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Dissertationes Theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 10 Dissertationes Theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 10 DISSERTATIONES THEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 DISSERTATIONES THEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 JOHANN GEORG GICHTEL – TEOSOOFILISE IDEE KANDJA VARAUUSAEGSES EUROOPAS AIRA VÕSA TÜ usuteaduskonna nõukogu otsusega 16. oktoobrist 2006 on Aira Võsa väite- kiri lubatud kaitsmisele doctor theologiae kraadi kaitsmiseks TÜ usuteadus- konna doktorikraadide kaitsmise komisjonis Juhendaja: dr theol Urmas Petti Oponendid: Jürgen Beyer, PhD dr theol Riho Saard Kaitsmine toimub 14. detsembril 2006 kl 12.15 TÜ nõukogu saalis ISSN 1406–2410 ISBN 9949–11–481–0 (trükis) ISBN 9949–11–482–9 (PDF) Autoriõigus Aira Võsa 2006 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee Tellimus nr 564 EESSÕNA Durch den Streit wächset der Glaube, und durch Überwindung die Liebe, und durch Harren die Hoffnung.∗ Need Johann Georg Gichteli sõnad peaksid olema lohutuseks kõigile raskusi trotsivatele inimestele. Ka käesoleva töö valmimisel tuli ette raskusi, mille ületamine on nõudnud eelkõige suurt püsivust. Ometi ei oleks see teostunud ilma mitmete heade inimeste ja organisatsioonide abita. Töö alustamine sai võimalikuks Tartu ülikooli usuteaduskonna doktoriõppe raames, kuid allikate asukohast sõltuvalt tuli oluline osa uurimistööst teha Saksamaal. Esimene võimalus avanes selleks 2002. aasta sügisel, millest alates veetsin õnneliku aasta Euroopa Ajaloo Instituudi stipendiaadina Mainzis. Süvendatud ja täiendav töö allikatega sai jätkuda tänu Saksa Akadeemilise Välisvahetuse kümnekuulisele uurimisstipendiumile Marburgi ülikooli juures alates 2004. aasta sügisest. Professor Hans Schneiderile olen tänu võlgu konsul- tatsioonide ja nõuannete eest. Tema juhendamisel toimunud doktorantide kollokviumidel võisin tutvustada oma uurimistöö esimesi tulemusi. Minu siiras tänu kuulub juhendajale dr Urmas Pettile järjepideva julgustava suhtumise, käsikirja lugemise ning asjakohaste märkuste eest. Samavõrd oluliseks pean oma perekonna ja lähedaste toetust. Keeleliste korrektuuride eest tänan Leelo Jagot ja Dorothee Goezet. ∗ Võitluses kasvab usk ja võitmises armastus ja püsivuses lootus. 5 SISUKORD LÜHENDID .................................................................................................. 10 SISSEJUHATUS .......................................................................................... 11 1. Töö teemast ja eesmärkidest ............................................................... 11 2. Meetod ja ülesehitus ........................................................................... 13 3. Gichteli teoste bibliograafia ................................................................ 14 4. Gichteli ja gichteliaanide kohta ilmunud kirjandus ............................ 18 5. Uurimisseis ......................................................................................... 32 I. J. G. GICHTELI ELUST ........................................................................... 34 1. Ajastulooline taust .............................................................................. 34 1.1. Varauusaegse Euroopa „kristlik nägu“ ........................................ 34 1.2. Pietismi ja spiritualismi mõistest ................................................. 39 2. Eluloo rekonstruktsioon ...................................................................... 42 2.1. Biograafilised allikad .................................................................. 42 2.2. Kodu ja lapsepõlv Regensburgis ................................................. 45 2.3. Õpingud Strasbourgi ülikoolis ja teenistus Speyeris.................... 48 2.4. Tutvus Justinian von Welziga ...................................................... 52 2.5. Kohtumised spiritualistlikes ringkondades ................................. 57 2.6. Vahistamine, kohus ja kannatused ............................................... 66 2.7. Rännakud lindpriina..................................................................... 72 2.8. Aasta Zwolles ja teine pagendus ................................................. 76 2.9. Muutunud suhe Friedrich Brecklingiga........................................ 82 2.10. Amsterdam – uus kodu .............................................................. 86 2.11. Vaimulikud otsingud ................................................................. 89 2.12. Naisteneedus ............................................................................. 97 2.13. Majavennad ja –õed .................................................................. 101 2.14. Vennaskonna kogunemine ........................................................ 104 2.15. Jakob Böhme koguteoste väljaandmine .................................... 110 2.16. Vennaskonna lagunemine ......................................................... 114 2.17. Johann Wilhelm Überfeld kui võitluskaaslane........................... 117 2.18. Maailma vaenamine .................................................................. 120 2.19. Ustavate vendade kannatused ja võit ........................................ 126 2.20. Teosoofi välimus ....................................................................... 128 2.21. Maise teekonna lõpp ................................................................. 129 2.22. Kokkuvõtvad märkused ............................................................ 130 3. Suhted valitud radikaalidega ............................................................... 135 3.1. Sissejuhatus ................................................................................. 135 3.2. Ketser ja poeet Quirinus Kuhlmann ............................................ 136 3.2.1. Lühibiograafia ................................................................... 136 3.2.2. Ühisosa Gichteliga ............................................................ 137 7 3.2.3. Konflikt ............................................................................. 138 3.2.4. Kokkuvõte ......................................................................... 139 3.3. Vaga naiskirjanik Johanna Eleonora Petersen ............................. 140 3.3.1. Lühibiograafia ................................................................... 140 3.3.2. Kontaktid Gichteliga ......................................................... 142 3.3.3. Konflikt ............................................................................. 147 3.3.4. Kokkuvõte ......................................................................... 150 3.4. Suur kirikuloolane ja lüürik Gottfried Arnold ............................. 151 3.4.1. Lühibiograafia ................................................................... 151 3.4.2. Gichteli kirjad ................................................................... 154 3.4.3. Konflikt ............................................................................. 156 3.4.4. Kokkuvõte ......................................................................... 161 3.5. Gichteli radikaalne valik .............................................................. 163 II. J. G. GICHTELI ÕPETUSEST ................................................................ 165 1. Barokkmüstika lätted ja suundumused ............................................... 165 1.1. Konfessionaalse ajastu müstika ................................................... 165 1.2. Hermetism ja loodusteadused ...................................................... 167 1.3. Müstika ja poeesia – sõna vägi .................................................... 170 1.4. Küsimus Gichteli õpetuse ja barokkmüstika suhtest ................... 172 1.5. Gichteli õpetuse uurimise lähted ................................................. 173 2. Jumalakujutlus .................................................................................... 175 2.1. Jakob Böhme jumalakujutluse alused .......................................... 175 2.2. Jumala püha kolmsus ................................................................... 177 2.3. Jumal on armastus ....................................................................... 179 2.4. Kurja päritolu ja õigustus ............................................................ 182 2.5. Jumala immanentsus .................................................................... 184 2.6. Gichteli jumalakujutluse tendentsid ............................................ 187 3. Jumalik Tarkus Sophia ....................................................................... 189 3.1. Sophia olemus ............................................................................. 189 3.2. Sophia roll ................................................................................... 194 3.3. Partnerlus Sophiaga ..................................................................... 197 3.4. Gichteli sophioloogia omas ajas .................................................. 200 4. Inimesekujutlus ................................................................................... 204 4.1. Mysterium humanum ................................................................... 204 4.2. Inimese päritolu ........................................................................... 205 4.3. Alg-Aadama olemus .................................................................... 206 4.4. Pattulangemise lugu ..................................................................... 208 4.5. „Sootu androgüünia“ või sugudevaheline võrdsus ...................... 211 4.6. Kolmekordne inimene ................................................................. 212 4.7. Astraalne inimene ........................................................................ 214 4.8. Loomalik inimene .......................................................................
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