s representa- claim is that these representa- derselben, wenn gleichderselben, das Urtheil wenn selbst gleichunity, das Urtheil even ifselbst the judgmentunity, even itself if is the judgmenttions belong itself together is necessarilytions belong as togetheraspects (cognitions)necessarily asintegrated aspects (cognitions)within a (prospective) integrated judg-within a (prospective) judg- 620 empirisch, mithin620 zufälligempirisch, ist, z.B. mithin die zufälligempirical, ist, z.B. and die so is empirical, contingent, and e.g. , so isment contingent, formed bye.g. someone, ment thinking formed ‘I by think someone …’ about thinking this sensed, ‘I think intuited …’ about particular. this sensed, Whatever intuited particular. Whatever Körper sind schwer.Körper Damit sind ich zwar schwer. bodies Damit are ich heavy. zwar Bybodies this I are do heavy. not Bycontingencies this I do (or not de res contingenciesnecessities) may (or pertainde res necessities) to the existence may pertain or characteristics to the existence of some or characteristics per- of some per- nicht sagen will, diesenicht Vorstellungen sagen will, ge- diese meanVorstellungen to say thatge- thesemean representa- to say that ceived these representa-particular, thoseceived modal particular, issues are those distinct modal to the issues cognitive are distinct modalities to the which cognitive pertain modalities to which pertain to hören in der empirischenhören Anschauung in der empirischentions Anschauung belong in that tions empirical belong intu- in thatapperceptively empirical intu- ascribingapperceptively to that perceived ascribing particular to that some perceived feature(s) particular or other(s). some feature(s) or other(s). nothwendig zu einander,nothwendig sondern zu sie einander,ition to sondern each other sie necessarily;ition to each rather, other necessarily;B142 (ll. 636–40): rather, KantB 142 expressly (ll. 636–40): indicates Kant that expressly the same indicates plurality that (‘manifold’) the same of plurality representa- (‘manifold’) of representa- 625 gehören vermöge625 dergehören nothwendigen vermöge derdue nothwendigen to the necessary due unity to of the apper- necessarytions unity within of apper-one and thetions same within cognisant one and event the orsame activity cognisant can have event distinctive or activity roles, can dependinghave distinctive roles, depending Einheit der ApperceptionEinheit in der der Apperception Syn- ception in in der the Syn-synthesisception of intuitions in the synthesisupon ofthe intuitions connections uponin which the theyconnections are regarded, in which here: they whether are regarded, subjectively, here: aswhether indicative subjectively, of as indicative of thesis der Anschauungenthesis zu der einander, Anschauungenthey belongzu einander, to one another,they belong i.e., ac- to oneany another, subject’s i.e. state, ac- of mindany subject’s and whatever state of may mind appear and towhatever it via sensory may appear perception, to it via or sensoryinstead perception, or instead d.i. nach Principien derd.i. objectivennach Principien Be- dercording objectiven to principles Be- ofcording the objective to principlesobjectively, of the objective as indicativeobjectively, of what thatas indicative same subject of what thinks that and same judges subject about thinks that particular and judges, as about that particular, as stimmung aller Vorstellungen,stimmung soaller fern Vorstellungen,determination so fernof all representations,determination of- all havingrepresentations, objective reference- having and objective as purporting reference to ascribeand as identifiedpurporting features to ascribe to that identified particular. features to that particular. 630 daraus Erkenntniß630 werdendaraus kann, Erkenntniß welche werdenso far kann, as they welche can affordso far cognition, as they can This afford is Kant’s cognition, ‘objectiveThis validity’ is Kant’s (ll. 633–5),‘objective that validity’ a thought (ll. 633–5),or judgment that a can thought (i) be or directed judgment to can (i) be directed to Principien alle aus demPrincipien Grundsatze alle aus der demwhich Grundsatze principles der all derivewhich from principles the allany derive particular from object the atany all, particularand that it object can (ii) at beall, accurate, and that justifiedit can (ii) or be justifiable. accurate, Kant’sjustified Deduc- or justifiable. Kant’s Deduc- transscendentalen Einheittransscendentalen der Appercep- Einheitprinciple der Appercep- of the transcendentalprinciple of unity the transcendentaltion aims to demonstrate unity tion that aims our to properdemonstrate use of thatthe categoriesour proper is use necessary of the categoriesto any such is objec-necessary to any such objec- tion abgeleitet sind. Dadurchtion abgeleitet allein wirdsind. Dadurchof apperception. allein wird Onlyof in apperception. this way can Onlytive in validity. this way This can necessarytive validity. unity of This apperception necessary unity by which of apperception in judgment by one which refers in to judgment what one refers to what aus diesem Verhältnißeaus eindiesem U rtheil, Verhältnißethis ein relation U rtheil, afford athis judgment relation, i.e. ,afford a some a judgment sensed,, i.e. perceived, a some particular sensed, IS, perceivedis distinctive particular even in IS ,regard is distinctive to the veryeven same in regard component to the very same component 635 d.i. ein Verhältniß,635 dasd.i. objectiv ein Verhältniß, gültig ist dasrelation objectiv whichgültig ist is objectivelyrelation which valid, is representations objectively valid, used inrepresentations that same judgment, used in so that far sameas these judgment, merely representso far as thesealso how merely that represent per- also how that per- und sich von dem Verhältnißeund sich voneben dem der- Verhältnißeand which eben is der- sufficientlyand which distinct is to sufficientlyceived item distinct seems to or appearsceived itemto one. seems This or isappears how closely to one. issues This of is objectivehow closely validity issues can of (andobjective validity can (and selben Vorstellungen, selbenworin bloßVorstellungen, subjec- worinrelations bloß of subjec- even theserelations same ofrepre- even thesedo) intersect same repre-issues of cognitivedo) intersect process, issues whilst of cognitive nevertheless process, being whilst distinctive nevertheless in character. being distinctive This in character. This tive Gültigkeit [B143] wäre,tive Gültigkeitz. B. nach [Ge-B143] wäre,sentations z. B. nach which Ge- wouldsentations contain which also would indicates contain Kant’s reiteratedalso indicates concern Kant’s to highlightreiterated how, concern in principle, to highlight empiricist how, inaccounts principle, of empiricist accounts of setzen der Association,setzen hinreichend der Association, un- merely hinreichend subjective un- validity,merely e.g. ,subjective accord- validity,psychological e.g., accord- associationpsychological cannot address association issues cannotof cognitive address validity, issues because of cognitive their validity,modalities because their modalities 640 terscheidet. Nach640 denterscheidet. letzteren Nach würde dening letzteren to laws of würde association.ing to According laws of association.differ in According kind, not in degree;differ in issues kind, of not cognitive in degree; validity issues have of cognitivean irreducible validity status, have aan ‘dignity’ irreducible status, a ‘dignity’ ich nur sagen können:ich Wenn nur sagen ich einen können:to Wenn these ich latter einen I couldto only these say: latter If I I could(B124, only l. 171, say: cf. If B 126, I ll.(B 124,240–7). l. 171, In thecf. B Analytic126, ll. 240–7). of Principles In the KantAnalytic argues of Principlesthat we can Kant and argues do that we can and do (insofar as any of us achieves(insofar apperception)as any of us achievescompetently apperception) identify at competently least some particularsidentify at weleast some particulars we Körper trage, so fühleKörper ich einen trage, Druck so fühlecarry ich a einen body, Druck then I feelcarry a pressure a body, thenof I feel a pressure of 50 50 51 51

50 51 der Schwere; aber nicht:der er,Schwere; der Körper, aber nicht:weight; er, der but Körper, not: it, theweight; body, isbut heavy; not: it, thesense, body, and is distinguish heavy; themsense, from and distinguishour perceiving them them, from as our we perceivingperceive them. them, as we perceive them. ist schwer; welches ist so viel schwer; sagen welches will, sowhich viel purports sagen will, to expresswhich thatpurports both to express that both B142 (ll. 633–50): KantB 142expressly (ll. 633–50): distinguishes Kant expressly the cognitive distinguishes relations therequired cognitive for objectiverelations required for objective

645 als, diese beide Vorstellungen645 als, diese beidesind im Vorstellungenof these representations sind im of theseare boundrepresentationsvalidity are from bound merely psychologicalvalidity from laws merely of psychologicalassociation, which laws ofin association,principle can which only affordin principle can only afford

Object, d. i. ohne UnterschiedObject, d. des i. ohne Zu- Unterschiedtogether in des the Zu- object,together i.e. regardless in the object,subjective i.e. regardless validity, i.e., subjectivereports of validity, how anything i.e., reports appears of howto one anything to be, appearswhich can to onenever to suf-be, which can never suf-

standes des Subjects,standes verbunden, des Subjects, und of verbunden, the state of und the subject,of the stateand areof thefice subject, for any and affirmation are fice that for any any sensed affirmation particular that IS any as sensedone perceives particular and IS judges as one it perceives to be. and judges it to be. nicht bloß in der Wahrnehmungnicht bloß in (so der oft Wahrnehmungnot merely (sopresent oft togethernot merely in per-present together in per- sie auch wiederholt seynsie auch mag) wiederholt beysam- seynception mag) (however beysam- oftenception it may (however be re- often it may be re- 650 men. 650 men. peated). peated).

§ 20. Alle sinnliche Anschauungen§ 20. Alle sinnliche stehen Anschauungen§ 20. All Sensory stehen Intuitions§ 20. All stand Sensory un- Intuitions3.8 §20: standAll un- sensory3.8 Intuitions§20: Allstand sensory under Intuitions the Categories stand asunder Conditions the Categories under whichas Conditions under which unter den Categorien alsunter Bedingun- den Categorien derals Bedingun-the Categories as Conditionsder the Categories as Conditionsalone their Manifold canalone coalesce their Manifoldin one Consciousness. can coalesce in one Consciousness. gen, unter denen alleingen, das unterMannig- denen alleinunder das Mannig- which alone theirunder Mani- which alone their Mani- B143 (ll. 656–80): KantB143 expressly (ll. 656–80): links togetherKant expressly the implications links together of §§13, the 17,implications 19. §17 con-of §§13, 17, 19. §17 con- faltige derselben in einfaltige Bewußtseyn derselben in einfold Bewußtseyn can coalesce in fold one can Con- coalesce in one Con- cerns unity of, i.e., withincerns, sensory unity intuitions.of, i.e., within Kant’s, sensory concise intuitions. discussion Kant’s includes concise points discussion about includes points about 655 zusammenkommen655 kann.zusammenkommen kann.sciousness. sciousness. process – unity withinprocess sensory – intuitionsunity within – and sensory disregards intuitions his key– and point disregards that apperception his key point that apperception Das mannigfaltige in einerDas mannigfaltige sinnlichen in einer sinnlichen The manifold in anythingThe givenmanifold in a in anythingand its constraints given in a governand itsany constraints representations govern which any representationscan be something which for oneself,can be somethingby con- for oneself, by con- Anschauung GegebeneAnschauung gehört nothwen- Gegebenesensory gehört intuitionnothwen- necessarilysensory belongs intuition necessarilytributing to belongs any of one’stributing apperceptive to any episodes.of one’s apperceptive (Kant’s concern episodes. with what(Kant’s one concern can consider, with what one can consider, dig unter die ursprünglichedig unter synthetische die ursprünglicheunder synthetische the original syntheticunder the unity original of syntheticjudge or be unity aware of of isjudge reiterated or be ataware the startof is ofreiterated §21.) The at thekey startpoints of Kant§21.) highlightsThe key points con- Kant highlights con- Einheit der Apperception,Einheit weil der durch Apperception,apperception, weil durch becauseapperception, only through becausecern only validity, through specifically:cern conditions validity, specifically: under which conditions integrated under cognitions which integratedcan have objective cognitions can have objective 660 diese die Einheit660 derdiese Anschauung die Einheit al- derthat Anschauung [unity] is the al- unitythat of the [unity] intuition is the unityreality of the (in intuitionthe sense of realitybeing (indirected the sense towards of being objects directed one can towards experience) objects and one can can be experience) objec- and can be objec- lein möglich ist (§ 17).lein Diejenige möglich Hand- ist (§ 17).possible Diejenige (§ 17). Hand- However,possible that (§ act 17). of However,tively valid that insofar act of as thesetively integratedvalid insofar cognitions as these are integrated now realised cognitions (in Tetens’ are now sense) realised in and (in by Tetens’ sense) in and by lung des Verstandes aber,lung desdurch Verstandes die das aber,the understandingdurch die das by thewhich understanding the man- bythis which particular the man- one nowthis judges particular to be onesuch-and-so. now judges Kant to recallsbe such-and-so. from §17 Kantthat any recalls sensory from in- §17 that any sensory in- Mannigfaltige gegebenerMannigfaltige Vorstellungen gegebenerifold Vorstellungen of given representationsifold of given (whe- representationstuition which (whe- can be ‘given’tuition orwhich presented can be to ‘given’ any humanly or presented possible to anyapperceptive humanly ‘Ipossible think’ re-apperceptive ‘I think’ re- (sie mögen Anschauungen(sie mögen oder BegriffeAnschauungenther oder intuitions Begriffe or ther concepts) intuitions is orquires concepts) necessarily is the quiressynthetic necessarily unity which the syntheticmakes possible unity whichsuch apperceptionmakes possible of suchany sen-apperception of any sen- 665 seyn) unter eine Apperception665 seyn) unter überhaupt eine Apperceptionbrought überhaupt under an apperceptionbrought under as an sorily apperception presented asmanifold.sorily Such presented unification manifold. and identificationSuch unification requires and identificationexercise of our requires basic exercise of our basic gebracht wird, ist die gebracht logische wird, Function ist die such, logische is the Function logical functionsuch, is of the judg- logical logicalfunction functions of judg- of judginglogical (§19). functions Exercising of judging these (§19). logical Exercising functions these of judging logical requires functions that of judging requires that der Urtheile (§ 19). Alsoder ist Urtheile alles Mannig- (§ 19). Alsoments ist alles (§ 19).Mannig- Therefore,ments everything (§ 19). Therefore,whatever everything is judged canwhatever be properly is judged (if approximately) can be properly classified (if approximately) under at least classified some of under our at least some of our faltige, so fern es in faltige, Einer empirischen so fern es in Einermanifold, empirischen so far as it manifold,is given in so one far as mostit is givenbasic incategories one most(§13). basicThus categories Kant’s conclusion (§13). Thus follows: Kant’s Any conclusion (sensory follows: or conceptual) Any (sensory or conceptual) Anschauung gegebenAnschauung ist, in Ansehung gegeben empirical ist, in Ansehung intuition, isempirical determined intuition, by manifold is determined of which by anyonemanifold (of ofus which human anyone beings) (of can us be human apperceptively beings) can aware be apperceptivelynecessarily aware necessarily 670 einer der logischen670 Functioneneiner der logischen zu ur- Functionenone of the logical zu ur- functionsone of ofthe judg- logical functionsconforms ofto judg-(or accordsconforms with) theto (orcategories. accords Thiswith) is the a conditionalcategories. Thisnecessity, is a conditionaland states anecessity, and states a theilen bestimmt, durchtheilen die bestimmt, es nämlich durchment, die by es which nämlich functionment, it canby which at all functiontranscendental it can at constraintall transcendental upon the integratability constraint upon of any the sensoryintegratability intuitions of anyand sensoryof any con-intuitions and of any con- zu einem Bewußtseynzu überhaupteinem Bewußtseyn ge- be broughtüberhaupt to ge-one consciousnessbe brought to as one ceptual consciousness classifications as ceptualwhich canclassifications be judged towhich indicate can befeatures judged of to any indicate particular features regarding of any particular regarding bracht wird. Nun sindbracht aber wird. die Cate- Nun sindsuch. aber However, die Cate- the categoriessuch. However, are noth- the whichcategories one are can noth- judge thatwhich it is one such-and-so can judge –that however it is such-and-so approximate – howeveror inaccurate approximate one’s judg- or inaccurate one’s judg- g orien nichts andresg orien als eben nichts diese andresing als other eben than diese preciselying otherthese func- than preciselyment may these be, func- and howeverment maylogically be, andor causally however contingent logically or may causally be the contingent relation of may the befea- the relation of the fea- 675 Functionen zu urtheilen,675 Functionen so fern zu das urtheilen,tions so of fern judgments, das tions so far of as judgments, the ture(s) so farascribed as theto the ture(s)particular ascribed which to exhibits the particular them. which exhibits them.

Mannigfaltige einer gegebenenMannigfaltige Anschau- einer gegebenenmanifold Anschau- of a given manifold intuition of is bea given intuition is be

ung in Ansehung ihrerung inbestimmt Ansehung ist ihrerdetermined bestimmt in ist their determined regard (§ 13). in their regard (§ 13). 52 52 53 53

52 53 (§ 13). Also steht auch(§ das 13). Mannigfaltige Also steht auchHence das Mannigfaltige also the manifoldHence in also a given the manifold in a given in einer gegebenen Anschauungin einer gegebenen noth- Anschauungintuition necessarily noth- intuition stands under necessarily stands under 680 wendig unter Categorien.680 wendig unter Categorien.[B144] categories. [B144] categories.

3.9 3.9 § 21. Anmerkung. § 21. Anmerkung. § 21. Remark. § 21. Remark. §21: Remark. §21: Remark. Ein Mannigfaltiges, dasEin in Mannigfaltiges, einer An- dasA manifold in einer An- which is A contained manifold in whichB 144 is contained(682–8): Kant in statesB144 concisely (682–8): his Kant conclusion states concisely to §20, histhough conclusion indicating to §20,here though that it per-indicating here that it per- schauung, die ich die meinigeschauung, nenne, die ich ent- die meinigean intuition nenne, which ent- I callan intuition my own, which is tains I call to my those own, cognitions is tains which to those one cognitionscan call one’s which own, one and can more call clearlyone’s own, indicating and more that theclearly indicating that the halten ist, wird durchhalten die Synthesis ist, wird des durch represented die Synthesis through des therepresented synthesis through of relevant the synthesis synthesis of of therelevant understanding synthesis –of the the conjoining understanding effected – the or conjoiningidentified in effected any judging or identified in any judging 685 Verstandes als zur685 nothwendigenVerstandes alsEinheit zur nothwendigenthe understanding Einheit as belongingthe understanding to the asof belonging any manifold to the cognitionsof any (whether manifold concepts cognitions or (whethersensory intuitions, concepts orincluding sensory sensory intuitions, pre- including sensory pre- des Selbstbewußtseynsdes gehörig Selbstbewußtseyns vorge- necessary gehörig unity vorge- of self-consciousness,necessary unity of self-consciousness,sentations) – is requiredsentations) for including – is requiredthis complex for including cognition this within complex the necessary cognition unity within of the necessary unity of stellt, und dieses geschiehtstellt, und durch dieses die geschiehtand this durch transpires die throughand this the transpires cate- self-consciousness. through the cate- Kant’sself-consciousness. claims here include Kant’s both claims the heresynthetic include and both the theanalytic synthetic unity andof the analytic unity of Categorie.* Categorie.* gory.* gory.* apperception by adroitlyapperception not mentioning by adroitly expressly not thismentioning pair of unities. expressly this pair of unities. * Der Beweisgrund beruht* Der auf Beweisgrund der vor- beruht* The aufground der of vor- proof* rests The groundupon the of proof rests upon the B144 (ll. 689–96): Kant’sB144 (footnoted (ll. 689–96): *) ground Kant’s of(footnoted proof for *) this ground conclusion of proof stresses for this both conclusion the stresses both the 690 gestellten Einheit690 dergestellten Anschauung, Einheit da- derrepresented Anschauung, unity da- ofrepresented the intuition unity of the intuition unitary representationunitary of some representation unified, hence of someintegrated, unified, sensory-intuitive hence integrated, manifold sensory-intuitive by manifold by durch ein Gegenstanddurch gegeben ein Gegenstand wird, through gegeben which wird, an objectthrough is which given, an object is given, which any object can whichbe presented any object (in sensationcan be presented or sensory (in sensationintuition), orwhere sensory this intuition),unitary where this unitary welche jederzeit eine Synthesiswelche jederzeit des Man- eine Synthesiswhich always des Man- containswhich a synthesis always ofcontains a synthesis of representation of that representationintegral, complex of that object-presentation, integral, complex as object-presentation, presented, is connected as presented, to is connected to nigfaltigen zu einer Anschauungnigfaltigen zu Gege- einer Anschauungthe manifold Gege- of somethingthe manifold given by of somethingunitary apperception given by –unitary where apperceptionthis unitary apperception – where this must unitary be apperceptionsynthetic, and must can (also)be synthetic, be and can (also) be benen in sich schließt,benen und in schon sich schließt, die an und intuition, schon and die thusan already intuition, con- and thusanalytic, already expressed con- by theanalytic, ‘I think expressed …’. by the ‘I think …’. 695 Beziehung dieses695 lezterenBeziehung auf Einheitdieses lezterentains the auf connection Einheit tains of this the latter connection to of this latter to der Apperception enthält.der Apperception enthält.the unity of apperception.the unity of apperception.B144 (ll. 697–703): Kant’sB144 conclusion (ll. 697–703): thus Kant’s shows conclusion that any (humanly thus shows possible) that any empirical (humanly con- possible) empirical con-

Diese zeigt also an: daßDiese das zeigt empiri- also an: Thus daß dasthis empiri-indicates thatThus the thisempiri- indicatessciousness that the empiri-of any manifoldsciousness presented of any within manifold a sensory presented intuition within is subjecta sensory both intuition to sensible is subject both to sensible

sche Bewußtseyn einessche gegebenen Bewußtseyn Man- einescal gegebenen consciousness Man- of acal given consciousness manifold ofand a given to intellectual manifold conditionsand to intellectual a priori, thus conditions achieving a the priori intended, thus achieving parallelism the ofintended the two parallelism of the two nigfaltigen einer Anschauungnigfaltigen eben einer so- Anschauungof an intuition eben so- standsof equallyan intuition well standsDeductions, equally one well of theDeductions, concepts ‘space’ one of and the ‘time’, concepts the other‘space’ of and the ‘time’, categories. the other of the categories. 700 wohl unter einem700 reinenwohl Selbstbewußt- unter einem reinenunder Selbstbewußt- one pure self-consciousnessunder one pure a self-consciousnessB144 (ll. 703–6): aThis Bresult144 ( ll.marks 703–6): the This‘beginning’ result marksof Kant’s the ‘beginning’Deduction of theKant’s categories, Deduction of the categories, seyn a priori, wie empirischeseyn a prioriAnschauung, wie empirischepriori, Anschauung as empirical intuitionpriori, as stands empirical which intuition is expressly stands assignedwhich to is §26 expressly (l. 714–25), assigned as is to also §26 reflected (l. 714–25), in the as titleis also to reflected§26, by appeal in the title to §26, by appeal unter einer reinen sinnlichen,unter einer die reinengleich- sinnlichen,under one die puregleich- sensibleunder [conscious- one pure sensibleto the result [conscious- restated hereto the from result §20 restated (l. 719). here from §20 (l. 719). a priori a priori falls Statt hat, fallsstehe. – Im obigenStatt hat, stehe.ness], –which Im obigen likewise ness],holds whicha priori .likewise – B144 holds (ll. a703–12): priori. – Kant’sB144 start (ll. on703–12): his Deduction Kant’s start indicates on his his Deduction key interest indicates in this hisDeduction, key interest in this Deduction, Satze ist also der AnfangSatze einer ist alsoD educ- der AnfangIn thiseiner proposition D educ- thusIn this begins proposition a de- that thus use begins of categories a de- thatis to usebe shownof categories necessary is to for be anyshown unity necessary contributed for anyby understanding unity contributed by understanding 705 tion der reinen 705 Verstandesbegriffetion der reinen ge- Verstandesbegriffeduction of the pure ge- conceptsduction of of the the pure within concepts intuition. of the This maywithin sound intuition. merely This like may comment sound about merely alleged like comment process, aboutbut his alleged express process, but his express macht, in welcher ich,macht, da die inCategorien welcher ich, understanding,da die Categorien in which,understanding, because the in which,contrast because between the the merecontrast subjective between validity the mere of psychologicalsubjective validity laws ofof psychologicalassociation, and laws the of association, and the unabhängig von Sinnlichkeitunabhängig bloß von imSinnlichkeitcategories bloß originate im independentlycategories originate of conceptual, independently judgmental of conceptual, conditions judgmental which alone conditions can provide which for alonethe possibility can provide of objectivefor the possibility of objective Verstande entspringen,Verstande noch von entspringen, der sensibility noch , von merely der in thesensibility understand-, merely invalidity the understand- (at the end of §19;validity B142, (at ll.the 634–50), end of §19;suggest B142, instead ll. 634–50), his concern suggest with instead the conditions his concern with the conditions Art, wie das MannigfaltigeArt, wie zu daseiner Mannigfaltige em- ing, Izu must einer stillem- abstracting, I from must the still abstractrequired fromfor any the (putative)required experiential for any judging(putative) which experiential can be objectively judging which valid. can be objectively valid. 710 pirischen Anschauung710 pirischen gegeben Anschauung werde, manner gegeben in which werde, the mannermanifold in towhich an the manifold to an abstrahiren muß, um nurabstrahiren auf die Einheit,muß, um nurempirical auf die intuitionEinheit, be empiricalgiven, in intuitionorder be given, in order die in die Anschauungdie vermittelst in die Anschauung der to attend vermittelst solely der to theto unity attend provided solely to the unity provided

54 54 55 55 54 55 Categorie durch denCategorie Verstand durch hinzu- den to Verstand the intuition hinzu- by the tocategory the intuition via the by theB145 category (ll. 714–25): via the If theB 145unity (ll. required 714–25): for If objectivelythe unity required valid (humanly for objectively possible) valid judgments (humanly can possible) judgments can kommt, zu sehen. Inkommt, der Folge zu sehen. (§ 26) Inunderstanding. der Folge (§ 26) In theunderstanding. sequel (§ 26) In be the shown sequel to (§be 26) exactlybe that shown form to of be unity exactly afforded that form by use of unityof the afforded categories by (peruse §20) of the in re-categories (per §20) in re- 715 wird aus der Art, 715wie wirdin der aus Sinnlichkeit der Art, wie shallin der beSinnlichkeit shown, by shall the manner be shown, in bygard the to mannersensory intuitions in gard of to particulars sensory intuitions presented of to particulars us within presentedsensation, to so us that within such sensation, use of so that such use of die empirische Anschauungdie empirische gegeben Anschauungwhich the gegebenempirical intuitionwhich the is givenempirical theintuition categories is given holds validthe ofcategories any and holds all objects valid weof anycan andsense all (and objects identify we can ourselves sense (and as sens- identify ourselves as sens- wird, gezeigt [B145] werden,wird, gezeigtdaß die [ BEin-145] werden,within daß sensibility, die Ein- thatwithin its unity sensibility, is ing), that thenits unity the Deduction is ing), succeeds. then the DeductionKant’s remark succeeds. here about Kant’s the remark categories here aboutprescribing the categories prescribing heit derselben keine andereheit derselben sei, als wel- keine anderenone other sei, als than wel- that nonewhich other the cate- than thatforms which of theunity cate- to any formsgiven intuitionsof unity to as any such given suggests intuitions the generative as such suggests sense of the ‘constitution generative sense of ‘constitution che die Categorie nachche dem die vorigen Categorie § 20 nachgory dem (accordingvorigen § 20 to thegory preceding, (according § to of the objects’ preceding, (above, § §2.15),of objects’ but this (above, may merely §2.15), be but a suggestive this may merelyconnotation be a suggestive of Kant’s connotationconcise of Kant’s concise 720 dem Mannigfaltigen720 dem einer Mannigfaltigen gegebenen 20) einer prescribes gegebenen to the20) manifold prescribes of a to theexpression. manifold Kant’s of a Deductionexpression. may Kant’s succeed Deduction by demonstrating may succeed conditions by demonstrating which must conditions be sat- which must be sat- Anschauung überhauptAnschauung vorschreibt, überhaupt und given vorschreibt, intuition und as such,given and intuition thus, in- as such,isfied and by anythus, particulars in- isfied we bycan any be particularsaware of via we sensation; can be aware i.e., Kant’sof via locutionsensation; concerning i.e., Kant’s locution concerning dadurch also, daß ihredadurch Gültigkeit also, a prioridaß ihresofar Gültigkeit as their a prioria priori validitysofar as in their regard a priori‘prescription’ validity in regard may only‘prescription’ indicate that may his Deductiononly indicate does that entail his Deduction constraints does upon entail those constraints par- upon those par- ticulars of which we canticulars be aware of which in sensory we can perception, be aware inthough sensory which perception, constraints though these which are, constraints these are, in Ansehung aller Gegenständein Ansehung unserer aller Gegenständeto all objects unserer of ourto senses all objects is thus of our senses is thus and whether anything andwe do whether sense satisfiesanything them, we do can sense remain satisfies issues them, for thecan Analyticremain issuesof Prin- for the Analytic of Prin- Sinne erklärt wird, dieSinne Absicht erklärt der wird, De- dieexplicated, Absicht derthat De- the aimexplicated, of the deduc- that the aim of the deduc- ciples. ciples. 725 duction allererst 725 völligduction erreicht allererst werden. völligtion erreicht is first werden. fully achieved.tion is first fully(…) achieved. (…) […] […] […] die Categorien […][…] sind die nur Categorien Regeln […](…) sind the nur categories Regeln are(…) only the rules categories for areB145–6 only ( rulesll. 727–48): for KantB145–6 reiterates (ll. 727–48): and elaborates Kant reiterates his dual and capacity elaborates account his dual of human capacity account of human für einen Verstand, dessenfür einen ganzes Verstand, Ver- dessenan understanding, ganzes Ver- thean entire understanding, capacity thecognisance: entire capacity understandingcognisance: and sensibility, understanding which andeach sensibility, make their which distinctive each makeprovisions, their distinctivebut provisions, but mögen im Denken besteht,mögen im d.i. Denken in der besteht,of which d.i. consists in der in of thinking, which i.e consists., in inwhich thinking, can only i.e., work in togetherwhich can for only any workhumanly together possible for anyapperceptive humanly thoughtpossible orapperceptive experience. thought or experience. 730 Handlung, die Synthesis730 Handlung, des Mannigfalti- die Synthesisthe des action Mannigfalti- of bringingthe the action synthesis of bringingKant’s the remarks synthesis all concernKant’s process remarks (subjective all concern deduction), process (subjective and highlight deduction), that his Deductionand highlight that his Deduction gen, welches ihm anderweitiggen, welches in der ihm An- anderweitigof the manifold,in der An- whichof the is otherwise manifold, whichappeals is otherwiseto some logicallyappeals contingent to some premises. logically This contingent entails premises. that he must This provide entails that credible he must provide credible schauung gegeben worden,schauung zur gegeben Einheit worden,provided zur in Einheit intuition, providedto the unity in intuition, of reasons to the to unity think of these reasonspremises to hold think true these of premisesus homo sapiens hold truesapientes of us. Kant homo does sapiens provide sapientes rea-. Kant does provide rea- der Apperception zuder bringen, Apperception der also zu apperception, bringen, der also which apperception, as such thus whichsons as for such his premises, thus sonsthough for nothis premises,in this paragraph. though notBy focussingin this paragraph. on necessary By focussing a priori for- on necessary a priori for- für sich gar nichts erkennt,für sich sondern gar nichts nur erkennt,knows sondern nothing, nur but ratherknows only nothing, com- but malrather conditions only com- for themal possibility conditions of human for the apperception, possibility of Kanthuman avoids apperception, one hopeless Kant conun- avoids one hopeless conun- drum of infallibilist globaldrum perceptualof infallibilist scepticism, global perceptualwhich purports scepticism, to require which demonstrating purports to require demonstrating 735 den Stoff zum Erkenntniß,735 den Stoff die Anschau-zum Erkenntniß,bines dieand Anschau- orders the matterbines and of cogni-orders the matter of cogni- our cognitive fitness forour any cognitive logically fitness possible for environment,any logically possibleto prove environment, we are cognitively to prove fit we are cognitively fit ung, die ihm durchsung, Object die ihm gegeben durchstion, Object intuition, gegeben which tion, must intuition, be given which must be given for our actual spatio-temporal,for our actual perceptible spatio-temporal, natural environs. perceptible Kant’s natural justification environs. for Kant’s his justification for his werden muß, verbindetwerden und ordnet. muß, verbindet Von to und it by ordnet. the object. Von However,to it by theno fur-object. However, no fur- claims about our formsclaims of judging about ourand formscategories of judging is in the and first categories chapter isof inthe the Analytic first chapter of of the Analytic of der Eigenthümlichkeitder unsers Eigenthümlichkeit Verstandes therunsers reason Verstandes can be providedther reason for canthe be provided for the Concepts; see Wolff (2017)Concepts; regarding see Wolff formal (2017) aspects regarding of judging. formal As aspectsfor Kant’s of judging.claim that As we for Kant’s claim that we aber, nur vermittelst deraber, Categorien nur vermittelst und derpeculiarity Categorien of ourund understanding,peculiarity of that our understanding, that can only think and judgecan onlyin connection think and with judge some in connection manifold presented with some by manifold sensibility presented (not by sensibility (not 740 [B146] nur gerade740 durch[B146] diese nur Art gerade und durchonly diese by the Art categories und only and by only the bycategoriesunderstanding), and only bySchellingunderstanding), tried to work Schelling out a purportedly tried to work human out accounta purportedly of a productively human account of a productively Zahl derselben EinheitZahl der derselbenApperception Einheitthis der kindApperception and numberthis of kind them and it ef- numberintuitive of them understanding, it ef- intuitive i.e., an understanding,understanding i.e.which, an createsunderstanding its own which(manifoldly creates character- its own (manifoldly character- a priori a priori zu Stande zu bringen, zu läßt Stande sich zu fects bringen, unity läßt of sich apperceptionfects unity a priori of , apperceptionised) object a of priori knowledge., ised) Hisobject attempt of knowledge. utterly fails His to attempt respond utterly to Pyrrhonian fails to respond scepticism, to Pyrrhonian as scepticism, as eben so wenig fernereben ein Grundso wenig ange- ferner than ein Grundfor why ange- we havethan just forthese why and we haveSchulze just these(1803) and made evidentSchulze by(1803) strictly made internal evident critique by strictly of Schelling’s internal critiqueproclaimed of Schelling’s ‘intellec- proclaimed ‘intellec- ben, als warum wir geradeben, alsdiese warum und kei-wir geradeno other diese functions und kei- of nojudging, other orfunctions why oftual judging, intuition’. or why tual intuition’. 745 ne andere Functionen745 ne zu andere Urtheilen Functionen ha- time zu Urtheilenand space ha-are thetime sole and forms space of are the sole forms of ben, oder warum Zeit ben,und oderRaum warum die ein- Zeit undour possibleRaum die intuition. ein- our possible intuition. zigen Formen unsererzigen möglichen Formen An- unserer möglichen An- schauung sind. schauung sind.

56 56 57 57 56 57 § 22. Die Categorie §hat 22. keinen Die Categorie andern 750 hat §keinen 22. The andern Category 750 has§ 22. no Theother Category Use 3.10has no§22: otherThe Use Category3.10 has§22: no otherThe CategoryUse for Cognition has no other of ThingsUse for than Cognition their Application of Things than their Application Gebrauch zum ErkenntnisseGebrauch der zum Erkenntnissefor Cognition der of Thingsfor than Cognition its of Things thanto itsObjects of Experience.to Objects of Experience. Dinge, als ihre AnwendungDinge, als auf ihre AnwendungApplication auf to ObjectsApplication of Ex- to Objects of Ex- B146 (ll. 753–68): KantB 146contrasts (ll. 753–68): thought Kant or thinking contrasts as thought such to orcognition, thinking here as such as successful to cognition, here as successful Gegenstände der Erfahrung.Gegenstände der Erfahrung.perience. perience. knowing of some particularknowing object of some (Gegenstand particular), by objectstressing (Gegenstand that any), such by stressing knowing that requires any such knowing requires Sich einen GegenstandSich denken einen undGegenstandTo think denken an object, und andTo to think know an an object,both and using to know some an (perhapsboth moreusing thansome one) (perhaps category more and than also one) some category sensory and intuition(s) also some by sensory intuition(s) by einen Gegenstand erkennen,einen Gegenstand ist also erkennen,object, are ist thus also notobject, one and are thethus notwhich one that and object the be ‘given’which or that presented object be to ‘given’ us. Note or howpresented Kant tostresses us. Note that how thought Kant as stresses such that thought as such 755 nicht einerlei. Zum755 Erkenntnissenicht einerlei. gehö- Zum Erkenntnissesame. Namely, gehö- to cognitionsame. Namely, belong to cannot cognition specify belong whethercannot any such specify object whether exists. any This such shows object that exists. Kant Thisdistinguishes shows that between Kant distinguishes between ren nämlich zwei Stücke:ren nämlich erstlich zwei der Stücke:two factors: erstlich first, der thetwo concept factors: by first, conceptual the concept intension by andconceptual any indicative intension (deictic) and any reference indicative which (deictic) can contribute reference towhich knowing; can contribute to knowing; Begriff, dadurch überhauptBegriff, ein dadurch Gegen- überhauptwhich an ein object Gegen- is at whichall thought an object (the is atboth all thoughtare required (the for any,both even are requiredputative forknowing any, even (i.e. , putativeboth are knowing necessary ( i.e.also, both to misattribu- are necessary also to misattribu- stand gedacht wird (diestand Categorie), gedacht wird und (diecategory), Categorie), and und second,category), the intuition and second,tion). the Once intuition both factorstion). are Once acknowledged both factors requirements are acknowledged for any requirements successful knowing, for any the successful knowing, the zweitens die Anschauung,zweitens dadurch die Anschauung, er through dadurch which thater objectthrough is which given; thatprospect object is of given; ‘ambiguousprospect descriptions’ of ‘ambiguous which may descriptions’ hold of indefinitely which may many hold particulars of indefinitely is many particulars is 760 gegeben wird; denn760 könntegegeben dem wird; Begriffe denn könntefor if demto the Begriffe concept forno correspond-if to the conceptshown no correspond- to be irrelevantshown to epistemology, to be irrelevant because to epistemology,only indicated particularsbecause only are indicated candidates particulars for are candidates for eine correspondirendeeine Anschauung correspondirende gar ing Anschauung intuition could gar be inggiven, intuition that con- could behuman given, (perceptual) that con- knowing.human (perceptual)Issues of (logically, knowing. i.e. Issues, numerically) of (logically, ‘ambiguous i.e., numerically) descriptions’ ‘ambiguous descriptions’ nicht gegeben werden,nicht so gegeben wäre er werden, ein cept so would wäre er be ein a thoughtcept would only for- be a thoughtarise by presuming only for- meaningarise by or presuming intension meaningcan fill a orrole intension it does notcan andfill acannot. role it doesThat notis the and cannot. That is the Gedanke der Form nach,Gedanke aber ohne der Form allen nach,mally, aber though ohne allen withoutmally, any object,though so withoutdefect, any inobject, principle, so of defect,‘descriptions in principle, theories of of‘descriptions reference’ andtheories of Russell’s of reference’ ‘knowledge and of [sole- Russell’s ‘knowledge [sole- Gegenstand und durchGegenstand ihn gar keine und Er- durchthat ihn throughgar keine it Er- altogetherthat through no cogni- it altogetherly] by description’, no cogni- whichly] by persists description’, through which Quine’s persists attempts through to banish Quine’s singular attempts referring to banish singular referring 765 kenntniß von irgend765 einemkenntniß Dinge von mög-irgend einemtion of Dinge any thing mög- whatevertion of would any thing be whateverphrases. would be phrases. lich, weil es, so viel lich, ich wüßte, weil es, nichts so viel possible, ich wüßte, because nichts so possible, far as I wouldbecause so far as I would gäbe, noch geben könnte,gäbe, woraufnoch geben mein könnte,know, worauf nothing mein wouldknow, be given, nothing nor would be given, nor Gedanke angewandt werdenGedanke könne. angewandt Nun werdencould bekönne. given, Nun to whichcould my be thought given, to whichB146 (myll. 768–75): thought KantB 146appeals (ll. 768–75): to his finding Kant appealsin the Tr. to Aesth.,his finding that inhuman the Tr. beings Aesth., can that only human beings can only ist alle uns mögliche ist Anschauung alle uns mögliche sinn- could Anschauung be applied. sinn- Now,could all be intuition applied. Now,have sensory all intuition intuition;have i.e. , sensory particulars intuition; can only i.e. , be particulars presented can or only ‘given’ be to presented us by sensory or ‘given’ to us by sensory channels. Consequentlychannels. any thought Consequently of any object any thoughtas such canof any only object contribute as such to can knowledge only contribute to knowledge 770 lich (Ästhetik), also770 lich kann (Ästhetik), das Denken also kannpossible das for Denken us is sensiblepossible (Aesthetic); for us is sensible (Aesthetic); insofar as this thoughtinsofar is connected as this to thought (i.e., used is connected in connection to (i.e. with), used some in connection object we sense.with) some object we sense. eines Gegenstandes eines überhaupt Gegenstandes durch therefore überhaupt the durch thinkingtherefore of an object the thinkingas of an object as einen reinen Verstandesbegriffeinen reinen bey Verstandesbegriff uns such by a pure bey unsconceptsuch of theby aunder- pure concept of the under- nur Erkenntniß werden,nur soErkenntniß fern dieser werden,standing so fern can dieser for us standing only become can for a us only become a auf Gegenstände derauf Sinne Gegenstände bezogen dercognition Sinne bezogenin so far as cognitionthis category in so is far as this category is 775 wird. Sinnliche 775[B147]wird. Anschauung Sinnliche ist[B147]connected Anschauung to objects ist connected of the senses. to objectsB146–7 of the (ll. senses. 775–97): KantB146–7 remarks (ll. 775–97): on his Kant account remarks of mathematics, on his account which of concerns mathematics, con- which concerns con- entweder reine Anschauungentweder (Raum reine und AnschauungSensible (Raum intuition und is eitherSensible pure intuition intu- isstructing either pure forms intu- (arithmeticalstructing or geometricalforms (arithmetical forms) orwithin geometrical our pure forms) a priori within formal our intuitions pure a priori formal intuitions Zeit) oder empirische Zeit)Anschauung oder empirische desje- Anschauungition (space desje- and time)ition or (space empirical and time)of space or empirical and of time.of Such space mathematical and of time. constructions Such mathematical do not constructionssuffice to prove do that not theysuffice to prove that they nigen, was im Raum nigen, und der was Zeit im un-Raum intuition und der ofZeit whatever un- intuition is represented of whateverhave is any represented actual instanceshave amongst any actual spatio-temporal instances amongst particulars. spatio-temporal particulars. mittelbar als wirklich,mittelbar durch Empfin-als wirklich,immediately durch Empfin- by sensationimmediately within by sensationB147 (ll. 777–80): within ImportantB147 ( ll.to 777–80):Kant’s account Important of empirical to Kant’s knowledge account of is empirical the second knowledge kind of is the second kind of 780 dung, vorgestellt 780 wird.dung, Durch vorgestellt Bestim- wird.space Durch and Bestim- time as actual.space By and deter- time as sensory actual. intuition(s), By deter- namely:sensory empirical intuition(s), intuition(s) namely: of empirical whatever intuition(s) is presented of whateverwithin space is presented and within space and mung der ersteren könnenmung wirder Erkennt-ersteren könnenmining wir the Erkennt- former, wemining can obtain the former, a time we canby sensation obtain a as actualtime. Thisby sensation point Kant as actual picks. Thisup directly point Kantfollowing picks his up remarksdirectly onfollowing space, his remarks on space, nisse a priori von Gegenständennisse a priori (in von der Gegenständenpriori cognitions (in der of objectspriori (incognitions mathe- of objectstime and (in mathematics. mathe- time and mathematics. Mathematik) bekommen,Mathematik) aber nur bekommen, ihrer matics), aber but nur only ihrer accordingmatics), to but their only according to their Form nach als Erscheinungen;Form nach ob als es Erscheinungen;form as appearances; ob es form whether as appearances; things whether things

58 58 59 59 58 59 785 Dinge geben könne,785 dieDinge in dieser geben Form könne, diecould in dieser be given Form whichcould must be be given intu- whichB147 must (ll. 793–7): be intu- Kant Bremarks147 (ll. 793–7):that things Kant (here: remarks Dinge) thatwithin things space (here: and time Dinge are) withinonly givenspace and(pre- time are only given (pre- angeschaut werden müssen,angeschaut bleibt werden doch müssen,ited in bleibtsuch a doch form, thusited inremains such aof form,sented) thus remains to us insofar of assented) they areto us perceived, insofar as hence they insofarare perceived, as they henceare (re)presented insofar as theyin con- are (re)presented in con- dabey noch unausgemacht.dabey Folglichnoch unausgemacht. sind course Folglich still undetermined.sind course stillConse- undetermined.junction with Conse- sensation(s)junction by specifically with sensation(s) empirical by representations specifically empirical (in contrast representations to pure a priori(in contrast to pure a priori alle mathematische alle Begriffe mathematische für sich Begriffequently all für mathematical sich quently concepts all mathematical as representations, concepts aswhetherrepresentations, thoughts or formal whether intuitions thoughts = orspace, formal time intuitions as such). = space, time as such). nicht Erkenntnisse, außernicht soErkenntnisse, fern man außersuch soare fernnot cognitions, man such except are not inso- cognitions, except inso- 790 voraussetzt, daß es790 Dingevoraussetzt, giebt, die daß sich es Dingefar asgiebt, one diepresupposes sich far that as onethere presupposes be that there be nur der Form jener nur reinen der sinnlichen Form jener such reinen things sinnlichen which cansuch only things be pre- which can only be pre- Anschauung gemäß unsAnschauung darstellen gemäßlaßen. unssented darstellen to us laßen. in accordsented with to those us in accordB147 (797–805): with those KantB completes147 (797–805): his remark Kant completes on the use his of remark mathematical on the constructions use of mathematical in constructions in Dinge im Raum undDinge der Zeitim Raum wer- undforms. der Zeit However, wer- thingsforms. in space However, and thingsactual inempirical space and knowledgeactual asempirical expected, knowledge that any categoriesas expected, used that in any connection categories with used those in connection with those den aber nur gegeben,den so fernaber sienur Wahr- gegeben, timeso fernare onlysie Wahr- given insofartime are as theyonly aregiven insofarconstructions, as they andare alsoconstructions, these constructions and also themselves, these constructions only afford themselves, empirical knowledge only afford inso- empirical knowledge inso- 795 nehmungen (mit 795 Empfindungnehmungen begleitete (mit Empfindungperceptions begleitete (representationsperceptions accom- (representationsfar as they accom-can be appliedfar asto theyempirical can be intuitions applied toof empiricalactual, localised, intuitions deictically of actual, demonstrated localised, deictically demonstrated Vorstellungen) sind,Vorstellungen) mithin durch sind,panied mithin by sensation), durch panied hence bythrough sensation),(indicated) hence through spatio-temporal(indicated) particulars spatio-temporal (ll. 801–4). particulars (ll. 801–4). empirische Vorstellung.empirische Folglich Vorstellung. ver- empirical Folglich representation. ver- empirical Conse- representation. Conse- B147 (ll. 805–11): KantB 147now ( ll.expressly 805–11): draws Kant thenow conclusion expressly thatdraws the the categories conclusion can that provide the categories can provide schaffen die reinen Verstandesbegriffe,schaffen die reinen Verstandesbegriffe,quently, the pure conceptsquently, of the the pure concepts of the knowledge only by theirknowledge possible onlyapplication(s) by their possible to empirical application(s) intuition; toso empiricalthat they intuition;only serve so that they only serve selbst wenn sie auf Anschauungenselbst wenn sie a prio- auf Anschauungen a prio- understanding, even understanding, if they are ap- eventhe if possibility they are of ap- empiricalthe knowingpossibility – whether of empirical mathematicised knowing – whether or (merely) mathematicised classificatory, or (merely)which classificatory, which ri ri 800 (wie in der Mathematik)800 (wie in angewandt der Mathematik)plied to angewandta priori intuitionsplied (as to in a math-priori intuitionsmay include (as in math-classifyingmay relations, include such classifying as causal relations, relations such or natural as causal kinds. relations If Modern or natural readers kinds. If Modern readers werden, nur so fern Erkenntniß,werden, nur als so die-fern Erkenntniß,ematics), only als die- afford ematics), cognition only inso- affordfind cognition Kant’s argument inso- needlesslyfind Kant’s explicit, argument it isneedlessly because weexplicit, have longit is becauseago given we up have on along priori ago given up on a priori se, mithin auch die se, Verstandesbegriffe mithin auch die Verstandesbegriffefar as these [mathematicalfar as these applica- [mathematicalmetaphysics. applica- Or have we?metaphysics. Contemporary Or have ‘modal we? Contemporarymetaphysics’ such ‘modal as David metaphysics’ Lewis’ possiblesuch as David Lewis’ possible vermittelst ihrer aufvermittelst empirische ihrer An- auf tions], empirische hence by An- that tions], mediation hence also by thatworlds mediation are at most also explicationsworlds are of at various most explications intensions, that of is,various explications intensions of, that the is,contents explications and of the contents and schauungen angewandtschauungen werden können. angewandtthe werden concepts können. of the the understanding, concepts of thelogical understanding, implications oflogical concepts. implications These do of not concepts. automatically These do provide not automatically any ontology, provide no any ontology, no 805 Folglich liefern uns805 dieFolglich Categorien liefern ver- uns diecan Categorien be applied ver-to empiricalcan be intuitions. applied to empiricalmetaphysics, intuitions. no modelsmetaphysics,; only partial nodescriptions models; only without partial reference descriptions to any without identifiable reference partic- to any identifiable partic- mittelst der Anschauungmittelst auch der keine Anschauung Er- Consequently auch keine alsoEr- theConsequently categories pro- also theulars categories instantiating pro- them;ulars all theseinstantiating possible them; instances all these are merepossible suppositions. instances are mere suppositions. kenntniß von Dingen,kenntniß als nur durch von Dingen, ihre videals nur us nodurch cognition ihre ofvide things, us no except cognition of things, except B147 (ll. 805–14): KantB 147(here) (ll. equates805–14): empirical Kant (here) knowledge equates with empirical experience. knowledge One maywith demurexperience. One may demur mögliche Anwendungmögliche auf empirische Anwendungsolely auf through empirische their possiblesolely through applica- their possible applica- at this equation, as muchat this of equation,human experience as much of may human involve experience partial ignorance, may involve conjecture, partial ignorance, conjecture, Anschauung, d.i. sieAnschauung, dienen nur zur d.i. sietion dienen to empirical nur zur intuitiontion , to i.e. empirical, they intuition, i.e., they expectation, action, inquiryexpectation, and even action, discovery. inquiry However, and even Kant’s discovery. point However, here concern Kant’s catego- point here concern catego- 810 Möglichkeit empirischer810 Möglichkeit Erkennt- empirischeronly serve Erkennt- the possibilityonly of serve empirical the possibility of empirical ries and their possible legitimateries and their (valid) possible roles legitimatein human (valid)knowledge. roles inFor human this purpose, knowledge. Kant’s For this purpose, Kant’s niß. Diese aber heißtniß. Erfahrung. Diese aber Folg- heißtcognition Erfahrung.. However, Folg- thiscognition is called. However, expe- this is called expe- equation of human experienceequation of with human knowledge experience is harmless; with knowledge his key point is harmless; stands: hisWe key can point stands: We can lich haben die Categorienlich haben keinen die ande- Categorienrience. keinen Hence ande- the categoriesrience. Hencehave no the categoriesonly use thehave categories no only in genuine, use the legitimate,categories invalid genuine, (accurate, legitimate, justified) valid knowledge (accurate, insofar justified) as knowledge insofar as ren Gebrauch zum ren Erkenntnisse Gebrauch der zum other Erkenntnisse use for der cognitionother of use things, for cognitionthis (prospective, of things, possible)this (prospective,knowledge is possible) experiential knowledge, or empirical is experiential knowledge., or empirical knowledge. Dinge, als nur [B148] Dinge, so fern als diese nur als[B148] except so fern insofar diese as als theseexcept are assumed insofar as these are assumed 815 Gegenstände 815 möglicherGegenstände Erfah- möglicherto be objects Erfah- of possible experienceto be objects. of possibleB experience147–8 (ll.. 811–6): KantB147–8 provisionally (ll. 811–6): draws Kant his provisionally key conclusion: draws Our his sole key humanlyconclusion: possible Our sole humanly possible rung angenommen werden.rung angenommen werden. use of the categories foruse knowing of the categories things (Dinge for )knowing is in ascriptive things (referenceDinge) is into ascriptivethings as objectsreference to things as objects (Gegenstände) of possible(Gegenstände experience.) of Kant’s possible conclusion experience. is provisionalKant’s conclusion insofar isas provisionalthis §22 is insofar as this §22 is preliminary, preparing preliminary,for §26, and preparing insofar as for his §26, next and untitled insofar § explicates as his next the untitled philosophical § explicates the philosophical importance of this preliminaryimportance conclusion. of this preliminary conclusion.

60 60 61 61

60 61 § 23. [Ohne Überschrift]§ 23. [Ohne Überschrift]§ 23. [untitled] § 23. [untitled] 3.11 §23: [untitled]3.11 §23: [untitled] Der obige Satz ist Dervon obigeder größtenSatz is t Thevon aboveder größten proposition The is above of utmost propositionB148 is (ll. of 818–25) utmost: KantB148’s provision (ll. 818–25)al conclusion: Kant’s provision is ‘of theal highestconclusion importance is ‘of the’, becausehighest itimportance ’, because it Wichtigkeit; denn er Wichtigkeit; bestimmt ebensodenn er importance; bestimmt ebenso for it equallyimportance; well deter- for it equallyspecifies well (bestimmt deter-) thespecifies limits of ( bestimmtour possible) the validlimits use of ourof categorie possibles validin regard use of to categorie objects, sex- in regard to objects, ex- 820 wohl die Grenzen820 deswohl Gebrauchs die Grenzen der desmines Gebrauchs the limits der of mines the use the of limits the ofactly the as use the ofTr .the Aesth.actly specifie as thes the Tr limit. Aesths of. specifiethe uses of the the limit pures of form the ofuse our of thesensory pure intu- form of our sensory intu- reinen Verstandesbegriffereinen in Verstandesbegriffe Ansehung pure in concepts Ansehung of thepure understanding concepts of theition understanding (receptivity). Hereition is an (receptivity) instance of. HereKant ’sis chronican instance fluidity of Kant regarding’s chronic human fluidity sensibility. regarding human sensibility. der Gegenstände, als dieder transscendenta-Gegenstände, als diein transscendenta- regard to objects, in as regard [in their to re- objects,He as h as [in the their resource re- s toHe make has theimportant resource, specifics to make distinctions, important and, specific often distinctions, does so, yet andhe also often does so, yet he also le Ästhetik die Grenzenle Ästhetik des Gebrauchs die Grenzengard] des the Gebrauchs Aesthetic determinedgard] the Aesthetic the often determined conflate s thethe followingoften conflate. Takings the‘FORM following’ as any. Takingcondition ‘FORM which’ as allowany conditions items to whichbe or- allows items to be or-

der reinen Form unsererder reinensinnlichen Form An- unsererlimits sinnlichen of the use An- of thelimits pure of form the useof of deredthe pure, and form ‘MATTER of ’ asdered whatever, and ‘MATTERis conditioned’ as whatever by a form is conditioned, so that it can by abe form ordered, so ,that Kant it can be ordered, Kant

825 schauung bestimmte.825 schauung Raum und bestimmte. Zeit our Raum sensible und intuition. Zeit ourSpace sensible and time intuition.distinguishes Space and time two sensedistinguishess of ‘form oftwo intuition’ senses ,of also ‘form ‘form ofal intuition’ intuition, ’also and ‘form two al sense intuitions of ’ and two senses of gelten als Bedingungengelten der Möglichkeit,als Bedingungencount der Möglichkeit,as conditions ofcount the possibilityas conditions‘form of the o fpossibility sensibility’: ‘form of sensibility’: wie uns Gegenständewie gegeben uns Gegenstände werden of gegeben how objects werden can beof given how objects us, no can beForm given of us, Intuition: no (a) Forma ‘form of ofIntuition: intuiting’: (a) aa formal‘form offeature intuiting’: of some a formal mode feature of intuiting; of some mode of intuiting; können, nicht weiter alskönnen, für Gegenstände nicht weiter alsfurther für Gegenstände than as objectsfurther of the than senses, as objects of (theb) a senses,‘form of an intuited’:(b) a a ‘form formal of feature an intuited’: of something a formal so feature intuited. of something so intuited. der Sinne, mithin nurder der Sinne, Erfahrung. mithin nurhence der of Erfahrung. experience.hence Beyond of theseexperience. Formal Beyond Intuition: these a sensibleFormal intuition, Intuition: the a sensiblecharacter intuition, of which the depends character solely of which upon the depends solely upon the 830 Über diese Grenzen830 Über hinaus diese stellen Grenzen sie limits hinaus they stellen represent sie limits nothing they at represent all; nothingform atof the all; mode of intuiting,form of theand mode not upon of intuiting, particular and objects not upon given particular within that objects form given within that form gar nichts vor; denn siegar sindnichts nur vor; in dendenn siefor sind they nur are in onlyden in for the they senses are and only in the of senses intuiting. and of intuiting. Sinnen und haben außerSinnen ihnen und habenkeine außerotherwise ihnen have keine no actuality.otherwise The have pure no actuality.Form The of Sensibility: pure (iForm) a ‘form of Sensibility:of receptivity’, (i) a or ‘form a form of receptivity’,of sensibly intuiting;or a form ( iiof) asensibly form intuiting; (ii) a form Wirklichkeit. Die reinenWirklichkeit. Verstandesbe- Die reinenconcepts Verstandesbe- of the understandingconcepts of are the understandingof particulars are qua sensiblyof particulars intuited. (Allison qua sensibly 1983, intuited. 6–7, 96–7; (Allison Paton 1983, 1936, 6–7, 1:101 96–7;ff.) Paton 1936, 1:101ff.) griffe sind von dieser griffeEinschränkung sind von dieserfrei Einschränkungfree of this restriction, frei free and of extend this restriction, to The andparallel extend Kant to requiresThe betweenparallel Kant the Deductionrequires between of the Categoriesthe Deduction and ofthat the regarding Categories space and that regarding space 835 und erstrecken sich835 aufund Gegenstände erstrecken sichder aufobjects Gegenstände of intuition der asobjects such, of regard- intuitionand as time such, concerns regard- theand a priori time concepts concerns ‘space’ the and a priori ‘time’, concepts which ‘space’ likewise and can‘time’, only which be used likewise by us can only be used by us Anschauung überhaupt,Anschauung sie mag der überhaupt, uns- less sie of mag whether der uns- it be likeless ours,of whether if only it belegitimately like ours, inif onlyconnectionlegitimately with localising in connection sensed particularswith localising by delimiting sensed particulars (if approximately) by delimiting the (if approximately) the rigen ähnlich seyn oderrigen nicht, ähnlich wenn seyn sie oderit nicht, be sensible wenn sie and notit be intellectual. sensible andregions not intellectual. they occupy duringregions those they periods occupy of during time in those which periods we perceive of time (or in measure)which we them. perceive (or measure) them. nur sinnlich und nichtnur intellectuell sinnlich und ist. nichtThis intellectuell further extension ist. This of further concepts extensionKant of conceptshere states that spaceKant hereand timestates (as that such) space only and pertain time (asto objectssuch) only we canpertain sense, to objectsbe- we can sense, be- Diese weitere AusdehnungDiese derweitere Begriffe, Ausdehnungbeyond der our Begriffe, sensible beyond intuition, our how- sensiblecause intuition, they are how- (nothingcause but) theyconditions are (nothing of our but) possibly conditions being ofpresented our possibly with particularsbeing presented we with particulars we 840 über unsere sinnliche840 über Anschauung unsere sinnliche hin- ever, Anschauung helps us hin-not at all.ever, For helps they us are not atcan all. sense. For they That are is Kant’scan sense.transcendental That is Kant’sidealism. transcendental Even setting idealism. that aside, Even Kant’s setting subordi- that aside, Kant’s subordi- aus, hilft uns aber zuaus, nichts. hilft Dennuns aber es zuthen nichts. empty Denn concepts es then of objects, empty concepts re- nate of claims objects, hold: re- We cannate only claims sense hold: spatio-temporal We can only senseparticulars, spatio-temporal and we can particulars, only use theand a we can only use the a sind alsdann leere Begriffesind alsdann von Objec- leere Begriffegarding von which Objec- [objects],garding whether which they [objects],priori whether concepts they ‘space’ priori and ‘time’ concepts in (referential)‘space’ and connection ‘time’ in (referential) to sensed connection particulars. toOnly sensed in particulars. Only in ten, von denen, ob sieten, nur von einmal denen, mög- ob sieeven nur beeinmal possible mög- or not,even we be cannot possible at or connectionnot, we cannot with at particularsconnection sensed with within particulars space and sensed time within can we space specify and any time actuality can we (ll. specify any actuality (ll. lich sind oder nicht, wirlich durch sind oder jene nicht, gar wirall judge durch by jene those gar concepts,all judge which by those are concepts,832–3), whetherwhich are of particulars832–3), whetherthemselves, of particulars or of spatial themselves, or temporal or featuresof spatial or or structures. temporal features or structures. 845 845 nicht urtheilen können,nicht bloße urtheilen Gedan- können,[in this bloße case] Gedan- mere forms[in this of thoughtcase] mere formsB148 ( ll.of 833–8): thought Kant Bcontrasts148 (ll. 833–8): the categories Kant contrasts to (the concepts the categories of) space to (the and concepts time, indicating of) space and time, indicating kenformen ohne objectivekenformen Realität, ohne weil objectivelacking Realität, objective weil reality,lacking because objective we reality,that, at because least in weprinciple,that, our at leastcategories in principle, can hold our for categories any kind canof form hold offor sensory any kind intuiting, of form of sensory intuiting, wir keine Anschauungwir zur keine Hand Anschauung haben, have zur Hand at hand haben, no intuitionhave at to hand which no intuitioni.e., for any to way which in whichi.e., forparticulars any way may in whichbe made particulars available may by sensingbe made to available a judging by intellect sensing to a judging intellect auf welche die synthetischeauf welche Einheit die dersynthetischethe synthetic Einheit unity der ofthe apperception, synthetic unity (understanding). of apperception, This expansive(understanding). scope (Thiserstecken expansive, l. 835) scopeis a function (erstecken of, l.their 835) conceptual is a function con- of their conceptual con- Apperception, die jeneApperception, allein enthalten, die jenewhich allein contains enthalten, only thosewhich concepts, contains onlytent those or intension concepts, (only).tent or intension (only). 850 angewandt werden,850 undangewandt sie so einen werden, Ge- undcan sie beso applied,einen Ge- so thatcan bethey applied, could so that they could B148–9 (ll. 839–54): KantB148–9 underscores (ll. 839–54): his anti-rationalistKant underscores point his that, anti-rationalist although the point (semantic) that, although the (semantic) genstand bestimmengenstand [B149] könnten. bestimmen determine[B149] könnten. (specify) anydetermine object. Only(specify) any object. Only scope or intension of thescope categories or intension is much of the greater categories than theis much domain greater of possible than the objects domain of of possible objects of Unsere sinnliche undUnsere empirische sinnliche An- undour empirische sensible and An- empiricalour sensible intuition and empirical intuition 63 63 62 62 62 63 schauung kann ihnenschauung allein Sinn kann und ihnencan allein provide Sinn [those und concepts]can provide sense [thosesensory concepts] intuition sense (sensorysensory presentation) intuition (sensoryof particulars, presentation) this extra of scopeparticulars, is to thisus cognitively extra scope is to us cognitively Bedeutung verschaffen.Bedeutung verschaffen.and significance. and significance. useless, precisely becauseuseless, we cannotprecisely identify because any we non-spatio-temporal cannot identify any particularsnon-spatio-temporal to which particulars to which 855 Nimmt man 855 also einNimmt Object man einer also einThus Object if one einerassumes anThus object if one of assumesa this anextra object scope of ora intensionthis extra can scope possibly or intension pertain, incan any possibly specifiable, pertain, cognitively in any specifiable, valid way. cognitively valid way. nicht-sinnlichen Anschauungnicht-sinnlichen als gegeben Anschauungnon-sensible als gegeben intuitionnon-sensible to be given, intuitionWe can to beonly given, use categoriesWe can in onlyknowledge use categories by subsuming in knowledge particulars by subsumingunder concepts particulars within under concepts within an, so kann man es freilichan, so durch kann manalle die es freilichone candurch admittedly alle die representone can admittedly by all (prospective, represent by candidate) all (prospective, cognitive judgments. candidate) Subsumablecognitive judgments. particulars Subsumable can only be particulars presented can only be presented Prädicate vorstellen, Prädicate die schon vorstellen, in der those die schon predicates in der alreadythose involved predicates in alreadyto us in involved and through in sensoryto us in intuition; and through we can sensory only intuition;localise and we identify can only particulars localise and as candi-identify particulars as candi- Voraussetzung liegen,Voraussetzung daß ihm n ichts liegen, the daß assumption, ihm n ichts i.e. thatthe nothing assumption, belong- i.e. datethat subjectsnothing belong- of our cognitivedate subjects judgment(s) of our cognitivewithin sensory judgment(s) experience, within which sensory is spatio-tem-experience, which is spatio-tem- 860 zur sinnlichen860 Anschauungzur sinnlichen Ge- Anschauunging to sensible Ge- intuition ing pertains to sensible to it: intuitionporal. pertains This is to fundamental it: poral. to This the iscognitive fundamental structure to the of cognitivethe human structure condition. of the(This human point condition. (This point höriges zukomme: höriges also, daß zukomme: es nicht also,hence daß it is esnot nicht extendedhence or locatedit is not in extendedholds or independently located in ofholds transcendental independently idealism, of transcendental and of (non-)Euclidean idealism, and spaces; of (non-)Euclidean see §4.) spaces; see §4.) ausgedehnt, oder im Raumeausgedehnt, sei, daß oder die im Raumespace, thatsei, daßits durationdie space, would that not its be durationB149 would (ll. 852–4): not be Our categoriesB149 (ll. 852–4): can only Our be categories provided cansense only and be significance provided senseby our and sensory significance by our sensory Dauer desselben keineDauer Zeit desselben sei, daß in keineany Zeit time, sei, that daß within in any it no time, alteration that withinand it empirical no alteration intuition(s).and empiricalThese key intuition(s). terms were Thesemade keyfamous terms (to were Anglophones) made famous by Frege:(to Anglophones) by Frege: ihm keine Veränderungihm (Folge keine der Veränderung Be- (succession (Folge der of Be- determinations(succession of in determinationssense and meaning in or sensereference. and meaningKant’s explication or reference. of ourKant’s concepts explication and their of our possibly concepts valid and their possibly valid 865 stimmungen in 865 der stimmungen Zeit) angetroffen in der time) Zeit) is angetroffen to be found,time) etc. However, is to be found,cognitive etc. However, use does makecognitive Frege’s use points does (so make far Frege’sas these points pertain (so to farempirical as these knowledge), pertain to empiricalyet knowledge), yet werde, usw. Allein daswerde, ist doch usw. kein Allein ei- dasthat ist is doch no proper kein ei- cognition,that is ifno I propermere- cognition,more emphatically if I mere- in morethe Schematism: emphatically Only in the as connectedSchematism: or Onlyreferred as connectedto sensed objectsor referred do to sensed objects do gentliches Erkenntnis,gentliches wenn ich Erkenntnis,bloß an- lywenn indicate ich bloß how an- the intuitionly indicate of how the theconcepts intuition have of theBedeutungconcepts (B185–7). have The Bedeutung specific ( B‘sense185–7). and The significance’ specific ‘sense which and must significance’ be sup- which must be sup- zeige, wie die Anschauungzeige, wie des die Objects Anschauungobject desis not Objects, without beingobject able is not to, withoutsay plied being to able the tocategories say pliedis their to morethe categories specific intensionis their moreby which specific alone intension they can by pertainwhich aloneto fea- they can pertain to fea- nicht sei, ohne sagennicht zu können, sei, ohne was sagenanything zu können, about was what anything then that about intu- whattures then of thatparticulars intu- localisedtures of and particulars discriminated localised within and space discriminated and time. within (This spaceis the andtopic time. of (This is the topic of 870 in ihr denn enthalten870 in sei; ihr denn denn alsdenn enthalten ition sei; denn may contain; alsdenn forition in this may case contain; I forthe Schematism.) in this case IThe thespecific, Schematism.) fully-fledged The cognitivespecific, ‘sense fully-fledged and significance’ cognitive ‘sense of the and categories significance’ of the categories habe ich gar nicht die habeMöglichkeit ich gar einesnicht die Möglichkeithave not at eines all representedhave not the at pos- all representedrequired forthe empirical pos- required knowledge for is empirical supplied knowledge to the (schematised) is supplied categories to the (schematised) by referring categories by referring Objects zu meinem Objectsreinen Verstandes- zu meinem reinensibility Verstandes- of an object forsibility my pure of an con- object forthem my to purespatio-temporally con- them localisedto spatio-temporally particulars we localised discriminate particulars and identify we discriminate within (spatio- and identify within (spatio- begriff vorgestellt, weilbegriff ich vorgestellt, keine An- weilcept ich of keinethe understanding, An- cept of because the understanding, I temporal) because experience; I thistemporal) is the topicexperience; of Kant’s this ‘Systemis the topic of Principles’, of Kant’s ‘Systemboth topics of Principles’, belong to both topics belong to schauung habe gebenschauung können, habe die ihm geben have können, not been die ihmable to haveassign not any been intu- able toKant’s assign ‘Analytic any intu- of Principles’.Kant’s ‘Analytic My disambiguation of Principles’. of My Kant’s disambiguation distinctions of regarding Kant’s distinctionsspace, regarding space, time and forms of intuitingtime and may forms suggest of intuitingthat the conceptsmay suggest ‘space’ that and the ‘time’ concepts might ‘space’ then andalso ‘time’ might then also 875 korrespondierte, 875 sondernkorrespondierte, nur sagen sondernition which nur would sagen correspondition which to wouldit; I correspond to it; I have a broader scope (orhave a lessa broader specific scope intension) (or a less than specific required intension) for using than these required a priori for con- using these a priori con- konnte, daß die unsrigekonnte, nicht daß für die ihn unsrigecould nicht only für say ihn that incould its regard only say our that in its regard our cepts (only) in connectioncepts with (only) our in humanconnection forms with of sensory our human receptivity. forms ofThis sensory is correct, receptivity. yet This is correct, yet gelte. Aber das Vornehmstegelte. Aber ist hier, das daßVornehmsteintuition ist hier, is invalid. daß Aboveintuition all is how- invalid. Above all how- cognitively useless to cognitively us (with regard useless to to particulars) us (with regardfor the to same particulars) reasons for as the the broader same reasons as the broader auf ein solches Etwasauf auch ein nicht solches einmal Etwas everauch thenicht key einmal point hereever is the that, key to point here is that, to scope, i.e. less specific scope,intension, i.e. less of anyspecific of the intension, categories of (see any §4).of the Kant categories suggests (see (just §4). below) Kant suggests (just below) eine einzige Categorie eineangewandt einzige werdenCategorie angewandtsuch a something werden notsuch a single a something cate- not a single cate- he agrees, at least regardinghe agrees, the conceptat least regarding‘time’: If wethe assumeconcept (for ‘time’: the Ifsake we of assume discussion) (for the an sake of discussion) an 880 könnte: z.B. der 880 Begriffkönnte: einer z.B. Substanz, der Begriffgory einer could Substanz, be applied:gory e.g. , could the con- be applied:object e.g. of, thenon-sensory con- objectintuition, of non-sensoryit may perhaps intuition, have ‘a it durationmay perhaps which have would ‘a duration not be time’which would not be time’ d. i. von Etwas, das alsd. i.Subject, von Etwas, niemals das alscept Subject, of a substance, niemals i.e.cept, of ofsomething a substance,( Bi.e.149,, of ll. something 862–3). (B149, ll. 862–3). aber als bloßes Prädicataber existieren als bloßes könne, Prädicatwhich existieren could könne, exist onlywhich as subject, could butexist only as subject, but wovon ich gar nicht wovon weiß, ob ich es garirgend nicht weiß,never obas a es mere irgend predicate;never of as which a mere I predicate;B149–50 of ( ll.which 855–88): I KantB149–50 expressly (ll. 855–88): indicates Kant his expresslyproscription indicates of the hiscognitive proscription use of of indirect the cognitive use of indirect ein Ding geben könne,ein das Ding dieser geben Ge- könne,cannot das dieserat all know, Ge- whethercannot anyat all such know, proofwhether (disjunctive any such syllogismproof plus(disjunctive negation syllogism elimination) plus innegation any cases elimination) in which inwe any cannot cases indi- in which we cannot indi- 885 dankenbestimmung885 dankenbestimmung korrespondierete, thing korrespondierete, could be giventhing corresponding could be givencate corresponding – localise, ostend,cate demonstrate – localise, indexically ostend, demonstrate – the relevant indexically particular(s), – the because relevant in particular(s), such because in such wenn nicht empirischewenn Anschauung nicht empirische mir to Anschauung this merely mir conceptualto this specifica- merely conceptualcases we specifica-cannot realise casesthe concepts we cannot involved realise thein ourconcepts putative involved cognition in our(in putativeTeten’s sense)cognition by (in Teten’s sense) by den Fall der Anwendungden Fall gäbe. der Doch Anwendungtion, if gäbe. empirical Doch intuitiontion, if gives empirical me intuitionindicating gives demonstratively, me indicating deictically, demonstratively, that there is deictically, any such object.that there Though is any this such proscription object. Though is this proscription is central to Kant’s Transcendentalcentral to Kant’s Dialectic, Transcendental it is not restricted Dialectic, to such it is not transcendent restricted or to meta-such transcendent or meta- mehr hievon in der Folge.mehr hievon in[B 150]der Folge.no case to which[B150] to applyno case [these to whichcon- to apply [these con-

64 64 65 65 64 65 cepts]. More on this ofcepts]. course More in theon thisphysical of course contexts, in the as hisphysical principal contexts, discussion as his of principalthis point discussion in the Doctrine of this of point Method in the (B 817–22)Doctrine of Method (B817–22) sequel. sequel. makes plain. This, too,makes apparently plain. belongs This, too, to Kant’sapparently shrewd belongs explication to Kant’s of theshrewd epistemological explication of the epistemological significance of the existentialsignificance presuppositions of the existential of Aristotelian presuppositions syllogistic. of Aristotelian syllogistic. 3.12 3.12 § 24. Von der Anwendung§ 24. Vonder Catego-der Anwendung890 § 24. der Of Catego- the Application890 § 24. of Of the the Cate- Application of§24: the Cate-Of the Application §24: of Ofthe theCategories Application to Objects of the Categoriesof the Senses to Objectsas such. of the Senses as such. rien auf Gegenständerien der auf Sinne Gegenständegories der to Sinne Objects of thegories Senses to ObjectsB150 of (ll. the 892–9): Senses Kant’sB 150title (toll. 892–9):§24 and Kant’s opening title statement to §24 and recount opening his painstakingstatement recount conclusion his painstaking conclusion überhaupt. überhaupt. as such. as such. from §23, yet §24 is notfrom redundant! §23, yet Kant§24 is again not redundant!states that throughKant again use statesby the that understanding through use in by the understanding in Die reinen VerstandesbegriffeDie reinen bezie- VerstandesbegriffeThe pure bezie- concepts ofThe the pure under- conceptsjudging, of the categories under- connectjudging, to objectscategories presented connect by to intuition objects presentedas such, regardless by intuition of theas such,kind ofregardless of the kind of hen sich durch den bloßenhen sich Verstand durch denauf bloßenstanding Verstand connect auf bystanding mere under- connect intuition by mere involved, under- providedintuition only involved, that it be provided sensible only intuition that it(ll. be 892–9). sensible (This intuition point (ll.supports 892–9). (This point supports Gegenstände der AnschauungGegenstände über- der Anschauungstanding to über- objects standing of intuition to objects as my of suggestion intuition that as Kant’smy suggestionDeduction that is n eutralKant’s with Deduction regard isto nhiseutral transcendental with regard idealistto his transcendentalac- idealist ac- 895 haupt, unbestimmt895 obhaupt, sie dieunbestimmt unsrige obsuch, sie regardless die unsrige of whethersuch, regardlessit be ours of whethercount of itspace be ours and timecount = forms of space of humanand time sensory = forms intuition; of human regardless, sensory only intuition; by sensory regardless, intu- only by sensory intu- oder irgend eine andere,oder doch irgend sinnliche eine andere,or another doch sinnliche kind, providedor another only that kind, it providedition of only particulars that it whichition can of stimulate particulars sensations which can in stimulateus can any sensations particulars in beus presentedcan any particulars or ‘giv- be presented or ‘giv- sei, sind aber eben darumsei, sind bloße aber Ge- eben darumbe sensible; bloße yet Ge- they are,be sensible;for that veryyet theyen’ are, to for us.) that Kant’s very statementen’ to about us.) Kant’s the use statement and reference about (connection)the use and referenceof concepts (connection) to objects of concepts to objects of dankenformen, wodurchdankenformen, noch kein wodurchreason, noch mere keinthought-formsreason,, through mere thought-formsintuition, as through such highlightsintuition that as the such categories highlights as suchthat theare categoriesmere forms as ofsuch thought, are mere which forms do of thought, which do bestimmter Gegenstandbestimmter erkannt Gegenstand wird. which erkannt no determinate wird. which object no yet determinate be not suffice object to yet know be anynot specific suffice (determinate) to know any object specific (ll. (determinate)897–9). object (ll. 897–9). 900 Die Synthesis oder900 Die Verbindung Synthesis des oder cognised. Verbindung Synthesis des orcognised. connection Synthesis of Bor150 connection (ll. 900–7): of Kant Bnow150 focuses(ll. 900–7): on thatKant kind now of focuses conjoining on that or ‘synthesis’kind of conjoining of a manifold or ‘synthesis’ (a of a manifold (a Mannigfaltigen in denselbenMannigfaltigen bezog sich in denselbenthe manifold bezog withinsich [thosethe manifold thought- withinplurality) [those thought-within these formsplurality) of thought,within these i.e., offorms categories of thought, (or indeed i.e., of other categories concepts) (or indeed used inother concepts) used in bloß auf die Einheit bloß der Apperception auf die Einheit forms] der Apperception was connectedforms] only was to the connectedjudging, only connects to the (or relates,judging, refers) connects solely (or to relates, the unity refers) of apperception.solely to the unity To anticipate, of apperception. Kant To anticipate, Kant und war dadurch derund Grund war der dadurch Mög- der unity Grund of der apperception Mög- unity and of was apperception thus here and turns was the thus focus ofhere the turnsDeduction the focus ‘upward’ of the to Deduction the intellectual ‘upward’ conditions to the intellectualnecessary forconditions necessary for lichkeit der Erkenntnißlichkeit a priori der, so Erkenntniß fern the a prioria priori, so ground fern ofthe the a possibility priori ground any of thehumanly possibility possible anyunified humanly apperception. possible unifiedDue to apthisperception. connection Du (eto to unitary this connection appercep- (to unitary appercep- 905 sie auf dem Verstande905 sie beruht, auf dem und Verstande mit- of beruht, cognition, und somit- far asof this cognition, [possibil- so fartio asn), this the [possibil- conjoining effectedtion), the by conjoining using categories effected (in by judging) using categories grounds a (inpriori judging) the possibility grounds a priori the possibility hin nicht allein transscendental,hin nicht allein sondern transscendental,ity] is based sondern upon theity] understanding, is based upon theof knowledge,understanding, insofar asof this knowledge, possibility insofar is based as this upon possibility understanding. is based Because upon understanding. this ground of Because this ground of auch bloß rein intellectual.auch bloß Weil rein in uns intellectual.and so Weil is not in only uns transcendental,and so is not but only transcendental,apperception isbut entirelyapperception conceptual isand entirely judgmental, conceptual it is and altogether judgmental, purely itintellectual is altogether (as purely intellectual (as aber eine gewiße Formaber der eine sinnlichen gewiße Formalso derutterly, sinnlichen purely intellectual.also utterly, How- purely intellectual.well as transcendental). How- well as transcendental). Anschauung a priori Anschauung zum Grunde a liegt, priori zumever, Grunde because liegt, withinever, us a because specific within us a specific B150–1 (ll. 907–26): KantB150–1 contrasts (ll. 907–26): the understanding Kant contrasts to ourthe humanunderstanding form of to sensory our human intui- form of sensory intui- 910 welche auf der Receptivität910 welche derauf Vorstel-der Receptivitätform ofder sensibleVorstel- intuitionform ofa priori sensible is intuitionting. He astates priori that is a specificting. He form states of that sensory a specific intuition form is ofa priorisensory fundamental intuition isto a our priori human fundamental to our human lungsfähigkeit (Sinnlichkeit)lungsfähigkeit beruht, (Sinnlichkeit) so fundamental, beruht, which so fundamental, rests upon the whichcognisance, rests upon a form the ofcognisance, sensory intuition a form based of sensory upon ourintuition sensory based receptivity upon our to sensoryrepresenta- receptivity to representa- kann der Verstand alskann Spontaneität der Verstand den alsreceptivity Spontaneität of the den capabilityreceptivity of repre- of the capabilitytions (our of sensibility). repre- tions(All of(our this sensibility). characterisation (All of of this our c haracterisationsensibility can ofbe ouraccommodated sensibility can be accommodated inneren Sinn durch inneren das Mannigfaltige Sinn durch sentations das Mannigfaltige (sensibility),sentations the under- (sensibility),by my thealternative, under- minimalby my claim alternative, about our minimal sensory claim receptivity.) about our Kant’s sensory point receptivity.) is that, in Kant’s con- point is that, in con- gegebener Vorstellungengegebener der syntheti- Vorstellungenstanding der as syntheti- spontaneitystanding can thus as spontaneity de- trast to can sensory thus de- receptivity,trast toour sensory understanding receptivity, is active our understanding or ‘spontaneous’, is active and orcan ‘spontaneous’, determine and can determine 915 schen Einheit der915 Apperceptionschen Einheit gemäß der Apperceptiontermine the gemäß inner sensetermine through the theinner senseour inner through sense the throughour a innermanifold sense (or through plurality) a manifold of given (orrepresentations plurality) of ingiven accord representations with the in accord with the bestimmen und so synthetischebestimmen Einheit und so synthetischemanifold of Einheit given representationsmanifold of given in representationssynthetic unity of in apperception.synthetic unityIn this of regard,apperception. understanding In this regard,can a priori understanding think (judge, can con- a priori think (judge, con- der Apperception des derMannigfaltigen Apperception der des Mannigfaltigenaccord with the der syntheticaccord unity with of the syntheticceive, comprehend) unity of a syntheticceive, comprehend) unity of apperception a synthetic ofunity any ofmanifold apperception within of sensory any manifold intuition, within sensory intuition, sinnlichen Anschauungsinnlichen a priori Anschauungdenken, apperception, a priori denken, and so canapperception, think a priori and soand can can think do aso priori as the (intellectual)and can do socondition as the (intellectual) under which condition all objects under of human which intuition all objects must of human intuition must als die Bedingung, unterals welcherdie Bedingung, alle Ge- untersynthetic welcher unity alle Ge-of apperceptionsynthetic unityof the of apperceptionnecessarily stand,of the so thatnecessarily the categories stand, asso merethat the forms categories of thought as mere obtain forms or achieveof thought objective obtain or achieve objective 920 genstände unserer920 (dergenstände menschlichen) unserer (dermanifold menschlichen) of sensible manifold intuition as of the sensiblereality intuition, by being as the appliedreality to objects, by being given applied us within to objects (sensory) given intuition. us within (Note (sensory) that the intuition. intellec- (Note that the intellec-

66 66 67 67

66 67 Anschauung nothwendigerAnschauung Weise stehennothwendigercondition Weise under stehen whichcondition all objects under of whichtual allintegration objects of distincttual integrationconcepts within of distinct judging concepts may suffice within for judging Kant’s may key sufficeclaim, thatfor Kant’sthe key claim, that the müssen, dadurch dennmüssen, die Categorien dadurch alsdenn ourdie Categorien(human) intuition als our must (human) necessar- intuitionanalytic must unitynecessar- of apperceptionanalytic unity can onlyof apperception occur in necessary can only conjunction occur in necessary with some conjunction synthetic with some synthetic bloße Gedankenformenbloße objective Gedankenformen Reali- ily objective stand, so Reali- that theily categories stand, so as that theunity categories of apperception, as unity i.e., withof apperception, such an integration i.e., with of such distinct an integration concepts inof judging,distinct whereconcepts in judging, where tät, d.i. Anwendung tät, auf d.i. Gegenstände, Anwendung aufmere Gegenstände, forms of thoughtmere can forms thus ofob- thoughtthese can concepts thus ob- are morethese than concepts mere thought-formsare more than onlymere when thought-forms used to identify, only when differentiate used to identify, differentiate 925 [B151] die uns in 925 der [B Anschauung151] die uns gege- in der Anschauungtain objective gege- reality,tain i.e. objective application reality,and i.e. integrate application sensed featuresand integrate of particulars sensed features presented of particularsto us via sensory presented intuition. to us viaIf thissensory is intuition. If this is ben werden können,ben aber werden nur als können, Er- to aber objects nur als which Er- canto be objects given uswhich in cancorrect, be given Kant’s us Deduction in correct, holds Kant’s independently Deduction of holds his transcendental independently idealism.)of his transcendental idealism.) scheinungen bekommen;scheinungen denn nur bekommen; von intuition, denn nur although von onlyintuition, as appear- although B only151 (ll. as 926–9): appear- Understandably,B151 (ll. 926–9): Kant Understandably, recalls his transcendental Kant recalls idealist his transcendental qualifier, that idealistob- qualifier, that ob- diesen sind wir der Anschauungdiesen sind wira priori der Anschauungances, for onlya priori of theseances, are forwe onlycapa- of thesejects areare wegiven capa- to us withinjects are (sensory) given to intuition us within only (sensory) as appearances. intuition Thatonly asdoctrine appearances. Kant be- That doctrine Kant be- fähig. fähig. ble a priori to intuit. ble a priori to intuit. lieves is demonstratedlieves in the is Tr. demonstrated Aesth.. That in doctrinethe Tr. Aesth..and its Thatqualifier, doctrine however, and its are qualifier, not however, are not 930 Diese Synthesis930 desDiese Mannigfalti- Synthesis desThis Mannigfalti- synthesis of theThis manifold synthesis of of required the manifold or justified of byrequired anything or Kant justified demonstrates by anything (so Kant far) indemonstrates the Deduction. (so far) in the Deduction. gen der sinnlichen Anschauung,gen der sinnlichen die a Anschauung,sensible intuition die a whichsensible is a intuition priori which is a priori B151 (ll. 930–42): KantB 151now ( ll.expressly 930–42): distinguishes Kant now expresslytwo different distinguishes kinds or twodomains different of synthetic kinds or domains of synthetic priori möglich und nothwendigpriori möglich ist, kannund nothwendigpossible andist, kannnecessary,possible can be and called necessary, can be called integration (unification,integration conjoining) (unification, of manifolds: conjoining) one within of manifolds:sensibility, onethe otherwithin within sensibility, intel- the other within intel- figürlich (synthesisfigürlich speciosa) genannt (synthesis figurative speciosa )( synthesis genannt speciosafigurative) to ( distin-synthesis speciosa) to distin- lect. Both are guided bylect. the Both same are formal guided aspects by the of same judging formal and aspects by the sameof judging categories, and by yet the one same categories, yet one werden zum Unterschiedewerden von zum derjeni- Unterschiedeguish vonit from derjeni- that synthesisguish it whichfrom thatin synthesis which in concerns sensory integrationconcerns (binding) sensory required integration merely (binding) to perceive required sensed merely objects; to perceive the other sensed objects; the other 935 gen, welche in Ansehung935 gen, deswelche Mannigfal- in Ansehungregard des toMannigfal- the manifoldregard of an to intuition the manifold of an intuition concerns judgmental differentiation,concerns judgmental classification differentiation, and integration classification within and judgments, integration by whichwithin judgments, by which tigen einer Anschauungtigen überhaupt einer Anschauung in der as überhaupt such would in derbe thoughtas such within would the be thoughtwe can withinapperceive the anythingwe can we apperceive perceive, anythingand so can we know perceive, it empirically. and so can My know comments it empirically. above My comments above bloßen Categorie gedachtbloßen würde Categorie und gedachtmere categorywürde und and ismere called category intellec- and ( isB 150, called ll. 900–7) intellec- capitalised(B150, upon ll. 900–7) Kant’s capitalised own indication upon Kant’sof the own‘purely indication intellectual’ of the conjunction ‘purely intellectual’ conjunction synthesis intellec- synthesis intellec- VerstandesverbindungVerstandesverbindung ( tual ( connection (synthesistual intellectualisconnection); (synthesiseffected intellectualis by judging.); Kant’seffected transition by judging. here Kant’sto considering transition sub-personal here to considering sensory integrationsub-personal or sensory integration or tualis) heißt; beyde tualis sind ) transscen- heißt; beyde sindboth transscen-are transcendentalboth, not aremerely transcendental be- synthesis, not merely is an be-expository,synthesis not anis aninferential, expository, transition. not an Thisinferential, sub-personal transition. sensory This integrationsub-personal sensory integration 940 dental, nicht bloß940 weildental, sie selbst nicht a prioribloß weilcause sie selbst they a each priori proceedcause a they priori , each but proceedKant callsa priori figurative, but synthesisKant calls (l. figurative930–4) or synthesis synthesis speciosa (l. 930–4) (l. 934) or synthesis primarily speciosa concerns (l. 934) process primarily concerns process vorgehen, sondern auchvorgehen, die Möglichkeit sondern auchalso die because Möglichkeit they groundalso because the possi- they ground(the subjective the possi- deduction),(the subjectiveyet Kant stresses deduction), that, yetlike Kant intellectual stresses judgment, that, like sensoryintellectual integration judgment, sensory integration anderer Erkenntniß a andererpriori gründen. Erkenntniß a prioribility gründen. of other cognitionsbility a ofpriori other. cognitionstoo is a groundedpriori. and guidedtoo is bygrounded a priori conditions,and guided fromby a prioriwhich conditions, the possibility from of which further the a possibilitypriori of further a priori Allein die figürliche Synthesis,Allein die wennfigürliche Synthesis,However, wenn figurativeHowever, synthesis, figurativeknowledge synthesis, follows. Henceknowledge both follows. kinds or Hence domains both of kinds synthesis or domains can afford of synthesistranscendental can afford transcendental sie bloß auf die ursprünglich-syntheti-sie bloß auf die ursprünglich-syntheti-merely in regard to themerely original in regard syn- to knowledge the original properly syn- speakingknowledge (Tr. properlyAesth. §3, speaking B40). (For (Tr. discussion Aesth. §3, of B40). Kant’s (For account discussion of figura-of Kant’s account of figura- 945 sche Einheit der 945Apperception,sche Einheit d.i. der diese Apperception,thetic unity d.i. ofdiese apperception,thetic unity i.e., ofthis apperception,tive synthesis, i.e., thissee Longuenessetive synthesis, (1998), see 202–29, Longuenesse 240–7; (1998), Kant’s 202–29, functionalist 240–7; cognitive Kant’s functionalistarchitec- cognitive architec- transscendentale Einheit,transscendentale geht, welche Einheit,in transcendental geht, welche unity in whichtranscendental is thought unity ture,which most is thought of which is ture,sub-personal, most of whichis charted is sub-personal, in KCE, §43.) is charted in KCE, §43.) den Categorien gedachtden wird, Categorien muß zum gedachtin wird,the categories, muß zum must,in thein contradis-categories, must, in contradis- B151 (ll. 943–61): KantB 151further (ll. 943–61):characterises Kant figurative further characterises synthesis, but figurative now expressly synthesis, calls but it tran-now expressly calls it tran- Unterschiede von derUnterschiede bloß intellectuellen von der bloßtinction intellectuellen to the merelytinction intellectual to the merelyscendental intellectual synthesis ofscendental the power synthesis of imagination of the power (ll. 949–50, of imagination cf. ll. 966–71). (ll. 949–50, Because cf. Kant’s ll. 966–71). Because Kant’s Verbindung die transscendentaleVerbindung Synthe-die transscendentaleconjunction, Synthe- be calledconjunction, the transcen- be calledremarks the transcen-primarily concernremarks cognitive primarily process, concern and cognitiveso belong process, to his subjective and so belong deduction, to his Isubjective fore- deduction, I fore- 950 sis der Einbildungskraft950 sis der heißen. Einbildungskraft Ein- dental heißen. synthesis Ein- of thedental power synthesis of ima- of thego powerdetailed of comment. ima- goThe detailed transcendental comment. point The of transcendental Kant’s discussion point of of figurative Kant’s discussion synthesis ofef- figurative synthesis ef- bildungskraft ist bildungskraft das Vermögen, ei- ist dasgination. Vermögen, The power ei- of gination.imagination The is the power offected imagination by transcendental is the fected power by transcendentalof imagination power(sub-personally) of imagination is that (sub-personally) some such integration is that some such integration nen Gegenstand auchnen ohne Gegenstand dessen Ge- auch capacity ohne dessen to represent Ge- capacity an object to represent in of sensory an object intake in over oftime sensory and through intake over space time is required and through for us space at all isto required perceive forour us surround- at all to perceive our surround- genwart in der Anschauunggenwart vorzustellen. in der Anschauungintuition vorzustellen. even withoutintuition its presence. even withoutings, itswithout presence. which weings, could without never which (self-consciously) we could never apperceive (self-consciously) our surroundings, apperceive much our less surroundings, much less Da nun alle unsere AnschauungDa nun alle sinnlichunsere AnschauungNow as all sinnlich of our intuitionNow as is all sensi- of our intuitionever think is to sensi- ourselvesever ‘I think think …’ to thatourselves particular ‘I think over …’ there that is particular now such-and-so. over there Kant’s is now con- such-and-so. Kant’s con- 955 ist, so gehört die955 Einbildungskraftist, so gehört die der Einbildungskraftble, the power derof imagination,ble, the power due to of imagination,cern with synthesis due to appearscern with much synthesis earlier inappears KdrV (muchA77–8/ earlierB103); in recall KdrV Kant’s (A77–8/ comment:B103); recall ‘Syn- Kant’s comment: ‘Syn- subjectiven Bedingung subjectiven wegen, unter Bedingung der thewegen, subjective unter der conditionsthe subjective under conditions under

68 68 69 69 68 69 sie allein den Verstandesbegriffensie allein den eine Verstandesbegriffenwhich alone it eine can providewhich alone an intu- it can thesis provide as such, an intu- as we shallthesis see as presently, such, as iswe the shall mere see effectpresently, of imagination, is the mere aeffect blind ofyet imagination, indispens- a blind yet indispens- correspondirende Anschauungcorrespondirende geben Anschauungition corresponding geben toition the corresponding concepts able to function the concepts of the soul,able without function which of the we soul, would without have altogetherwhich we nowould knowledge; have altogether [yet] to nobring knowledge; [yet] to bring kann, zur Sinnlichkeit;kann, so fern zur aber Sinnlichkeit; doch ofso the fern understanding, aber doch ofthus the belongs understanding, to this thus synthesis belongs to toconceptsthis is asynthesis function to exercised concepts isby a understanding,function exercised by which by understanding, understanding by first which understanding first 960 ihre Synthesis eine960 Ausübungihre Synthesis der Spon- eine Ausübungsensibility; der however,Spon- sensibility; insofar as however, its provides insofar us asknowledge its provides in the proper us knowledge sense of inthe the term’ proper (A77/ senseB103). of Kant’sthe term’ doubled (A77/ Broles103). forKant’s doubled roles for taneität ist, welche taneität bestimmend ist, welche und synthesis bestimmend is of und coursesynthesis an exercise is of of coursecategory-guided an exercise forms of category-guidedof synthesis is first forms stated of synthesisat A79/B104–5. is first stated at A79/B104–5. nicht wie der Sinn [B152]nicht bloß wie bestimm- der Sinn [B152]spontaneity bloß bestimm- which is determiningspontaneity whichand isB 151determining (ll. 954–9): and Kant Bhere151 assigns(ll. 954–9): power Kant of hereimagination assigns topower sensibility, of imagination and stresses to sensibility, that tran- and stresses that tran- bar ist, mithin a prioribar den ist, Sinn mithin seiner a priorinot den like Sinn the senses seiner merelynot like determina- the senses merelyscendental determina- power of imaginationscendental powerand its offigurative imagination (sensory-perceptual) and its figurative synthesis (sensory-perceptual) is required synthesis is required Form nach der EinheitForm der nach Appercep- der Einheitble, der hence Appercep- can determineble, hencea priori can the determinefor the a concepts priori the of thefor understanding the concepts of (i.e. the, the understanding categories) ever (i.e. , to the have categories) ‘a corresponding ever to have ‘a corresponding 965 tion gemäß bestimmen965 tion kann, gemäß so bestimmenist die senses kann, according so ist die to senses its form according in ac- tointuition’, its form i.e. in, a ac-sensoryintuition’, presentation i.e., a of sensory any particular presentation properly of any classified particular or characterisedproperly classified by or characterised by Einbildungskraft so fernEinbildungskraft ein Vermögen, so ferncord ein with Vermögen, the unity ofcord apperception, with the unityany of categoryapperception, (or any specificationany category of(or a any category) specification used as of a apredicate category) in used (even as a acandidate) predicate in (even a candidate) die Sinnlichkeit a prioridie zu Sinnlichkeit bestimmen, a priorithe zu power bestimmen, of imaginationthe power is thus of in imaginationcognitive is judgment. thus in Hencecognitive this judgment.sub-personal Hence sensory-perceptual this sub-personal integration sensory-perceptual is crucial to integration any is crucial to any und ihre Synthesis derund Anschauungen, ihre Synthesis derthat Anschauungen, regard a capacitythat to regard determine a capacityhuman to thoughtdetermine ever human being about thought any sensedever being particulars about any = anything sensed particulars other than = ourselves, anything other than ourselves, den Categorien gemäß,den muß Categorien die trans- gemäß,sensibility muß die a priori trans-, andsensibility its synthesis a priori of , andwithin its synthesis our surroundings, of within of which our surroundings, we ever can be of aware,which whetherwe ever canmerely be aware, perceptually whether or merelyalso perceptually or also 970 scendentale Synthesis970 scendentale der Einbildungs- Synthesis intuition der Einbildungs- in accord withintuition the categories in accord withapperceptively. the categories This entireapperceptively. discussion This of transcendental entire discussion imagination of transcendental concerns imaginationprocess and concerns process and kraft seyn, welches kraft eine Wirkung seyn, welches des einemust Wirkungbe the transcendental des must be synthesis the transcendentalbelongs to synthesis Kant’s subjectivebelongs deduction, to Kant’s yetsubjective Kant uses deduction, it here alsoyet Kantto highlight uses it hereissues also about to highlight issues about Verstandes auf die SinnlichkeitVerstandes und auf die Sinnlichkeitof the power und of die imagination,of the power which ofis imagination,the very possibility which is of theobject-directed very possibility human of object-directed sensory perception, human apperception sensory perception, and thought; apperception and thought; erste Anwendung desselbenerste Anwendung (zugleich desselbenan effect (zugleich of the understandingan effect of upon the understandingi.e., the very possibilities upon i.e. ,for the us very of ‘objectivepossibilities reality’ for us (= of intentionality ‘objective reality’ qua object-directedness, (= intentionality qua object-directedness, der Grund aller übrigen)der aufGrund Gegenstän- aller übrigen)sensibility auf Gegenstän- and its firstsensibility application and its or first the constitution application of orobjects the constitution as objects ofof attentionobjects as or objects thought) of attentionand of ‘objective or thought) validity’ and of ‘objective validity’ 975 de der uns möglichen975 de Anschauung der uns möglichen ist. (and Anschauung equally the ist. ground(and of equallyall further the ground(= accuracy, of all further truth, justifiedness(= accuracy, or justification).truth, justifiedness or justification). Sie ist als figürlich vonSie der ist intellectuellen als figürlich vonapplications) der intellectuellen to objectsapplications) of our possi- to objectsB151–2 of our(ll. 959–72): possi- KantB151–2 indicates, (ll. 959–72): without Kant here indicates, explaining, without a cognitively here explaining, much more a cognitively signif- much more signif- Synthesis ohne alle Synthesis Einbildungskraft, ohne alle ble Einbildungskraft, intuition. As figurativeble intuition. it is dis- As figurativeicant, much it is more dis- activeicant, and much productive more active role of and imagination productive (or role figurative of imagination synthesis), (or de- figurative synthesis), de- bloß durch den Verstand,bloß unterschieden.durch den Verstand,tinct unterschieden. to that intellectualtinct to synthesis that intellectualscribed as synthesis an ‘exercise scribedof spontaneity’ as an ‘exercise and as of‘determining’ spontaneity’ or and ‘specifying’, as ‘determining’ hence notor ‘specifying’, merely hence not merely So fern die EinbildungskraftSo fern nundie Einbildungskraft Spon- without nun the Spon- power without of imagination the powerreceptive, of imagination being determinedreceptive, or specified, being determined nor merely or reproducingspecified, nor or merely retaining reproducing in present or at- retaining in present at- 980 taneität ist, nenne980 ich taneitätsie auch ist, bisweilen nenne ich merelysie auch throughbisweilen the merely understanding. through thetention understanding. immediately passedtention sensory-perceptual immediately passed states. sensory-perceptual This active role states. can specify This active the form role can specify the form die productive Einbildungskraftdie productive und Einbildungskraftun- Now insofar und as un- the powerNow insofar of imagi- as theof power sense of(or imagi-sensibilityof in sensesensing) (or asensibility priori in accord in sensing) with thea priori unity in ofaccord apperception. with the unityThis por-of apperception. This por- terscheide sie dadurchterscheide von der sie repro- dadurchnation von isder spontaneity, repro- nation occasionally is spontaneity, I tentous occasionally claim can I be tentousunderstood claim to canindicate be understood this a priori to roleindicate does this not amerely priori role respond does to not merely respond to ductiven, deren Synthesisductiven, lediglich deren empi- Synthesiscall lediglich it productive empi- imaginationcall it productive and sensory imagination intake and(cf. ll. 979–87);sensory it intake is an active(cf. ll. 979–87); responding it is to an continuing active responding sensory intaketo continuing (sensory sensory intake (sensory rischen Gesetzen, nämlichrischen denen Gesetzen, der A- nämlichthus denendistinguish der A-it fromthus the distinguish reproduc- it frombinding). the reproduc- I surmise: Thisbinding). role is I explicatedsurmise: This in the role Analytic is explicated of Principles in the Analyticas the anticipatory of Principles as the anticipatory 985 ssociation, unterworfen985 ssociation, ist, und unterworfen welche tive, ist, the und synthesis welche of whichtive, the is subjectsynthesis ofcharacter which is of subject sensory perception,character of by sensory which perception, we identify by and which discriminate we identify particulars and discriminate within particulars within daher zur Erklärung derdaher Möglichkeit zur Erklärung der derto Möglichkeit merely empirical der to laws, merely namely empiricalour laws, sensory namely experienceour in sensory part by experience anticipating in what part are by their anticipating structures what and are features, their structures such and features, such Erkenntniß a priori nichtsErkenntniß beyträgt a priori und nichtsthose beyträgtof association, und those and which of association, thus that and our which continuing thus perceptionthat our continuingof them is perceptionlikely to exhibit of them some is likely(causally to exhibitpossible) some set(s) (causally of possible) set(s) of um deswillen nicht um in die deswillen Transscen- nicht incontributes die Transscen- nothing tocontributes the explication nothing characteristicsto the explication rather thancharacteristics others (in rathercontrast than to thoseothers characteristics (in contrast to of those our continuingcharacteristics per- of our continuing per- dentalphilosophie, sonderndentalphilosophie, in die Psy- sondernof the inpossibility die Psy- of cognitionof the possibility a priori ofception cognition of thema priori whichception are instead of them due whichto our are own instead bodily, due perceptual-motor to our own bodily, activity). perceptual-motor This activity). This KCE C KCE C 990 chologie gehört. 990 chologie gehört.[…] and so belongs […]not toand transcendental so belongs not conjectureto transcendental accords withconjecture h. 8;accords Kant’s with discussion h. here 8; Kant’s is explicatory, discussion not here argumentative is explicatory, not argumentative (not justificatory). (not justificatory). [B158] philosophy but[B 158]rather philosophyto psychology. but[…] rather to psychology.[…]

70 70 71 71

70 71 B152 (ll. 963–75): Kant’sB152 statement (ll. 963–75): recaps Kant’s the pointsstatement just recapsdiscussed, the pointsto stress just that discussed, this role to of stress that this role of ‘imagination’ within human‘imagination’ sensory within perception, human actively sensory specifying perception, sensibility actively andspecifying its synthe- sensibility and its synthe- sis of (sensory) intuitionsis ofin (sensory)accord with intuition the categories, in accord ‘must with bethe the categories, transcendental ‘must besynthesis the transcendental synthesis of imagination’. This ofKant imagination’. describes Thisas ‘an Kant effect describes of the understandingas ‘an effect of upon the understandingsensibility’. upon sensibility’. This action of understandingThis action upon of sensibility,understanding which upon IS transcendental sensibility, which synthesis IS transcendental of imagina- synthesis of imagina- tion, is ‘the first application’tion, is ‘theof understanding first application’ (which of understanding is the power of(which judging is theby usingpower the of judging by using the categories) to objects categories)(Gegenstände to) of objects any humanly (Gegenstände possible) of anysensory humanly intuition. possible This sensory is ‘figura- intuition. This is ‘figura- tive synthesis’ (l. 976);tive it grounds synthesis’ any (l. and 976); all it further grounds possible any and use all of further categories possible in connection use of categories in connection with objects which wewith can objects at all sensewhich or we perceive; can at alli.e. ,sense it grounds or perceive; any and i.e. all, it explicit grounds judg- any and all explicit judg- ments we can make aboutments them. we can (These make syntheses about them. all pertain (These to syntheses sensory binding.)all pertain to sensory binding.)

B152 (ll. 976–90): ThisB 152active, (ll. figurative976–90): Thissynthesis active, counts figurative as ‘productive synthesis countsimagination’. as ‘productive It con- imagination’. It con- tributes to explicating tributesa priori theto explicatingvery possibility a priori of theknowledge; very possibility I surmise, of knowledge; it concerns Ipercep- surmise, it concerns percep- tual discrimination. Thetual merely discrimination. reproductive The imagination merely reproductive does not imaginationso contribute does (Kant not says); so contribute (Kant says); although its retention althoughof passing its and retention immediately of passing past sensoryand immediately states is necessarypast sensory to anystates and is allnecessary to any and all sensory-perceptual discrimination,sensory-perceptual it has nodiscrimination, implications itfor has a priori no implications explication offor those a priori formal explication of those formal structures by which objectivestructures validity by which is at objectiveall possible validity for our is atsensory all possible experience for our or sensoryperceptual experience or perceptual judgments. (The long judgments.ellipsis here (The omits long Kant’s ellipsis discussion here omits of self-affection,Kant’s discussion B152–8, of self-affection,including B152–8, including the start of §25. My keythe reason start of for §25. omitting My key it reason is stated for above, omitting §2.5.) it is stated above, §2.5.) § 25. § 25. §25. §25. [Ohne Überschrift] [Ohne Überschrift] [untitled] [untitled] 3.13 §25: [untitled]3.13 §25: [untitled] […] So wie zum Erkenntnis[…] So se w ieeines zum von Erkenntnis[…] Justse einesas for von cognition[…] Justof an as object for cognition of an object mir verschiedenen Objectsmir vers außerchiedenen dem Objectsdistinct außer to me, dem besidesdistinct the thought to me, ofbesidesB158 the ( ll.thought 993–8): of KantB recalls158 (ll. his 993–8): key deictic, Kant recallsreferential his key point, deictic, that referentialany knowledge point, of that any any ob- knowledge of any ob-

995 Denken eines Objects995 Denken überhaupt eines (in Objects der anüberhaupt object as(in such der (inan the object category) as such I (inject the distinct category) to oneself I ject requires, distinct in to addition oneself to requires, the thought in addition of an objectto the asthought such (usingof an oneobject or as such (using one or another category, or someanother categories), category, someor some sensory categories), intuition some (of somesensory sensorily intuition given, (of someper- sensorily given, per- Categorie) ich dochCategorie) noch einer ich An- doch of noch course einer still An- also requireof course an stillintui- also require an intui- ceptually presented particular).ceptually presentedYet he recalls particular). this referential Yet he recallspoint tothis highlight referential an important,point to highlight an important, schauung bedarf, dadurchschauung ich bedarf,jenen all- dadurchtion ich through jenen which all- Ition determine through that which I determine that parallel point about theparallel very possibility point about of theany very human possibility thinking: of ‘Iany think human …’. thinking: ‘I think …’. gemeinen Begriff bestimme,gemeinen so Begriff bedarf bestimme,universal so concept; bedarf foruniversal cognition concept; of for cognition of ich auch zum Erkenntnisseich auch meiner zum Erkenntnisseselbst myself, meiner in addition selbst tomyself, that conscious- in addition toB 158that ( ll.conscious- 998–1006): Kant’sB158 (self-referentialll. 998–1006): Kant’spoint isself-referential that the self-attribution point is that expressed the self-attribution by and expressed by and 1000 außer dem Bewußtsein,1000 außer oder dem außer Bewußtsein, dem, ness, oder or außer additionally, dem, ness,that Ior think additionally, my- achieved that I think through my- anyachieved actual thought through that any ‘I actualthink thought…’ requires, that ‘Iin thinkaddition …’ torequires, that thought, in addition to that thought, daß ich mich denke,daß noch ich einermich An-denke, self, noch I require einer An-likewiseself, an Iintuition require oflikewisealso an some intuition intuition of ofalso some some manifold intuition within of some oneself manifold (within within one’s cognisance)oneself (within by whichone’s cognisance)one by which one schauung des Mannigfaltigenschauung in des mir, Mannigfaltigen wo- the manifold in mir, wo- withinthe me, manifold through withinspecifies me, that through first-personspecifies thought that that first-person ‘I think …’thought (such-and-so). that ‘I think …’ (such-and-so). durch ich diesen Gedankendurch ich bestimme, diesen Gedankenwhich I bestimme,determine thiswhich thought, I determine and I thisB158–9 thought, (ll. 999–1013):and I B158–9 Kant’s ( ll.point 999–1013): is extremely Kant’s important, point is extremelyhowever speculative,important, howeverconten- speculative, conten- und ich existiere als undIntelligenz, ich existiere die sich als Intelligenz,exist as intelligencedie sich exist which as is intelligence only tious, which anti-Cartesian, is only tious,anti-Humean anti-Cartesian, or anti-egoist anti-Humean it may orappear anti-egoist to be (re:it may egoism, appear cf. toAnth. be (re: egoism, cf. Anth. 1005 lediglich ihres 1005 Verbindungsvermögenslediglich ihres Verbindungsvermögensconscious of its capacityconscious to conjoin, of its capacity§2). Kant to conjoin, claims that§2). any Kant actual claims occurrence, that any any actual actual occurrence, ‘tokening’ any(as isactual said ‘tokening’today), of (as‘I is said today), of ‘I bewußt ist, in [B159] Ansehungbewußt ist, des in Man-[B159] Ansehungyet in regard des Man- to this manifoldyet in regard it shall to this thinkmanifold …’ isit notshall self-sufficient;think …’ it is can not beself-sufficient; thought, Kant it canclaims, be thought, only in connectionKant claims, with only some in connection with some nigfaltigen aber, das nigfaltigen sie verbinden aber, soll, das sieconjoin, verbinden it is subject soll, toconjoin, a limiting it is con- subject complexto a limiting or manifold con- complexof which orone manifold is aware of and which regarding one is whichaware oneand thinksregarding that which ‘I think one … thinks that ‘I think … einer einschränkendeneiner Bedingung, einschränkenden die dition, Bedingung, which die may dition, be called which inner may (such-and-so)’. be called inner If indeed(such-and-so)’. thinking requires If indeed judging, thinking and judgingrequires requiresjudging, forming and judging and requiresconsid- forming and consid- sie den inneren Sinn nennt,sie den unterworfen, inneren Sinn nennt,sense, unterworfen, to make thatsense, conjunction to make that conjunction

72 72 73 73 72 73 1010 jene Verbindung1010 nurjene nach Verbindung Zeitverhält- nur intuitable nach Zeitverhält- (or viewable)intuitable only accord- (or viewable)ering only complete accord- judgments,ering completethinking that judgments, ‘I think thinking…’ is only that possible ‘I think by …’ also is thinkingonly possible its pro- by also thinking its pro- nissen, welche ganz nissen, außerhalb welche den ganz ei- außerhalbing to temporal den ei- relations,ing to which temporal lie relations,per complement which lie on someper complement occasion, within on some some occasion, temporal within context. some Any temporal one of context. us finite Any one of us finite gentlichen Verstandesbegriffengentlichen Verstandesbegriffen liegen, entirely outside liegen, the entirely concepts outside of the the homo concepts sapiens of sapientes the whohomo thinks sapiens ‘I sapientes think …’who exists thinks as ‘Iintelligence think …’ solelyexists consciousas intelligence of one’s solely conscious of one’s anschaulich machen,anschaulich und sich machen, daher understanding und sich daher proper.understanding Hence one can proper.own Hence capacity one tocan conjoinown in capacityregard of tosome conjoin manifold in regard which of some is to bemanifold conjoined, which i.e. ,is some to be plural- conjoined, i.e., some plural- selbst doch nur erkennenselbst kann,doch wienur sie,erkennenonly kann, know wie oneself sie, asonly one knowmerely oneself ap- asity one or complexmerely ap- of sensedity or or complex perceived of features sensed orof perceivedparticulars features and some of pluralityparticulars of andconcepts some plurality of concepts 1015 in Absicht auf1015 einein Anschauung Absicht auf (die eine pears Anschauung in regard (die to an pearsintuition in regard (which to anby intuition which they(which are classifiedby which and they so areare classified identified, and at least so are tentatively, identified, so at that least they tentatively, can be so that they can be nicht intellektuell undnicht durch intellektuell den Ver- und is durch not intellectual den Ver- andis cannot not intellectual be given and(provisionally) cannot be given ascribed(provisionally) to some particular. ascribed to some particular. stand selbst gegebenstand sein selbst kann), gegeben ihr through sein kann), the understanding ihr through itself), the understandingand B159 ( ll.itself), 1001–9): and TheB159 necessity (ll. 1001–9): of this The complex necessity complement of this complex required complement ever to consider required ever to consider selbst bloß erscheint,selbst nicht bloß wie sieerscheint, sich nichtnot as wie one sie would sich knownot as oneself one would if thinking know oneself ‘I think if…’ isthinking a condition ‘I think restricting …’ is a the condition human restrictingpossibility theof thinkinghuman possibility ‘I think …’. of thinking ‘I think …’. erkennen würde, wennerkennen ihre Anschauung würde, wenn one’sihre Anschauungintuition were intellectual.one’s intuition were intellectual. B159 (ll. 1003–14): MoreB159 specifically, (ll. 1003–14): this More complex specifically, complement this complex to ‘I think complement …’ involves, to ‘Idi- think …’ involves, di- 1020 intellektuell wäre. 1020 intellektuell wäre. rectly or indirectly, somerectly sensory-perceptual or indirectly, some content sensory-perceptual which, insofar content as it can which, be judged insofar or as it can be judged or can by judgment be comprehended,can by judgment alone be comprehended,provides any occasion alone to provides judge and any so occasion provides to judge any and so provides any occasion to think ‘I thinkoccasion …’ nowto think (and ‘Ihere think about …’ thatnow). (and As anhere occasional about thought,that). As anthe occasional‘I think thought, the ‘I think …’ is subject to temporal…’ is relations,subject to which temporal pertain relations, both towhich the relevantpertain bothsensory-perceptual to the relevant sensory-perceptual integration and also tointegration the conceptual-classificatory and also to the conceptual-classificatory conjoining which is the conjoining judging nowwhich that is the judging now that this (or these) particular(s)this (or are these) such-and-so. particular(s) Temporal are such-and-so. relations (and Temporal likewise, relations may be (andadded: likewise, may be added: spatial relations) are notspatial defined relations) or specified are not bydefined the 12 or categories; specified theyby the are 12 defined categories; or speci- they are defined or speci- fied by properly delimitingfied by the properly distinct delimiting a priori concept the distinct ‘time’ a(and priori ‘space’) concept so ‘time’as to be(and able ‘space’) to so as to be able to specify what is now sensorilyspecify whatpresented is now (here sensorily and now)presented to me. (here Hence, and now)to elucidate to me. Kant’sHence, to elucidate Kant’s point further, our thinkingpoint further,‘I think our…’ thinkingrequires using‘I think the …’ categories, requires whichusing thethemselves categories, can which themselves can be used only by also beusing used the only concepts by also ‘time’ using (and the ‘space’)concepts so ‘time’ as to (and identify ‘space’) within so asone’s to identify within one’s present (i.e., current) perceptualpresent (i.e. context, current) whatever perceptual is now context to be whateverseen here. is(Including now to be space seen andhere. (Including space and its concept accords withits conceptKant’s marginalium accords with that Kant’s the Schematismmarginalium mustthat thealso Schematism be developed must in also be developed in connection with space,connection not only time; with GSspace, 23:48.16–7; not only cf.time; Erdmann GS 23:48.16–7; (1881), No. cf. ErdmannCXXVII.) (1881), No. CXXVII.)

B159 (ll. 1015–20): TheseB159 restrictions (ll. 1015–20): upon These the restrictionshumanly possible upon theuse humanlyof ‘I think possible …’ all use fol- of ‘I think …’ all fol- low from our sensory, receptivelow from form our sensory of intuiting;, receptive we canform only of intuiting;think ‘I think we can …’ only now ,think on some ‘I think …’ now, on some occasion, hence at someoccasion, time, hence subjectat some to time, conditions hence subjectnot specified to conditions solely by not the specified cate- solely by the cate- gories (plus the concceptsgories ‘space’ (plus andthe conccepts‘time’), nor ‘space’ by the and bare ‘time’), ‘I think nor …’ by as the such. bare ‘I think …’ as such.

74 74 75 75

74 75 § 26. Transscendentale§ 26. Deduction Transscendentale des §26. Deduction Transcendental des §26. Deduction Transcendental of 3.14 Deduction§26: Transcendental of 3.143.14 §26: DeductionTranscendental of the Universally Deduction Possible of the Experiential Universally PossibleUse of the Experiential Use of the allgemein möglichen allgemein Erfahrungs- möglichen the Erfahrungs- Universally Possiblethe Experi-Universally Possible Experi-Pure Concepts of the PureUnderstanding. Concepts of the Understanding. gebrauchs der reinengebrauchs Verstandes- der reinen ential Verstandes- Use of the Pureential Concepts Use of the Pure Concepts B159 (ll. 1025–33): KantB159 recalls (ll. 1025–33):his previous Kant presentation recalls his ofprevious the categories presentation as corresponding of the categories pre- as corresponding pre- begriffe. begriffe. of the Understanding.of the Understanding.cisely to the universal logicalcisely tofunctions the universal of judging. logical That functions is Kant’s of judging. ‘metaphysical That is deduction’ Kant’s ‘metaphysical of the deduction’ of the 1025 In der metaphysischen1025 In der Deduction metaphysischenIn the Deduction metaphysical In deduction the metaphysical the categories. deduction In contrast, the categories. their ‘transcendental’ In contrast, deduction their ‘transcendental’ must present deduction their possibility must present as a priori their possibility as a priori a pri a pri wurde der Ursprung derwurde Categorien der Ursprung - derorigin Categorien of the categories- origin a of priori the as categoriescognitions a priori of intuited as objectscognitions as such. of intuited Kant’s objects refers toas §§20,such. 21Kant’s asindicating refers thisto §§20, task of21 theirasindicating tran- this task of their tran- ori überhaupt durch ihreori überhaupt völlige Zusam- durch ihresuch völlige was exhibitedZusam- bysuch their was complete exhibited byscendental their complete deduction; hescendental does not deduction; claim to have he doesalready not executed claim to thathave task. already executed that task. mentreffung mit denmentreffung allgemeinen mit logi- den correspondence allgemeinen logi- to thecorrespondence universal logi- to the universal logi- schen Functionen desschen Denkens Functionen darge- des Denkenscal functions darge- of thinking,cal functions however ofin thinking,B159 (howeverll. 1033–9): in Kant’sB159 task (ll. now1033–9): is to Kant’s explicate task a priorinow isthe to possibility explicate aof priori cognition the possibility of any of cognition of any objects which can be objectspresented which to (orcan by) be ourpresented senses, to not (or according by) our senses,to their not intuitive according form to their intuitive form 1030 than, in der transscendentalen1030 than, in der aber transscendentalen die the transcendental aber die [deduction]the transcendental their [deduction] their (as spatio-temporal), but(as accordingspatio-temporal), to (a priori but) lawsaccording of their to connection(a priori) laws or of conjoining. their connection or conjoining. Möglichkeit derselbenMöglichkeit als Erkenntnisse derselben a alspossibility Erkenntnisse as cognitions a possibility a priori as of cognitions a priori of priori von Gegenständenpriori einer von Anschau-Gegenständenobjects einer ofAnschau- an intuitionobjects as such of (§§ an 20,intuitionB159 as such(ll. 1036–9): (§§ 20, SuchB 159an explication(ll. 1036–9): is, Such ‘as it an were’ explication (gleichsam is,) to‘as prescribe it were’ ( gleichsamthe law )to to nature prescribe the law to nature ung überhaupt (§ 20, 21)ung dargestellt. überhaupt Jetzt(§ 20, 21)21) dargestellt. was exhibited. Jetzt Now21) wasshall exhibited. be ex- Nowand so shall to ‘make’ be ex- natureand ‘possible’. so to ‘make’ Kant’s nature expressly ‘possible’. figurative Kant’s language expressly cautions figurative against language hasty cautions against hasty soll die Möglichkeit,soll durch die Categorien Möglichkeit, plicated durch Categorien the possibilityplicated by these the cate- possibilityappeal by these to the cate- generativeappeal sense to the of ‘constitution generative sense of objects’, of ‘constitution and expressly of objects’, allows and for theexpressly allows for the 1035 die Gegenstände,1035 die dienur Gegenstände, immer unseren die nurgories immer to unseren cognize thegories objects to whichcognize thepresuppositional objects which sensepresuppositional of ‘constitution’ sense of nature of ‘constitution’ (or of particulars of nature within (or nature)of particulars as objects within nature) as objects Sinnen vorkommen Sinnen mögen, vorkommen und zwar mögen,can only und ever zwar presentcan themselves only ever to presentof our themselves possible tosensation,of our perception, possible sensation, experience, perception, judgment experience,and apperceptive judgment awareness and apperceptive (a- awareness (a- nicht der Form ihrernicht Anschauung, der Form son- ihrer Anschauung,our senses, and son- indeedour not senses, according and indeedbove, not §2.15). according Kant’s Deductionbove, §2.15). of theKant’s categories Deduction does of set the constraints categories on does particulars set constraints we can on particulars we can dern den Gesetzen dern ihrer den Verbindung Gesetzen ihrerto the Verbindung form of theirto intuition, the form but of theirperceive, intuition, experience but orperceive, judge, butexperience these are or epistemic,judge, but transcendentalthese are epistemic, constraints; transcendental they are constraints; they are nach a priori zu erkennen,nach alsoa priori der zuNatur erkennen,rather also according der Natur to therather laws according of their to not the developed laws of their in the Analyticnot developed of Concepts, in the Analyticbut in the of Analytic Concepts, of butPrinciples. in the Analytic of Principles. 1040 gleichsam das 1040 Gesetzgleichsam vorzuschreiben das Gesetzconnection vorzuschreiben a priori, henceconnection as it werea priori, B hence160 ( ll. as 1042–7): it were TheB 160point (ll. of 1042–7): Kant’s DeductionThe point isof toKant’s show Deduction that proper is useto showof the that catego- proper use of the catego- und sie sogar möglichund zu machen,sie sogar erklärtmöglich zuto machen,prescribe erklärt the law toto natureprescribe and the to law riesto natureis necessary and to to beries aware is necessary of sensed to particulars, be aware ofas thesensed particulars particulars, they as are; the so particulars that what- they are; so that what- [B160] werden. Denn[B 160] ohne werden. diese ihre Denn make ohne it diese[nature] ihre possible.make For it [nature]without possible.ever canFor be without presented everto our can senses be presented must stand to our under senses laws must deriving stand a underpriori fromlaws derivingthe under- a priori from the under- Tauglichkeit würde nichtTauglichkeit erhellen, würde wie nichtthis, erhellen,their sufficiency, wie this, it would their notsufficiency, be standing it would alone. not be (Seriousstanding philosophical alone. (Serious issues concern philosophical whether issues Kant’s concern Deduction whether must, Kant’s or Deduction must, or alles, was unseren alles, Sinnen was nur unseren vor- Sinnenclear how nur everythingvor- clear whatsoever how everythingdoes, prove whatsoever such an unrestricteddoes, prove universalsuch an unrestrictedthesis about universal any particulars thesis theabout senses any particularsmay pres- the senses may pres- 1045 kommen mag, unter1045 kommen den Gesetzen mag, unter ste- denwhich Gesetzen can confront ste- ourwhich senses can confrontmust ent; our orsenses whether must it mayent; suffice or whether for Kant it tomay show suffice that for apperceptive Kant to show human that experience apperceptive is onlyhuman experience is only hen müsse, die a priorihen aus müsse, dem Verstan- die a priori standaus dem under Verstan- laws whichstand stem under a priori laws whichpossible stem if asome priori sensedpossible particular(s) if some can sensed be properly particular(s) identified can beby properly correct useidentified of the bycatego- correct use of the catego- de allein entspringen.de allein entspringen. only from the understanding.only from the understanding.ries, leaving it then tories, empirical leaving inquiry it then to to specify empirical how inquiry extensive to specify may be how such extensive identifiability may be such identifiability Zuvörderst merke ichZuvörderst an, daß merke ich ichFirst an, I daß remark ich that First by synthesis I remark of thatof sensed by synthesis objects. of Kant’sof sensed observations objects. atKant’s the end observations of §25 about at thethe endoccasional of §25 characterabout the ofoccasional character of unter der Synthesis unterder Apprehen- der Synthesis derapprehension Apprehen- I understandapprehension the placing I understandany actual the ‘I placing think …’ anymay actual support ‘I think the latter, …’ may weaker support thesis.) the latter, weaker thesis.) 1050 sion die Zusammensetzung1050 sion die des Zusammensetzung Man- together desof the Man- manifoldtogether in an ofempir- the manifoldB160 in(ll. an 1048–54): empir- KantB160 remarks (ll. 1048–54): on the Kantcognitive remarks process(es) on the cognitiveinvolved inprocess(es) integrating involved mani- in integrating mani- nigfaltigen in einer nigfaltigen empirischen in An- einer ical empirischen intuition, An- so thatical perception, intuition, i.e. so thatfold, perception, complex, i.e.variegatedfold, sensory complex, intake, variegated sufficient sensory to afford intake, perceptual, sufficient i.e.to ,afford empirical perceptual, con- i.e., empirical con- schauung verstehe, dadurchschauung Wahrneh- verstehe, dadurchempirical Wahrneh- consciousnessempirical of it (as consciousness ap- sciousness of it (as(as ap-distinctsciousness to apperceptive (as distinct perceptual to apperceptive consciousness). perceptual His point consciousness). about process His point about process mung, d.i. empirischesmung, Bewußtseyn d.i. empirisches der- pearance) Bewußtseyn becomes der- possiblepearance) […] .becomes possiblehelps identify […]. issues ofhelps cognitive identify validity issues addressed of cognitive subsequently. validity addressed (Omitted subsequently. is a brief passage (Omitted is a brief passage selben (als Erscheinung),selben möglich (als Erscheinung), wird möglich wird about space and time aboutas unitary space formal and time intuitions, as unitary not formal merely intuitions, forms of sensorynot merely receptivity; forms of sensory receptivity; 1055 […]. 1055 […]. [B161] [B161] his key premiss for thehis ensuing key premiss proof foris retained the ensuing on B 161,proof here is retained l. 1056–7.) on B161, here l. 1056–7.)

76 76 77 77

76 77 […] Einheit der Synthesis[…] Einheit des derMan- Synthesis[…] Unity des of Man- synthesis of[…] theUnity manifold of synthesis B of161 the (ll. manifold1056–79): InsofarB161 (asll. 1056–79):particulars Insofar(of whatever as particulars sort or scale)(of whatever are sensed sort byor orscale) pre- are sensed by or pre- nigfaltigen außer odernigfaltigen in uns, außer mithin oderoutside in uns, or mithin within us,outside hence or also within a us,sented hence to us also via aour sensessented andto usso via are our sensed senses by andor presentedso are sensed to us by spatio-temporally, or presented to usthe spatio-temporally, the auch eine Verbindung,auch der eine alles, Verbindung, was im connection der alles, was with im whichconnection must accord with whichtwo a must priori accord concepts ‘space’two a prioriand ‘time’concepts pertain ‘space’ to them;and ‘time’ whatever pertain is soto presentedthem; whatever to us fallsis so presented to us falls Raume oder der ZeitRaume bestimmt oder vorge- der Zeit everything bestimmt which vorge- shalleverything be represented which shallwithin be represented the intension (scope)within theof thoseintension two (scope)concepts. of However,those two these concepts. conditions However, as such these do conditions as such do 1060 stellt werden soll,1060 gemäßstellt seyn werden muß, soll, [ist] gemäßdeterminately seyn muß, [ist] within determinately space or time, withinnot space at all orsuffice time, to individuate,not at all sufficediscriminate to individuate, or identify discriminate any sensed or particular identify whatever.any sensed Nei- particular whatever. Nei- a priori als Bedingunga derpriori Synthesis als Bedingung aller der[is] givenSynthesis at once aller a priori[is] givenas condition at once a priorither doas conditionthese conditionsther suffice do these to specifyconditions any sufficeinstance to of specify any a anypriori instance categorical of any feature(s) a priori categorical feature(s) Apprehension schon Apprehension mit (nicht in) schon die- mitof the (nicht synthesis in) die- of allof apprehension the synthesis of of all our apprehension concept of an objectof our as conceptsuch. ofHence an object these assensory, such. Henceintuitive, these spatio-temporal, sensory, intuitive, concep- spatio-temporal, concep- sen [raum-zeitlich, sinnlichen]sen [raum-zeitlich, Anschau- sinnlichen]already with Anschau- (not in) already these [sensible, with (not in)tual these and [sensible,judgmental conditionstual and judgmental do not suffice conditions to specify do anynot sufficecomplement to specify to any any (attempted) complement to any (attempted) ungen zugleich gegeben.ungen zugleich gegeben.spatio-temporal] intuitions.spatio-temporal] intuitions.apperceptive ‘I think apperceptive …’. Actually ‘I to think think …’. any Actually instance to of think ‘I think any …’ instance involves of ‘I thinking think …’ involves thinking about some particular(s)about or someothers particular(s) now sensorily or presented others now (here sensorily or there presented). Any such (here humanly or there). Any such humanly 1065 Diese synthetische1065 EinheitDiese abersynthetische kann EinheitHowever, aber thiskann syntheticHowever, unity canthis synthetic unity can possible thought mustpossible be structured thought and must facilitated be structured by judgmental and facilitated use of bycategories, judgmental which use of categories, which keine andere seyn, alskeine die andere der Verbin- seyn, alsbe die none der other Verbin- than thebe binding none other of the than the binding of the we must be able to usewe to must discriminate be able to some use tosensorily discriminate presented some particular(s). sensorily presented This does particular(s). en- This does en- dung des Mannigfaltigendung einer des Mannigfaltigen gegebe- manifold einer of gegebe- a given intuitionmanifold as of such a given intuition as such tail constraints on humanlytail constraints identifiable on particulars,humanly identifiable but those constraintsparticulars, arebut thethose topic constraints of the are the topic of the nen Anschauung überhauptnen Anschauung in einem ur- überhauptin an in original einem consciousnessur- in an original accord- consciousness accord- Analytic of Principles.Analytic Kant’s pointof Principles. in the Deduction Kant’s point is that in theanyone Deduction who can is thatthink anyone ‘I think who can think ‘I think sprünglichen Bewußtseyn,sprünglichen den Categori- Bewußtseyn,ing toden the Categori- categories, ingapplied to the solely categories, to applied solely to …’ must think by using…’ the must categories think by in using making the judgments,categories inhowever making approximate, judgments, however tentative approximate, tentative 1070 en gemäß, nur1070 aufen unsere gemäß, sinnliche nur auf our unsere sensible sinnliche intuition.our Consequently sensible intuition. Consequently or inaccurate, by whichor inaccurate, s/he can identify by which and s/he discriminate, can identify at least and discriminate, presumptively, at some least presumptively, some Anschauung angewandt.Anschauung Folglich angewandt. steht all synthesis, Folglich steht by whichall evensynthesis, percep- by whichspatio-temporal even percep- sensedspatio-temporal particular(s), so sensed as to beparticular(s), able to think so thatas to s/he be able perceives to think that that or s/hethem, perceives that or them, alle Synthesis, wodurchalle selbst Synthesis, Wahrneh- wodurchtion selbst is possible, Wahrneh- standstion under is possible, the cat- standsnow under(and there the), cat- so as tonow realise (and thethere incomplete), so as to realisethought the ‘I incompletethink …’ by thought ascribing ‘I think that thought…’ by ascribing that thought mung möglich wird, untermung denmöglich Categori- wird, unteregories; den andCategori- since experienceegories; and is cog- since experienceto oneself is in cog- the contextto oneself of being in theable context to identify, of being individuate able to and identify, correctly individuate (if perhaps and correctly (if perhaps en; und da Erfahrungen; Erkenntniß und da Erfahrung durch Erkenntnißnition through durch connectednition through percep- connectedcrudely) identify percep- somecrudely) feature(s) identify of some some perceived feature(s) particular(s), of some perceived and only particular(s), thus being able and to only thus being able to 1075 verknüpfte Wahrnehmungen1075 verknüpfte ist, Wahrnehmungenso sind tions, theist, so categories sind tions, are thus the condi- categoriesthink are thusand to condi- correctly thinkconceive and oneselfto correctly as perceiving conceive thatoneself or thoseas perceiving particular(s). that orWithout those particular(s).us- Without us- die Categorien Bedingungendie Categorien der Bedingungentions of the possibility der tions of experienceof the possibilitying ofthe experience categories in presumptiveing the categories cognitive in presumptive judgments aboutcognitive some judgments particular(s) about or someother(s), particular(s) or other(s), Möglichkeit der ErfahrungMöglichkeit und der gelten Erfahrungand are und thus gelten valid a and priori are also thus of valid all aone priori could also neither of all thinkone nor could say neither‘it is (such-and-so)’; think nor say indeed, ‘it is (such-and-so)’; not even to thinkindeed, or notto say even ‘it to think or to say ‘it also a priori auch vonalso allen a priori Gegenstän- auch von objects allen Gegenstän- of experience.objects of experience.[…] seems to me to[…] be (such-and-so)’,seems to me becauseto be (such-and-so)’, even this thought because and even judgment this thought require anddiscrimi- judgment require discrimi- den der Erfahrung. den der Erfahrung. nating by localising thenating relevant by localising ‘it’, in part the by relevant delimiting ‘it’, inthe part region by delimiting(spatial scope) the regionwithin (spatial scope) within 1080 1080* * * * * * * * * * * which * one now (period)which perceives one now it, by(period) ascribing perceives at least it, some by ascribing feature(s) at toleast it. Kant’ssome feature(s) Deduc- to it. Kant’s Deduc- tion focuses on the highesttion focuses conceptual on the and highest judgmental conceptual conditions and judgmental which must conditions be satisfied which must be satisfied for any actual instancefor of any any actual humanly instance possible of any‘I think humanly …’. Thepossible Analytic ‘I think of Principles…’. The Analyticex- of Principles ex- amines the correlativeamines constraints the correlative upon sensed, constraints perceived upon particulars, sensed, perceivedsuch that weparticulars, can at all such that we can at all identify them. identify them. Kant’s point in the deductionKant’s point is that in any the humanly deduction possible is that discriminationany humanly possible of specific discrimination regions of specific regions of space and of specificof periods space and of time of specific require periods discriminating of time requireparticulars discriminating which one identifiesparticulars which one identifies within some perceptual-experientialwithin some perceptual-experiential context, on some occasion, context, as onhaving some their occasion, specific as spatialhaving their specific spatial configuration and temporalconfiguration duration, and both temporal of which duration, can be bothspecified of which only bycan conjointly be specified speci- only by conjointly speci- fying some features of thosefying someparticulars features by of which those one particulars can at all by discriminate which one themcan at fromall discriminate one an- them from one an- other, and contrast it orother, them and to onself contrast and it one’sor them perceiving to onself of and it or one’s them .perceiving All these specific,of it or them par-. All these specific, par- ticular discriminations ticular require discriminations competent judgmental require competent use of the judgmental categories use and of the the concepts categories and the concepts 78 78 79 79

78 79 [B162] Wenn ich also [z.B162] B. dieWenn empirische ich also z. B.If, die e.g. empirische, I make the empiricalIf, e.g., I intu- make the‘space(s)’ empirical and intu- ‘time(s)’ ‘space(s)’to identify and by ‘time(s)’ classifying to identify(specifying) by classifyingconjointly all (specifying) of these discriminated conjointly all of these discriminated Anschauung eines HausesAnschauung durch Appre-eines Hausesition durch of a Appre- house throughition of apprehen- a house throughfeatures, apprehen- particulars, relationsfeatures, and particulars, occasion. relations Without and such occasion. possible Without competent such use possible of categories competent use of categories hension des Mannigfaltigenhension des derselben Mannigfaltigension of itsderselben manifold sion into perception,of its manifoldin into prospectively perception, cognitivein prospectively judgments within cognitive perceptual judgments contexts within we perceptual never could contexts be able we merely never could be able merely zur Wahrnehmung mache,zur Wahrnehmung so liegt mir mache,fundamental so liegt to mir my sofundamental doing is the to my to so judge doing (or isto thesay), thisto particular judge (or IS to such-and-so; say), this particular indeed, IS we such-and-so; could never indeed, merely we judge could (or never say), merely judge (or say), 1085 die notwendige1085 Einheitdie notwendige des Raumes Einheitnecessary des unity Raumes of spacenecessary and outer unity sen- of space‘I thinkand outer... this sen-particular‘I thinkappears ... thisto meparticular such-and-so’, appears because to me such-and-so’,such hesitant becausereports ofsuch sensory hesitant reports of sensory und der äußeren sinnlichenund der Anschauung äußeren sinnlichensible Anschauung intuition as such,sible and intuition I as it as such,appearances and I require as it identifyingappearances that require which identifyingso appears that to oneselfwhich asso someappears particular to oneself which as some so particular which so überhaupt zum Grunde,überhaupt und ich zum zeichne Grunde,were und drawich zeichne its figure were in accord draw withits figureappears. in accord This withmuch, atappears. least, Kant This proves much, in at his least, Deduction Kant proves of the in Categories. his Deduction of the Categories. gleichsam seine Gestalt,gleichsam dieser seine syntheti- Gestalt,this dieser synthetic syntheti- unity ofthis the syntheticmanifold unityin ofB162 the (manifoldll. 1081–1099): in Mercifully,B162 (ll. 1081–1099): Kant illustrates Mercifully, his point Kant with illustrates an example his point which with can an only example be which can only be schen Einheit des schen Mannigfaltigen Einheit des im Mannigfaltigenspace. However, im this space. very same However, syn- thisfully very explicated same syn- in thefully ‘Analogies explicated of Experience’in the ‘Analogies (N.B. : of all Experience’ three Analogies (N.B. : conjointly! all three KCE Analogies conjointly! KCE 1090 Raume gemäß. 1090 EbenRaume dieselbe gemäß. syntheti- Eben thetic dieselbe unity, syntheti- if I abstractthetic fromunity, the if I abstract§§44–61): from perceiving the a§§44–61): house (B 162,perceiving cf. B235, a house237). Recalling(B162, cf. theB235, previous 237). Recalling comments, the theprevious key comments, the key sche Einheit aber, wennsche Einheit ich von aber, der wennform ichof space, von deris rootedform in ofthe space, under- is rootedpoints in the are under- these: Perceivingpoints are(e.g. ) these: a house Perceiving presupposes (e.g.) a the house necessary presupposes unity of the space necessary within unity of space within Form des Raumes abstrahiere,Form des Raumes hat im abstrahiere,standing, and hat is im the standing, the category and of is thewhich the categorythe house of is located.which That the housepresupposition, is located. however, That presupposition, does not suffice however, to specify does anynot region suffice to specify any region Verstande ihren Sitz, Verstandeund ist die ihren Catego- Sitz, undsynthesis ist die ofCatego- the uniformsynthesis in an of intu- the uniformof space in occupied an intu- by ofthe space house. occupied Specifying by thethis house.region Specifyingrequires arbitrarily this region delimiting requires the arbitrarily con- delimiting the con- rie der Synthesis des rieGleichartigen der Synthesis in ei-des Gleichartigenition as such, in ei-i.e., theition category as such, of i.e., cept the ‘space’ category to conceive of cept this ‘space’ specific to regionconceive of thisspace, specific by ‘as region it were’ of outliningspace, by the‘as boundaryit were’ outlining of the boundary of 1095 ner Anschauung1095 überhaupt,ner Anschauung d. i. die Ca- überhaupt,quntity d., withi. die which Ca- thatquntity synthesis, with which of the that house, synthesis which of requiresthe house, identifying which some requires structural identifying features some of the structural house: Its features foundation of the (at house: Its foundation (at tegorie der Größe, tegorie welcher der also Größe, jene welcherapprehension, also jenei.e., theapprehension, perception, i.e., ground the perception, level), walls andground roof, level), at least walls approximately. and roof, at Here least Kant approximately. anticipates Here exactly Kant Evans’ anticipates exactly Evans’ Synthesis der Apprehension,Synthesis d. der i. Apprehension, die must therefore d. i. dieentirelymust accord.* therefore entirely(1975) accord.* point about the(1975) mutual point interdependence about the mutual of identifying interdependence the spatial of identifying boundaries the of spatial any boundaries of any Wahrnehmung, durchausWahrnehmung, gemäß sein durchaus gemäß sein perceived thing and ascribingperceived to thingthat thing and ascribingsome manifest to that features thing some (by which manifest alone features the relevant (by which alone the relevant muß.* muß.* boundaries can be identified).boundaries Here can Kant be identified).stresses that Here identifying Kant stresses and discriminating that identifying (differen- and discriminating (differen- 1100 * Auf solche Weise1100 wird* Auf bewiesen: solche Weise daß wird* In bewiesen: this way is daß proven:* In that this the way syn- is proven:tiating) that that the spatial syn- regiontiating) occupied that spatial by that region house occupied uses (inter by aliathat) house the category uses (inter of quantity alia) the to category of quantity to die Synthesis der Apprehension,die Synthesis welche der Apprehension,thesis of apprehension, welche thesis which of apprehension,is em- identify which the ishouse’s em- spatialidentify quantity the house’s (size, shape,spatial place),quantity and (size, that shape, the sensory place), synthesis and that requiredthe sensory synthesis required empirisch ist, der Synthesisempirisch der ist, Apper- der Synthesispirical, der must Apper- necessarilypirical, accord must with necessarilyto perceive accord this with house tomust perceive also accord this house with mustthis same also accordquantitative, with thiscategorial same quantitative,synthesis and categorial the synthesis and the conceptual specificationconceptual it affords specificationof the location it affords and dimensions of the location of the andhouse. dimensions of the house. zeption, welche intellektuellzeption, und welche gänzlich intellektuellthe synthesis und gänzlich of apperception,the synthesis which of apperception, which a priori in der Categoriea priori enthalten in der Categorieist, is intellectual enthalten and ist, is containedis intellectual entirely and is containedB162 (ll. 1100–10): entirely KantB162 notes (ll. 1100–10):(*) that this Kant illustration, notes (*) together that this with illustration, the previous together main with text the previous main text 1105 nothwendig gemäß1105 seinnothwendig müsse. gemäßEs ist seina priori müsse. in the Es category. ist a priori It is inone the and category.of §26, It is prove one andthat theof empirical §26, prove synthesis that the of empirical sensory apprehensionsynthesis of sensory (sensory apprehension binding) must (sensory binding) must eine und dieselbe Spontaneität,eine und dieselbe welche Spontaneität,the same welchespontaneitythe which same there, spontaneitynecessarily which accordthere, withnecessarily the intellectual, accord with categorial the intellectual, synthesis which categorial affords synthesis any explicit which affords any explicit dort, unter demdort, Namen unter der dem under Namen the name der of imagination,under the name and of (apperceptive, imagination, andprospectively(apperceptive, accurate) prospectively recognition accurate)of that space recognition occupied of by that that space house. occupied Kant by that house. Kant Einbildungskraft, hierEinbildungskraft, des Verstandes, hier here des under Verstandes, the namehere of understand- under the namereiterates of understand- the two-foldreiterates spontaneous the two-fold use of the spontaneous categories, useone ofsub-personal the categories, by transcenden-one sub-personal by transcenden- Verbindung in das Verbindung Mannigfaltige in der das Mannigfaltigeing, brings conjunction der ing, into brings the man-conjunctiontal powerinto the of man-imagination,tal power which of affords imagination, sensory which synthesis affords (binding) sensory required synthesis to perceive(binding) any required to perceive any 1110 Anschauung hineinbringt.1110 Anschauung hineinbringt.ifold of intuition. ifold of intuition. particulars; the other particulars; explicit by the understanding, other explicit exercised by understanding, in explicit judging exercised of in whatever explicit judging of whatever particular(s) one localisesparticular(s) within one’s one localisessurroundings, within which one’s cansurroundings, be judged inwhich overt can cognitive be judged in overt cognitive * * * [… B163]* * * [… B163]* * * * * judgments. * That thesejudgments. are one and That the these same are ‘spontaneity’ one and the does same not ‘spontaneity’ entail token doesidentity not of entail token identity of particular conjunctions,particular combinations conjunctions, or syntheses combinations effected or in syntheses these two effected fundamental in these re- two fundamental re- gards: one sensory-perceptive,gards: one the sensory-perceptive, other intellectual. the other intellectual.

80 80 81 81

80 81 Categorien sind Begriffe,Categorien welche sind den Begriffe,Categories welche areden conceptsCategories which pre-are conceptsB163 (ll.which 1112–16): pre- KantB163 again (ll. 1112–16):states that Kant the categories again states prescribe that the laws categories to nature prescribe (as the lawssum to nature (as the sum Erscheinungen, mithinErscheinungen, der Natur alsmithinscribe der laws Natur a als priori scribe to appearances, laws a priori total to appearances,of appearances) atotal priori of. Thisappearances) may appear a priori to affirm. This maythe generative appear to senseaffirm of the ‘constitution generative sense of ‘constitution dem Inbegriffe aller demErscheinungen Inbegriffe (allerna- Erscheinungenhence to nature (na- as thehence totality to nature of all as theof objects’ totality (above, of all §2.15),of objects’ but it need(above, not §2.15), be so butinterpreted: it need not It may be so suffice interpreted: to affirm It maythe sec-suffice to affirm the sec- 1115 tura materialiter 1115spectatatura) Gesetzematerialiter a priori spectataappearances) Gesetze a priori (natura materialiterappearances specta- (natura ond, materialiter presuppositional specta- ond, sense, presuppositional that only those sense, sensed that particulars only those which sensed can particulars be judged whichusing can be judged using vorschreiben; und nunvorschreiben; frägt sich, daund sie nun tafrägt); and sich, now da thesie questionta); and is, now since the questionthe categories is, since can be the‘anything categories for me’,can beas ‘anythingKant says for earlier me’, inas theKant Deduction says earlier (§16), in thewhen Deduction (§16), when nicht von der Naturnicht abgeleitet von der werden Natur abgeleitetthey are not werden derived theyfrom are nature not derivedand recognisingfrom nature that and sensoryrecognising states may that well sensory occur stateswithin may oneself, well occurof which within one oneself, would orof couldwhich one would or could und sich nach ihr als undihrem sich Muster nach ihrrich- als ihremso would Muster address rich- it so as would their exem- address itnever as their become exem- self-consciouslynever become aware self-consciously (above, §3.4). Kant’saware (above,term ‘appearances’ §3.4). Kant’s can term be ‘appearances’used, can be used, ten (weil sie sonst bloßten (weil empirisch sie sonst seyn bloßplary empirisch instance seyn (becauseplary they instance would (becauseand is they used would by Kant,and in is several used senses.by Kant, Caution in several is required senses. to Caution discern is which required senses to discern of which senses of 1120 würden), wie es 1120zu begreifenwürden), sei, wie daß es zudie begreifenthus be sei, merely daß die empirical),thus be how merely is it empirical),‘appearance(s)’ how is is it or is‘appearance(s)’ not ruled in, or is ruledor is out,not ruledby various in, or aspectsruled out, of byKant’s various transcendental aspects of Kant’s transcendental Natur sich nach ihnenNatur richten sich müsse, nach ihnend.i. richtencomprehensible müsse, d.i. that comprehensiblenature must ad- thatreflections nature must on possiblead- reflections experience on and possible its conditions. experience and its conditions. wie sie die Verbindungwie dessie Mannigfalti-die Verbindungdress des Mannigfalti- them, i.e. how dress can they them, deter- i.e. howB 163 can ( theyll. 1116–25): deter- KantB163 poses (ll. 1116–25): the puzzle Kant about poses how the our puzzle a priori about categories how ourcan a(even priori appearcategories can (even appear gen der Natur, ohnegen sie der von Natur, dieser ohne ab- siemine von a dieser priori theab- connectionmine a priori of the the connectionto, ‘as it were’) of the prescribeto, ‘as laws it were’)to (or prescribeconstraints laws upon) to (or nature, constraints if they upon)are a priorinature, and if notthey are a priori and not zunehmen, a priori bestimmenzunehmen, können.a priori bestimmenmanifold können. of nature,manifold without of being nature,taken without from nature. being taken from nature. 1125 Hier ist die Auflösung1125 Hier dieses ist dieRäthsels. Auflösung diesesderived Räthsels. from it. Herederived is the fromsolution it. Here is the solution B164–5 (ll. 1126–70): BKant’s164–5 solution(ll. 1126–70): to the Kant’s puzzle solution appeals to to the transcendental puzzle appeals idealism, to transcendental ac- idealism, ac- to this riddle. to this riddle. cording to which ‘appearances’cording to ‘inherewhich ‘appearances’in the subject’ ‘inhere (ll. 1131–40). in the subject’ Accordingly, (ll. 1131–40). whatever Accordingly, whatever B164] Es ist um nichtsB164] befremdlicher,Es ist um nichts It befremdlicher, is no more baffling,It how is no the more laws baffling,structure(s) how the inhere laws in structure(s)appearances inhere depend in uponappearances the subject depend in whichupon thosethe subject appearances in which in- those appearances in- wie die Gesetze derwie Erscheinungen die Gesetze in der Erscheinungenof the appearances in of within the appearances nature here. within Hence nature there is nohere. particular Hence theresurprise is nothat particular appearances surprise must that exhibit appearances whatever must structures exhibit whatever structures der Natur mit dem Verstandeder Natur und mit seinerdem Verstandemust as und such seiner be connectedmust as with such the be connectedare required with by the that subject’sare required forms by ofthat sensibility subject’s (receptivity) forms of sensibility and forms (receptivity) of intellect and (judg- forms of intellect (judg- Form a priori, d.i. seinemForm Vermögen a priori, d.i. das seinemunderstanding Vermögen das and itsunderstanding a priori form, and itsment). a priori ‘Appearances, form, ment).however, ‘Appearances, are only representations however, are ofonly things’, representations and these representationsof things’, and these representations 1130 Mannigfaltige überhaupt1130 Mannigfaltige zu verbinden, überhaupti.e. , zu with verbinden, its capacity i.e. to, with connect its capacity the are to structured connect theby the representingare structured subject by the ( ll.representing 1143–50). subject (ll. 1143–50). als wie die Erscheinungenals wie selbst die Erscheinungen mit der manifold selbst asmit such, der thanmanifold how appear- as such, than Kant’s how appear-solution is notKant’s entirely solution satisfactory, is not inentirely part becausesatisfactory, it is tooin part convenient. because itI haveis too convenient. I have Form der sinnlichen AnschauungForm der sinnlichen a priori Anschauungances themselves a priori mustances agree themselves a priori mustargued agree elsewhere a priori (KTPRargued) that elsewhereKant’s transcendental (KTPR) that Kant’s idealism transcendental requires (as heidealism insists) requires a radical (as he insists) a radical übereinstimmen müssen.übereinstimmen Denn Gesetze müssen.with Denn the Gesetzeform of sensiblewith the intuition. form of sensibledichotomy intuition. between thedichotomy formal structuresbetween theof experienceformal structures (which ofalone experience are said (which to be alone‘legis- are said to be ‘legis- existiren eben so wenigexistiren in den eben Erschei- so wenigFor in lawsden Erschei-exist just asFor little laws within exist ap- just aslated’ little bywithin our humanap- formlated’ ofby cognisance)our human andform the of materialcognisance) content(s) and the of material experience, content(s) includ- of experience, includ- 1135 nungen, sondern1135 nur nungen,relativ auf sondern das Sub- nur relativpearances, auf das but Sub- ratherpearances, only relative but to rathering only quite relative specific to sensorying quitecontents. specific Kant’s sensory transcendental contents. Kant’s idealism transcendental is designed to idealism account is for designed to account for ject, dem die Erscheinungenject, dem inhäriren, die Erscheinungenthe subject inhäriren, in which the appearances subject in in- whichformal appearances a priori in-conditionsformal of apossible priori conditions human apperceptive of possible experiencehuman apperceptive which are experienceeither con- which are either con- so fern es Verstand hat,so fern als Erscheinun-es Verstand hat,here, als Erscheinun- so far as it hashere, understanding, so far as it hasceptual understanding, or intuitive. Yetceptual Kant’s or probingintuitive. examination Yet Kant’s probingof the formal examination a priori conditionsof the formal neces- a priori conditions neces- gen nicht an sich existiren,gen nicht sondern an sich nur existiren,as appearances sondern nur do notas existappearances in them- do notsary exist for in the them- possibilitysary of for our the apperceptive possibility experienceof our apperceptive also identifies experience a key formalalso identifies a priori a key formal a priori relativ auf dasselbe relativ Wesen, auf so dasselbe fern es Wesen,selves, sobut fernrather es onlyselves, relative but to rather that onlycondition relative whichto that is neithercondition conceptual which isnor neither intuitive conceptual but rather nor is intuitivematerial: Thebut ratherhumanly is material iden- : The humanly iden- 1140 Sinne hat. Dingen1140 anSinne sich hat. selbst Dingen würde an sichsame selbst being, würde insofar assame it has being, senses. insofar tifiable as it has kinds senses. and degreestifiable of kindssimilarity and anddegrees variety of similarityamongst theand contentsvariety amongst of sensory the intake.contents of sensory intake. ihre Gesetzmäßigkeitihre nothwendig Gesetzmäßigkeit auch nothwendigTo things in auch themselvesTo things would in nec- themselvesSuch wouldhumanly nec- identifiableSuch kindshumanly and identifiable degrees of kindssimilarity and anddegrees variety of similarityamongst theand contents variety amongst the contents außer einem Verstande,außer der einem sie erkennt, Verstande,essarily der sie be erkennt, ascribed theiressarily lawfulness, be ascribed of their sensory lawfulness, intake, andof likewise sensory atintake, a richer and level likewise of integration at a richer such level sensory of integration intake affords,such sensory intake affords, zukommen. Allein Erscheinungenzukommen. Allein sind Erscheinungenalso apart from sind anyalso understanding apart from anyalso understanding amongst the objectsalso of amongst sensory intuitionthe objects and of sensoryperception intuition (Kant and makes perception the point (Kant at both makes the point at both nur Vorstellungen vonnur Dingen, Vorstellungen die nach von whichDingen, knows die nach them. Howeverwhich knows appear- them. Howeverthese levels), appear- in principlethese can levels),not be ingenerated principle by can thenot structure be generated and functioning by the structure of our and human functioning of our human sensibility or intellect,sensibility whether singlyor intellect, or conjointly. whether Thesingly matter or conjointly. of sensation The itself, matter must of sensationbe itself, must be 1145 dem, was sie an1145 sich dem,seyn wasmögen, sie anuner- sich seynances mögen, are onlyuner- representationsances are only of representations of given us ab extra (fromgiven without), us ab extranot generated (from without), by the nothuman generated subject; by this the thesis human is subject;(partly) this thesis is (partly) kannt da sind. Als bloßekannt Vorstellungen da sind. Als bloßethings, Vorstellungen which are there,things, altogether which are there, altogether 82 82 83 83

82 83 aber stehen sie unter abergar keinem stehen Gesetzesie unter garregardless keinem Gesetze of what theyregardless may be of inwhat constitutive they may be of in Kant’sconstitutive transcendental of Kant’s idealism, transcendental and is required idealism, to distinguish and is required his idealism to distinguish his idealism der Verknüpfung, alsder demjenigen, Verknüpfung, welc- als demjenigen,themselves. However, welc- themselves. as mere repre- However,from as mereunmitigated repre- subjectivefrom unmitigated idealism. If subjective the matter idealism. of sensation If the itselfmatter is ofgiven sensation us ab extraitself, is given us ab extra, hes das verknüpfendehes Vermögen das verknüpfende vor- sentations Vermögen they vor- standsentations under no theyother standthen under whatever no other similaritiesthen andwhatever varieties similarities that matter and ofvarieties sensation that has, matter it has. of sensationWhich of has,these it has. Which of these 1150 schreibt. Nun ist1150 das,schreibt. was das Mannigfal-Nun ist das, waslaws das of Mannigfal- connection thanlaws thoseof connection which thanmay bethose humanly which recognisablemay be humanly is a distinct recognisable issue, but is whichever a distinct ofissue, them but may whichever be or are of hu-them may be or are hu- tige der sinnlichen tige Anschauung der sinnlichen ver- Anschauungthe connecting ver- capacitythe connecting prescribes. capacitymanly prescribes.recognisable, thosemanly varieties recognisable, and similarities those varieties are not and ‘legislated’ similarities by theare humannot ‘legislated’ mind inby the human mind in knüpft, Einbildungskraft,knüpft, die Einbildungskraft, vom Ver- Now die that vom which Ver- connectsNow that the mani-which connectsthe sense the of mani- generating thethem. sense Our of mind generating can them.only set Our constraints, mind can constraintsonly set constraints, which Kant constraints ac- which Kant ac- stande der Einheit ihrerstande intellectuellen der Einheit ihrerfold intellectuellenof sensible intuitionfold isof the sensible power intuitionknowledges is the power cannot beknowledges specified a cannot priori on be philosophical specified a priori grounds, on philosophical upon there grounds,being some upon there being some Synthesis und von derSynthesis Sinnlichkeit und von der derof Sinnlichkeit imagination, der whichof depends imagination, upon whichminimal, depends humanly upon recognisableminimal, humanly degree of recognisable similarity and degree variety of similarityamongst theand content variety amongstof our the content of our 1155 Mannigfaltigkeit1155 der MannigfaltigkeitApprehension nach der Apprehensionthe understanding nach forthe the understanding unity of its forsensory the unity intake, of itssuch thatsensory we can intake, at all such integrate that we our can sensory at all integrateintake (binding) our sensory so as intaketo be able(binding) so as to be able abhängt. Da nun vonabhängt. der Synthesis Da nun der von intellectual der Synthesis synthesis der intellectualand upon sensi-synthesisto and perceive upon oursensi- surroundings,to perceive and our so surroundings,to be able to judge and soat toleast be someable toparticulars judge at leastto be some such- particulars to be such- and-so, such that we canand-so, at all such think that ‘I thinkwe can …’ at that all think those ‘I particulars think …’ thatthere those and thenparticulars or now there and then or now Apprehension alle möglicheApprehension Wahrneh- alle möglichebility of Wahrneh- the manifoldbility of of apprehen- the manifold of apprehen- and here are such-and-so,and here and areonly such-and-so, thus to be ableand onlyto apperceptive thus to be themable to (and apperceptive ourselves). them (and ourselves). mung, sie selbst aber,mung, diese sie empirische selbst aber, sion. diese Now empirische since all possiblesion. Now percep- since all possible percep- This minimum degreeThis of humanlyminimum recognisable degree of humanly similarity recognisable and variety similarityamongst theand contents variety amongst the contents Synthesis, von der Synthesis, transscendentalen, von der transscendentalen,tion depends upon thetion synthesis depends of upon the synthesis of of sensations is the transcendentalof sensations affinityis the transcendental of the sensory affinity manifold. of the I have sensory argued manifold. (KTPR CIh. have argued (KTPR Ch. 1160 mithin den Categorien1160 mithin abhängt, den soCategorien müs- apprehension,abhängt, so müs- whichapprehension, itself, this em- which itself, this em- 3) that Kant justifies3) this that requirement Kant justifies by sound this requirement transcendental by sound proof transcendental in KdrV, that proof this in KdrV, that this sen alle mögliche Wahrnehmungen,sen alle mögliche mit- Wahrnehmungen,pirical synthesis, mit- dependspirical upon synthesis, the depends upon the sound proof demonstratessound that proof Kant’s demonstrates key arguments that Kant’s for transcendental key arguments idealism for transcendental are invalid, idealism are invalid, hin auch alles, was zumhin empirischenauch alles, was Be- zumtranscendental empirischen Be- [synthesis],transcendental hence up- [synthesis],and that hence this sound up- proofand that exhibits this soundexactly proof the structure exhibits andexactly provides the structure exactly theand modelprovides re- exactly the model re- wußtseyn immer gelangenwußtseyn kann, immer d.i. gelangenon the categories, kann, d.i. so muston the all categories, possible so quiredmust allfor possible sound versionsquired of for the sound ‘neglected versions alternative’ of the ‘neglected objection alternative’to Kant’s argumentsobjection tofor Kant’s arguments for [B165] alle Erscheinungen[B165] der alle Natur, Erscheinungen ihrer perceptions, der Natur, ihrer hence perceptions, also everything hence transcendental also everything idealism.transcendental Remarkably, idealism. paying moreRemarkably, careful attentionpaying more to Kant’s careful own attention distinc- to Kant’s own distinc- 1165 Verbindung nach1165 unterVerbindung den Categorien nach unterwhich den Categoriencan ever enterwhich empirical can ever con- entertions empirical and relations con- betweentions and the relationstwo distinct between uses ofthe the two categories, distinct uses one of in thesub-personal categories, sen- one in sub-personal sen- stehen, von welchen stehen,die Natur von (bloß welchen als diesciousness, Natur (bloß i.e., alsall appearancessciousness, of i.e. na-, all appearancessory binding of andna- object-discriminationsory binding and object-discrimination (productive imagination), (productive the other imagination), in making the any other in making any Natur überhaupt betrachtet)Natur überhaupt als dem ur- betrachtet)ture asals dem regards ur- theirture conjunction, as regards theircognitive conjunction, judgments, whethercognitive explicit judgments, or implicit whether (understanding), explicit or implicit and to(understanding), Kant’s own distinc- and to Kant’s own distinc- sprünglichen Grundesprünglichen ihrer nothwendi- Grunde must ihrer stand nothwendi- under themust categories, stand under up- thetions categories, and relations up- betweentions and issues relations of cognitive between process issues andof cognitive issues of processcognitive and validity, issues pro-of cognitive validity, pro- gen Gesetzmäßigkeitgen (als Gesetzmäßigkeit natura forma- (onals which natura depends forma- natureon which (regarded depends vides nature a (regardedsound and sufficientvides a soundbasis for and his sufficient Transcendental basis for Deduction his Transcendental of the Pure Deduction Concepts of the Pure Concepts 1170 liter spectata) abhängt.1170 liter Auf spectata mehrere) abhängt.merely Auf as mehrere nature as such)merely as asthe nature origi- as such)of the as Understanding,the origi- of without the Understanding, appeal to his without transcendental appeal to idealist his transcendental account of objects idealist as account of objects as Gesetze aber als die,Gesetze auf denen aber eine als die,nal auf ground denen of eine their necessarynal ground lawful- of their (mere)necessary appearances lawful- to(mere) us. This appearances vindicates to the us. presuppositional This vindicates the rather presuppositional than the generative rather than the generative Nat ur überhauptNat als ur Gesetzmäßig- überhaupt ness als Gesetzmäßig- (as natura formaliterness (as spectata natura). formalitersense of ‘constitution spectata). sense of objects’ of ‘constitution (above, §2.15). of objects’ Kant’s (above, account §2.15). of sensation, Kant’s accountsensory ofintu- sensation, sensory intu- keit der Erscheinungenkeit derin Raum Erscheinungen und However, in Raum to the und manyHowever, laws, other to than the manyition laws and, other the than‘matter ofition appearance’ and the ‘matter are in offact appearance’ more subtle are and in factsophisticated more subtle than and this sophisticated pas- than this pas- Zeit beruht, reichtZeit auch beruht, das reine reicht those auch upon das which reine reststhose a nature upon as which such restssage a allows;nature as see such §5. sage allows; see §5. 1175 1175 Verstandesvermögen Verstandesvermögen nicht zu, durch nichtas lawfulness zu, durch of appearancesas lawfulness in space of appearancesB165 (ll. 1170–87):in space WithoutB165 ( ll.specifying 1170–87): them, Without Kant specifying merely states them, that Kant his Deductionmerely states can that dem- his Deduction can dem- a a bloße Categorien denbloße Erscheinungen Categorien den and Erscheinungen time, even the pureand time, capacity even of the onstrate pure capacity no more of lawsonstrate than those no morerequired laws for than the those lawfulness required of naturefor the aslawfulness such. These of nature‘laws’ as such. These ‘laws’ priori priori Gesetze vorzuschreiben. Gesetze Besonde- vorzuschreiben.understanding Besonde- is insufficientunderstanding by mere is insufficientare specified by mere in the ‘Analyticare specified of Principles’ in the ‘Analytic (and anticipated of Principles’ in the (and Schematism; anticipated KCEin the §30). Schematism; KCE §30). re Gesetze, weil sie empirischre Gesetze, bestimmte weil sie empirischcategories bestimmte to prescribecategories a priori laws to prescribe to Particular a priori laws laws to of nature,Particular Kant laws avers, of must nature, be Kant specifications avers, must of thesebe specifications a priori principles, of these a priori principles, Erscheinungen betreffen,Erscheinungen können davon betreffen,appearances. können davon Particularappearances. laws, because Particularwhich laws, we becausecan only learnwhich through we can empirical only learn inquiries. through This empirical leaves inquiries.open many This questions leaves open re- many questions re- 1180 nicht vollständig1180 abgeleitetnicht vollständig werden, ob abgeleitetthey concern werden, empirically ob they determinedconcern empiricallygarding determined Kant’s ‘Analyticgarding of Principles’ Kant’s ‘Analytic and its ofrelations Principles’ to empirical and its relations physics, toonly empirical some of physics, only some of sie gleich alle insgesammtsie gleich unter alle jenen insgesammtappearances, unter jenen cannot appearances, be completely cannotwhich be completelyare addressed inwhich the ‘Transcendentalare addressed in Dialectic’, the ‘Transcendental others are consideredDialectic’, others in Kant’s are consideredMeta- in Kant’s Meta- stehen. Es muß Erfahrungstehen. Es dazu muß kom- Erfahrungderived dazu from kom- [thosederived categories], from al- [those categories], al-

84 84 85 85 84 85 men, um die letzteremen, überhaupt um die kennen letztere überhauptthough they kennen all standthough under they them. all standphysical under Foundations them. of Naturphysicalal FoundationsScience. None of ofNatur theseal Scienceissues. Noneshould of be these addressed issues withinshould Kant’s be addressed within Kant’s zu lernen; von Erfahrungzu lernen; aber überhaupt von ErfahrungExperience aber überhaupt too mustExperience be considered too mustDeduction, be considered so it is unsurprisingDeduction, that so ithere is unsurprising they are no morethat here than they mentioned are no more by Kant. than mentioned by Kant. 1185 und dem, was als1185 ein undGegenstand dem, was dersel- als ein Gegenstandto discover dersel- these latterto indiscover any regard; these latter in any regard; ben erkannt werden ben kann, erkannt geben werden allein kann,only gebenregarding allein experienceonly regarding as such, experience as such, jene Gesetze a priori diejene Belehrung. Gesetze a priori dieand Belehrung. that which can beand cognized that which as an can be cognized as an

object of experience, objectdo those of experience,a priori 3.15 do those §27: a prioriResult of3.15 this Deduction§27: Result of theof this Concepts Deduction of the of Understanding. the Concepts of the Understanding. laws [of the understanding]laws [of instructthe understanding] instruct

us. us. B165–6 (ll. 1190–1202):B165–6 Surprisingly, (ll. 1190–1202): most of Surprisingly,Kant’s results most in theof Kant’sDeduction results are injustified, the Deduction are justified, even if his transcendentaleven idealismif his transcendental be set aside. idealismSetting aside be set his aside. transcendental Setting aside idealism his transcendental re- idealism re- quires acknowledgingquires that we acknowledging might well sense that or we even might perceive well sense some or particularseven perceive which some we particulars which we § 27. Resultat dieser§ 27. Deduction Resultat der dieser§ 27. Deduction Result of derthis Deduction§ 27. Result of of the this Deduction of the cannot comprehend ucannotsing our comprehend categories uandsing whatever our categories more specificand whatever concepts more we specificmight concepts we might Verstandesbegriffe. Verstandesbegriffe. Concepts of the Understanding.Concepts of the Understanding. devise (specify) on theirdevise basis, (specify) in which on casetheir we basis, could in notwhich apperceive case we couldsuch irregular not apperceive particu- such irregular particu- 1190 Wir können 1190 uns keinenWir Gegenstandkönnen uns keinenWe Gegenstandcannot think anyWe object, cannot if notthink any object, if not lars; they would be ‘nothinglars; they for would me’. Evenbe ‘nothing if so, Kant’sfor me’. Deduction Even if so,is focussedKant’s Deduction primarily onis focussed primarily on denken, ohne durch Categorien;denken, ohne wir durch kön- Categorien;through categorieswir kön- ; wthroughe cannot categories cog- ; we cannot cog- the minimal sensory andthe minimalperceptual sensory constraints and perceptual which must constraints be fulfilled which if ever must one be is f ulfilledto be if ever one is to be nen keinen gedachtennen keinen Gegenstand gedachtennise Gegenstandany object thought,nise any exceptobject thought, except able to think ‘I think able…’, towhich think can ‘I thinkonly be…’, thought which (bycan usonly human be thought beings) (by in usconnection human beings) in connection through intuitions whichthrough correspond intuitions which correspond erkennen, ohne durcherkennen, Anschauungen, ohne durch Anschauungen, (reference) to some perceived(reference) particular(s) to some perceived we can perceptually particular(s) discriminate we can perceptually and localise discriminate on and localise on die jenen Begriffen die entsprechen. jenen Begriffen Nun entsprechen.to those concepts Nun . Ntoow those all our concepts intu- . Nsomeow all occasion our intu- in somesome spatio-temporal, occasion in some perceptual spatio-temporal, context, and perceptual so can judgecontext, them and (accu- so can judge them (accu-

1195 sind alle unsere1195 Anschauungensind alle unsere sinnlich, Anschauungenitions are sinnlich,sensory, anditions this arcognition,e sensory, andrately this enough) cognition, to be such-and-so.rately enough) Such to beoccasions such-and-so. only canSuch be occasions provided onlyus by can spatio-tempo- be provided us by spatio-tempo- und diese Erkenntniß,und dieseso fern Erkenntniß, der so far so as fernits object der is sogiven, far asis itsempiri- object isral given, particulars is empiri- which ralwe particularscan localise which within we sp canace localiseand time within by perceptually space and discriminatingtime by perceptually discriminating

Gegenstand derselbenGegenstand gegeben ist, derselben ist cal. gegeben However ist,, empir ist cal.ical Howevercognition, isempirthemical cognitionby identifying is andthem integrating by identifying at least and some integrating of their atmanifest least some features, of their all ofmanifest which features,we all of which we empirisch. Empirischeempirisch. Erkenntniß Empirische aber experience. Erkenntniß Cons aberequentlyexperience. no cognition Cons equentlycan classify no cognition and judge can to beclassify these featuresand judge of tothat be particular these features in some of that sufficiently particular accurate in some cog- sufficiently accurate cog- [B166] ist Erfahrung. Folglich[B166] ist ist Erfahrung. uns kei- Folglichis poss istible uns for kei- us a is priori poss, eiblexcept for of us a nitive priori ,judgment. except of This nitiveconditional judgment. thesis This is a conditionalbit of a priori thesis knowledge is a bit ofabout a priori necessary knowledge condi- about necessary condi- 1200 ne Erkenntniß1200 a ne priori Erkenntniß möglich, als a prioriobjects möglich,of possible experience als objects.* of possible experiencetions.* for the very possibilitytions for of thehuman very apperception:possibility of humanWe can, apperception: and we can only, We can,use ourand basicwe can only, use our basic lediglich von Gegenständenlediglich von mögli- Gegenständen mögli- conceptual categories conceptualto judge sensed, categories perceived to judge particulars sensed, withinperceived our particularssurroundings. within Hence our surroundings. Hence cher Erfahrung.* cher Erfahrung.* we can only use our categorieswe can only in use(referential, our categories ascriptive) in (referential, connection ascriptive) to such particulars connection we to such particulars we * Damit man sich nicht* Damit voreiliger man Weisesich nicht* voreiligerSo that no Weise one prematurely* So that nostum- one prematurelycan experience. stum- Thesecan are experience. Kant’s epistemic These aremodalities Kant’s ofepistemic possible modalities experience of and possible some experienceof and some of an den besorglichen an nachtheiligen den besorglichen Fol- nachtheiligenbles over the Fol-worrisomebles overdisadvanta- the worrisomeits necessary disadvanta- a priori conditions.its necessary If sucha priori results conditions. seem meagre If such for results all this seem effort, meagre they for suffice all this to effort, they suffice to 1205 gen dieses Satzes1205 stoße,gen dieseswill ich Satzes nur in stoße,geous will consequences ich nur in geousof this consequences proposi- undercutof this proposi-Cartesian, Humean,undercut PyrrhonianCartesian, Humean,and global Pyrrhonian perceptual and scepticisms global perceptual – no trivial scepticisms re- – no trivial re- Erinnerung bringen, Erinnerung daß die Categorien bringen, daßtion die I wish Categorien to recall tionthat Iin wish thinking to recall, sult! that It in also thinking provides, sult!the cognitiveIt also provides semantics the of cognitive singular semanticsreference ofrequired singular to referenceundercut requiredall to undercut all im Denken durchim die Denken Bedingungen durch the die categories Bedingungen are notthe limited categories by the are notglobal limited perceptual by the ‘hypotheses’global perceptual as mere ‘hypotheses’thoughts with as no mere possible thoughts reference with noto possibleparticulars, reference to particulars, unserer sinnlichen unserer Anschauung sinnlichen nicht Anschauungconditions of nicht our sensibleconditions intuition, of our sensiblehence no intuition, cognitive statushence whatsoever; no cognitive hence status they whatsoever; do not undermine hence they or do‘defeat’ not underminecognitive justi- or ‘defeat’ cognitive justi- eingeschränkt sind,eingeschränkt sondern ein sind,but sondern have an unlimited ein but field, have and an onlyunlimited fication. field, and(For onlydetailed fication.discussion, (For see detailed KCE.) discussion, see KCE.)

1210 unbegrenztes Feld1210 haben,unbegrenztes und nur Feld das haben, the cognition und nur of das that whichthe cognition we think, of that B which166–7 we(ll. think,1203–22):B 166–7Kant hastens(ll. 1203–22): to stress Kant (*) hastensthat his toDeduction stress (*) concernsthat his Deductionthe use of concerns the use of Erkennen dessen, wasErkennen wir uns denken, dessen, wasthe wir determining uns denken, of thethe object determining, requires of thecategories object, requires in knowledge. categories That their in knowledge. intension (conceptualThat their intension content) is(conceptual not limited content) to sensory is not limited to sensory das Bestimmen des Objects,das Bestimmen Anschau- des Objects,intuition; Anschau- so that in intuition; absence ofso thisthat inparticulars absence ofentails this thatparticulars they have entails a much that broader they h avesemantic a much scope broader (intension), semantic which scope Kant (intension), which Kant ung bedürfe; wo beimung Mangel bedürfe; der woletzte- beim Mangellatter the der thought letzte- of latteran object the thoughtalways ofhere an object indicates always is importanthere indicates to using is categories important into practical using categories philosophy, in practicalwhich is philosophy, another which is another ren der Gedanke vomren Objecte der Gedanke übrigens vom stillObjecte can haveübrigens its true stilland can useful have con- its true and useful con-

86 86 87 87 86 87 1215 noch immer seine1215 wahrenoch und immer nützliche seine wahresequences und nützliche for the subject’ssequences use of reasonfor the, subject’stopic use(though of reason the, Transcendentaltopic (though Dialectic the Transcendental has important Dialectic discussions has important of the regulative discussions use of the regulative use Folgen auf den V ernunftgebrauchFolgen auf den V ernunftgebrauchwhich cannot be consideredwhich cannot here be- be consideredof experience-transcendent here be- of experience-transcendent ideas of reason to organise ideas of our reason empirical to organise enquiries our and empirical knowl- enquiries and knowl- des Subjects habendes kann, Subjects der sich habencause kann, they der do sichnot alwayscause concern they do the not alwaysedge). concern the edge). aber, weil er nicht immeraber, weil auf erdie nicht Be- immerdetermination auf die of Be- the objectdetermination, and so cogni- of the objectB168, and (ll. so 1222–52): cogni- I haveB168 omitted(ll. 1222–52): most ofI have Kant’s omitted discussion most ofof aKant’s possible discussion alternative of ato possible his alternative to his stimmung des Obstimmung j ects, mithin des aufs Ob j ects,tion, butmithin rather aufs concerntion, the but subject rather concernDeduction, the subject that thereDeduction, might be sothatme theresort ofmight pre-established be some sort harmony of pre-established by preformation harmony of by preformation of 1220 Erkenntniß, sondern1220 Erkenntniß, auch auf die sondern des auchand its auf will. die des and its will. […] our human cognitive[…] capacities,our human such cognitive that these capacities, be suited such to that knowing these benature suited as toit is,knowing and as itnature as it is, and as it Subjects und dessen WollenSubjects gerichtet und dessen ist, Wollen gerichtet ist, is manifest to us. Kantis rightlymanifest rejoins to us. that Kant no rightly such explanatory rejoins that hypothesis no such explanatorycan address hypothesis the key can address the key hier noch nicht vortragenhier nochläßt. nicht[… Bvortragen168] läßt. [… B168] normative issues of whethernormative any issues judgments of whether so formed any judgmentsusing our mostso formed basic usingconcepts our aremost or basic concepts are or […] daß in solchem […] Falle daß [eines in solchem Präfor- Falle[…] [einesthat in Präfor-such a case[…] [of that a system in such of a casecan [of be a objectivelysystem of validcan, i.e. be, sufficientlyobjectively accuratevalid, i.e. ,and sufficiently justified accurateto constitute and justified knowledge. to constitute This knowledge. This mationssystem] denmationssystem] Categorien die den preformation] Categorien die the categoriespreformation] would the categoriesholds for any would and all hosortslds forof ‘innateness’any and all hypotheses.sorts of ‘innateness’ Insofar as hypotheses. such hypotheses Insofar (merely) as such hypotheses (merely) 1225 Nothwendigkeit1225 Nothwendigkeitmangeln würde, die mangelnlack necessity würde,, which die belongslack necessity essentially, which belongsexplain essentiallyhow we can orexplain must howthink, we they can are or openmust invitationsthink, they toare sceptics open invitations to rejoin, soto scepticsmuch to rejoin, so much ihrem Begriffe wesentlichihrem Begriffe angehört. wesentlichto their angehört.concept. Forto the their concept concept. of Forthe the worse concept for h ofow wethe must worse or fordo think;how we none must of othatr do proves think; anythingnone of thatabout proves whether anything our about whether our Denn z.B. der BegriffDenn der z.B. Ursache, der Begriffcause der, e.g. Ursache,, which expressescause, e.g.the, whichneces- expressesthinking the can neces- or does everthinking count can as or knowledge does ever of count particulars as knowledge in our surroundings. of particulars Kant’sin our surroundings.ex- Kant’s ex- welcher die Nothwendigkeitwelcher die eines Nothwendigkeit Er- sity of a einesconsequence Er- sity under of aa consequencepresup- ample under and a presup- his commentsample on and it, namely,his comments the concept on it, ‘cause’,namely, directlythe concept recall ‘cause’,his earlier directly com- recall his earlier com- folgs unter einer vorausgesetztenfolgs unter einer Bedin- vorausgesetztenposed condition, Bedin- wouldposed be condition,false, if it wouldments be on false, the if‘dignity’ it ments (B124, on l. 171),the ‘dignity’ the modal (B124, intension l. 171), and the justificatorymodal intension status and of justificatorythis con- status of this con- 1230 gung aussagt, würde1230 falschgung aussagt,seyn, wenn würde er falschrested seyn, only wenn upon er an restedarbitrary only subjec- upon an cept,arbitrary which subjec- in principlecept, contrasts which into principlethe subjective contrasts contingencies to the subjective of our empiricalcontingencies (or rather: of our empirical (or rather: nur auf einer beliebigennur uns auf eingepflanz-einer beliebigentive uns necessity,eingepflanz- implantedtive necessity, in us, by implantedour empiricist) in us, byevidence,our andempiricist) that to evidence,these subjective and that contingencies to these subjective contrasts, contingencies in principle, contrasts, in principle, ten subjectiven Nothwendigkeit,ten subjectiven gewiße Nothwendigkeit,which we gewiße connect certainwhich weempirical connect the certain apparently empirical non-modalthe apparently assertoric non-modaljudgment, ‘itassertoric (the object) judgment, IS such-and-so’ ‘it (the object) (B141–2, IS such-and-so’ l. (B141–2, l.

empirische Vorstellungenempirische nach einer Vorstellungen sol- representations nach einer sol- accordingrepresentations to such a according610–21). to Fully such examined a 610–21). and reconstructed, Fully examined Kant’s and reconstructed,analysis of our Kant’s perceptual analysis judgments of our perceptual(in judgments (in chen Regel des Verhältnißeschen Regel zu des verbin- Verhältnißesregular zurelation. verbin- I wouldregular not relation. be able I wouldthe ‘Analytic not be of able Principles’)the ‘Analytic shows thatof Principles’) they are discriminatory, shows that they and are that discriminatory, they can be discrim- and that they can be discrim- inatory (of particulars)inatory only by(of identifying particulars) (however only by approximately)identifying (however some approximately)of their causal in- some of their causal in- 1235 den, beruhte. Ich1235 würdeden, nicht beruhte. sagen Ich kön- würdeto nicht say: sagenthe effect kön- is connectedto say: the within effect is connected within tegrity. (This is the maintegrity. burden (This of is KCE the, mainPART burden 2, especially of KCE Ch., P 8.)ART 2, especially Ch. 8.) nen: die Wirkung ist nen:mit derdie UrsacheWirkung im ist mitthe der object Ursache (i.e., necessarily),im the object but (ratheri.e., necessarily), but rather Objecte (d.i. nothwendig)Objecte verbunden, (d.i. nothwendig)only that verbunden, I am so constitutedonly that I that am I so constituted3.16 [no §] that Brief I Concept3.16 [noof this§] BriefDeduction. Concept of this Deduction. sondern ich bin nur sondernso eingerichtet, ich bin daßnur socannot eingerichtet, think thisdaß representationcannot think oth- this representation oth- B168–9 (ll. 1254–65): BKant168–9 cannot (ll. 1254–65): be more Kant clear cannotor concise be more about clear his orDeduction concise aboutthan this his Deduction than this ich diese Vorstellungich nicht diese anders Vorstellung als so nichterwise anders than asals soso connected;erwise than which as sois connected; which is brief paragraph! Recallbrief that paragraph! ‘determine’ Recall or ‘determination’ that ‘determine’ often or ‘determination’means, and does often here means,mean, and does here mean, 1240 verknüpft denken1240 kann;verknüpft welches denken gerade kann;exactly welches what gerade the scepticexactly most what wants; the sceptic‘specify’ most or wants;‘specification’.‘specify’ or ‘specification’. das ist, was der Sceptikerdas ist, am was meisten der Sceptikerfor then am all meisten our insightfor through then all pre-our insight One through key point pre- is that OneKant key is correct point isabout that Kantthe parallel is correct of the about Transcendental the parallel of Deduction the Transcendental of Deduction of wünscht; denn alsdannwünscht; ist alle denn unsere alsdannsumed ist alleobjective unsere validitysumed of ourobjective judg- validitythe Categories of our judg- to the Transcendentalthe Categories toDeduction the Transcendental of (the Concepts Deduction of) Space of (the and Concepts Time: Particu- of) Space and Time: Particu- Einsicht durch vermeinteEinsicht objective durch Gül-vermeintement objective is nothing Gül- but merement appearance, is nothing but merelars cannot appearance, be sensed larsby us,cannot or presented be sensed to by us us, by oror presentedin sensory to perception, us by or in except sensory insofar perception, as except insofar as tigkeit unserer Urtheiletigkeit nichts unserer als lauter Urtheileand nichts there als would lauter not andfail tothere be peoplewould not theyfail toare be spatio-temporal, people they so are the spatio-temporal, concepts ‘space’ so and the ‘time’concepts must ‘space’ pertain and to ‘time’them. mustSensed pertain par- to them. Sensed par- 1245 Schein, und es 1245 würdeSchein, auch und an Leuten es würde who auch would an Leuten not themselveswho would corrobo- not themselvesticulars cannotcorrobo- be at allticulars thought cannot by us exceptbe at allinsofar thought as by we us judge except them insofar using as the we categories,judge them be- using the categories, be- nicht fehlen, die diesenicht subjective fehlen, Noth-die diese rate subjective this subjective Noth- necessityrate this subjective(which cause necessity the categories (which arecause required the categories for any judging are required of any for particulars any judging whatsoever, of any particulars and because whatsoever, we and because we wendigkeit (die gefühltwendigkeit werden (die muß) gefühltmust werden be felt); muß) at the must least be one felt); could at thecannot least oneeven couldthink ‘I thinkcannot …’ even except think as ‘Ipart think of actively…’ except integrating as part ofsome actively plurality integrating of concepts some plurality of concepts von sich nicht gestehenvon sich würden; nicht zum gestehennot würden; argue with zum anyonenot argue about with that anyoneof particulars about thator their offeatures particulars (presumptively) or their features identified (presumptively) (classified) byidentified those concepts, (classified) all byof those concepts, all of wenigsten könnte manwenigsten mit niemanden könnte manwhich mit niemandenmerely dependswhich upon merely how hisdependswhich upon concepts how his can onlywhich be concepts specifications can only of ourbe specificationscategories. Any of instanceour categories. of the analyticalAny instance of the analytical 1250 über dasjenige hadern,1250 über was dasjenige bloß auf hadern, der subject[ivity]was bloß auf is der organised.subject[ivity] is organised.

88 88 89 89 88 89 Art beruht, wie seinArt Subject beruht, organisirt wie sein Subject organisirt unity apperception expressedunity apperception by the ‘I think expressed …’ requires by the as‘I thinkits necessary …’ requires complement, as its necessary some complement, some ist. ist. synthetic unity of apperceptionsynthetic unitywhich of is apperceptionthe integrated which judging is theof thisintegrated (sensed, judging specified) of this partic- (sensed, specified) partic- ular, now within this spatio-temporalular, now within sensory-perceptual this spatio-temporal context. sensory-perceptual context. Kurzer Begriff dieserKurzer Deduction. Begriff dieserBrief Deduction. Concept of thisBrief Deduction. Concept of thisKant’s Deduction. Deduction needKant’s not, andDeduction does not, need prove not, that and anydoes such not, humanly prove that sense-able, any such intu-humanly sense-able, intu- Sie ist die DarstellungSie der ist reinen die Darstellung Ver- Itder is reinen the presentation Ver- It ofis the the presentation pure itable, of perceptible, the pure judgableitable, particularsperceptible, exist judgable or occur particulars; it need not, exist and or occurdoes; not,it need prove not, that and any does not, prove that any 1255 standesbegriffe 1255 (undstandesbegriffe mit ihnen aller (und concepts mit ihnen of allerthe understandingconcepts of (and the understandingand all particulars (and are andsuch all as particulars can be sensed, are such intuited as can and be judged sensed, by intuited us. It proves and judged that noby hu-us. It proves that no hu- theoretischen Erkenntnißtheoretischen a priori ) Erkenntniß als with a these priori of) als all a with priori thesetheoretical of all a manly priori possibletheoretical instance manly of thepossible analytical instance unity of of the apperception analytical unity (expressed of apperception by ‘I think (expressed …’) by ‘I think …’) Principien der MöglichkeitPrincipien der der Erfah- Möglichkeitcognition) der asErfah- principlescognition) of the aspossi- principlescan occur of the without possi- itscan complementary occur without synthetic its complementary unity of apperception, synthetic unity and ofthat apperception, this cannot and that this cannot rung, dieser aber alsrung, Bestimmung dieser aber der als bility Bestimmung of experience, der bility of this, of again, experience, as occur of this, without again, sensory-perceptual as occur without presentation sensory-perceptual of some presentation particular(s) of which some can particular(s) be (accu- which can be (accu- rately if approximately)rately judged if approximately) by us, in part judgedby delimiting by us, thein part spatial by delimitingregion of thethe particu-spatial region of the particu- Erscheinungen in RaumErscheinungen und [B169] Zeit in Raumdetermination und [B169] Zeit of determination appearances in of appearances in lar(s) when sensed and lar(s)perceived when sensedby ‘me’ and in this perceived spatio-temporal by ‘me’ in perceptual this spatio-temporal context, in perceptualpart by context, in part by 1260 überhaupt, – endlich1260 überhaupt, dieser aus – endlichdem space dieser and aus time dem as such,space – and and time finally as such, – and finally using (accurately enough)using the(accurately determinable enough) a priori the conceptsdeterminable ‘space’ a priori and concepts‘time’, which ‘space’ Kant and ‘time’, which Kant Princip der ursprünglichenPrincip synthetischen der ursprünglichenof thesesynthetischen from the of principle these fromof the the principle of the claims are not amongstclaims the categories are not amongst (see below, the categories §4). The scope(see below, and aim §4). of The Kant’s scope Deduc- and aim of Kant’s Deduc- Einheit der Apperception,Einheit als der der Apperception, Form original als der synthetic Form unityoriginal of appercep- synthetic unity of appercep- tion is not trivial, yet tionit is ismuch not trivial,more restricted yet it is much than oftenmore supposed.restricted thanHis chapteroften supposed. brings in His chapter brings in des Verstandes in Beziehungdes Verstandes auf Raum in Beziehungtion as auf form Raum of the tion understanding as form of in the understanding in so many wide-rangingso issues many that wide-ranging readers understandably issues that readers have understandablylost track of many have guiding lost track of many guiding und Zeit als ursprünglicheund Zeit Formen als ursprüngliche der connection Formen to derspace andconnection time as toorig- space and time as orig- threads Kant provides,threads in particular, Kant provides, how he inuses particular, questions how of processhe uses toquestions raise and of addressprocess to raise and address 1265 Sinnlichkeit. 1265 Sinnlichkeit. inal forms of sensibility.inal forms of sensibility.issues of cognitive validity.issues of cognitive validity. * * * * * * * * * * * * Why such elaborate contextualisation?Why such elaborate Because contextualisation? the Deduction Because has a thequite Deduction specific role has a quite specific role within a very complexwithin Critique a veryof Pure complex Reason ,Critique and Kant of Pure must Reason make, andplain Kant how must and makewhy this plain how and why this Transcendental DeductionTranscendental (§26) matters, Deduction and why (§26) there matters, are good and reasons why there to thinkare good it is reasonstrue to think it is true of us finite human beingsof us –finite even human if not beings all of Kant’s– even reasons if not all for of so Kant’s thinking reasons are, can for soor thinking are, can or should be provided withinshould the be chapter provided on withinthe Transcendental the chapter on Deduction the Transcendental itself. Deduction itself. As for the comprehensiveAs for scope the comprehensiveof apperception scope and theof apperceptionuse of ‘I think and …’ the (§§16, use of17), ‘I think …’ (§§16, 17), any actual extent withinany anyone’s actual extent apperceptive within anyone’s life will apperceptive depend directly life upon will depend how exten- directly upon how exten- sively anyone can chartsively her anyone or his cancourse chart through her or the his world course during through his theor herworld life. during Kant’s his or her life. Kant’s point in the Deductionpoint is onlyin the that Deduction any plurality is only of experiencesthat any plurality can be of thought experiences to be one’scan be thought to be one’s own only so far as oneown can only identify so far each as oneand canall asidentify belonging each withinand all the as belongingscope of what within one the scope of what one can ascribe to oneself bycan thinkingascribe to of oneself them all by ‘I thinking think …’. of them all ‘I think …’. To contemporary readers,To contemporary who are happy readers, to use whologic areas muchhappy asto possible, use logic thoughas much with- as possible, though with- out much consideringout how much we are considering at all able tohow use we logic are atas allsuch able (pure to use logic), logic nor as suchhow (purewe are logic), nor how we are at all able to use logicat toall think able toabout use whateverlogic to think we can about and whateverdo perceive we (applied can and logic),do perceive the (applied logic), the sticking point will be stickingKant’s purported point will dependencybe Kant’s purported of any instance(s) dependency of theof anyanalytical instance(s) unity of the analytical unity of apperception uponof some apperception instance(s) upon of a some synthetic instance(s) unity of of apperception. a synthetic unity Perhaps of apperception. ironi- Perhaps ironi- cally, Kant’s case forcally, this dependencyKant’s case –for that this it dependency holds true of – that us homo it holds sapiens true sapientes of us –homo is sapiens sapientes – is clinched by his probingclinched analysis by ofhis the probing transcendental analysis ofaffinity the transcendental of the sensory affinity manifold of theand sensory manifold and its counter-factual failure,its counter-factual ‘transcendental failure, chaos’, ‘transcendental the very principle chaos’, and the phenomenon very principle which and phenomenon which undercuts his transcendentalundercuts idealism. his transcendental idealism.

90 90 91 91

90 91 4 THE CONCEPTS ‘SPACE4 T’,HE ‘T IMECONCEPTS’ & THE ‘S CPACEATEGORIES’, ‘TIME’ & THE CATEGORIES principle distinct to thoseprinciple relations distinct of comprehension to those relations (classification, of comprehension class inclusion) (classification, class inclusion) 4 THE CONCEPTS ‘SPACE’, ‘TIME’ & THE CATEGORIES typical of discursive concepts,typicalprinciple ofwhereby distinct discursive moreto those concepts, general relations whereby concepts of comprehension more include general within concepts(classification, their include class within inclusion) their 4.1 Attentive readers4.1 may queryAttentive whether readers I have may too query glibly whether highlighted I have Kant’s too glibly con- highlighted Kant’s con- scope by omitting from scopetypical their intension by of omitting discursive (specification) from concepts, their intension allwhereby more (specification) specificmore general concepts all concepts more of specific include concepts within their of cepts of ‘space’ and ‘time’4.1cepts whilst ofAttentive ‘space’ discounting andreaders ‘time’ his may transcendentalwhilst query discounting whether idealist I havehis accounttranscendental too glibly of highlighted idealist Kant’saccount con- of that kind (e.g., colour, red,thatscope vermillion). kind by (omittinge.g., colour,In these from red, regards, their vermillion). intension space andIn (specification) these time regards,are altogether all space more and specific time are concepts altogether of space and time, and so ceptsspacehave ofandlost ‘space’ time,or gravely and ‘time’sojeopardised have whilst lost Kant’sdiscountingor gravely distinction jeopardised his transcendental between Kant’s distinctionidealist account between of formal and extensive. Spaceformalthat kindis andan ( e.g.unbounded extensive., colour, red, Spacemanifold vermillion). is an consisting unbounded In these in continuous,manifold regards, spaceconsisting in- and timein continuous, are altogether in- the categories and the conceptsspacethe categories and ‘space’ time, and and and the ‘time’ so concepts have and losttheir ‘space’ or roots gravely and in ‘time’our jeopardised human and their sensi- Kant’s roots indistinction our human between sensi- definitely divisible, concurrent,definitelyformal andspecious divisible, extensive. (unreal, concurrent, Space merely is anspecious notional) unbounded (unreal, sub-regions; manifold merely time notional)consisting is sub-regions; in continuous, time in- is bility (above, §§3.11, 3.12);bilitythe categories as (above, concepts §§3.11,and, the the concepts 3.12);concepts as ‘space’ concepts‘space’ and, andthe ‘time’ ‘time’concepts would and ‘space’their be rootsas and in‘time’ our humanwould sensi-be as an unbounded manifoldandefinitely consisting unbounded divisible, in manifold continuous, concurrent, consisting indefinitely specious in continuous,(unreal, divisible, merely successive, indefinitely notional) divisible, sub-regions; successive, time is discursive or descriptivebilitydiscursive as any (above, of orthe descriptive §§3.11,categories. 3.12); as Such anyas queriesconceptsof the ,categories. arethe germane,concepts Such but‘space’ queries have and are ‘time’germane, would but be have as specious (unreal, merelyspeciousan notional) unbounded (unreal, sub-periods. manifold merely To notional) consisting be concepts sub-periods. in continuous,(respectively) To be indefinitely ofconcepts space (respectively) divisible, successive, of space satisfactory answers. Thoroughdiscursivesatisfactory answers or answers. descriptive would Thorough as require any of answers detailedthe categories. wouldexaminations, Suchrequire queries detailednot are germane,examinations, but have not or of time, the conceptsorspecious ‘space’ of time, and(unreal, the ‘time’ concepts merely must notional)‘space’pertain andto sub-periods. these‘time’ distinctive must To pertain be structural concepts to these (respectively) distinctive structural of space only of Kant’s philosophysatisfactoryonly of of mathematics, Kant’s answers. philosophy but Thorough of ofhis mathematics, philosophy answers would ofbut applied of require his mathe-philosophy detailed examinations,of applied mathe- not features of space and anyfeaturesor regionsof time, of delimitablethespace concepts and anywithin ‘space’ regions it, andand delimitable likewise‘time’ must of within time pertain it,and and to any theselikewise distinctive of time structural and any matics and the very possibilityonlymatics of and ofKant’s empirical the veryphilosophy possibilitymeasures of mathematics,of of spatial empirical and measuresbuttemporal of his of dimen-philosophy spatial and of temporal applied dimen-mathe- periods delimitable withinperiodsfeatures it. Designation delimitableof space andof within such any structuralregionsit. Designation delimitable features of suchis within constitutive structural it, and of featureslikewise isof constitutive time and any of sions, including (thoughsions,matics not limitedincludingand the to) very (though his possibility ‘Axioms not limited of empiricalIntuition’. to) his measures Here‘Axioms I indicateof of spatial Intuition’. and temporalHere I indicatedimen- the respective intensionstheperiods of respectivethese delimitable two intensionsconcepts. within Weof it. these canDesignation use two the concepts. term of such ‘classify’ We structural can in usecon- featuresthe term is ‘classify’ constitutive in con- of only the key points, becausesions,only the theyincluding key suffice points, (though to becausebuttress not limitedtheyKant’s suffice to)view his to of ‘Axiomsbuttress the distinctive Kant’sof Intuition’. view of Here the distinctiveI indicate nection with ‘time’ andnectionthe ‘times’, respective withand in‘time’ intensions connection and ‘times’,of thesewith and ‘space’two in concepts. connection and ‘spaces’, We with can but use‘space’ we the termand ‘spaces’,‘classify’ inbut con- we character and role of theonlycharacter concepts the keyand ‘space’ points,role ofand becausethe ‘time’, concepts theyand sufficeto‘space’ reinforce toand buttress ‘time’,his appeal andKant’s to reinforceview of the his distinctiveappeal to must not thereby neglectmustnection the notvery with thereby distinctive ‘time’ neglect and kinds ‘times’, the of veryconstitutive, and distinctive in connection purely kinds formal of with constitutive, ‘space’rela- and purely ‘spaces’, formal but rela- we them in the Deduction, characterthemand in in accord the and Deduction, withrole ofmy the elucidations and concepts in accord and‘space’ with suggestions. myand elucidations ‘time’, and andto reinforce suggestions. his appeal to tions involved in ‘space’,tionsmust ‘spaces’, involvednot thereby space, in ‘space’,regionsneglect ‘spaces’,theof space, very distinctivespace, nor in regions ‘time’, kinds ‘times’,of of space, constitutive, time nor in ‘time’,purely ‘times’,formal timerela- The query arises in themconnectionThe in querythe Deduction,with arises Kant’s in andconnection illustration in accord within with §26 Kant’s myof elucidationsthe illustration ubiquitous and in §26suggestions. of the ubiquitous or periods of time. Kant’sortions periodsissue involved about of time. inthe ‘space’, veryKant’s concepts ‘spaces’, issue about ‘space’,space, the regions ‘time’, very concepts of‘spaces’ space, and‘space’, nor in ‘time’, ‘times’,‘spaces’ timeand relevance of the categoriesrelevanceThe to anyquery of and the arises allcategories sensoryin connection toexperience any withand ofallKant’s particulars sensory illustration experience within in §26 of particularsof the ubiquitous within ‘times’ concerns the most‘times’or basic,periods concerns elementary of time. the Kant’sintensionmost basic, issue (with elementaryabout the the‘s’) veryofintension these concepts four (with con- ‘space’, the ‘s’) ‘time’, of these ‘spaces’ four con-and space and time: Perceivingrelevancespace a andhouse, oftime: thewhich Perceivingcategories requires ato usinghouse, any theand which categoryall sensoryrequires ‘quantity’ experienceusing tothe categoryof particulars ‘quantity’ within to cepts, by which alone anycepts,‘times’ sophisticated byconcerns which alonetheformal most any analyses basic,sophisticated elementary can be formalconstructed, intension analyses (withand can by the be ‘s’) constructed, of these four and con- by recognise and identify thespacerecognise size, and shape andtime: identify andPerceiving location the size,a ofhouse, shapethis perceivedwhich and requireslocation building. usingof thisThe the perceived category building. ‘quantity’ The to which they can presumewhichcepts, any by theyrelevance, which can alone presume i.e.: referrabilityany anysophisticated relevance, in principle formali.e. (:via referrability properanalyses inten- incan principle be constructed, (via proper and inten- by category ‘quantity’, Kantrecognisecategory there reiterates, ‘quantity’,and identify pertainsKant the there size,to units reiterates,shape which and pertains canlocation be toidentified of units this whichperceived can building.be identified The sions) to spatial or temporalsions)which phenomena; to they spatial can or presume e.g. temporal, any anyreal phenomena; relevance,use of real i.e. e.g.number: , referrabilityany realanalysis use in of principlein real number (via proper analysis inten- in solely as quanta producedcategorysolely by assuccessive quanta‘quantity’, producedaddition Kant thereofby utterly successive reiterates, uniform, addition pertains homogenous of to utterly units (if uniform,which can homogenous be identified (if application to spatial orapplicationsions) temporal to spatial phenomena.to spatial or temporal or Thetemporal phenomena;most phenomena.basic issues e.g., any ofThe realinterest most use ofbasicto real issues number of analysisinterest toin also specious) elementsalsosolely within specious) as aquanta sensory elements produced intuition within by (B successive1 62,a sensory cf. B115, addition intuition A142–3, of (utterly B162–6/162, cf.uniform, B115, A homogenous142–3, 162–6/ (if Kant within this very basic,Kantapplication circumscribed,within to this spatial very semantic orbasic, temporal circumscribed, and empiricalphenomena. semanticdomain The are mostand more empirical basic issues domain of interest are more to B181–2, 202–8). Balso181–2, specious) 202–8). elements within a sensory intuition (B162, cf. B115, A142–3, 162–6/ fundamental and elementaryfundamentalKant withinthan are thisand the veryelementary apparently basic, circumscribed,than competing are the (point-apparently semantic or interval-and competing empirical (point- domain or areinterval- more Does such perceptualB181–2, useDoes of 202–8).thesuch category perceptual ‘quantity’ use of obviatethe category any role ‘quantity’ for the obviate con- any role for the con- 1 1 based) formalisations ofbased)fundamental these formalisations domains. and elementary (For of this these than reason, domains. are too,the apparently (For these this most reason, competing basic too, (point- these mostor interval- basic cept ‘space’? Consider whatceptDoes ‘space’?distinguishes such Consider perceptual mere what quanta use distinguishes of fromthe category any othersmere ‘quantity’ quanta sorts of fromobviate ho- any any others role sortsfor the of con- ho- points about the most pointsbased) fundamental about formalisations the intensions most of fundamental of these the domains. concepts intensions1 of (For ‘space’ thisof the reason, and concepts of too, of these ‘space’ most and basic of mogeneity. All conceptsmogeneity.c eptas classifications‘space’? All Consider concepts (sortals) what as aimclassifications distinguishes to identify (sortals)merekinds quanta of aim homoge- tofrom identify any others kinds sortsof homoge- of ho- ‘time’ are indifferent to points‘time’those aremetrical about indifferent the issues most towhich those fundamental distinguish metrical intensionsissues Euclidean which of from distinguish the non- concepts Euclidean of ‘space’ from and non- of neity, however general mogeneity.neity,or specific. however AllThis conceptsgeneral much orcan as specific. classificationsbe said, This too, much of(sortals) the can concepts aim be said,to identifyof too, of kinds the conceptsof homoge- of Euclidean geometries, or‘time’Euclidean also ‘absolute’are indifferentgeometries, from to ‘relativistic’or those also ‘absolute’metrical temporal issues from orders.) which‘relativistic’ distinguish temporal Euclidean orders.) from non- ‘spaces’ and of ‘times’, neity,‘spaces’though however andnot ofof thegeneral‘times’, concepts orthough specific. ‘space’ not ofThisor the‘time’ much concepts themselves! can be‘space’ said, Per ortoo, ‘time’ of thethemselves! concepts Perof To use the category ‘quantity’EuclideanTo use in geometries,the connection category or ‘quantity’ with also spaces‘absolute’ in connectionor timesfrom requires‘relativistic’ with spaces specify- temporal or times orders.) requires specify- Kant’s Tr. Aesth., spaces‘spaces’Kant’s are regions Tr.and Aesth., of within‘times’, spaces space; though are timesregions not ofare thewithin periods concepts space; within ‘space’times time. areor ‘time’periods themselves! within time. Per ing units of space or ofing timeTo units use which, of the space category as homogenous or of ‘quantity’ time which, quantities, in connection as homogenous can be with successively spaces quantities, or times can requires be successively specify- Space itself is singular, timeKant’sSpace itself itself Tr. is Aesth.,issingular; singular, spaces there time isare itself only regions isone singular; of within each thereand space; each is only times is infi-one are of eachperiods and within each is time. infi- added together (whetheraddeding by units perceptual together of space (whetherestimation or of timeby or perceptual by which, formal as estimation measures homogenous isor hereby quantities, formal in- measures can be successively is here in- nite or (rather) unboundedniteSpace or(cf. itself (rather)above, is singular, §3.5).unbounded These time itself(twocf. above, unboundedis singular; §3.5). there Thesesingularities is twoonly unbounded oneare of each andsingularities each is infi- are different). Hence Kant’saddeddifferent). illustrating together Hence the (whether relevance Kant’s by illustrating ofperceptual the category the estimation relevance ‘quantity’ or of by inthe formal §26 category measures ‘quantity’ is here in §26in- each more basic than, orniteeach ‘prior ormore (rather)to’, basic any unbounded segmentsthan, or ‘prior or ( cf.divisions above,to’, any §3.5).within segments These them: or two anydivisions unboundedspe- within singularities them: any spe- are neither supplants nor different).neither obviates supplants the Hence role Kant’s norof the obviates illustrating concept the ‘space’, the role relevance of nor the the concept of concept the category ‘space’, nor ‘quantity’ the concept in §26 cific space is but an arbitrarilyeachcific spacemore delimited isbasic but than,regionan arbitrarily or within ‘prior delimited space;to’, any any segmentsregion specific within ortime divisions space;is but any within specific them: time any is spe- but ‘spaces’ in designating neither‘spaces’ the relevant supplants in designating kind of nor (spatial) obviates the relevant quantity. the kind role (Mutatis of of (spatial) the mutandis concept quantity., the ‘space’, (Mutatis nor mutandis the concept, the an arbitrarily delimited cificanperiod arbitrarily space within is butdelimited time. an arbitrarilySpace period contains delimitedwithin within time. region itselfSpace within any contains andspace; all within any specific itself anytime and is but all ‘spaces’ in designating the relevant kind of (spatial) quantity. (Mutatis mutandis, the specific regions of space;anspecific timearbitrarily containsregions delimited of within space; perioditself time any withincontains and time.all within specific Space itself periodscontains any andof within all specific itself1 anyperiods and allof 1 Important reminders of Important these basic reminders points regarding of these spatial basic orpoints temporal regarding continua spatial are or temporal continua are time. These relations of specifictime.containment These regions relations or ofinclusion space; of containment time– formally: contains orthat inclusionwithin space itselfand – formally: timeany areand that all specificspace and periods time areof 1 provided by Arsenijević &provided Importantal. (2003–2014). by Arsenijevi reminders Theseć of& issues al. these (2003–2014). are basic technical; points These they regarding areissues summarised are spatial technical; or temporal they are continua summarised are each continuous, unbounded,time.each continuous,These infinitely relations dense unbounded, of magnitudes containment infinitely (and or densenothinginclusion magnitudes else) – formally: – are (and in that nothing spaceclearly else)and time–and are non-technicallyare in clearlyprovided in Arsenijevi and by non-technically Arsenijević & Adažić &ć (2014), inal. Arsenijevi(2003–2014). §§1, 6.ć &For TheseAdaži a careful ćissues (2014), account are §§1, technical; of6. For theya careful are summarised account of each continuous, unbounded, infinitely dense magnitudes (and nothingKant’s else) –treatment are in of magnitudeKant’sclearly in andtreatment KdrV non-technically see ofSutherland magnitude in (2004a, Arsenijevi in KdrV b). seeć & Sutherland Adažić (2014), (2004a, §§1, b). 6. For a careful account of Kant’s treatment of magnitude in KdrV see Sutherland (2004a, b). 92 92 93 93

92 92 9393 same points hold regardingsame the points concepts hold regarding‘time’ and the ‘times’, concepts as in ‘time’that period and ‘times’, of time as in that periodCarnap of (1928); time it fails onCarnap strictly (1928); internal it failsgrounds on strictly (Westphal internal 1989, grounds 230–2). (Westphal Empiri- 1989, 230–2). Empiri- duringsame points which hold one perceivesregardingduring thatthe which conceptsbuilding one thereperceives‘time’ and and nowthat ‘times’, buildingor then). as in there that andperiod now of or time then). Carnapcists have (1928); been it less fails careful oncists strictly haveabout internal been ‘space’, less grounds but careful the (Westphal relevant about ‘space’, view 1989, was but 230–2). developed the relevant Empiri- by view was developed by duringFinally, which Kant one rightly perceives highlightsFinally, that building Kantthe distinctive rightlythere and highlights roles now ofor ourthethen). distinctiveuse of the conceptsroles of ourof use of thecistsDescartes concepts have and been of decisively less carefulDescartes criticised about and ‘space’,by decisivelyNewton but (the ca. criticised 1684),relevant asby view noted Newton was by developed ( Steinca. 1684), (1967). by as noted by Stein (1967). ‘space’,Finally, ‘spaces’, Kant ‘time’rightly and‘space’, highlights ‘times’ ‘spaces’, inthe connection distinctive ‘time’ and with roles ‘times’ our of spatialinour connection use and of thetemporal withconcepts our forms spatial of and temporalDescartes forms expressly and decisively statesDescartes criticisedan atomistic expressly by Newtonconception states (ca. an of 1684), atomistic time as nothing notedconception by but Stein successiveof time (1967). as nothing but successive of‘space’, intuiting ‘spaces’, (forms ‘time’ of sensoryandof intuiting‘times’ receptivity) in (forms connection inof oursensory with capacity ourreceptivity) spatial to orient and in ourselves ourtemporal capacity withinforms to orient ourselvesDescartesmoments within (Med.expressly 3, ATstates moments 7:49, an atomistic Replies (Med. I ,conception 3,7:109, AT 111,7:49, of II Repliestime, 7:164–5), as Inothing, 7:109, as does but 111, successive Hume II, 7:164–5), (T as does Hume (T ourof intuiting surroundings (forms (Burokerof sensoryour surroundings 1981, receptivity) Rusnock (Burokerin &our George capacity 1981, 1995, to Rusnock orient Bernecker ourselves & George 2012, within 1995,KCE Berneckermoments1.2.2.4, 2012, 1.2.3.8). KCE (Med. Hume’s 3, AT 1.2.2.4, 7:49,concept Replies 1.2.3.8). empiricist I, Hume’s 7:109, accounts 111,concept II of, 7:164–5), theempiricist ideas as‘space’ accounts does and Hume of ‘time’ the (T ideas ‘space’ and ‘time’ our§57.2). surroundings2 These capacities (Buroker§57.2). and 1981,roles2 These are Rusnock capacitiesquiet distinct & and George to roles those 1995, are of quiet Berneckerclassifying distinct particulars2012, to those KCE of classifyingfail1.2.2.4, particulars on strictly1.2.3.8). internal Hume’s fail grounds concept on strictly (Westphalempiricist internal 2013).accounts grounds Descartes of (Westphalthe ideas problems ‘space’ 2013). with and Descartes ‘space’‘time’ problems with ‘space’ or§57.2). their2 Thesefeatures, capacities to whichor and theirpertains roles features, are the quiet categories. to whichdistinct pertainsThis to those suffices the of categories. classifyingfor Kant’s Thisparticulars appeal suffices to for Kant’sarisefail on appealfrom strictly his to proposed internal arise grounds‘strict’ from sense (Westphal his ofproposed ‘location’ 2013). ‘strict’ solely Descartes sense in terms of problems ‘location’ of relations with solely of ‘space’ inspa- terms of relations of spa- theor their distinctive features, character, to whichthe relevance pertainsdistinctive andthe character, categories.use of the relevance conceptsThis suffices and ‘space’ use for ofandKant’s the ‘time’ concepts appeal in the to ‘space’ andtialarise ‘time’ contiguity, from in histhe proposeda view alsotial ‘strict’ requiredcontiguity, sense by of aconcept view‘location’ also empiricism. requiredsolely in bytermsBriefly, concept of the relations empiricism.key issues of spa- are Briefly, the key issues are Deductionthe distinctive noted character, above.Deduction Evenrelevance if these notedand briefuse above. of considerations the Even concepts if these may‘space’ brief not and considerationsexhaust ‘time’ his in rea-the may not exhaustthese.tial contiguity, his rea- a view alsothese. required by concept empiricism. Briefly, the key issues are sonsDeduction for this noted distinctive above.sons statusEven for ofif this thesethese distinctive briefconcepts, considerations status they of suffice these may toconcepts, not support exhaust theyKant’s his suffice rea- ac- to supportthese. AKant’s fundamental ac- problemA is fundamental that reducing problem spatial relationsis that reducing to no more spatial than relations sets of to no more than sets of countsons for of this ‘absolute’ distinctive spacecount status (or ofof likewise ‘absolute’these time)concepts, space in terms they (or likewisesuffice of arbitrarily to time) support inlarge terms Kant’s reference of ac- arbitrarily largecontiguityA referencefundamental relations problem is insufficientcontiguity is that torelations reducing specify is merelyspatial insufficient relationskinematically to specifyto no any more merely trajectory, than kinematically sets whe- of any trajectory, whe- framescount of (Carrier ‘absolute’ 1992). space frames (All (or the likewise (Carrier issues time)discussed 1992). in (All terms herein the of issues are arbitrarily independent discussed large herein referenceof issues are independentthercontiguity orbital, of issues relations or resulting is insufficientther from orbital, impact to orspecify or resulting percussion. merely from kinematically Newton impact ordetailed percussion. any trajectory,this problem Newton whe- in detailed this problem in aboutframes non-Euclidean (Carrier 1992). spaces; about (All the Kant’snon-Euclidean issues specific discussed spaces;view hereinabout Kant’s Euclidean are specific independent spaceview about= of human issues Euclidean space‘therDe Gravitatione=orbital, human or resulting…’ (ca. 1684),‘ Defrom Gravitatione impactcriticising or … Descartes’percussion.’ (ca. 1684), account Newton criticising of detailed ‘space’ Descartes’ thisin terms problem account solely inof ‘space’ in terms solely spaceabout =non-Euclidean nature’s space spaces;requiresspace =Kant’s his nature’s transcendental specific space viewrequires idealism.) about his Euclideantranscendental space idealism.) = human ‘ofDe contiguity.Gravitatione Though…’ (ca. 1684),of this contiguity. manuscript criticising Though Descartes’ was first this publishedaccount manuscript of only ‘space’ was recently firstin terms published (Newton solely only recently (Newton 4.2space =The nature’s sticking space point requires4.2 for manyThe his transcendentalstickingreaders willpoint be for idealism.)the many empiricism readers about will be meaning the empiricism (ap- about1962,of meaning contiguity. 90–156), (ap- Thoughthe problems 1962, this manuscriptwith90–156), equating the was problemsspace first with published with contiguity equating only relations recentlyspace with have (Newton contiguity been relations have been parently)4.2 The embedded sticking point in first-orderparently) for many embedded predicate readers will calculus,in first-orderbe the whereempiricism predicate the most about calculus, basic meaning terms where (ap- are the most basicthere1962, terms in90–156), Descartes’ are the problemsPrinciplesthere ofinwith Philosophy Descartes’ equating (1644), Principlesspace where with of Philosophy contiguitysufficient (1644), relationsdifficulties where have in sufficient treat-been difficulties in treat- namesparently) of embeddedindividuals in or first-ordernames of monadic of individualspredicate predicates calculus, or designatingof monadic where non-relational thepredicates most basic designating properties, terms are non-relationalingthere properties,space in Descartes’ solely in termsPrinciplesing of space contiguityof Philosophy solely relations in (1644), terms can whereof contiguitybe broughtsufficient relations out difficulties easily can enough be in broughttreat- on out easily enough on whichnames inevitablyof individuals suggests orwhich of thatmonadic inevitably our conceptspredicates suggests ‘space’ designating that or our ‘time’ non-relational concepts must be‘space’ defined, properties, or ‘time’ ac- must betheing defined, spacebasis ofsolely ac- Descartes’ in terms theown of basiscontiguity purported of Descartes’ relations physics, own canwhich bepurported broughtequates physics,outspace easily and which enough matter equates on or space and matter or quiredwhich or inevitably constructed suggests byquired logical that or ourconjunctions constructed concepts byof ‘space’ termslogical or indicating conjunctions ‘time’ must particular beof terms defined, spaces indicating ac-or particularbody,the basis spaces without of or Descartes’ appeal to body, ownNewton’s purportedwithout physics; appeal physics, indeed, to Newton’s which Newton’s equates physics; (2007, space indeed, 14–21) and Newton’s mattercriticisms or (2007, 14–21) criticisms times,quired exactlyor constructed as Hume by times,proposed, logical exactly conjunctions though as Hume without of proposed, terms contemporary indicating though particularlogicalwithout syntax. contemporary spaces This or logicalofbody, syntax.Descartes’ without This treatmentappeal toof Newton’sof Descartes’ space arephysics; treatmentbased indeed, directly of Newton’sspace upon are Descartes’ (2007,based directly14–21) views, criticisms uponcited Descartes’by views, cited by pointtimes, challengesexactly as HumeKant’s point proposed,claim challenges that though these Kant’s two without concepts claim contemporary that are theseand must twological conceptsbe syntax.a priori are ,This be- and must beNewton.of aDescartes’ priori ,The be- quitetreatment generalNewton. of spacesignificance The are quitebased of Newton’sgeneral directly significance uponcriticisms Descartes’ of Descartes’Newton’s views, citedcriticismsview byof of Descartes’ view of causepoint spacechallenges and timeKant’s arecause claimeach space unboundedthat andthese time twowholes are concepts each which unbounded areare andmore must wholesbasic be than awhich priori any ,are spe-be- more basicspaceNewton. than andany The spe-location quite wasgeneral spacehighlighted significance and location by Stein of wasNewton’s (1967, highlighted 184–7), criticisms byand Stein ofnoted Descartes’ (1967, (with 184–7), reference view ofand noted (with reference ciouscause ‘parts’space andor regions time are withincious each ‘parts’ themunbounded (orA23, regions 30, wholes 144, within 182–3/which them areB38, ( Amore 23,46, 30,183, basic 144, 225–6). than 182–3/ any Bspe-38, 46, 183, 225–6).tospace Stein) and by location Laymon was (1978, tohighlighted Stein) 412–3). by bySteinLaymon Stein is succinct: (1967,(1978, 184–7),412–3). Steinand noted is succinct: (with reference ciousThe ‘parts’ most or carefulregions attempt withinThe them to most account (A 23, careful 30, for 144, attempt ‘time’ 182–3/ on to B such account38, 46, an 183, empiricistfor 225–6). ‘time’ onbasis such is an empiricistto Stein) basis by Laymon is (1978, 412–3). Stein is succinct: What Newton points outWhat in the Newton passage points I have out quoted in the is passagethe need I forhave what quoted I called, is the need for what I called, The most careful attempt to account for ‘time’ on such an empiricist basis is 2 There is much merit in 2the There positive is much view merit developed in the bypositive Rukgaber view (2009), developed but hisby Rukgaberpositive (2009), but Whatinhis yesterday’s positive Newton lecture, points outa “kinematicalin in yesterday’s the passage connection,” lecture, I have a quoted “kinematical to allow is the one needconnection,” to fordiscuss what trajecto- toI called,allow one to discuss trajecto- 2proposal There is and much his meritopening in proposalthecritical positive comments and view his openingdeveloped on my criticalown by workRukgaber comments (and upon(2009), on myLongunesse’s) but own his work positive (andare upon Longunesse’s)inries, yesterday’s velocities, are lecture, and so aforth. “kinematicalries, Thevelocities, point connection,” ofand central so forth. philosophical to Theallow point one interestofto centraldiscuss is thatphilosophicaltrajecto- such interest is that such proposalmisguided and because his opening he ignores misguidedcritical quite comments becausestandard on hedistinctions myignores own quitework regarding standard(and uponaspects distinctions Longunesse’s) of Kant’s regarding views are aspects of Kant’sries,a “connection” velocities, views and is indeed so forth.a required “connection” The point for the of is formulationcentralindeed philosophicalrequired of the for principles the interest formulation ofis thatmechan- suchof the principles of mechan- misguidedof space and because of time he (ignoresKTPRof space19+ quiten. 9, and standard121), of timeabout distinctions (KTPR which 19+ I regardingfollown.9, 121), Paton aspectsabout (1936, which of Kant’s1:101 I followff. views) and Paton (1936, 1:101aics, “connection” andff.) andthat it cannot is indeed—asics, requiredNewton and that forquite itthe cannotclearly formulation—as indicates— Newton of thebe quite definedprinciples clearly in terms ofindicates— mechan-simply ofbe defined in terms simply of ofAllison space (1983, and of6–7, time 96–7), (KTPR Allisonand 19+ also n.(1983, 9,the 121), quite 6–7, about specific96–7), which andkind alsoI of follow ‘sensationism’the quite Paton specific (1936, I ascribe kind 1:101 of toff. ‘sensationism’Kant,) and I ascribetheics, spatial toand Kant, that relations it cannot of bodies.—asthe (Stein,Newton spatial 1967, relationsquite 187/1970, clearly of bodies. indicates— 271) (Stein, 1967,be defined 187/1970, in terms 271) simply of Allisonexpressly (1983, following 6–7, 96–7),George expresslyand (1981, also thefollowingKTPR quite 13, specific 44),George expressly kind (1981, of distinct ‘sensationism’KTPR 13, to 44),Condillac’s. Iexpressly ascribe Byto distinct Kant,sheer to Condillac’s.the spatialBy sheer relations of bodies. (Stein, 1967, 187/1970, 271) negligence,expressly following Rukgaber George ascribesnegligence, (1981, to me KTPR Rukgaberthe 13,very 44), sensationism ascribes expressly to me distinctdeveloped the veryto Condillac’s.by sensationism Condillac By which developed sheer I by CondillacNote that which Stein I speaks ofNote a kinematical that Stein connection; speaks of a kinematicskinematical isconnection; one branch kinematics of New- is one branch of New- negligence,take pains toRukgaber distinguish ascribes take and to pains set me aside! tothe distinguish very Everything sensationism and Rukgaber set developed aside! ascribes Everything by toCondillac the Rukgaber (purported) which ascribes I to theton’sNote (purported) that mechanics, Stein speaks the otherofton’s a kinematical is mechanics, dynamics, connection; the though other thekinematics is causal dynamics, is explanations one though branch the dynamicsof causalNew- explanations dynamics take‘ontology’ pains of to space distinguish and time‘ontology’ and is set captured aside! of space Everything by and my account time Rukgaber is captured of the ascribes formal by my to structures accountthe (purported) of of the our formal structuresprovideston’s mechanics, of of our kinematical the other providesphenomena is dynamics, of kinematical(motions though of phenomena bodies) the causal is not (motions explanationsrequired, of bodies)nor dynamicsis appeal is not required, nor is appeal ‘ontology’spatial and oftemporal space andforms timespatial of intuiting is and captured temporal = forms by forms my of accountsensory of intuiting receptivity. of the = formalforms His of structures‘ontological’ sensory receptivity. of con- our His ‘ontological’toprovides it made, of con- bykinematical Newton’s tophenomena criticisms it made, ofby (motions Descartes’Newton’s of criticismsbodies)conception is ofnot of Descartes’ required,space solely norconception asis appealconti- of space solely as conti- spatialsiderations and temporaldo not suffice formssiderations to of justify, intuiting nordo = not evenforms suffice precisely of sensory to justify, to state,receptivity. nor Kant’s even His distinctiveprecisely ‘ontological’ to transcen- state, con- Kant’s distinctiveguityto it made, relations.transcen- by Newton’sguity criticisms relations. of Descartes’ conception of space solely as conti- siderationsdental idealism. do not Regrettably, sufficedental to justify,these idealism. blunders nor even Regrettably, indicate precisely what these to state,are blunders now Kant’s common indicate distinctive failureswhat transcen- are of nowin- common failures of in- guityContiguity relations. relations do Contiguitynot suffice relationsto specify do any not path suffice of motion to specify of anyany onepath par- of motion of any one par- dentalstruction, idealism. supervision Regrettably, andstruction, refereeing these blunders supervision within indicate the and field. refereeingwhat They are are now within uncorrected common the field. failures in They Rukgaber of are in- uncorrected in Rukgaber struction,(2020), 226. supervision and(2020), refereeing 226. within the field. They are uncorrected in Rukgaber ticularContiguity within relationsany array doticularor notfield withinsuffice of particulars, anyto specifyarray ifor anythese field path latter,of ofparticulars, motion too, may of if orany these do one move.latter, par- too, may or do move. (2020), 226. ticular within any array or field of particulars, if these latter, too, may or do move. 94 94 95 95

9494 95 95 Whether the particulars Whetherin question the areparticulars physical inobjects, question tropes are physicalor sense objects,data is irrele-tropes or senseof data reference) is irrele- in terms ofof theirreference) being incarried terms by of vortices their being in the carried subtle by matter vortices that in fills the subtle matter that fills Whether the particulars in question are physical objects, tropes or sense data is irrele- of reference) in terms of their being carried by vortices in the subtle matter that fills vant to the basic problemvant of to specifying the basic theproblem origin, of terminus specifying and the intervening origin, terminus path of and interveningthe universe. path of This generatesthe universe. a problem. This Given generates Descartes’s a problem. strict Given definition Descartes’s of motion strict definition of motion vant to the basic problem of specifying the origin, terminus and intervening path of the universe. This generates a problem. Given Descartes’s strict definition of motion any mobile particular, if anyspace mobile = contiguity particular, relations if space (only). = contiguity relations (only). as motion with respectas to motion contiguous with bodies, respect this to contiguous entails that bodies, the planets, this entails strictly that the planets, strictly any mobile particular, if space = contiguity relations (only). as motion with respect to contiguous bodies, this entails that the planets, strictly Descartes realised that aDescartes body might realised have thatmany a bodydifferent might motions, have many depending different on motions, speaking,depending do on not move! speaking,They are dostationary not move! with They respect are tostationary the contiguous with respect bodies to ofthe contiguous bodies of Descartes realised that a body might have many different motions, depending on speaking, do not move! They are stationary with respect to the contiguous bodies of various points of comparisonvarious (pointsPrin. II .31);of comparison he discusses (Prin. the IIman.31); walking he discusses on a shipthe man walkingsubtle on matter a ship of the vortexsubtle which matter – what? of the – vortextransports which them – what? around – transportstheir orbits. them No- around their orbits. No- various points of comparison (Prin. II.31); he discusses the man walking on a ship subtle matter of the vortex which – what? – transports them around their orbits. No- which moves with respectwhich to shoremoves (Prin. with II respect.24). Accordingly, to shore (Prin. Descartes II.24). Accordingly,distinguished Descartestice distinguished that Descartes does ticeand that must Descartes be able to does make and this must last be statement, able to make that thisthe planetslast statement, that the planets which moves with respect to shore (Prin. II.24). Accordingly, Descartes distinguished tice that Descartes does and must be able to make this last statement, that the planets a strict sense of ‘motion’a fromstrict thesense ordinary of ‘motion’ sense fromof motion: the ordinary sense of motion: move in their orbits, andmove that in they their move orbits, with and respect that theyto the move fixed with stars respect (Prin. toIII .26–the fixed stars (Prin. III.26– a strict sense of ‘motion’ from the ordinary sense of motion: move in their orbits, and that they move with respect to the fixed stars (Prin. III.26– 29, cf. 140). However, neither29, cf. 140).of these However, statements neither can ofbe these made statements using Descartes’ can be offi-made using Descartes’ offi- Motion, in the ordinary Motion,sense of inthe the term, ordinary is simply sense the of actionthe term, by whichis simply a body the action by which a body 29, cf. 140). However, neither of these statements can be made using Descartes’ offi- Motion, in the ordinary sense of the term, is simply the action by which a body travels from one place travels to another. from By one ‘motion’, place to I another. mean local By ‘motion’,motion; for I mean my local motion;cial, for ‘strict’ my sense of motion;cial, ‘strict’ they senserequire of the motion; ordinary they sense require of motion the ordinary Descartes sense of motion Descartes travels from one place to another. By ‘motion’, I mean local motion; for my cial, ‘strict’ sense of motion; they require the ordinary sense of motion Descartes thought encompasses nothought other kind,encompasses and hence no Iother do not kind, think and that hence any I otherdo not think thateschews. any other To have an astronomicaleschews. To theory have an at astronomical all requires a theory sense ofat allmotion requires which a sense of motion which thought encompasses no other kind, and hence I do not think that any other eschews. To have an astronomical theory at all requires a sense of motion which kind should be imaginedkind to exist should in nature. be imagined (Prin. IIto.24, exist CSM in nature.1:233) (Prin. II.24, CSM 1:233) Descartes sought to replaceDescartes with sought his technical, to replace strict with sense his of technical, the term strict (contiguity sense of the term (contiguity kind should be imagined to exist in nature. (Prin. II.24, CSM 1:233) Descartes sought to replace with his technical, strict sense of the term (contiguity relations). Descartes’ focusrelations). upon Descartes’ motions only focus with upon respect motions to contiguous only with bodies respect to contiguous bodies If … we consider what motionIf … weought consider to mean what … motion we may ought say tothat mean it is …the transferwe may say that it is the transfer relations). Descartes’ focus upon motions only with respect to contiguous bodies If … we consider what motion ought to mean … we may say that it is the transfer of one piece of matter, or oneof body, one piecefrom ofthe matter, vicinity or of one the body, other frombodies the which vicinity are of in the immediate other bodies which are makesin immediate most natural phenomenamakes most literally natural incomprehensible, phenomena literally indeed, incomprehensible, indescribable, un- indeed, indescribable, un- of one piece of matter, or one body, from the vicinity of the other bodies which are in immediate makes most natural phenomena literally incomprehensible, indeed, indescribable, un- contact with it, and which arecontact regarded with asit, beingand whichat rest, are to regardedthe vicinity as beingof other at bodiesrest, to. (thePrin. vicinity of other bodiesspecifiable. (Prin. (Newton 1962,specifiable 92–5, 125–7/2007, (Newton 1962, 15–8)! 92–5, As 125–7/2007,Newton (1962, 15–8)! 97–8, As 129– Newton (1962, 97–8, 129– contact with it, and which are regarded as being at rest, to the vicinity of other bodies. (Prin. specifiable (Newton 1962, 92–5, 125–7/2007, 15–8)! As Newton (1962, 97–8, 129– II.25; CSM 1:233) II.25; CSM 1:233) 31/2007, 19–20) points 31/2007,out (inter 19–20)alia): If pointsspatial outlocations (inter aliaand): changesIf spatial of locations spatial loca- and changes of spatial loca- II.25; CSM 1:233) 31/2007, 19–20) points out (inter alia): If spatial locations and changes of spatial loca- tion are specified solely bytion reference are specified to spatially solely by contiguous reference particulars,to spatially atcontiguous the end ofparticulars, at the end of Motion in the strict senseMotion is to bein thereferred strict solelysense tois tothe be bodies referred which solely are to contiguous the bodies which are contiguous tion are specified solely by reference to spatially contiguous particulars, at the end of Motion in the strict sense is to be referred solely to the bodies which aremost contiguous trajectories – specifically:most trajectories any motions – specifically: involving moreany motions than a fewinvolving sequences more of than a few sequences of with the body in motionwith (Prin. the II body.28), andin motion is to be (Prin. referred II.28), only and to is thoseto be contiguousreferred only to those contiguous most trajectories – specifically: any motions involving3 more than a few sequences3 of with the body in motion (Prin. II.28), and is to be referred only to thosespatial contiguous continuity relationsspatial – the continuity beginning relations point literally – the beginningno longer pointexists! literally no longer exists!3 bodies which are regardedbodies as being which at are rest regarded (Prin. II .29).as being The atreasons rest (Prin. for thisII.29). account The reasons for this account spatial continuity relations – the beginning point literally no longer exists! bodies which are regarded as being at rest (Prin. II.29). The reasons for thisPhenomenalisms account (e.g., MachPhenomenalisms 1922) and trope (e.g., Mach theories 1922) (e.g. , and Williams trope 1953),theories too, (e.g., Williams 1953), too, lie in the difficulty of comprehendinglie in the difficulty all the of motionscomprehending of a body, all theand motions in the tradition of a body, and in the tradition Phenomenalisms (e.g., Mach 1922) and trope theories (e.g., Williams 1953), too, lie in the difficulty of comprehending all the motions of a body, and inmust the tradition (re-)construct spacemust and (re-)construct all, even local space mid-scale, and all, spatial even local phenomena mid-scale, on spatialthe phenomena on the of viewing the earth as atof rest: viewing the earth as at rest: must (re-)construct space and all, even local mid-scale, spatial phenomena on the of viewing the earth as at rest: basis of nothing but motionsbasis of specified nothing by but reference motions solely specified to contiguous by reference particulars. solely to contiguous particulars. basis of nothing but motions specified by reference solely to contiguous particulars. Now all the motions willNow really all exist the motionsin the wheels will really of the exist watch in the [which wheels is inof the the watch [whichWhether is in the these particularsWhether be physical these objects, particulars sense be data physical or tropes objects, is irrelevant sense data to or this tropes is irrelevant to this Now all the motions will really exist in the wheels of the watch [which is in the Whether these particulars be physical objects, sense data or tropes is irrelevant to this pocket of the man walkingpocket on theof theship, man etc.], walking but it is on not the easy ship, to etchave.], but an under-it is not easy to have an under- pocket of the man walking on the ship, etc.], but it is not easy to haveproblem. an under- Neither phenomenalismsproblem. Neither nor trope phenomenalisms theories can re-constructnor trope theories physical can kine- re-construct physical kine- standing of so many motionsstanding all ofat soonce, many nor motions can we allhave at knowledgeonce, nor can of allwe of have knowledge of all of problem. Neither phenomenalisms nor trope theories can re-construct physical kine- standing of so many motions all at once, nor can we have knowledgematics, of all the of minimal typematics, of physical the minimal theory admittedtype of physical by empiricism. theory admitted by empiricism. them. So it is enough to them.confine So ourit is attention enough to to confine that single our motion attention which to that is the single motion which is the matics, the minimal type of physical theory admitted by empiricism. them. So it is enough to confine our attention to that single motion whichRegarding is the the insufficiencyRegarding of total the state insufficiency descriptions of specifiedtotal state only descriptions by local con-specified only by local con- proper motion of each body.proper (Prin. motion II.31, of CSM each 1:236) body. (Prin. II.31, CSM 1:236) Regarding the insufficiency of total state descriptions specified only by local con- proper motion of each body. (Prin. II.31, CSM 1:236) tiguity coördinates to specifytiguity any coördinates kinematical to connections, specify any kinematical and commenting connections, directly and commenting directly tiguity coördinates to specify any kinematical connections, and commenting directly … if we wished to characterize… if we motion wished strictlyto characterize in terms motionof its own strictly nature, in terms with- of its own nature, with- … if we wished to characterize motion strictly in terms of its own nature,upon thewith- passage quotedupon above, the Stein passage notes: quoted above, Stein notes: out reference to anythingout else, reference then in to the anything case of else,two thencontiguous in the casebodies of beingtwo contiguous bodies being upon the passage quoted above, Stein notes: out reference to anything else, then in the case of two contiguous bodies being transferred in opposite directions,transferred and in opposite thus separated, directions, we andshould thus say separated, that there we should say thatFor there Newtonian space-timeFor as Newtonian I have presented space-time it, this as Iis have just thepresented remark it, that this the is just the remark that the transferred in opposite directions, and thus separated, we should say that there For Newtonian space-time as I have presented it, this is just the remark that the was just as much motionwas in justthe oneas much body motion as in the in other.the one But body this as would in the clash other. But this wouldmapping clash upon time andmapping the Euclidean upon time metric and on the each Euclidean instantaneous metric on slice each of instantaneous slice of was just as much motion in the one body as in the other. But this would clash mapping upon time and the Euclidean metric on each instantaneous slice of too much with our ordinarytoo muchway of with speaking. our ordinary For we way are usedof speaking. to standing For weon theare used to standingspace-time on the do not determinespace-time a unique do notfour-dimensional determine a unique affine four-dimensionalstructure. (Stein affine structure. (Stein too much with our ordinary way of speaking. For we are used to standing on the space-time do not determine a unique four-dimensional affine structure. (Stein earth and regarding it as earthat rest; and so regarding although itwe as may at rest; see sosome although of its parts,we may which see some of its parts,1967, which 187/1970, 271) 1967, 187/1970, 271) earth and regarding it as at rest; so although we may see some of its parts, which 1967, 187/1970, 271) are contiguous with otherare smaller contiguous bodies, with being other transferred smaller bodies, out of beingtheir vicinity,transferred out of their vicinity, are contiguous with other smaller bodies, being transferred out of theirPut vicinity,otherwise, the temporalPut otherwise, and spatial the specification temporal and of spatialeach occurrence, specification forming of each a occurrence, forming a we do not for that reasonwe think do not of thefor earththat reason itself asthink in motion. of the earth(Prin. itself II.29, as CSM in motion. (Prin. II.29, CSM Put otherwise, the temporal and spatial specification of each occurrence, forming a we do not for that reason think of the earth itself as in motion. (Prin. stateII.29, descriptionCSM of the stateworld description at each time, of theand worldso for at all each moments time, andof time, so for solely all moments by of time, solely by 1:29) 1:29) state description of the world at each time, and so for all moments of time, solely by 1:29) According to Descartes,According true motions to Descartes, can only betrue identified motions orcan specified only be asidentified motion or specified3 Indeed, as motion even this may be3 Indeed,too generous: even thisIf the may initial be too point generous: of departure If the =initial the specificpoint of set departure of = the specific set of According to Descartes, true motions can only be identified or specified as motion 3 Indeed, even this may be too generous: If the initial point of departure = the specific set of with respect to contiguouswith bodies. respect Descartes to contiguous explained bodies. motions Descartes of the explained planets motionswith of thecontiguity planets withrelations any onecontiguity particular relations has to anythose one immediately particular hassurrounding to those immediatelyit, as soon as surrounding it, as soon as with respect to contiguous bodies. Descartes explained motions of the planets with contiguity relations any one particular has to those immediately surrounding it, as soon as respect to the fixed starsrespect (he carefully to the fixedpicked stars neither (he carefullythe Earth picked nor the neither Sun asthe points Earth nor the thatSun particular as points departs for thatother particular neighbours, departs that forfirst other set of neighbours, contiguity relationsthat first setvanishes. of contiguity relations vanishes. respect to the fixed stars (he carefully picked neither the Earth nor the Sun as points that particular departs for other neighbours, that first set of contiguity relations vanishes. 96 96 97 97 96 97 96 97 contiguity relations, constrainscontiguity but relations, cannot specify constrains the 4-D but affine cannot structure specify the required 4-D affine to structure requiredODALITY to IN ENSORY5 M ODALITYodalityXPERIENCE INin SENSORYen ERCEPTUALsory EXPERIENCExperience UDGMENT & ERCEPTUALP INerceptual RIEF UDGMENT Judgment IN, inRIEF Brief contiguity relations, constrains but cannot specify the 4-D affine structure5 Mrequired to S 5 MEODALITY IN S&ENSORYP EXPERIENCEJ & PERCEPTUAL, B JJUDGMENT,, IN BRIEF identify and to describeidentifyidentify any motion andand toto(kinematics) describedescribe anyany – dynamicmotionmotion (kinematics)(kinematics)explanation quite–– dynamicdynamic aside. explanationexplanation quitequite aside.aside. Whether what occurs at,Whether or occupies, what eachoccurs coördinate at, or occupies, point in each space coördinate at any one point time in space at§3 any noted one thetime empiricist psychological§3§3 notednoted thethe empiricist empiricistmodalities psychologicalpsychological of customary modalitiesmodalities conjunction ofof andcustomarycustomary habit- conjunctionconjunction andand habit-habit- is a physical object, a tropeisis aa physicalphysicalor a sense object,object, datum aa tropetropeis altogether oror aa sensesense an independent datumdatum isis altogetheraltogether issue; this anan independentindependentual belief, issue;issue; andthisthis how Kantual contrasts belief, and to themhow Kantthe distinctive contrasts cognitiveto them the (‘epistemic’) distinctive mo- cognitive (‘epistemic’) mo- problem with the very conceptproblem of with space, the itsvery intesion, concept hold of space,independently its intesion, of anyhold pre- independentlydality of involvedany pre- in distinguishingdality involved between in thedistinguishing tentative ‘this between stone theseems tentative to me ‘this warm’ stone seems to me warm’ ferred examples (ontology)ferred of spatialexamples particulars. (ontology) Complete, of spatial momentary particulars. state Complete, descrip- momentary state descrip- IS IS ferred examples (ontology) of spatial particulars. Complete, momentaryand state the descrip- assertoric ‘this andand a thewarmthe assertoricassertoric stone’, and ‘this‘this how IS aa suchwarm cognitive stone’,stone’, andand modalities howhow suchsuch are cognitive cognitivedis- modalities areare dis- tions of the universe intionstions terms ofof of thethe nothing universeuniverse but inin tropes termsterms andofof nothing nothingtheir spatial butbut tropestropesand temporal andand theirtheir spatialspatialtinct andand to,temporaltemporal yet parasitic upontincttinct identifiableto,to, yetyet parasitic causal upon modalities identifiableidentifiable constitutive causalcausal modalitiesof perceptible constitutiveconstitutive of perceptible contiguities are insufficientcontiguitiescontiguities for kinematics, are are insufficientinsufficient whether for for astronomical, kinematics, kinematics, orwhetherwhether tossing astronomical, astronomical, a wad or or particulars tossing tossing a a wad wad (above, §§3.1,particulars 3.7, 3.14. (above,(above, 3.15). This§§3.1,§§3.1, pair 3.7, of 3.14. contrasts 3.15). isThis central pair bothof contrastscontrasts to isis central central both toto into a bin. The trope theorist’sintointo aa bin.bin. ideal TheThe description tropetrope theorist’stheorist’s of the idealidealuniverse descriptiondescription cannot ofaccountof thethe universeuniverse for cannotcannotKant’s accountaccount Deduction forfor of theKant’s Categories Deduction and to of his the demonstration Categories and in tothe his ‘Analytic demonstration of Prin- in the ‘Analytic of Prin-

(very) elementary kinematics;(very)(very) Williamselementaryelementary was kinematics;kinematics; mistaken toWilliamsWilliams claim thatwaswas tropesmistakenmistaken and toto the claimclaim re- thatthat tropestropesciples’ andand thatthethe re-re-we can onlyciples’ ciples’perceptually thatthat wewe identify cancan onlyonly particulars perceptuallyperceptually which identifyidentify unto themselvesparticularsparticulars whichhavewhich untounto themselvesthemselves havehave lations of contiguity andlationslations qualitative ofof contiguitycontiguity similarity andand suffice, qualitativequalitative even insimilaritysimilarity principle, suffice,suffice, to ‘account’ eveneven inin principle,principle,sufficient toto ‘account’‘account’ causal integritysufficientsufficient to be discriminated causalcausal integrityintegrity from toto our bebe discriminatedvariousdiscriminated sensory fromfrom experiences ourour variousvarious of sensorysensory experiencesexperiences ofof for the world we occupyforfor and thethe experience. worldworld wewe occupyoccupy(These andandsame experience.experience. limits also (These(These hold of samesame Carnap’s limitslimits alsoalso holdholdthem, ofof Carnap’s Carnap’sor discriminated them,withinthem, orand discriminated through their within various andand sensory throughthrough appearances theirtheir various to sensorysensoryus, appearancesappearances toto us,

Aufbau, although these Aufbauproblems,, althoughalthough can only thesethese be specified problemsproblems precisely cancan onlyonly within bebe specifiedspecified the terms preciselyprecisely of withinwithinon thethe any termsterms occasion ofof in whichon weanyany sense, occasion circumscribe, inin which welocalise sense,sense, and circumscribe,circumscribe, identify it (orlocaliselocalise them), andand identifyidentify itit (or(or them),them), the Aufbau with respectthethe toAufbau time, with with because respect respect his to torudiments time, time, because because for specifying his his rudiments rudiments spatial for for specifying specifyingduring the spatial spatial period of timeduringduring and thethewithin period the ofsurrounding timetime andand withincontext thethe within surroundingsurrounding which we contextcontext per- within which we per- positions and relations arepositions so very and sketchy.) relations As are the so fundamental very sketchy.) resources As the andfundamental strat- resourcesceive and it (or strat- them). This Kantceiveceive demonstratesitit (or(or them).them). ThisThis by examining KantKant demonstratesdemonstrates the most bygeneralby examiningexamining conditions thethe mostmost generalgeneral conditionsconditions egies of trope theory remainegiesegies unchangedofof tropetrope theorytheory (otherwise remainremain they unchangedunchanged would not (otherwise(otherwise be trope theytheytheories), wouldwould notnot bebe tropetropeparticulars theories),theories), must satisfy particularsif we are at must all to satisfysatisfy be able ifif weto identifyareare atat allall them, toto be by ableable distinguishing toto identifyidentify them,them, by distinguishing subsequent versions faresubsequentsubsequent no better thanversionsversions Williams’. farefare nono This betterbetter is yetthanthan another Williams’.Williams’. indication ThisThis isis that yetyet anotheranother indicationindicationthem from thatthat one another,them themfrom from fromourselves oneone another, another,and from fromfrom our ourselvessensoryourselves experiencing andand fromfrom ourour of sensorysensorythem. experiencingexperiencing ofof them.them.

(putative) ‘simplicity’ is (putative)(putative)neither a constraint‘simplicity’‘simplicity’ nor isis neither neitheran initial aa constraint constraintpremiss; it nornor is onlyanan initialinitial a princi- premiss;premiss; itit isis onlyonlyThe aa princi-princi-contrast between TheHume’s contrastcontrast customary, between merely Hume’s psychological customary,customary, modalities merely psychological and modalities andand ple of choice between twople ofotherwise choice betweenequally adequatetwo otherwise explanations equally –adequate a rare circum- explanations – anya rare actual circum- human perceptionanyany actualactual of spatio-temporalhuman perception particulars of spatio-temporalspatio-temporal is central already particulars to isis central central alreadyalready toto stance! stance!stance! Reid’s (1764) Inquiry intoReid’s the Human (1764)(1764) Mind,InquiryInquiry on intointo the thethePrinciples Human of Mind, Common onon thetheSense Principles, in ways ofof Common Sense,, inin ways The strength of Kant’s TheCritical strength epistemology of Kant’s in Critical the Critique epistemology of Pure Reason in the lies Critique in of Pure whichReason help lieslies clarifyinin and substantiatewhich help clarifyclarifyimportant, andand substantiatesubstantiateunfamiliar features important,important, of Kant’s unfamiliar Deduc- featuresfeatures of Kant’s Deduc- how acutely it identifieshow a host acutely of sub-personal it identifies cognitivea host of functionssub-personal and cognitivea host of functionsim- andtion. a host These of im- brief remarkstion.tion. cite TheseThese Reid’s brief second, remarksremarks corrected citecite Reid’s edition second, (1765), correctedcorrected this being editionedition the (1765),(1765), thisthis being thethe plicit and explicit cognitiveplicit judgments and explicit we cognitivecan and dojudgments make with we sufficientcan and do reliability, make with sufficientclosest reliability, available to me toclosestclosest the first availableavailable edition toto (1764), meme toto thewhichthe firstfirst is editioneditionknown (1764),(1764),to have whichwhich been avail-isis knownknown toto havehave beenbeen avail-avail- accuracy and justifiednessaccuracyaccuracy so that andand we justifiednessjustifiednesscan think at sosoall thatthatusing wewe logic, cancan thinkandthink can atat alluseall usingusing logical logic,logic, andand cancanable useuse in Northernlogicallogical Germanyable and in Northernaccessible Germany to Tetens and and accessibleto Kant, eitherto Tetens in English and to orKant, either in English or 4 able in Northern Germany4 and accessible to Tetens and to Kant, either in English or 4 syntax and semantics insyntaxsyntax (referential, and and semantics semantics deictic) connectioninin (referential, (referential, with deictic) deictic) whatever connectionconnection particular(s) with with whatever whateverin particular(s)particular(s)French (1768). It precedesinin French Kant’s (1768).(1768). KdrV ItIt, precedeswhereas Reid’sKant’s Essays KdrV ,,(1785, whereas 1788) Reid’sReid’s are EssaysEssays (1785,(1785, 1788)1788) areare we experience within spacewe experience and time. Allwithin of these space achievements and time. All resultof these from achievements thinking result contemporaneousfrom thinking to its contemporaneouscontemporaneoussecond edition. My toto concern itsits secondsecond here edition.edition. is not MyMywith concernconcern historical herehere routes isis notnot withwith historicalhistorical routesroutes through this observation:throughthrough thisthis observation:observation: of access and influence,ofof but accessaccess with and andsystematic influence,influence, points butbut regardingwithwith systematicsystematic the sophisticated pointspoints regardingregarding alter- thethe sophisticatedsophisticated alter-alter-

That which is presupposedThat in which any and is presupposedall knowledge in of any objects and all cannot knowledge itself beof objects cannotnatives itself to be Hume’s theoriesnativesnatives of ideas toto Hume’sHume’s and of theoriestheories perception ofof ideas ideasprovided andand ofofby perceptionperceptionReid, Tetens providedprovided and byby Reid,Reid, TetensTetens andand That which is presupposed in any and all knowledge of objects cannot itself be A A Kant. Some of the mostKant. important Some basic of the points most areimportant clearly andbasic emphatically points are clearlystated andby emphatically stated by known as an object. (KdrVknown 402) asas anan object.object. ((KdrV A402) Kant. Some of the most important basic points are clearly and emphatically stated by Reid in the Inquiry. ThereReid are in excellent the Inquiry studies. There of areReid’s excellent epistemology studies andof Reid’s theory epistemology of and theory of Kant’s Transcendental DeductionKant’s Transcendental of the Pure ConceptsDeduction of of the the Understanding Pure Concepts is of but the Understanding is but Reid in the Inquiry. There are excellent studies of Reid’s epistemology and theory of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the Pure Concepts of the Understandingperception; is but I claim no originality,perception; butI claim Hume’s no originality,empiricism butremains Hume’s such empiricism a common remains such a common one facet of his incisiveone critique facet ofof ourhis incisivehuman capacitiescritique of for our experience, human capacities cognition, for experience, cognition, perception; I claim no originality, but Hume’s empiricism remains such a common one facet of his incisive critique of our human capacities for experience,default cognition, presumption thatdefault it must presumption be countered, thatthat anditit must can bebe countered,countered,countered byandand selective cancan be counteredcountered by selectiveselective action and judgment. actionaction andand judgment.judgment. 4 4 Reid (1764) was held in the4 Reid Universitätsbibliothek (1764) was held in the Kiel Universitätsbibliothek (Sig.: K 2943); Reid (1768)Kiel (Sig.: was Kheld 2943); Reid (1768) was held in the Landschaftsbibliothekinin thethe Aurich LandschaftsbibliothekLandschaftsbibliothek (Sig.: O 747 (1)), AurichAurichUniversitätsbibliothek (Sig.:(Sig.: OO 747747 (1)),(1)), Rostock UniversitätsbibliothekUniversitätsbibliothek (Sig.: RostockRostock (Sig.:(Sig.: Ec-3122(1)), Eutiner LandesbibliothekEc-3122(1)), Eutiner(Sig.: Rc Landesbibliothek 247:1) and in Königsberg (Sig.: Rc 247:1) in Hamann’s and in Königsbergli- in Hamann’s li- brary (Immendörfer 1938,brary 108); (Immendörfer my thanks to 1938,Kuehn’s 108); (1987, my thanks168n.4) to reference Kuehn’s to(1987, Immen- 168n.n.4)4) referencereference toto Immen-Immen- dörfer, which I have againdörfer,dörfer, consulted. whichwhich II havehave againagain consulted.consulted. 98 98 99 99 98 99 5 5 focus. 5 focus. The (i) ‘material impressions’The (i )upon ‘material our sensoryimpressions’ receptors upon are our effects sensory upon receptors our bodies are, effects upon our bodies, focus. The (i) ‘material impressions’ upon our sensory receptors are effects upon our bodies, In reply to Hume’s copyIn theory reply toof Hume’simpressions copy and theory ideas of and impressions his use of and that ideas the- and his usenot of (ii that) sensory the- effects uponnot ( iiour) sensory minds. effects This point upon underscores our minds. ThisReid’s point emphatic underscores dis- Reid’s emphatic dis- In reply to Hume’s copy theory of impressions and ideas and his use of that the- not (ii) sensory effects upon our minds. This point underscores Reid’s emphatic dis- ory to account for humanory perception to account and for belief,human Reid perception emphatically and belief, distinguished Reid emphatically be- distinguishedtinction between be- (i) the tinctionact and (betweenii) the object (i) the (of act perception), and (ii) the and object his (ofview perception), that typi- and his view that typi- ory to account for human perception and belief, Reid emphatically distinguished be- tinction between (i) the act and (ii) the object (of perception), and his view that typi- tween mere sensory responsetween tomere stimuli sensory and responseperception to (6.21,stimuli 301, and 305), perception between (6.21, the 301, 305),cally between (i) visual the sensationscally are (sub-personali) visual sensations components are sub-personal or aspects ofcomponents acts of (ii) orvisual aspects of acts of (ii) visual tween mere sensory response to stimuli and perception (6.21, 301, 305), between the cally (i) visual sensations are sub-personal components or aspects of acts of (ii) visual act and the object of perceptionact and the (6.33; object 6.20, of perception 289, 290), and(6.33; between 6.20, 289, the 290), fleeting, and betweenperception the fleeting, of our surroundings:perception of our surroundings: act and the object of perception (6.33; 6.20, 289, 290), and between the fleeting, perception of our surroundings: scarcely conscious sensationsscarcely involved conscious in sensationsperception involved (6.3) and in the perception (comparatively) (6.3) and the (comparatively) scarcely conscious sensations involved in perception (6.3) and the (comparatively) It is necessary that the impressionIt is necessary be made that the upon impression our organs, be madebut not upon that our it be organs, but not that it be It is necessary that the impression be made upon our organs, but not that it be sustained attention to perceivedsustained particulars attention toand perceived the (comparatively) particulars andperduring, the (comparatively) stable perduring,known. stable Nature carries onknown. this part Nature of the carries process on ofthis perception, part of the without process our of con-perception, without our con- sustained attention to perceived particulars and the (comparatively) perduring, stable known. Nature carries on this part of the process of perception, without our con- character of the particularscharacter we perceive. of the particularsIf these contrasts we perceive. are typically If these unfamiliar contrasts toare typically unfamiliarsciousness to or concurrence.sciousness (Reid 1765, or 6.22,concurrence. 304) (Reid 1765, 6.22, 304) character of the particulars we perceive. If these contrasts are typically unfamiliar to sciousness or concurrence. (Reid 1765, 6.22, 304) most of us, they are knownmost ( e.g.of )us, to theypainters are known(6.3; 6.8, (e.g. 165–7;) to painters 6.22, 315–6; (6.3; 6.8, 6.23, 165–7; 328– 6.22, 315–6; 6.23, 328– most of us, they are known (e.g.) to painters (6.3; 6.8, 165–7; 6.22, 315–6; 6.23, 328– A thousand such instancesA mightthousand be produced, such instances in order might to showbe produced, that the invisible order ap- to show that the visible ap- A thousand such instances might be produced, in order to show that the visible ap- 9). 9). pearances of objects are intendedpearances by of nature objects only are as intended signs or byindications; nature only and as that signs the or indications; and that the 9). pearances of objects are intended by nature only as signs or indications; and that the In the complex chain ofIn events the complex transpiring chain between of events any transpiringparticular object between and any any- particular objectmind and passes any- instantly to mind the things passes signified, instantly without to the things making signified, the least without reflection making the least reflection In the complex chain of events transpiring between any particular object and any- mind passes instantly to the things signified, without making the least reflection one who sees it (6.12, 200;one 6.22, who 301), sees Reidit (6.12, carefully 200; 6.22, distinguishes: 301), Reid carefully distinguishes: upon the sign or even perceivingupon the thatsign [i.e.or , evennoticing] perceiving there isthat any [i.e. such, noticing] thing. (Reidthere is any such thing. (Reid one who sees it (6.12, 200; 6.22, 301), Reid carefully distinguishes: upon the sign or even perceiving that [i.e., noticing] there is any such thing. (Reid 1765, 6.2, 128–9; cf. 6.3; 6.4,1765, 137) 6.2, 128–9; cf. 6.3; 6.4, 137) (i) sensation and (ii) perception(i) sensation (6.21, and 301, (ii 305);) perception (6.21, 301, 305); 1765, 6.2, 128–9; cf. 6.3; 6.4, 137) (i) sensation and (ii) perception (6.21, 301, 305); The hobby horse of ModernThe hobby indirect horse theories of Modern of perception, indirect theories the alleged of perception, ‘resem- the alleged ‘resem- (i) impressions upon our(i )sensory impressions receptors upon (our our body) sensory and receptors (ii) any (mental)(our body) sensa- and (ii) any (mental)The hobby sensa- horse of Modern indirect theories of perception, the alleged ‘resem- (i) impressions upon our sensory receptors (our body) and (ii) any (mental) sensa- blance’ between sensoryblance’ ideas andbetween physical sensory objects, ideas is andirrelevant: physical There objects, is none is irrelevant: (6.5, There is none (6.5, tion of which we are awaretion (6.8; of which6.22, 303); we are we aware are not(6.8; conscious 6.22, 303); of weimpressions are not conscious of blance’impressions between sensory ideas and physical objects, is irrelevant: There is none (6.5, tion of which we are aware (6.8; 6.22, 303); we are not conscious of impressions 148–9; 6.12, 202). Reid’s148–9; careful 6.12, attention 202). Reid’sto the detailscareful ofattention sensation to theand detailsperception, of sensation and perception, upon our receptors (6.8, upon163); our receptors (6.8, 163); 148–9; 6.12, 202). Reid’s careful attention to the details of sensation and perception, upon our receptors (6.8, 163); and his refusal to over-simplifyand his refusalthem, resultto over-simplify in an account them, of perceptionresult in an (6.3, account 131–5; of perception (6.3, 131–5; and his refusal to over-simplify them, result in an account of perception (6.3, 131–5; (i) objects and (ii) their appearance(i) objects andto the (ii )eye their (6.2, appearance 123; 6.3); to the eye (6.2, 123; 6.3); 6.5) directly converse to 6.5)that directly of Russell’s converse Problems to that of Philosophy of Russell’s (1912, Problems Ch. 1), of asPhilosophy is clear (1912, Ch. 1), as is clear (i) objects and (ii) their appearance to the eye (6.2, 123; 6.3); 6.5) directly converse to that of Russell’s Problems of Philosophy (1912, Ch. 1), as is clear from Reid’s remarks uponfrom Berkeley Reid’s (6.8,remarks 168, upon 192, 194;Berkeley 6.11, (6.8, 197–8) 168, and 192, upon 194; Hume. 6.11, 197–8) and upon Hume. (i) colours of particular (objectsi) colours and of (ii particular) the sensory objects appearances and (iiof) thesethe sensory colours appearances to us of these coloursfrom Reid’s to us remarks upon Berkeley (6.8, 168, 192, 194; 6.11, 197–8) and upon Hume. (i) colours of particular objects and (ii) the sensory appearances of these colours to us Reid is emphatic aboutReid the utter is emphatic inadequacy about of the Hume’s utter officialinadequacy theory of Hume’sof ideas official theory of ideas in various conditions (6.4,in 6.5);various conditions (6.4, 6.5); Reid is emphatic about the utter inadequacy of Hume’s official theory of ideas in various conditions (6.4, 6.5); and its cornerstone, theand ‘copy its cornerstone,theory’ of ideas the and‘copy impressions theory’ of (6.8, ideas 159; and cf. impressions En.1 (6.8, 159; cf. En.1 within visible appearanceswithin of objects, visible (iappearances) their colour(s) of objects, are quite (i) differenttheir colour(s) to (ii) arethe quite differentand to its (ii ) cornerstone, the the ‘copy theory’ of ideas and impressions (6.8, 159; cf. En.1 within visible appearances of objects, (i) their colour(s) are quite different to (ii) the §§1–7, 12). Reid has no §§1–7,alternative 12). toReid it, norhas anyno alternative account of to how it, nor the any‘language account of ofna- how the ‘language of na- appearance of their extension,appearance figure ofand their motion extension, (6.2, 124; figurecf. 6.5, and 147; motion 6.8, 164);(6.2, 124;cf. 6.5, 147; §§1–7,6.8, 164); 12). Reid has no alternative to it, nor any account of how the ‘language of na- appearance of their extension, figure and motion (6.2, 124;cf. 6.5, 147; 6.8, 164); ture’ (4.2, 76) can be so ture’much (4.2, as learnt76) can or beunderstood so much asby learnt us. Under or understood the headings by us.of Under the headings of ture’ (4.2, 76) can be so much as learnt or understood by us. Under the headings of (i) sensations as such and(i) ( sensationsii) dimensional as such images and of (ii )bodies dimensional or their images qualities of bodies(6.5, or their‘instinct’ qualities and (6.5, of our ‘natural‘instinct’ constitution’, and of our Reid ‘natural emphasises constitution’, the pervasive Reid emphasises natural reg- the pervasive natural reg- (i) sensations as such and (ii) dimensional images of bodies or their qualities (6.5, ‘instinct’ and of our ‘natural constitution’, Reid emphasises the pervasive natural reg- 147, 148; 6.20, 288ff; ); 147, 148; 6.20, 288ff; ); ularities which enable usularities to be atwhich all intelligent enable us or to cognisant be at all intelligent(6.12, 208; or6.20, cognisant 297–8; (6.12, 208; 6.20, 297–8; 147, 148; 6.20, 288ff; ); ularities which enable us to be at all intelligent or cognisant (6.12, 208; 6.20, 297–8; 6.21, 304, 308, 6.24, 343).6.21, He 304, is quite 308, right6.24, that343). our He failing is quite to rightunderstand that our how failing these to understand how these (i) direction, distance and(i) direction, position (6.8, distance 161; and 6.11, position 191; 6.21, (6.8, 308–9) 161; 6.11,are visible, 191; 6.21, 308–9)6.21, are visible,304, 308, 6.24, 343). He is quite right that our failing to understand how these (i) direction, distance and position (6.8, 161; 6.11, 191; 6.21, 308–9) are visible, reliabilities hold or function,reliabilities or specifically hold or function, what are or these specifically regularities, what is are no these proof regularities, is no proof though (ii) not (strictly speaking)though ( iisensible;) not (strictly speaking) sensible; reliabilities hold or function, or specifically what are these regularities, is no proof though (ii) not (strictly speaking) sensible; that they do not hold, orthat that they they do arenot unimportant hold, or that (6.12, they 202;are unimportant6.22, 302). Reid (6.12, re- 202; 6.22, 302). Reid re- e.g., cataracts can reduce e.g.the, cataractsretina to (cani) mere reduce sensory the retina reception to (i) (6.8,mere 162), sensory thus reception fail- (6.8, 162),that thus they fail- do not hold, or that they are unimportant (6.12, 202; 6.22, 302). Reid re- e.g., cataracts can reduce the retina to (i) mere sensory reception (6.8, 162), thus fail- peatedly describes sensorypeatedly perception describes as providing sensory perceptionus information as aboutproviding our ussurround- information about our surround- ing to indicate (ii) any direction,ing to indicate location (ii or) any shape. direction, location or shape. peatedly describes sensory perception as providing us information about our surround- ing to indicate (ii) any direction, location or shape. ings (6.1, 121; 6.3, 135; ings6.7, (6.1,155; 6.20,121; 6.3,292, 135; 293; 6.7, 6.20, 155; 321; 6.20, 6.24, 292, 331, 293; 334, 6.20, 341, 321; 346). 6.24, 331, 334, 341, 346). ings (6.1, 121; 6.3, 135; 6.7, 155; 6.20, 292, 293; 6.20, 321; 6.24, 331, 334, 341, 346). (i) sensory appearance and(i) sensory(ii) what appearance is ‘suggested’ and or (ii indicated) what is ‘suggested’by sensory orappear- indicated by sensoryIn this appear-way Reid developsIn thisa reliabilist way Reid alternative develops toa reliabilist the sceptical alternative (justificatory, to the ‘ac- sceptical (justificatory, ‘ac- (i) sensory appearance and (ii) what is ‘suggested’ or indicated by sensory appear- In this way Reid develops a reliabilist alternative to the sceptical (justificatory, ‘ac- ance (6.2, 123), what is anceinferred (6.2, from 123), it what(6.2, is126, inferred 128–9; from 6.20, it 297), (6.2, judgments126, 128–9; 6.20, 297),cess’) judgments internalism characteristiccess’) internalism of so much characteristic Modern philosophy of so much (de Modern Bary 2002, philosophy cf. (de Bary 2002, cf. ance (6.2, 123), what is inferred from it (6.2, 126, 128–9; 6.20, 297), judgments cess’) internalism characteristic of so much Modern philosophy (de Bary 2002, cf. based upon it (6.3, 130),based or (likewise) upon it (6.3,‘that 130),knowledge or (likewise) of the objects‘that knowledge of sense of the objectsNichols of 2007, sense CopenhaverNichols 2010). 2007, Copenhaver 2010). based upon it (6.3, 130), or (likewise) ‘that knowledge of the objects of sense Nichols 2007, Copenhaver 2010). which is got by reasoning’which (6.20, is 297).got by reasoning’ (6.20, 297). Yet Kant (Prol. 4:258–9)Yet is rightKant that (Prol. Reid 4:258–9) leaves ismuch right of that the Reid issue leaves just where much theof the issue just where the which is got by reasoning’ (6.20, 297). Yet Kant (Prol. 4:258–9) is right that Reid leaves much of the issue just where the sceptical Hume wants. Regardingsceptical Humeinduction wants. Reid Regarding granted frankly:induction Reid granted frankly: sceptical Hume wants. Regarding induction Reid granted frankly: 5 Reid (1765) is cited by C5 h.§,Reid p.; (1765) lack ofis citedpage bynumber Ch.§, indicatesp.; lack of the page whole number § is cited. indicates His the whole § is cited. His 5 Reid (1765) is cited by Ch.§, p.; lack of page number indicates the whole § is cited. His spelling and typography havespelling been and modernised. typography have been modernised. spelling and typography have been modernised. 100 100 101 101 100 101 100 101 However, we agree with theHowever, author ofwe the agree Treatise with of the human author nature of thein this, Treatise That of ourhuman be- nature in this, Thatclosely our anticipatingbe- KdrVclosely (Refl. anticipating4849, 4851). KdrV Note ( Refl.in this 4849, regard 4851). that, Note although in this Reid regard that, although Reid liefHowever, in the continuancewe agree with of the liefnature’sHowever, authorin the law of continuancewe isthe agreenot Treatise derived with of of the nature’shuman from author naturereason. law of isinthe Itnotthis, Treatiseis derived anThat instinctive of our human from be- naturereason. in It this, is an Thatspeaksclosely instinctive our ofanticipating be- sensory experience KdrVspeaksclosely (Refl. as of anticipating4849,providing sensory 4851). experienceus KdrV Note‘information’ ( Refl.in asthis 4849,providing regard (per 4851). above), that, us Note‘information’ althoughhe hasin thisno Reid ac- regard(per above), that, althoughhe has no Reid ac- presciencelief in the continuanceof the operations of presciencenature’slief of in nature,the law continuanceof isverythe not operationslike derived toof thatnature’s from of prescience nature, reason. law isvery Itofnot is humanlike derivedan toinstinctive thatactions from prescience reason. ofIt ishuman ancountspeaks instinctive actions ofof informationsensory experience channelscountspeaks ; as ofDretske of providing information sensory (1981) experienceus ‘information’channelshas such ; asDretske an providing account,(per (1981)above), us yet ‘information’has helacks suchhas an noan ade- ac- account,(per above), yet helacks has an no ade- ac- whichprescience makes of usthe rely operations uponwhich the of testimony nature,makes veryus of rely ourlike upon fellow-creatures:to that the presciencetestimony and of as,humanour without fellow-creatures: actions the and as, without the prescience of the operations of nature, very like to that prescience of humanquatecount actions accountof information of information channelsquatecount ; accountdecodingDretskeof information of(1981) or information extraction. channelshas such; decodingDretske an account, (1981) cleavesor extraction. yet has closelacks such toan Dretske anbasicade- account, cleaves yet close lacks toan basic ade- latter,which wemakes should us rely be upon incapablelatter, the testimony of we receiving should of beour information incapable fellow-creatures: from of receiving men and by as, information language; without the so, from men by language; so, which makes us rely upon the testimony of our fellow-creatures: and as, quatewithout account the of information decoding or extraction. Dretske cleaves close to basic withoutlatter, we the should former, be we incapable shouldwithoutlatter, of bewe the receiving incapable should former, be information of we incapable receiving should from of be information receivingincapable men by information language;of naturereceiving so, by from information men by of language;perceptual nature so,by claims so as perceptualquateto maximise account claims their of informationsoobvious as to maximisejustificatory decoding their externalismor obvious extraction. justificatory(cf. DretskeDret- cleavesexternalism close ( cf.to Dret-basic meanswithout of the experience. former, (Reid we shouldmeanswithout 1765, beof6.24, theexperience. incapable 346) former, of(Reid we receiving should 1765, 6.24, be information incapable 346) of of nature receiving by information ofskeperceptual nature 1998, by81–3, claims 87). so Thoseas skeperceptualto maximise 1998,basic 81–3,perceptual claims their 87). soobvious Thoseclaims,as to maximisejustificatorybasic however, perceptual their cannot externalism obvious claims, suffice justificatory (however,cf. for Dret- the cannot externalism suffice ( cf.for Dret- the 7 7 means of experience. (Reidmeans 1765, 6.24,of experience. 346) (Reid 1765, 6.24, 346) naturalske 1998, sciences, 81–3, 87).to which Thosenaturalske Reid 1998,basic sciences,rightly perceptual81–3, draws 87).to which attention.Thoseclaims, Reid basichowever, rightlyIn perceptual these drawscannot regards attention.claims, suffice Kant however, foris In cor- the these cannot regards suffice Kant foris cor- the Kant (Prol. 4:258–9) is alsoKant right (Prol. that 4:258–9) Hume’s is problem also right lies that in Hume’schallenging problem us to liesfigure in challenging us to figure 7 7 rectnatural that sciences, our understanding to whichrectnatural Reid thathuman sciences,rightly our knowledge understanding draws to which attention. requires Reid human rightly Ina cogentthese knowledge draws regards Critique attention. requires Kant of humanis Inacor- cogentthese regards Critique Kant of human is cor- outKant how (Prol. are 4:258–9) human reasonis alsooutKant andrighthow (Prol. reasoning thatare 4:258–9) human Hume’s possible, reason is problem also andsuchright liesreasoning thatthat in weHume’schallenging can possible, be problem at us allsuch to cognis- liesfigure that in wechallenging can be at usall to cognis- figure reasonrect that and our reasoning. understandingreasonrect thathuman and our reasoning. knowledge understanding requires human a cogent knowledge Critique requires of human a cogent Critique of human ant?out how are human reasonant?out and how reasoning are human possible, reason suchand reasoning that we can possible, be at all such cognis- that we can be at all cognis- reasonThis and is notreasoning. over-blown:reasonThis Sensory-perceptual and is notreasoning. over-blown: discrimination Sensory-perceptual is modally discrimination rich! The is modally rich! The ant?Tetens’ Philosophical Essaysant?Tetens’ on Human Philosophical Nature Essaysand its on Development Human Nature (1777) and note its Developmentmany (1777) note many apparentThis is justificatory not over-blown: deficitapparentThis Sensory-perceptual of is merejustificatory not sensoryover-blown: deficit appearances, discrimination Sensory-perceptual of mere stressed sensory is modally by appearances, discrimination Hume, rich! The as stressed is modally by Hume, rich! The as distinctionsTetens’ Philosophical Reid highlighted EssaysdistinctionsTetens’ on regarding Human Philosophical Reid theNature highlighted psychological Essaysand its regardingonDevelopment Human complexities theNature (1777) psychological and involvednote its Developmentmany in complexities (1777) involved note many in comparedapparent justificatoryto any assertoric deficitcomparedapparent claim of mere justificatoryaboutto any sensory how assertoric anything deficit appearances, claim of (in mere aboutfact) stressed sensoryishow, instead anything by appearances, Hume,marks (in the fact) as stressed is, instead by marks Hume, the as humandistinctions thought, Reid representation, highlightedhumandistinctions regarding thought, feeling, Reid representation,the sensation highlighted psychological and regarding judgment; feeling, complexities sensationthe that psychological the involved and concept judgment; ofin complexities that the involved concept of in insufficiencycompared to of any ‘access assertoric internalism’insufficiencycompared claim about in ofto regardany ‘access how assertoric to internalism’anything sensory-perceptual claim (in inaboutfact) regard ishow, instead justification! to anything sensory-perceptual marks (in This the fact) is, justification!instead marks This the causalityhuman thought, connotes representation, morecausalityhuman and other thought,connotes feeling, than psychological sensationrepresentation, more and and other associations judgment; feeling, than psychological sensation thatcan theprovide; and concept associations judgment;that of thatcan theprovide; concept that of Reidinsufficiency had clearly of ‘access recognised; internalism’Reidinsufficiency thishad is clearly in ofthe regard ‘access insight recognised; to internalism’of sensory-perceptual his thisjustificatory is inthe regard insight externalism. justification! to of sensory-perceptual his justificatory Preoc- This externalism. justification! Preoc- This relationscausality connotescannot be more reducedrelationscausality and to other those cannotconnotes than required bepsychological morereduced by and Hume’s to other associationsthose separability than required psychological can thesisby provide; Hume’s (briefly, associations that separability can thesis provide; (briefly, that cupationReid had withclearly Kant’s recognised; transcendentalcupationReid thishad iswithclearly the idealist Kant’s insight recognised; contrast transcendental of his betweenthisjustificatory is the idealist noumena insight externalism. contrast of and his phenom- between justificatory Preoc- noumena externalism. and phenom- Preoc- thatrelations any distinctioncannot be requiresreducedthatrelations anyrealto those distinctionseparabilitycannot required be requiresreduced into by numericallyHume’s realto those separability separability distinctrequired into instances); thesisby numericallyHume’s (briefly, and separability distinct instances); thesis (briefly, and enacupation has obscured with Kant’s Kant’s transcendentalenacupation development has obscured with idealist Kant’sof Kant’sa verycontrast transcendental sophisticateddevelopment between idealist noumena justificatoryof a verycontrast and sophisticated externalism phenom- between noumenajustificatory and externalism phenom- that rationalany distinction cognition requires involvesthatthat rationalrealany modalities distinctionseparability cognition (of requires into ‘necessity’)involves numerically real modalities separabilitywhich distinct cannot (of into‘necessity’)instances); be numerically accounted andwhich distinct cannot instances); be accounted and regardingena has obscured sensory Kant’sperception,regardingena development has an obscured sensoryexternalism of aKant’sperception, very Kant sophisticateddevelopment details an externalism by justificatoryhisof avery very Kant sophisticated sophisticated externalism details by justificatoryhis very sophisticated externalism forthat by rational merely cognition sensory, involvesempiricistforthat by rational merely modalities considerations. cognition sensory, (of ‘necessity’)empiricistinvolves6 Tetens modalities considerations.whichdiscusses cannot (ofthe ‘necessity’) formbe6 Tetens accounted of judg- discusseswhich cannot the form be accounted of judg- 6 functionalistregarding sensory account perception, of functionalistregardingsub-personal an externalismsensory account cognitive perception, of Kant functionssub-personal details an (externalismKCE by cognitive his§§30, very 43) Kant functionssophisticated which details must (KCE by §§30,his very 43) sophisticatedwhich must ments,for by merelyand the sensory, origins ofempiricistments,for the by most andmerely considerations. basicthe sensory, origins concepts ofempiricist the Tetensof themost understanding;discussesconsiderations. basic concepts the form he6 Tetensof questions ofthe judg- understanding;discusses the form he questions of judg- befunctionalist fulfilled if accountever we ofarebe functionalistsub-personal tofulfilled think inif account everanycognitive instancewe ofare functions sub-personal to ‘I thinkthink (KCE in… any cognitive [I§§30, nowinstance 43) see functions which that‘I think housemust ( KCE… [I§§30, now 43) see which that house must Reid’sments, relianceand the uponorigins instinct, ofReid’sments, the mostbecause reliance and basicthe knowledge uponorigins concepts instinct, of requires theof thebecausemost understanding; objective basic knowledge concepts modalities he requires of questions the which understanding; objective modalities he questions which there]’be fulfilled (above, if ever §4.1). we Whatever arethere]’be to fulfilled think (above, may inif be anyever §4.1). Kant’s instancewe Whatever are transcendental to ‘I thinkthink may in… be any idealist[I Kant’s now instance distinctionseetranscendental that ‘I think house be- … idealist[I now distinctionsee that house be- contrastReid’s reliance to merely upon subjective instinct,contrastReid’s because(psychological) reliance to merely knowledge upon subjective instinct,modalities. requires because(psychological) However, objective knowledge Tetens’modalities modalities. requires rambling which However, objective Tetens’modalities rambling which tweenthere]’ noumena(above, §4.1). and phenomena,Whatevertweenthere]’ noumena (above,may Kant be §4.1). Kant’shasand a phenomena,Whatever very transcendental rich mayand Kant subtlebe idealist Kant’shas taxonomya verydistinction transcendental rich of and dis-be- subtle idealist taxonomy distinction of dis-be- Versuchecontrast to (essays) merely lack subjective Kant’sVersuchecontrast logical(psychological) (essays)to merely acumen lack subjective modalities. and Kant’s inadvertently logical(psychological) However, acumen serve Tetens’ modalities. and to underscore inadvertently rambling However, serve Tetens’ to underscore rambling tincttween factors noumena pertaining and phenomena, tincttween to sensory-perceptual factors noumena Kant pertaining hasand a phenomena, very experience to rich sensory-perceptual and Kant and subtle itshas taxonomy objects,a very experience rich marking of and dis- and subtle its taxonomy objects, marking of dis- howVersuche crucial (essays) is the lack contrast Kant’showVersuche between crucial logical (essays) ismerely acumen the lackcontrast psychological and Kant’s inadvertentlybetween logical modalities merely acumen serve psychological and and to the underscore inadvertently modali- modalities serve and to the underscore modali- manytinct factorsof the same pertaining distinctions manytinct to sensory-perceptual factorsof Reid the stressed. same pertaining distinctions Kant experience to distinguishes, sensory-perceptual Reid andstressed. itsinter objects, Kantalia experience, ‘sensation’distinguishes, marking and itsinter objects, alia, ‘sensation’ marking tieshow involved crucial is in the even contrast thetieshow simplest betweeninvolved crucial forms merelyisin the even of contrast psychological perceptualthe simplest between experience modalities forms merely of and psychological perceptualand knowledge the modali- experience modalities – and and knowledge the modali- – asmany the ofeffect the sameof an distinctionsobjectasmany uponthe ofeffectReid thethe stressed.humansameof an distinctions objectcapacity Kant upon distinguishes, of Reid representationthe humanstressed. inter capacity Kantalia (A19–20/, ‘sensation’ distinguishes, of representationB33– inter alia(A19–20/, ‘sensation’B33– theties ‘dignity’involved ( Bin124, even l. 171)thetheties simplestor ‘dignity’involved status forms Kant( Bin124, even notesof l. perceptual171) the is constitutivesimplestor status experience formsKant of causalitynotes of and perceptual is knowledge constitutiveor (also) experience of – of causality and knowledge or (also) of – 4);as the‘the effectmatter of of an appearance’ object4);as upon‘thethe as effectmatter thatthe human ‘inof of the anappearance’ objectappearance’capacity upon ofas representationofthatthe some human‘in the particular appearance’capacity (A19–20/ which of ofBrepresentation 33–‘cor- some particular (A19–20/ whichB ‘33–cor- anythe ‘dignity’assertoric (B 124,judgment l. 171)any theabout or ‘dignity’assertoric status what Kant (somethingB judgment124, notes l. 171) is ISabout constitutive, orin statuscontrast what Kant something of to causality noteshow it isIS may,orconstitutive in (also) contrastmerely of ofto causalityhow it may or (also) merely of responds4); ‘the matterto sensation’ of appearance’ (Aresponds20/4); ‘theB34; as matter tothat emphasis sensation’ ‘in of the appearance’ added);appearance’ (A20/ B and34; as of thethat emphasis some ‘real‘in theparticular of added);appearance’ sensation’ which and asofthe ‘cor- some ‘a ‘real particular of sensation’ which as ‘ cor- ‘a appearany assertoric to onself. judgment Paradoxically,appear anyabout assertoric towhatTetens’ onself. something judgment Versuche Paradoxically, ISmissabout, in altogethercontrast Tetens’what something to Versuchethe how prospect it missIS may, in ofaltogether contrastmerely any a tothe how prospect it may of merely any a merelyresponds subjectiveto sensation’ representation’ (Amerely20/respondsB34; subjective to emphasisby sensation’ which representation’ added);‘one (A 20/can andB 34;only the emphasis bybe ‘realwhichconscious of added);‘one sensation’ thatcan and theonly as thesub- be ‘a ‘realconscious of sensation’ that the assub- ‘a prioriappear justification to onself. Paradoxically,of objectiveprioriappear justification cognitive toTetens’ onself. Versucheor Paradoxically,of (also) objective misscausal altogethercognitive modalities,Tetens’ Versucheorthe (also) andprospect yet misscausal prompted ofaltogether modalities,any a the and prospect yet prompted of any a jectmerely is affected’,subjective and representation’ whichjectmerely is ‘one affected’,subjective by relates which andto representation’ ‘one an which object can ‘oneonly in general’ relatesbybe whichconscious to (A ‘one an165/ objectthat canB207–8). theonly in sub- general’ be In conscious (A165/ thatB207–8). the sub- In Kantpriori justification(GS 23:57) to of recognise objectiveKantpriori exactly( justificationGScognitive 23:57) this or toprospect. of (also)recognise objective causal exactly cognitive modalities, this or prospect. (also)and yet causal prompted modalities, and yet prompted thisject provisional,is affected’, analytical and whichthisject context, provisional,is ‘one affected’, relates this ‘object analytical andto an which in object general’context, ‘one in general’ relatesis this some ‘object to (Aas 165/ an yet in object Bunspecifiedgeneral’207–8). in general’is In some (asA165/ yet Bunspecified207–8). In KantWhen (GS Kant23:57) ( Prol.to recognise 4:258–9)KantWhen exactly( GScredits Kant23:57) this Hume ( Prol.toprospect. recognise with4:258–9) challenging exactly credits this Humethe prospect.powers with ofchallenging pure rea- the powers of pure rea- particularthis provisional, object perceived.analyticalparticularthis context, Accordingly, provisional, object this ‘object perceived.theanalytical matter in general’ context, Accordingly,of sensation is this some – ‘objectitsthe assensory matter yet in unspecifiedgeneral’ qualityof sensation isor some – its assensory yet unspecified quality or son,When we must Kant avoid (Prol. hearing 4:258–9)son, merelyWhen we credits must Kanta rationalist’s avoid Hume (Prol. hearing with 4:258–9) rejoinder challenging merely credits toa rationalist’sempiricist theHume powers with scepticism. rejoinder ofchallenging pure rea-to At empiricist the powers scepticism. of pure rea-At character,particular object as distinct perceived. to character,particular the Accordingly, matter object as of distinct appearance perceived.the matter to the (the Accordingly,of matter sensation character of –appearance its ofthe sensory whatever matter (the qualityof appearssensation character or – ofits whateversensory quality appears or theson, time we must he isavoid reading hearing Tetens’theson, merelytime we (1777)must he a rationalist’sis avoid Versuchereading hearing (Tetens’ ca.rejoinder 1776–78),merely (1777) to a rationalist’sempiricist KantVersuche notes (scepticism. ca.rejoinder that1776–78), ‘meta- toAt empiricist Kant notes scepticism. that ‘meta- At withincharacter, space as and distinct time) to – withincharacter, thecan matterbe space generated as of and distinct appearance time) by toand – thecan (thewithin matterbe character generated the ofsubject appearance of by whatever as and its (the withinqualitative appears character the subject of whatever as its qualitative appears physics’the time ishe not is readingknowledge Tetens’physics’the of time objects, (1777) ishe not is Versuchebutreadingknowledge rather (Tetens’ca. of of1776–78), principles objects, (1777) ( KantRefl.Versuchebut rather 4853)notes (ca. of –that 1776–78), interprinciples ‘meta- alia, (KantRefl. 4853)notes –that inter ‘meta- alia, sensorywithin space response and time) to stimulation, –sensorywithin can be space responsegenerated although and time) to bythis stimulation,and –sensory can within be matter generatedthealthough subject relates bythis as toand itssensory some withinqualitative object matter the subject relates asto its some qualitative object principlesphysics’ is bynot which knowledge objectsprinciplesphysics’ of can objects, isbe by notknown; which butknowledge rather objectshe also of of candescribesprinciples objects, be known; ( Refl.‘metaphysics’but rather 4853)he also –of inter describesinprinciples terms alia, ( ‘metaphysics’Refl. 4853) – interin terms alia, empiricallysensory response intuited. to stimulation,Theseempiricallysensory distinctions response although intuited. all to this hold These stimulation, sensory within distinctions matter although Kant’s relates all ‘empirical this hold to sensory some within realism’, object matter Kant’s relates ‘empirical to some realism’, object 6principles by which objects6principles can be by known; which heobjects also describescan be known; ‘metaphysics’ he also indescribes terms ‘metaphysics’ in terms I forego specific references I forego to Tetens’ specific ungainly references Versuche to ;Tetens’ the points ungainly relevant Versuche here ; canthe bepoints relevantwhichempirically here is can also intuited.be to say they Thesewhichempirically hold distinctions isindependently also intuited. to say all they holdof These his hold within transcendental distinctions independently Kant’s all ‘empirical idealism. holdof his within transcendentalYet realism’, they Kant’s ‘empiricalidealism. Yet realism’, they gleaned6 I forego from specific his table references of contentsgleaned6 I forego to Tetens’ from(to specific the his ungainlyfirst table references volume). of Versuche contents Some to ; Tetens’ the(to sample thepoints ungainlyfirst excerpts relevant volume). Versuche are here Sometranslated ;can the sample bepoints excerpts relevantwhich are here translated is canalso be to say theywhich hold independentlyis also to say they of his hold transcendental independently idealism. of his transcendentalYet they idealism. Yet they 7 7 ingleaned Watkins from (2009, his table356–91), of contentsingleaned though Watkins from(tothese (2009, the hisdo first table356–91),not volume). include of contents though thoseSome these(to ofsample theTetens’s do first notexcerpts volume). viewsinclude are cited those Sometranslated here of sample orTetens’s excerpts views Reid arecited translated(1765), here or 1.1, 3; 3, 65; Reid 6.1, (1765),120; 6.2, 1.1, 194–5; 3; 3, 6.13,65; 6.1, 231–2; 120; 6.19,6.2, 194–5;281–5; 6.13, 6.24, 231–2;350–1; 6.19,7, 281–5; 6.24, 350–1; 7, abovein Watkins (§3). (2009,(Anyone 356–91), excerptingabovein though Watkins Tetens (§3). these (Anyone(2009, (1777) do not356–91), deservesexcerpting include though mercy.) those Tetens theseof Tetens’s(1777) do not deserves views include cited mercy.) those here of or Tetens’s views370–83.7 Reid cited (1765), (Therehere or 1.1, are no3; 3,§§ 65; in370–83.7 ReidReid’s6.1, 120;(1765), (ThereChs. 6.2, 3 1.1,orare 194–5; 7). no3; 3,§§ 6.13, 65;in Reid’s 6.1, 231–2; 120; Chs. 6.19,6.2, 3 or 194–5; 281–5;7). 6.13, 6.24, 231–2;350–1; 6.19,7, 281–5; 6.24, 350–1; 7, above (§3). (Anyone excerptingabove Tetens (§3). (Anyone (1777) deserves excerpting mercy.) Tetens (1777) deserves mercy.) 370–83. (There are no §§ in370–83. Reid’s (ThereChs. 3 or are 7). no §§ in Reid’s Chs. 3 or 7). 102 102 103 103 102 103 102 102 103 raise the question, How if ever can or do we sort mere sensory appearances to us 6 ANALYTICAL CONTENTS 3.10from§22: any actualThe Category manifestations has no ofother spatio-temporal Use for Cognition particulars? of Things than their Ap- 7 REFERENCES 6 Analytical Contents

Kant’splication answer to puts Objects paid of to Experience. the empiricist dogma of non-modal observation58 1 INTRODUCTION. st 1 Allison, Henry, 1983.1 Kant’sntroduction Transcendental Idealism; An Interpretation and Defense, 1 ed. 1 3.11terms;§23: there[untitled] are none, because perceptual discrimination is episodic – it takes some62 I 2 NewKANT Haven,’S DEDUCTION Yale. : BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR ITS UNDERSTANDING. 4 3.12period§24: of Oftime the and Application transpires of within the Categories some spatial to Objects context of –the by Senses which as alone such. we can 66 Arsenijevi2.1 Kant’sć, Miloš,dual use 2003.2 of categories: ‘GeneralizedKant’s sensoryB D Conceptseduction binding of: andSyntacticallyBas icjudgmental Cons iderationand conjunction. Semanticallys for itTriv-s U4nderstanding 4 3.13identify§25: any[untitled] actual perceived particular(s) (or states of affairs) by discriminating the72 2.2 ialA Differences pointer about and2.1 ‘transcendental’. Instant-Based Kant’s dual and use Period-Based of categories: Time sensory Ontologies’. binding The and Journal judgmental of4 conjunction 4 3.14present,§26: actualTranscendental case from Deductioncausally possible of the alternatives, Universally whichPossible we Experientialcan only do Useby iden- 2.3 AppliedThe structure Logic 1:1–12. of2.2 Kant’s A text.pointer about ‘transcendental’ 4 4 tifying spatio-temporalof the Pure Concepts particulars of the with Understanding. sufficient material (i.e., causal) integrity that76 Arsenijevi2.4 Kant’sć, KdrV Miloš, examines &2.3 Miodrag The both structure Kapetanovi cognitive of processć ,Kant’s 2008a. and text ‘The of cognitive “Great Struggle”validity. Between5 4 3.15we can§27: distinguishResult of themthis Deduction from our ownof the perceptual-motor Concepts of the Understanding.activity – even if this activ- 86 Cantorians and Neo-Aristotelians: Much Ado About Nothing’. Grazer Philosophische 2.5 A diagnostic clue2.4 from Kant’s Ryle: bewareKdrV examines of ‘para-mechanical both cognitive hypotheses’. process and cognitive6 validity 5 3.16ity be[no no §] Briefmore Conceptthan how of we this can Deduction. alter the direction in which we gaze, even momen-90 Studien 76.1:79–90. 2.6 Ryle’s second clue:2.5 bewareA diagnostic of systematically clue from misleading Ryle: beware expressions. of ‘para-mechanical 6hypotheses’ 6 ———, 2008b. ‘An Lω1ω1 Axiomatization of the Linear Archimedean Continua as tarily (or,HE sub-consciously,ONCEPTS PACE the IMEeyes’ saccadic THE ATEGORIESmovements). Any and all such elemen- 6 4 T C ‘S ’, ‘T ’ & C . 92 2.7MerelyA fourth Relational systematically2.6 Structures’. Ryle’s misleading WSEASsecond expression: clue: Transactions beware ‘analytic on of Mathematics systematically truth’. 2.7:39–47. misleading expressions 6 tary perceptual discriminations require using – competently and accurately, if approx- 4.1 Does such perceptual use of the category ‘quantity’ (§26) obviate any role for Arsenijevi2.8 Kant’sć, Vorstellung Miloš, &2.7 Milošor vorstellen‘Sensory Adaži oftenć, intuition’ 2014. concerns ‘Gunkology (sinnliche sensory Anschauung and pre sentation(s). 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Time: A Priori2.10 and A APosteriori fifth systematically Studies (Berlin, misleading de Gruyter), expression: 137–170. ‘analytic truth’ 7 7 5 MODALITY IN SENSORY EXPERIENCE & PERCEPTUAL JUDGMENT, IN BRIEF. 99 identifies in his Table of Judgments. This is but a brief indication of how Kant, in Baum,2.11 Two Manfred, distinct, 1986. distinctive2.11 Deduktion Kant’s roles Deduction undof sensory Beweis concernsintuition in Kants and Transzendentalphilosophiecognitive intellect. semantics, humanly. König-8 possible the ‘Analytic of Principles’, articulates and justifies a host of constraints upon spatio- 2.12stein/Ts., Kant’s D Haineduction bei Athenäum. focusessingular on treferencehe key intellectual conditions required to think 8 temporal particulars required so that we can at all perceive and identify any of them Beck,any Lewis specific, White, determinate 1978.2.12 ‘ATwo Prussian thought. distinct, Hume distinctive and a Scottish roles of Kant’. sensory In: intuitionidem., Essays and intellect on8 8 (KCE, Pt. 2). Kant’s ‘Refutation of Idealism’ fulfills the aim already anticipated in the 2.13Kant Kant’s and HumeDeduction (New2.13 oHaven, f tKant’she c ategoriesYale Deduction University parallels focuses Press), the t ranscendentalon 111–129. the key intellectual Deduction conditions of required to ‘Deduction’, that only if we do successfully identify some particulars by perceiving Bernecker,the a priori Sven, concepts 2012. ‘Kantofthink ‘space’ onany andSpatial specific, of ‘time’. Orientation’. determinate European thought Journal of Philosophy9 9 them (thus affording any instance of a synthetic unity of apperception), can any of us 2.1420.4:519–533. Two senses of 2.14the ‘constitution’ Kant’s Deduction of objects of of the experience. categories parallels the transcendental9 Deduction Bird, Graham, 2006a. The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason . finite, dependent homo sapiens be sufficiently sapientes ever to think ‘I think …’ about 2.15 Whether Kant’s Deductionof the a requires priori concepts transcendental of ‘space’ idealism and of can ‘time’ be ascer- 9 Chicago, Open Court. anything, on any occasion (KTPR, esp. §§62, 63). tained only by scrutinising2.15 Two thesenses prospect of the that ‘constitution’ it may not beof requiredobjects of at all.experience10 10 Consider, then, how different might have been 20th-century Anglophone philoso- ———, 2006b. ‘Kant’s2.16 AnalyticalWhether Apparatus’. Kant’s Deduction In: idem. ,requires ed., A Companion transcendental to Kant idealism (Ox- can be ford, Blackwell), 125–139. 12 phy, if not for Berkeley Russell (1912) had instead opted for Reid? Pace Quine (1969, 3 TEXT, TRANSLATION ascertained(verso) & ELUCIDATIONS only by scrutinising (recto). the prospect that it may not be required at all 11 Boulter, Stephen, 2002. ‘Hume on Induction: A Genuine Problem or Theology’s Tro-14 72, cf. 74, 76), the Humean predicament is not the human predicament. This was dem- 3.1 §13: Of the Principles of a Transcendental Deduction as such. jan Horse?’ Philosophy 77.1:67–86. 24 onstrated by Reid (1764). There may have been no occasion for Rorty (1979); Reid 3.2 §14: Transition3 to theT Transcendentalext, Translation Deduction (verso) of& the Elucidation Categories. s (recto) 12 Buroker,3.3 §15: Jill Of Vance, the Possibility 1981, Space of anda Combination Incongruence. asDordrecht, such. Reidel. 30 (1764) is much more perceptive, also about the metaphor of our ‘mirror’ of nature ———, 2006. Kant’s3.1 Critique §13: of PureOf Reason:the Principles An Introduction of a Transcendental. Cambridge, Cambridge Deduction Uni- as such 14 3.4 §16: Of the Original-Synthetic Unity of Apperception. 34 (6.6, 146). For his part, Kant did not neglect our embodied, perceptual-motor dis- versity Press. 3.2 §14: Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories 24 3.5 §17: The Principle3.3 of§15: the Of Synthetic the Possibility Unity of of Apperception a Combination is theas such Highest 30 criminations, nor their material preconditions, though Humean ego-centric proclivi- Carnap, Rudolf, 1928. Der logische Aufbau der Welt. Berlin, Weltkreis. 42 ties have occluded Kant’s incisive achievements. ———, 1969.Principle The Logical of3.4 the StructureUse§16: of Of theof the Understanding. World Original-Synthetic. R.A. George, Unity tr. Berkeley, of Apperception University of 34 48 3.6 California§18: What Press. is Objective (Translation3.5 §17: Unity Theof ofprevious Principle Self-Consciousness. item.) of the Synthetic Unity of Apperception is the Highest 3.7 §19: The Logical Form of Principleall Judgments of the consists Use of in the the Understanding Objective Unity of 42 Carrier, Martin, 1992. ‘Kant’s Relational Theory of Absolute Space’. Kant-Studien48 83.4:399–416.the Concepts3.6 they§18: Contain. What is Objective Unity of Self-Consciousness 48 Copenhaver,3.8 §20: All Rebecca, sensory3.7 Intuitions2010. §19: ‘Thomas Thestand Logical Reid under on Form theAcquired Categories of all Perception’. Judgments as Conditions Pacificconsists Philosophical under in the Objective Unity ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I am grateful to anonymous readers for Helsinki University Press 52 Quarterlywhich 91:285–312. alone their Manifoldof the can Concepts coalesce they in one Contain Consciousness. 48 for useful suggestions and their keen interest, and to the press for their support and pro- 54 de3.9 Bary, §21: Philip, Remark. 2002.3.8 Thomas §20: Reid All and sensory Scepticism: Intuitions His Reliabilist stand underResponse the. London Categories & New as Conditions fessionalism. This research was supported in part by the Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Research York, Routlege. 104 under which alone their Manifold can coalesce in one Consciousness 52 Fund (BAP; grant code: 18B02P3). Descartes, René, 1964–. Œvres de Descartes, 13 vols., rev. ed., C. Adam & P. Tannery,105

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110 111 Kenneth Westphal R. Kenneth R. Westphal

mmanuel Kant’s ‘Transcendental Deduction of the Categories’ addresses issues centrally debated today in philosophy and in cognitive sciences, especiallyI in epistemology, and in theory of perception. Kant’s insights into these issues are clouded by pervasive misunderstandings of Kant’s Kant’s ‘Deduction’ and its actual aims, scope, and argument. The present edition with its fresh and accurate translation and concise commentary aims to Kant serve these contemporary debates as well as continuing intensive and ’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories Transcendental extensive scholarship on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Two surprising results are that ‘Transcendental Deduction’ is valid and sound, and it holds independently of Kant’s transcendental idealism. This lucid volume is interesting and useful to students, yet sufficiently detailed to be Deduction of the informative to specialists.

Kenneth R. Westphal is Professor of Philosophy at Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. His research focuses on the character and scope of rational Categories justification in non-formal, substantive domains, both moral and theoretical. His books include several volumes on Kant. Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation and Corroboration