Table of Contents Acronyms 5 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 14 Women and Agriculture in Egypt 14 She Feeds the World 15 Purpose of the Study 15 Methodology and Study Design 16 Data Collection 16 Quantitative tool 17 Structured Interviews with Potential Beneficiaries 17 Sample 17 Enumerators 18 Data Management 18 Data Analysis 19 Limitations 19 Findings and Discussions 19 Household and Respondents Characteristics 19 SFtW Outcome Area: Women Empowerment and Gender Roles and Attitudes 22 Women Roles and Responsibilities 22 Gender Equitable Attitude 23 Women Status and Community Engagement 28 SFtW Outcome Area: Improving Nutrition in Communities and Households 29 Household Dietary Diversity 29 Production for Household Consumption 34 Women Nutrition during Pregnancy 36 Women Nutrition during Breastfeeding 37 Breastfeeding 39 Complementary Feeding 39 Dietary Diversity 41 SFtW Outcome Area: Improving Access to Healthcare Services for Households 46 She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 2 Women Health at Reproductive Age 47 Women’s Work Load 48 Decision Making in Women Health 48 Child Health 49 Decision Making in Child Health 50 SFtW Outcome Area: Improving Access to Markets 51 Marketing Practices 51 SFtW Outcome Area: Improving Access to Finance 53 Household Income Generation 53 Household Savings 55 Household Expenditures 57 Loans 61 Decision Making on Finance and Access to Credit 68 SFtW Outcome Areas: Improving Productivity and Technical Resources 69 Agricultural or Livestock 69 Productivity 71 Storage Practices 72 Livestock Production 74 Agriculture Technical Practice 76 Water Irrigation Practices 77 Access to Inputs, Productive Services, and Extensions 78 Access to Market Information 78 Access to Weather Information 80 Access to Extension Services 82 Access to Productive Capital 83 Participation of Women in Decision Making 85 Access to Property 87 Access to Inputs and Services 88 Conclusion 90 Recommendations 91 Outcome 1: Supporting women’s empowerment 91 Addressing GBV 91 Raising Awareness About GBV 91 Making Available Case Management and Psychosocial Support 92 Empowering Youth as Agents of Change 92 She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 3 Engaging Men and Boys 93 Addressing Unpaid Labour 93 Outcome 2: Improving nutrition in communities 93 Outcome 3: Enabling women’s access to inclusive markets 95 Improving Access to Productive Resources to Inclusive Markets / Linking to Private Sector Value Chains 95 Contract Farming 95 Sourcing Livestock and Poultry 97 OVOP 98 Access to Finance 98 VSLAs 99 Outcome 4: Increasing women’s access and control of productive resources 100 Providing Extension Services 100 Collaborating with different partners in the public and private sector 101 Annexes Annex 1 - Project Partners and Consulting Company Brief Annex 2 - Water Irrigation Assessment Annex 3 - Baseline Questionnaire in English Annex 4 - Structured Interview Guide Questions She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 4 Acronyms BBS Beneficiary Based Survey CBOs Community Based Organizations EDHS Egyptian Demographic Health Survey EGP Egyptian Pounds FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDGs Focus Group Discussions GBV Gender Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product HDDS Household Dietary Diversity IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding GEM Gender Equitable Men KG Kilograms KM Kilometers M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAD Minimum Acceptable Diet MAPs Medicinal and Aromatic Plants MDD Minimum Dietary Diversity MMF MInimum Meal Frequency MoH Ministry of Health MoSS Ministry of Social Solidarity NCDs Non Communicable Diseases NGOs Non Governmental Organizations PHCC Public Health Care Center SFtW She Feeds the World TCH The Community Hub VSLAs Village Savings and Loans Association WEI Women’s Empowerment Index She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 5 List of Tables Table 1: Respondent Characteristics by Governorate Table 2.1: Women's Mobility Table 2.2: Women's Mobility - Men Table 2.3: Attitudes about Domestic Violence Table 2.4: Women's Perception of Gender Norms Table 2.5: Attitudes towards gender norms (GEM Scale) Table 2.6: Attitudes towards gender norms (GEM Scale) Table 3.1: Household Dietary Diversity Score Table 3.2: % Of households consuming different Food groups by dietary diversity Table 3.4: Women health during pregnancy Table 3.5: Breastfeeding Practices Table 3.6: Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview Table 3.7: MAD Score of children who are 6-23 months Table 3.8: Micronutrient intake among children Table 4 : Decision making regarding women’s health and nutrition Table 5.1: Market linkage Table 5.2: Market information Table 6.1: Major Source of Income Table 6.2: Savings Table 6.3: Weekly Expenditures Table 6.4: Monthly Expenditures Table 6.5: Yearly Expenditures Table 6.6: Access to Credit Table 6.7: Purpose of loans Table 7.1: Agricultural or livestock/ aquaculture activities Table 7.2: Cultivated Crops Table 7.3: Improved Storage Techniques Table 7.4: Post Harvest Processing Practices Table 7.5: livestock management practices Table 7.6: livestock Ownership Table 7.7: Agriculture technical practices Table 7.8: Water Irrigation Practices Table 8.1: Source of market information Table 8.2: Source of agricultural finance She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 6 Table 8.3: Record Keeping Table 8.4: Access to Weather Information Table 8.5: Access to early warning before the last drought Table 8.6: Access to Agriculture/livestock extension and support Table 8.7: Access to Productive Capital Table 8.8: Main Assets Ownership Table 8.9: Participation of Women in Decision Making Table 8.10: Women's Decision Making Table 8.11: Awareness of women to their property rights Table 8.12: Access to Inputs and Services List of Figures Figure 1: % of households who consume at least 5 out of 10 defined food groups Figure 2: Using house products by governorates Figure 3: Using house products by household size Figure 4: Breastfeeding Practices by governorates Figure 5: IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable Diet Figure 6: % of women who sought medical advice for themselves by age and household income Figure 7: % of women who sought medical advice for their children by age and household income Figure 8: % of respondents or anyone in their household who sold any of their products Figure 9: % of respondents who have any cash savings by governorates Figure 10: Purpose of Savings Figure 11: Monthly Average Expenditure US$ Figure 12: Yearly Average Expenditure US$ Figure 13: % of participants taken out any loans the last 12 months by gender Figure 14: % of participants taken out any loans the last 12 months by governorates Figure 15: % of participants taken out any loans the last 12 months by number of household members Figure 16: Reasons for not getting loans Figure 17: Source of loan Figure 18: Source of loan by gender Figure 19: Purpose of loans Figure 20: % of Main decision maker about what to do with savings by governorates Figure 21: Agricultural or livestock/ aquaculture activities Figure 22: % of main post-harvest processing practices with the production Figure 23: Source of Agricultural finance She Feeds the World Egypt Baseline Report 2020 7 Figure 24: Type of land Executive Summary This report presents the findings for She Feeds the World (SFtW) Project implemented by Care International in Egypt, on Food and Nutrition Security. The project seeks to address and improve the food security and nutrition of poor rural households, with a strong emphasis on women and youth small-scale producers. The main target of the project is 10,000 households and it will directly reach 65,000 women of reproductive age, men and children under two years of age and indirectly benefit 325,000 individuals in the Beheira, Giza, Beni Suef and Minya Governorates. Funded through the PepsiCo Foundation, SFtW is being implemented in Egypt in the period between 2019 and 2022. The main objectives of the project are to improve access to nutritious food in households and communities with a focus on proper nutrition for infants and women of reproductive age; increase access to resources, technical assistance, and markets and integration of good agricultural practices for small-scale farmers to improve agricultural yields with a focus on increasing women’s capacity and access to knowledge and resources; promote private and public-sector engagement to strengthen systems and services for food security and improved nutrition health outcomes; promote water conservation and replenishment among small-scale farmers in Minya in the community around PepsiCo’s facility. The baseline study was conducted in the four targeted governorates, in September 2020. The aim of the study was to provide a food security and nutrition baseline/reference data from which to measure and evaluate change over life of the three-year project in order to measure the impact of project intervention on household food security. This report will begin by presenting the methodology used to obtain and analyze the data followed by a description of the outcomes of the baseline segregated by the main themes of the project areas of focus and main objectives for each indicator, and recommendations for the next phase of the project. Data on demographics, current status, access to food and nutrition practices, access to healthcare services of household, women and children, access to inputs, resources, technical assistances, agricultural practices, and markets, access to finance, and gender equity were collected