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Biodiversité Et Physiologie Végétale

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Biodiversité Et Physiologie Végétale Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale VI. La reproduction chez les champignons La reproduction des champignons est complexe, reflétant ainsi l'hétérogénéité de leur mode de vie. Elle peut être sexuée ou asexuée, bien que certains champignons alternent entre les deux types de reproduction. 1. La reproduction asexuée "anamorphe" La reproduction asexuée chez les champignons peut se faire par bourgeonnement, fission binaire, fragmentation, ou par formation de spores. Le bourgeonnement et la fission binaire Le bourgeonnement et la fission binaire sont les formes de reproduction asexuée les plus simples. Le bourgeonnement est une division inégale du cytoplasme, résultant en une cellule parent et une cellule fille, celle-ci étant plus petite que la cellule parent. La fission binaire par contre aboutit à deux cellules identiques. Figure 1: Illustration de la fission binaire et du bourgeonnement chez les levures. La fragmentation et la sporulation La fragmentation est une forme de reproduction asexuée où un nouvel organisme se développe à partir d'un fragment parent. La sporulation est la plus importante forme de reproduction asexuée chez les champignons. Elle se fait à travers les spores asexuées, formées au cours de la phase asexuée du cycle de vie des champignons (phase anamorphe). 2. La reproduction sexuée "téléomorphe" La reproduction sexuée (télémorphe) fait intervenir la rencontre de filaments spécialisés (plasmogamie), la conjugaison des noyaux (caryogamie) et enfin une réduction chromatique BOUCHAALA.M Page 1 Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale (méiose) suivie d'une ou plusieurs mitoses. Ces évènements sont suivis par la formation de spores (les ascospores, les basidiospores, les zygospores), dont le processus varie en fonction des différentes classes de champignons. Figure 2: Reproduction sexuée "téléomorphe" chez les mycètes. VII. La classification des champignons . Une terminologie à maîtriser Place dans l’échelle hiérarchique Radical de terminaison Division -MYCOTA Sous-division -MYCOTINA Classe -MYCETES Sous-classe -MYCETIDEAE Ordre -ALES Sous-ordre -INEAE Famille -ACEAE Sous-famille -OIDEAE Tribu -EAE BOUCHAALA.M Page 2 Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale . La classification enseignée en 1994 par Régis Courtecuisse Règne Division Sous-division Fungi Deuteromycota (pas de reproduction sexuée) classes : Mycelia, Sterilia, Coelomycètes, Hyphomycètes, Blastomycètes Mastigomycota (spores uni-flagellées, reproduction sexuée) Amastigomycota (spores non flagellées Zygomycotina reproduction sexuée) Ascomycotina (spores contenues dans des asques) Basidiomycotina (spores portées par des basides) Gymnomycota (Myxomycètes) . La classification enseignée en 2006 par Régis Courtecuisse, suite aux apports de la biologie moléculaire Règne Division Classe Fungi Deuteromycota (=Adelomycètes) (pas de reproduction sexuée) Glomeromycota (pas de reproduction sexuée ; mycélium siphonné, sans cloisons) Chytridiomycota (zoospores à un flagelle ; pas de mycélium) Zygomycota (zygospores (fusion de 2 Zygomycètes : reproduction par gamétanges) ; mycélium siphonné, sans mitospores (asexuées) cloisons) Trichomycètes : reproduction par zygospores (sexuées) Ascomycota (spores contenues dans des asques ; hyphes septées, ou levures) Basidiomycota (spores portées par des basides ; hyphes septées) Chromista Mastigomycota (=Phycomycètes) (spores biflagellées, reproduction sexuée, paroi cellulosique, siphon) Mycetozoa Myxomycota (spores biflagellées, plasmode mobile avec fructifications, pas de paroi donc pas de chitine) BOUCHAALA.M Page 3 Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale . Autre présentation du même tableau Règne Chitine Spores Mycélium Hyménophore Division flagellées Fungi Oui Non Oui Basides Basidiomycota Oui Non Oui Asques Ascomycota Oui Non Oui Non Zygomycota Oui Non Siphon Non Glomeromycota Oui Uni-flagellées Siphon Non Chytridiomycota Chromista Cellulose Bi-flagellées Siphon Non Mastigomycota Mycetozoa Non Bi-flagellées Plasmode Non Gymnomycota . Les Basidiomycota ou Basidiomycètes Les Basidiomycètes n'ont pas de phase mobile (spores non flagellées) et possèdent toujours une paroi. C’est des champignons à filaments cloisonné. Les Spores se développent par bourgeonnement à l'extrémité de cellules spécialisées (les basides) sur des carpospores (chapeaux), et sont dispersées par le vent à maturité. La reproduction asexuée chez Basidiomycètes est la formation d’un nouveau mycélium par fragmentation, c'est à dire à partir d’un fragment de l’hyphe. Pour ce qui est de la reproduction sexuée : Les basidiospores se forment à l’extérieur sur une sorte de petit socle appelé baside, c’est cette structure qui donne son nom à cet embranchement. Il y a habituellement quatre basidiospores par baside. Figure 3: la reproduction des Basidiomycètes BOUCHAALA.M Page 4 Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale . Les Ascomycota ou Ascomycètes Comprend un grand nombre d’espèces pathogènes pour l’homme : levures, dermatophytes. C’est des champignons à filaments cloisonné. Les Spores produites à l'intérieur de sacs (les asques), projetées, à maturité, à l'extérieur par ouverture de l'asque. Au cours de la reproduction sexuée, une cellule à 2n se différencie en asques avec 8 spores. Les spores asexuées sont habituellement des conidies qui forment de longues chaînes au bout des conidiophores (structure reproductive de ce type de mycètes). Les spores se détachent facilement de la chaine à la moindre perturbation à laquelle elles appartiennent et flottent dans l’air comme des grains de poussière. Les conidies germent ensuite et forment des mycéliums. Figure 4: la reproduction des Ascomycètes . Les Zygomycota ou Zygomycètes Ce sont des champignons microscopiques comme tous les vrais champignons, produit des parois cellulaires contenant de la chitine. Ils se développent principalement sous forme de mycélium, ou filaments de longues cellules appelées hyphes. Contrairement aux soi-disant «champignons supérieurs» comprenant les Ascomycota et les Basidiomycota qui produisent régulièrement des mycéliums septés. La reproduction sexuée aboutit à la formation de zygospores sans flagelle. BOUCHAALA.M Page 5 Cours Ecophysiologie Végétal Master 1 : Biodiversité et Physiologie végétale Figure 5: la reproduction des Zygomycètes . Les Chytridiomycota ou Chytridiomycètes Les Chrytridiomycètes sont des champignons primitifs, parfois unicellulaires. Leur thalle est peu développé. Ils produisent au cours de leur cycle des zoospores (spores uni flagellées) mais l'étude chimique de leurs parois et les données de la biologie moléculaire confirment qu'ils ont un lien parenté avec les champignons supérieurs (la présence de la chitine par exemple). Ils sont en général aquatiques; aussi bien parasites que saprophytes ; parasites des amphibiens et parasites des plantes. Les Glomeromycota C’est des champignons mycorhiziens vivant en symbiose avec les racines d'un grand nombre de plantes. BOUCHAALA.M Page 6 .
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