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An Odorant Receptor from Anopheles Sinensis in China Is Sensitive To Liu et al. Malar J (2018) 17:348 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2501-4 Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access An odorant receptor from Anopheles sinensis in China is sensitive to oviposition attractants Hongmei Liu1* , Luhong Liu2, Peng Cheng1, Xiaodan Huang1 and Maoqing Gong1* Abstract Background: Anopheles sinensis is an important vector for the spread of malaria in China. Olfactory-related behav- iours, particularly oviposition site seeking, ofer opportunities for disrupting the disease-transmission process. Results: This is the frst report of the identifcation and characterization of AsinOrco and AsinOR10 in An. sinensis. AsinOrco and AsinOR10 share 97.49% and 90.37% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, with related sequences in Anopheles gambiae. A functional analysis demonstrated that AsinOrco- and AsinOR10-coexpressing HEK293 cells were highly sensitive to 3-methylindole, but showed no signifcant diferences in response to other test odorants when compared to DMSO. Conclusions: AsinOrco was characterized as a new member of the Orco ortholog subfamily. AsinOR10, which appears to be a member of the OR2-10 subfamily, is directly involved in identifcation of oviposition sites. This fnding will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory signaling in An. sinensis and provide many more molecular targets for eco-friendly pest control. Keywords: Anopheles sinensis, AsinOrco, AsinOR10, 3-Methylindole Background malaria in some regions; even if the source of infection Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases can be discovered and cleared in a timely, there is still a seriously endangering human health and safety. Te risk of local transmission and epidemic rebound. With World Health Organization (WHO) lists malaria with rapid globalization and implementation of the national AIDS and tuberculosis as the top three public health “Belt and Road” initiative, the number of people visit- problems globally. Malaria is also one of the most impor- ing areas of high malaria transmission, such as Africa tant mosquito-borne diseases in China. To respond pro- and Southeast Asia, for business, employment and tour- actively to the global action to eliminate malaria, China ism purposes has increased signifcantly. As a result, the launched the Malaria Action Plan [1] in 2010, which proportion of overseas imported cases, which reached clearly states that “by 2015, the country except for some 99.9% (3317/3321) in 2016, shows an increasing trend border areas of Yunnan and other areas have no local [2]. Such an increase poses a potential risk to relatively malaria cases”; “by 2020, the national malaria elimina- stable malaria-endemic areas. For example, a short-term tion.” Currently, most counties (districts) in China have and large-scale clustered imported outbreak occurred completed an assessment of malaria elimination. How- in Guangxi Province in 2013 [3]. In addition, malaria- ever, conditions are still favourable for the spread of nonendemic areas lack diagnostic awareness of imported malaria cases, and severe illness and death can occur. Anopheles sinensis, with a wide distribution and *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic a large population, is an important vector for the Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, spread of malaria in China. Te main strategy for the Shandong, People’s Republic of China elimination of malaria by the WHO is the timely and Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/ publi​cdoma​in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Liu et al. Malar J (2018) 17:348 Page 2 of 8 efective removal of infection sources and prevent- Identifcation of putative AsinOrco sequences ing spread among epidemic sites. Given the resistance Predicted amino acid sequences of An. sinensis of An. sinensis populations to commonly used insecti- (ASIS023681-RA) [18], Anopheles funestus (KF819859), cides, alternative control methods are crucially needed. Anopheles gambiae (AGAP002560-RA) and Culex pipi- Researchers have combined Bacillus thuringiensis var. ens quinquefasciatus (DQ231246) Orco orthologs were israelensis with oviposition attractants in “attract-and- obtained from VectorBase. Primers (Additional fle 1: kill” strategies [4] to collect more gravid females [5] Table S1) used for two-step RT-PCR were frst designed and [6] eggs than with control traps. As mosquitoes use based on these sequences using primer 5.0 to amplify their olfactory system to search for oviposition sites, partial gene sequences of AsinOrco and AsinOR10. Total research on these systems is of key importance. RNA extraction from female adult mosquitoes (3–7 days Te olfactory system of insects mainly includes olfac- old) and cDNA synthesis were performed using an RNe- tory receptors (ORs), odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) asy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), the TURBO and olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Previous stud- DNA-free™ Kit (Ambion, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and ies have demonstrated that ORs can convert odour- TaKaRa PrimeScript™ RT-PCR Kit (Takara, Otsu, Shiga, stimulating chemical signals into electrical signals and Japan) following the manufacturers’ instructions. Gene- transmit nerve impulses to the dendrites of olfactory specifc primers (Additional fle 1: Table S1) were then neurons [7]. Accordingly, ORs are involved in mating, designed for 5′- or 3′-end rapid amplifcation of cDNA blood sucking, oviposition site searching and other ends (RACE) to amplify full-length coding sequences important life activities of mosquitoes. using a SMARTer™ RACE cDNA amplifcation kit (Clon- ORs in insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) tech, Mountain View, CA, USA). include a coreceptor designated Orco (OR7) and con- ventional ligand-binding odorant receptors (ORXs). Identifcation of putative AsinOR10 sequences Orco genes from diferent species are highly conserved Nested RT-PCR primers (Additional fle 1: Table S1) [8, 9]. Other highly divergent ORs are conventional were designed based on the predicted amino acid odorant receptors, correlating with some olfactory- sequences of An. sinensis (ASIC007209-RA) [18], Culex mediated behavioural functions [10], and these ORs pipiens (FJ008065), Culex quinquefasciatus (GU945397), have been associated with certain biological informa- Anopheles quadriannulatus (FJ008069), An. gambiae tion about odorants [11]. Consistently, AgamOR2, (AGAP009520-RA) and Anopheles stephensi (FJ008074) AgamOR5, AgamOR8 and AgamOR65 [12] are nar- OR10 orthologs. PCR was carried out using TaKaRa Tks rowly tuned to indole, 2,3-butanedione, 1-octen-3-ol, Gfex DNA Polymerase (Takara, Otsu, Shiga, Japan). PCR and 2-ethylphenol, respectively. In addition, some ORs amplifcation products were examined by 1.5% agarose respond strongly to specifc odorants; for example, gel electrophoresis and verifed by DNA sequencing (Inv- CquiOR10 [13] has been shown to respond strongly to itrogen, Shanghai, China). Te obtained sequences were 3-methylindole [14], an oviposition site volatile attract- compared with predicted AsinORs and AgamORs using ant, whereas AgamOR10 [12, 15] is highly sensitive to DNAMAN. 3-methylindole and indole. Indole [12, 16] is a volatile attractant component of both human sweat and ovi- Sequence analysis position sites. In the previous research, AablOR10 was Amino acid sequences of ORs were aligned using the linked to host- and oviposition-seeking behaviours, program ClustalW, and the neighbor-joining tree was prompting us to examine the odorant response pro- built using the MEGA 5.0 program [19]. Te membrane fle of AsinOR10. Tis study identifed AsinOrco and topology of the OR sequences was predicted using the AsinOR10 of An. sinensis and examined the odorant HMMTOP (version 2.0) and TMHMM (version 2.0) [20] response profle of AsinOR10. servers. Expression of AsinORs in HEK293 cells Methods Mosquito rearing and blood feeding Te full-length coding sequences (CDSs) of AsinORs were cloned into the pME18s mammalian expression Anopheles sinensis (laboratory-susceptible strain) lar- plasmid [9] using specifc primers (Additional fle 1: vae and pupae were reared on yeast powder, and adults Table S1). Te DsRed coding sequence was amplifed were maintained on a 10% sugar solution at 25–27 °C and from pIRES2-DsRed plasmids (Clontech, Mountain View, 70–80% relative humidity with a photoperiod of 12:12 h. CA, USA) using primers containing the appropriate Tree-day-old adult females were blood-fed on a human restriction sites. AsinORs were cloned into the pME18s volunteer arm using standard protocols [17]. Liu et al. Malar J (2018) 17:348 Page 3 of 8 plasmid in-frame with the DsRed coding sequence [8]. Statistical analysis HEK293 (human embryo kidney 293) cells (purchased Statistical analyses of diferences in the cellular experi- from the Chinese Academy of Sciences) were cultured mental results were conducted with one-way ANOVA in an incubator at a constant
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