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Taxonomy of Linux Kernel Vulnerability Solutions
Taxonomy of Linux Kernel Vulnerability Solutions Serguei A. Mokhov Marc-Andre´ Laverdiere` Djamel Benredjem Computer Security Laboratory Computer Security Laboratory Computer Security Laboratory Concordia Institute for Concordia Institute for Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering Information Systems Engineering Information Systems Engineering Concordia University, Concordia University, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada Email: [email protected] Email: ma [email protected] Email: d [email protected] Abstract—This paper presents the results of a case study on C programs in general, as well as statistics on their relative software vulnerability solutions in the Linux kernel. Our major importance. We also introduce a new methodology to track contribution is the introduction of a classification of methods used the patch solving a security issue based only on the contents to solve vulnerabilities. Our research shows that precondition validation, error handling, and redesign are the most used of the security advisory. methods in solving vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel. This The paper is organized as follows: we examine previous contribution is accompanied with statistics on the occurrence work that was done regarding Linux and C security in of the different types of vulnerabilities and their solutions that Section II, followed by a description of the methodology we observed during our case study, combined with example used in order to obtain the solutions to the vulnerabilities in source code patches. We also combine our findings with existing programming guidelines to create the first security-oriented Section III. Afterwards, in Section IV, we show our results, coding guidelines for the Linux kernel. -
Ivoyeur: Inotify
COLUMNS iVoyeur inotify DAVE JOSEPHSEN Dave Josephsen is the he last time I changed jobs, the magnitude of the change didn’t really author of Building a sink in until the morning of my first day, when I took a different com- Monitoring Infrastructure bination of freeways to work. The difference was accentuated by the with Nagios (Prentice Hall T PTR, 2007) and is Senior fact that the new commute began the same as the old one, but on this morn- Systems Engineer at DBG, Inc., where he ing, at a particular interchange, I would zig where before I zagged. maintains a gaggle of geographically dispersed It was an unexpectedly emotional and profound metaphor for the change. My old place was server farms. He won LISA ‘04’s Best Paper off to the side, and down below, while my future was straight ahead, and literally under award for his co-authored work on spam construction. mitigation, and he donates his spare time to the SourceMage GNU Linux Project. The fact that it was under construction was poetic but not surprising. Most of the roads I [email protected] travel in the Dallas/Fort Worth area are under construction and have been for as long as anyone can remember. And I don’t mean a lane closed here or there. Our roads drift and wan- der like leaves in the water—here today and tomorrow over there. The exits and entrances, neither a part of this road or that, seem unable to anticipate the movements of their brethren, and are constantly forced to react. -
Cryptographic File Systems
Cryptographic Filesystems Background and Implementations for Linux and OpenBSD Background ● Loop device primer ● Keys, cipher modes, salting, key hashing ● Journaling file systems and encrypted swap ● Offset, sizelimit, hard/soft block size paramters explained ● Issues with software suspend Loopback Primer /dev/hda1 losetup /dev/loop0 myloop.dat /dev/loop0 /dev/hda2 losetup /dev/loop1 \ /dev/hda2 Filesystem with various /dev/loop1 files and directories Loopback Primer G76g(*gF *^tF0OB( 6g)%)f5( /dev/loop0 *&(*6bP( Dear Bob, this is the message ● The loopback device supports cryptographic transforms ● Knowing the key reveals a filesystem within a normal file (or block device) Keys ● Encryption with user supplied key ● Encryption with hashed key – rmd160, sha256, sha384, sha512, ... ● Using multiple keys (typically 64) – every sector (512b) uses different key Basic block cipher modes ● Currently only ECB (Electronic Code Book) and CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) widely supported ● ECB directly encipher plaintext – Same plaintext block always encrypts to same ciphertext. Is considered weak. ● CBC uses the previous block as IV – Basically solves ECB's dictionary problem – Only provides very limited integrity Key iterations and salt ● Key can be hashed 1000 times – significantly slows down brute force attack on password ● Salt is a string appended to the password – slows down brute force attack on password – poor man's two factor authentication Journaling ● Fine on device backed loop device ● Avoid on file backed loop devices – The VM can write -
Cryptographic File Systems Performance: What You Don't Know Can Hurt You Charles P
Cryptographic File Systems Performance: What You Don't Know Can Hurt You Charles P. Wright, Jay Dave, and Erez Zadok Stony Brook University Appears in the proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Security In Storage Workshop (SISW 2003) Abstract interact with disks, caches, and a variety of other com- plex system components — all having a dramatic effect Securing data is more important than ever, yet cryp- on performance. tographic file systems still have not received wide use. In this paper we perform a real world performance One barrier to the adoption of cryptographic file systems comparison between several systems that are used is that the performance impact is assumed to be too high, to secure file systems on laptops, workstations, and but in fact is largely unknown. In this paper we first moderately-sized file servers. We also emphasize multi- survey available cryptographic file systems. Second, programming workloads, which are not often inves- we perform a performance comparison of a representa- tigated. Multi-programmed workloads are becoming tive set of the systems, emphasizing multiprogrammed more important even for single user machines, in which workloads. Third, we discuss interesting and counterin- Windowing systems are often used to run multiple appli- tuitive results. We show the overhead of cryptographic cations concurrently. We expect cryptographic file sys- file systems can be minimal for many real-world work- tems to become a commodity component of future oper- loads, and suggest potential improvements to existing ating systems. systems. We have observed not only general trends with We present results from a variety of benchmarks, an- each of the cryptographic file systems we compared but alyzing the behavior of file systems for metadata op- also anomalies based on complex interactions with the erations, raw I/O operations, and combined with CPU operating system, disks, CPUs, and ciphers. -
Monitoring File Events
MONITORING FILE EVENTS Some applications need to be able to monitor files or directories in order to deter- mine whether events have occurred for the monitored objects. For example, a graphical file manager needs to be able to determine when files are added or removed from the directory that is currently being displayed, or a daemon may want to monitor its configuration file in order to know if the file has been changed. Starting with kernel 2.6.13, Linux provides the inotify mechanism, which allows an application to monitor file events. This chapter describes the use of inotify. The inotify mechanism replaces an older mechanism, dnotify, which provided a subset of the functionality of inotify. We describe dnotify briefly at the end of this chapter, focusing on why inotify is better. The inotify and dnotify mechanisms are Linux-specific. (A few other systems provide similar mechanisms. For example, the BSDs provide the kqueue API.) A few libraries provide an API that is more abstract and portable than inotify and dnotify. The use of these libraries may be preferable for some applications. Some of these libraries employ inotify or dnotify, on systems where they are available. Two such libraries are FAM (File Alteration Monitor, http:// oss.sgi.com/projects/fam/) and Gamin (http://www.gnome.org/~veillard/gamin/). 19.1 Overview The key steps in the use of the inotify API are as follows: 1. The application uses inotify_init() to create an inotify instance. This system call returns a file descriptor that is used to refer to the inotify instance in later operations. -
Fsmonitor: Scalable File System Monitoring for Arbitrary Storage Systems
FSMonitor: Scalable File System Monitoring for Arbitrary Storage Systems Arnab K. Paul∗, Ryan Chardy, Kyle Chardz, Steven Tueckez, Ali R. Butt∗, Ian Fostery;z ∗Virginia Tech, yArgonne National Laboratory, zUniversity of Chicago fakpaul, [email protected], frchard, [email protected], fchard, [email protected] Abstract—Data automation, monitoring, and management enable programmatic management, and even autonomously tools are reliant on being able to detect, report, and respond manage the health of the system. Enabling scalable, reliable, to file system events. Various data event reporting tools exist for and standardized event detection and reporting will also be of specific operating systems and storage devices, such as inotify for Linux, kqueue for BSD, and FSEvents for macOS. How- value to a range of infrastructures and tools, such as Software ever, these tools are not designed to monitor distributed file Defined CyberInfrastructure (SDCI) [14], auditing [9], and systems. Indeed, many cannot scale to monitor many thousands automating analytical pipelines [11]. Such systems enable of directories, or simply cannot be applied to distributed file automation by allowing programs to respond to file events systems. Moreover, each tool implements a custom API and and initiate tasks. event representation, making the development of generalized and portable event-based applications challenging. As file systems Most storage systems provide mechanisms to detect and grow in size and become increasingly diverse, there is a need report data events, such as file creation, modification, and for scalable monitoring solutions that can be applied to a wide deletion. Tools such as inotify [20], kqueue [18], and FileSys- range of both distributed and local systems. -
Hitachi Cloud Accelerator Platform Product Manager HCAP V 1
HITACHI Inspire the Next 2535 Augustine Drive Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA Contact Information : Hitachi Cloud Accelerator Platform Product Manager HCAP v 1 . 5 . 1 Hitachi Vantara LLC 2535 Augustine Dr. Santa Clara CA 95054 Component Version License Modified 18F/domain-scan 20181130-snapshot-988de72b Public Domain Exact BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" a connector factory 0.0.9 Exact License BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" a connector for Pageant using JNA 0.0.9 Exact License BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" a connector for ssh-agent 0.0.9 Exact License a library to use jsch-agent-proxy with BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" 0.0.9 Exact sshj License Exact,Ma activesupport 5.2.1 MIT License nually Identified Activiti - BPMN Converter 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - BPMN Model 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - DMN API 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - DMN Model 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - Engine 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - Form API 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - Form Model 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - Image Generator 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Activiti - Process Validation 6.0.0 Apache License 2.0 Exact Addressable URI parser 2.5.2 Apache License 2.0 Exact Exact,Ma adzap/timeliness 0.3.8 MIT License nually Identified aggs-matrix-stats 5.5.1 Apache License 2.0 Exact agronholm/pythonfutures 3.3.0 3Delight License Exact ahoward's lockfile 2.1.3 Ruby License Exact Exact,Ma ahoward's systemu 2.6.5 Ruby License nually Identified GNU Lesser General Public License ai's -
Displaying and Watching Directories Using Lazarus
Displaying and Watching directories using Lazarus Michaël Van Canneyt October 31, 2011 Abstract Using Lazarus, getting the contents of a directory can be done in 2 ways: a portable, and a unix-specific way. This article shows how to get the contents of a directory and show it in a window. Additionally, it shows how to get notifications of the Linux kernel if the contents of the directory changes. 1 Introduction Examining the contents of a directory is a common operation, both using command-line tools or a GUI file manager. Naturally, Free/Pascal and Lazarus offer an API to do this. In fact, there are 2 API’s to get the contents of a directory: one which is portable and will work on all platforms supported by Lazarus. The other is not portable, but resembles closely the POSIX API for dealing with files and directories. Each API has its advantages and disadvantages. Often, it is desirable to be notified if the contents of a directory changes: in a file manager, this can be used to update the display - showing new items or removing items as needed. This can also be done by scanning the contents of the directory at regular intervals, but it should be obvious that this is not as efficient. There are other scenarios when a notification of a change in a directory is interesting: for instance, in a FTP server, one may want to move incoming files to a location outside the FTP tree, or to a new location based on some rules (e.g. images to one directory, sound files to another). -
Battle-Hardened Upstart Linux Plumbers 2013
Battle-Hardened Upstart Linux Plumbers 2013 James Hunt <[email protected]> and Dmitrijs Ledkovs <[email protected]> September, 2013 Table of Contents Utilities 1. Overview 3. Enablements 2. Design and Architecture cloud-init Event-based Design friendly-recovery Example Job gpg-key-compose SystemV Support Summary SystemV Runlevels 4. Quality Checks Bridges 5. Areas of Friction More Events 6. Links . 2 / 31 Overview of Upstart Revolutionary event-based /sbin/init system. Written by Scott James Remnant (Canonical, Google). Maintained by Canonical. Developed by Canonical and the community. PID 1 on every Ubuntu system since 2006 (introduced in Ubuntu 6.10 "Edgy Eft"). Systems booted using native Upstart jobs (not SysVinit compat) since Ubuntu 9.10 ("Karmic Koala") in 2009. Handles system boot and shutdown and supervises services. Provides legacy support for SystemV services. Upstart is a first-class citizen in Debian ([Debian Policy]). 3 / 31 Availability and Usage Runs on any modern Linux system. Used by... 6.10 ! 11.3/11.4 RHEL6 ChromeOS Now available in... 4 / 31 Platform Presence Upstart runs on all types of systems: Desktop systems Servers Embedded devices Thin clients (such as ChromeBooks, Edubuntu) Cloud instances Tablets Phones (Ubuntu Touch) . 5 / 31 Cloud Upstart is the #1 init system used in the cloud (through Ubuntu). Ubuntu, and thus Upstart, is used by lots of large well-known companies such as: HP AT&T Wikipedia Ericsson Rackspace Instagram twitpic … Companies moving to Ubuntu... Netflix . Hulu eBay 6 / 31 Versatility Upstart is simple and versatile The /sbin/init daemon only knows about events and processes: it doesn't dictate runlevel policy. -
New Methods in Hard Disk Encryption
New Methods in Hard Disk Encryption Clemens Fruhwirth <[email protected]> Institute for Computer Languages Theory and Logic Group Vienna University of Technology July 18, 2005 Abstract This work investigates the state of the art in hard disk cryptography. As the choice of the cipher mode is essential for the security of hard disk data, we discuss the recent cipher mode developments at two standardisation bodies, NIST and IEEE. It is a necessity to consider new developments, as the most common cipher mode – namely CBC – has many security problems. This work devotes a chapter to the analysis of CBC weaknesses. Next to others, the main contributions of this work are (1) efficient algorithms for series of multiplications in a finite field (Galois Field), (2) analysis of the security of password-based cryptography with respect to low entropy attacks and (3) a design template for secure key management, namely TKS1. For the latter, it is assumed that key management has to be done on regular user hardware in the absence of any special security hardware like key tokens. We solve the problems arising from magnetic storage by introducing a method called anti-forensic information splitter. This work is complemented by the presentation of a system implementing a variant of TKS1. It is called LUKS and it was developed and implemented by the author of this work. Contents Preface v 1 Introduction 1 2 Design ingredients 3 2.1 The many faces of n ........................ 3 2.2 Galois Field arithmetic . 4 2.3 Algorithms for GF(2η)....................... 9 2.4 Sequences of multiplications in GF(2η) . -
Efficient Cache Attacks on AES, and Countermeasures
J. Cryptol. (2010) 23: 37–71 DOI: 10.1007/s00145-009-9049-y Efficient Cache Attacks on AES, and Countermeasures Eran Tromer Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, G682, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [email protected] and Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Dag Arne Osvik Laboratory for Cryptologic Algorithms, Station 14, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland dagarne.osvik@epfl.ch Adi Shamir Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel [email protected] Communicated by Lars R. Knudsen Received 20 July 2007 and revised 25 June 2009 Online publication 23 July 2009 Abstract. We describe several software side-channel attacks based on inter-process leakage through the state of the CPU’s memory cache. This leakage reveals memory access patterns, which can be used for cryptanalysis of cryptographic primitives that employ data-dependent table lookups. The attacks allow an unprivileged process to attack other processes running in parallel on the same processor, despite partitioning methods such as memory protection, sandboxing, and virtualization. Some of our meth- ods require only the ability to trigger services that perform encryption or MAC using the unknown key, such as encrypted disk partitions or secure network links. Moreover, we demonstrate an extremely strong type of attack, which requires knowledge of nei- ther the specific plaintexts nor ciphertexts and works by merely monitoring the effect of the cryptographic process on the cache. We discuss in detail several attacks on AES and experimentally demonstrate their applicability to real systems, such as OpenSSL and Linux’s dm-crypt encrypted partitions (in the latter case, the full key was recov- ered after just 800 writes to the partition, taking 65 milliseconds). -
Remote Filesystem Event Notification and Processing for Distributed Systems
ICDT 2021 : The Sixteenth International Conference on Digital Telecommunications Remote Filesystem Event Notification and Processing for Distributed Systems Kushal Thapa†‡, Vinay Lokesh*#, Stan McClellan†§ †Ingram School of Engineering *Dept. of Computer Science Texas State University San Marcos, TX, USA e-mail: ‡[email protected], #[email protected], §[email protected] Abstract— Monitoring and safeguarding the integrity of files networking solutions and architectures allow the users to in local filesystems is imperative to computer systems for many circumvent certain firewall restrictions, thus increasing purposes, including system security, data acquisition, and other complexity while introducing security risks. Here, we leverage processing requirements. However, distributed systems may the well-known network architecture where an Internet- have difficulty in monitoring remote filesystem events even reachable system acts as a middleman to establish a secure, though asynchronous notification of filesystem events on a bidirectional network connection between firewalled devices. remote, resource-constrained device can be very useful. This This approach is not new, however, comprehensive analysis paper discusses several aspects of monitoring remote filesystem of various parameters is difficult to obtain, so we provide some events in a loosely-coupled and distributed architecture. This results and discussion regarding the various configuration paper investigates a simple and scalable technique to enable secure remote file system monitoring using existing Operating options and performance of this architecture. System resident tools with minimum overhead. In Section II of this paper, we describe various tools that are generally used to monitor local filesystem events. We also Keywords— Secure Remote Filesystem Monitoring; Firewall; briefly discuss about Secure Shell Protocol Filesystem Distributed Architecture; Secure Network Communication; SSH; (SSHFS) [9] and Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) [12].