An Analysis of Racial Discrimination Potrayed in Peter Carey's Novel

Home , Peter Carey (novelist)

AN ANALYSIS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION POTRAYED IN PETER

CAREY’S NOVEL : A LONG WAY FROM HOME

A THESIS

ANNISA FITRI

REG.NO 160721002

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AN ANALYSIS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION POTRAYED IN PETER CAREY’S NOVEL : A LONG WAY FROM HOME

A THESIS

BY ANNISA FITRI REG. NO. 160721002

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr.Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratma, M.Pd NIP. 195707201983032001 NIP. 195612141986012001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr.Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum ______

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,MA.,Ph.D. ______

Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The

Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. SilvanaSinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 195409161980032003 NIP. 197502092008121002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I,ANNISA FITRI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS

THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED

ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED

WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE

AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed:

Date:

i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

NAME : ANNISA FITRI

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF RACIAL

DISCRIMINATION POTRAYED IN

PETER CAREY’S NOVEL : A LONG

WAY FROM HOME

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING

THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER

THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date:

ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “An Analysis of Racial Discrimination Potrayed in Peter Carey’s Novel : A Long Way From Home”. The aim of this research is to analyze types of racial discrimination found in Peter Carey‘s novel. This research used sociology of literature, specifically using theory of M.H Abrams (1981:178) about sociology of literature in literary science. In completing the analysis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative as the method of the analysis. The data of the researcher are word, sentence and clause that refer to racial discrimination types in Peter carey‘s novel as the source of the data and then classified into the types of racial discrimination based on their own criteria. The findings showed that the types of racial discrimination like stereotypes, prejudice, and social rejection are used in Peter Carey‘s Novel.

Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Stereotype, Prejudice, Social Rejection.

iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRAK

Tesis ini berjudul "Analisis Diskriminasi Rasial yang digambarkan dalam novel Peter Carey: A Long Way From Home". Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis diskriminasi rasial yang ditemukan dalam novel Peter Carey. Penelitian ini menggunakan sosiologi sastra, khususnya menggunakan teori M.H Abrams (1981: 178) tentang sosiologi sastra dalam sains sastra. Dalam menyelesaikan analisis, penulis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif sebagai metode analisis. Data dari peneliti adalah kata, kalimat,dan klausa yang pada jenis jenis diskriminasi rasial dalam novel Peter carey sebagai sumber data dan kemudian diklasifikasikan ke dalam jenis-jenis diskriminasi rasial berdasarkan kriteria mereka sendiri. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa jenis diskriminasi rasial seperti stereotip, prasangka, dan penolakan sosial digunakan dalam Novel Peter Carey's.

Kata kunci: Diskriminasi Rasial, Stereotip, Prasangka, Penolakan Sosial.

iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to say ―Alhamdulillah‖, thanks to Allah SWT for his compassion and blessing for me to finish this thesis. Salawat and salam to the Prophet and the most noble Messenger, our Prophet Muhammad SAW, along with his family and his companions.

My sincere gratitude desare given to The Head of English Department, Prof. Tengku Silvana Ph.D, M.A and the Secretary of English Department, RahmadsyahRangkuti, M.A. Ph.Dand to all the lecturers of English Department who have shared their excessive knowledge and for their contribution during the academic years, and special thanks to Bang Kirno and Pak Pon, who always help me with their information and guide me in administration process.

My gratitude also goes to my supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr.Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum and Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratma, M.Pd for the guidance, advice, support, and constructive comments during the writing of this thesis. Thanks to my beloved parents, Syahrial and Elly Geswati, for giving me support, love, caring, motivation, financial and attention. And also thanks to my siblings who supporting me in the process of finishing this thesis and I would like to say thank you to my best friends whose their name I can‘t be mentioned one by one. Thank you for helping me and always supporting me.

Finally, may this thesis be advantageous and be useful for the readers.

Medan,

Annisa Fitri

v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ABSTRACT ...... iii ABSTRAK ...... iv ACKNOWLEDMENT ...... v TABLE OF CONTENT ...... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 5 1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 5 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5 1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7

2.1 Brief Description of Novel ...... 7 2.2 Intrinsic Elements ...... 8 2.2.1 Theme ...... 8 2.2.2 Characters ...... 9 2.2.3 Plot ...... 10 2.2.4 Setting ...... 11 2.2.5 Point of View ...... 12 2.3 Racial Discrimination ...... 12 2.3.1 Stereotypes ...... 15 2.3.2 Prejudice ...... 17

vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.3 Social Rejection ...... 19 2.4 Racial Discrimination in Australia ...... 21 2.5 Sociology Literature ...... 22 2.6 Review of Related Studies ...... 23

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH ...... 25 3.1 Method of Research...... 25 3.2 Data and Data Source ...... 26 3.3 Data Collecting Procedure ...... 27 3.4 Data Analysis ...... 27

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...... 29

4.1 Analysis ...... 29

4.1.1Racial Discrimination as Potrayed in A Long Way from Home Novel ...... 30 4.1.2 Types of Racial Discrimination as Potrayed in A Long Way from Home novel ...... 36 4.1.2.1 Stereotype ...... 36 4.1.2.2 Prejudice ...... 40 4.1.2.3 Social Rejection ...... 44

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 50 5.1 Conclusion ...... 50

5.2 Suggestion ...... 51

REFERENCES ...... 52 APPENDICES ...... x-xiv

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is a written or printed work which expresses feeling, attitude and life of human in society. According to Wellek and Warren (1982:94), literature represents ‗life‘and ‗life‘ is a social reality, even though the natural world and theinner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary‗imitations‘.Through literature, an author tries to express his or her idea about whathe or she ever experienced in life time or what was happening around them fromnatural phenomenon to the life of the people in their community.

According to Peck and Coyle (1984:103) novel, as one of literature genres, isa long work witha great amount of detail on every page. It presents all the complicating facts that need to be reconsidered before we can reach any sort of judgment.

Nowadays, a lot of information about discrimination spreads from television or newspaper. The different of social class, skin colour, and race can make a problem in our lives. And also it can be a change into serious problems.

In this thesis, A Long Way from Home the object to be analyzed. A Long

Way from Home, Peter Carey‘s 14th novel, uses the story of a light-skinned

Indigenous Australian who has been brought up white to address the country‘s brutal history of racism. It seems strange at first that Carey – surely Australia‘s greatest living novelist, even if he hasn‘t dwelled there for decades – has taken so long to get around to the subject. In a recent interview in the Australian, he said

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

that he‘d always felt that it was not the place of a white writer to tell this tale.

Then something changed: ―You can‘t be a white Australian writer and spend your whole life ignoring the greatest, most important aspect of our history, and that is that we – I – have been the beneficiaries of a genocide.‖

Peter Carey, in full Peter Philip Carey, (born May 7, 1943, Bacchus

Marsh, Victoria, Australia), Australian writer known for featuring the surreal in his short stories and novels. Carey attended the prestigious Geelong Grammar

School and studied for a year at Monash University in Clayton, Victoria. He worked as an advertising copywriter and at various other odd jobs in Australia and

England until 1988, when he became a full-time writer. His collections of short stories, The Fat Man in History (1974; U.K. title, Exotic Pleasures) and War

Crimes (1979), exhibit many grotesque and macabre elements. His novels Bliss

(1981; filmed 1985), Illywhacker (1985), and Oscar and Lucinda (1988; filmed

1997) are more realistic, though Carey used black humour throughout all three.

The later novels are based on the history of Australia, especially its founding and early days.

His other works included The Tax Inspector (1991), The Unusual Life of

Tristan Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True History of the Kelly Gang

(2000), a fictional account of the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. My Life as a Fake

(2003) and Theft (2006) explore issues of authenticity in literature and art. His

Illegal Self (2008) relates the story of Che, the son of radical students who left him with a wealthy grandmother, from whom he is seized and then taken on a continent-spanning journey with the ostensible purpose of reuniting with his

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

parents. Parrot and Olivier in America (2009) is a picaresque work set in the early

19th century. It presents the adventures of two men—one a young French aristocrat (whose portrait is based largely on Alexis de Tocqueville) and the other an Englishman traveling as his servant and protector—as they confront the New

World together. The Chemistry of Tears (2012) intertwines the narratives of a contemporary museum conservator reassembling a bizarre automaton and the

19th-century man who commissioned it. Amnesia (2015) uses cybercrime as the lens through which to view the battle of Brisbane, a 1942 encounter between U.S. soldiers and Australian military personnel and civilians. In A Long Way from

Home (2017), Carey used a road race in 1950s Australia to explore racism. Carey twice received the Booker Prize, in 1988 and 2001, for Oscar and Lucinda and

True History of the Kelly Gang, respectively.

This study will reveal how the racial discrimination reflect on the novel.

Besides that, this study also focuses on how can we deal with the racism. Racial discrimination is one of the worst social problems that still exist up to this very moment in every part of the world. It can be defined as the mistreatment of a group of people on the basis of race, color, and religion. Racial discrimination is also the belief that race accounts for differences in human character and that a particular race is superior to others. This problem is very serious because it always leads to destruction, not only to certain human being but also to the society.

According to Michel Leiris (1963:8): ―Racism is one of most disturbing phenomena of the great revolution of the modern world. At the very time when industrial civilization is penetrating to all po ints of the globe and is uproot ing

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

men of every colour fro m their age-old traditions, a doctrine, speciously scientific in appearance, is invoked in order to rob these men of their full share in the advantage of the civilization forced upon them‖

In racial discrimination, there are some kinds of disciminations, such as stereotype, prejudice, rejection, segregration, and etc. The writer wants to do this thesis which uses stereotype, prejucide, and rejection as the problems that will be analyzed in the novel and also the writer chooses this topic to be analyzed because the writer found that the main idea of this novel is about the racial discrimination among the race in Australia.

As it is generally known, the majority race in this novel is the Whites. The

White people as in this novel have a negative perception of the Aboriginal people in Australia. They have their own opinion towards the Aboriginal people which they have a diferrent class from them. According to them, the Aboriginal people have no rights to posses their own independence.

According to Bowling (2002:21), racism is the belief that certain groups are innately, biologically, socially, morally superior to other groups, based upon what is attributed to be their racial composition. It can be said that racial discrimination itself is an unequal treatment based onsomeone‘s race. According to the novel, Aboriginal people were never treated well and always became the victim of white people bad treatments. This novel shows us the individual experiences which may portray the life experience of the aboriginal people living in the Australia that were always intimidated by white people. It describes the reality that happened toward Aboriginal people in Australia at the time.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

1.2 Problems of the Study

In doing an analysis, it is important to decide the problems that are going to be analyzed to avoid the ambiguity of the research and to assist the writer to get clear description on the subject of the study. Deciding the problems would help the writer in collecting data for the analysis, such as:

1. How is the racial discrimination potrayed in the novel?

2. How many types of racial discrimination that can be found in the

novel?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Objective of the analysis is a statement about the activities and objects that are analyze is based on the problem of the analysis. This research hold on to these objectives in doing the analysis. In this research, the writer conclude that there are objectives based on the problems that has been decide such as the following:

1. To find out how the racial discrimination potrayed in the novel.

2. To find out how many types of racial discrimination that can be

found in the prejudice potrayed in the novel.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The analysis is focused on the character in the A Long Way from Home novel, especially the racial discrimination character figures. The characters will be analyzed based on the characterization of the characters in the novel itself.

Because it it not posibble for the author to discuss all the details.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

1.5 Significance of the Study

The analysis of this thesis is expected to be able to give significance for readers about the impacts of racial discrimination towards the Aboriginal people.

Moreover, this study can be used as reference for the readers who want to study literature. We have to be aware of how to treat people without racial discrimination because in general human are all the same.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Brief Description of Novel

Watson (1979:4) says, ―A novel is a way learning about how things were or are-cognitive instrument; and those who distrust stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make a points or answer questions.‖ It means novel has many function to inform or make a points or in some subjects of distrust stories. A work of fiction with fewer than 30,000 to

40,000 words is usually considered a short story, novelette, or a tale, but the novel has no actual maximum length. The novel is a literary prose shaped like a short story. Both novel and short story tell all events or problems that occur in human life. The difference takes place is historian. Short story kinds to be single plot and limited in member but novel is longer.

The definition of the novel according to Abrams (1999:190), the term

―novel‖ is now applied to great variety of writing that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose. As an extended narrative, the novel is distinguished from the short story and form the work of middle length called the novelette; its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or plots ) ampler development of milieu, and more sustained exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes.

Robert defines novel have many elements, which contain character, plot, theme, setting, po int of view, and style. These elements are related to each other

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

and will construct a story in the novel.Besides that, the novel usually focuses a small number of characters, although in a novel the cast of secondary characters is often large and the number of incidents is multiplied (Robert,1988:4). There are some divisions of novel according to Peck and Coyle (1989:106-120), they are comic novels, romance novel and utopian novel.

2.2 Intrinsics Elements

There Intrinsic elements of a novel is very important element and vital in a literary work because of the absence of an intrinsic elements of the work will not be created. Elements which in fact would be found if we read a literary work is an intrinsic elements of the elements that directly participate in or build the story of the intrinsic elements are the elements of building works of literature that can be found in the literary text itself. Coherence between the various elements that make an intrinsically novel realized. The elements intended are the theme, characters, plot, setting, and point of view.

2.2.1 Theme

The theme of a fiction is the controlling idea of the whole story that may conclude what story is about. Hartoko and Rahmanto (1986:142) says that the theme is the ideas of common bases that sustains a work of literature and are contained in the text semantic structure and sabagi regarding commonality or differences.

Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc.

Harcourt Brave Jovanovich (1974:102) states the theme of a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story. To derive the theme of a story, people must ask what its central purpose is : what view of life it suppo rts or what insight into life it reveals.

A Long Way from Home novel has racist theme. The story tells about a light-skinned Indigenous Australian who has been brought up white to address the country‘s brutal history of racism.

2.2.2 Characters

Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do.

There are several kinds of characters according to dr. Andrew Leng

(2000:18) :

1. Protagonist is the central character in a story, the one who is written about most often.

2. Antagonist is the person with whom the protagonist is in conflict sometimes the antagonist persecutes the protagonist.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

3. Hero/Heroine is a protagonist with an outstanding qualities, such as moral, spiritua l, or intellectua l qua lit ies.

4. Villain is an antagonist who is evil, cruel, scheming and dangerous but just being obnoxious or unpleasant does not make a character a villain.

The character can also be divided into round and flat character based on their development in the story. The flat characterized by one or two traits and he can be simply concluded into a sentence, while round character is more complicated.

2.2.3 Plot

Plot is an important element of fiction or literary work; even most of the readers consider it as the most important element among other elements of fiction.

Such a structure even arising out of a conflict maybe called the plot of the story.

As if many terms used in literary discussions, plot is blessed with several meanings. Sometimes it refers simply to the events in a story. According to

Kennedy (1991:7) plot is the artistic arrangement of those events.

There are five steps in plot according to Tasrif Nurgiyantoro (1998:149) :

1. Introduction step, that is opening step of a story, giving earlier

information, etc, which is usable as the base of the next step.

2. Step of generating circumstances, is when conflict happened for

the first time and it will develop or being developing as conflict in

the next step.

3. The step of rising option action is conflict that had happened in

previous step will become more developing and being developing

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

its intensity. The external and internal conflict, contrast among the

interest problem and character that tends to climax cannot be avo

ided anymore.

4. The step of climax is when conflicts and contrast that had been

happened to the characters reached culminating points. The main

character who has subject and object of conflict will realize the

climax. A long fiction may be has more than one climax.

5. The denouement‗s step, in which conflict and contrast that had

reached climax are being solved and made clear. However,

actually, the author did not arrange these five step chronologically.

2.2.4 Setting

Gill (1985:106) says that setting is a broad word. It covers the places in which characters are presented; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and classes; the customs, beliefs and rules of behavior of their society; the scenes that are background or the situation for the events of the novel; and the total atmosphere, mood or feel that id created by these. All of them are examples of setting. When we study a novel, we should pay attention to setting, because it can make a contribution to the book. A successful setting is one which is appropriate to the section of the novel in which it appears and also, possibly, to the book as whole.

Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurance of the events recounted in a work of fiction. Elements may be used

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

where the places with a certain name, initials, there may be certainn locationswithout exact name. Background of the time associated with the problem of ―when‖ of events recounted in a work of fiction problem ―when‖ is normally associated with the factual, the time to do or be associated with the historical events. Social background suggested on matters relating to the conduct of social life of the community in a place that is told.

2.2.5 Point of View

According to Peck (1994:68) stated that Point of view is a technique that is used by the author to find and tell the meaning of his artistic work to the readers.

The author expects that the reader can accept his technique. Point of view has psychological connection to the readers, and the readers need clear perception about the point of view. The readers understanding about the novel will be influenced by a clear point of view. Point of view is not only considered as the way of dramatic limitation but also considered as serving the thematic definition, because a novel offers values attitude and life perception which is controlled and served by the author intentionally through point of view.

2.3 Racial Discrimination

Racial discrimination refers to unequal treatment of persons or group on the basis of their race or ethnicity. Many scholars and legal advocates distinguish between differential treatment and disparate impact, differential treatment occurs when individuals are treated unequally because of their race. Races are distinguished from one another by such characteristics as hair color and texture, skin color, eye color and shape, size of body parts, and facial organs.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

According to Sacknel (2003:2) ―Race is a concept that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring types of human bodies. It is a socio historical process, by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.‖

Racial discrimination or racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human qualities and capacities and those racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. As a result, mistreatment of a group people on the basis of race, color, and religion are often found in the name superiority. The statement above also supported by Bowling (2002:21) that stated

―Racism is the belief that certain group are innately, biologically, socially morally superior to other groups, based upon what is attributed to be their racial composition.‖ Difference that gave bad effect and sufferings towards black people. White people cannot accept the existence of black people, as consequence they never treat black people as the true human beings due to the different types of physical characteristics. The black people always become the victim of white people bad treatments.

There are several kind of racial discrimination that categorized by some experts. However this paper will be using the category declared by Ben Bowling that divided the action of discrimination into two types. Those discrimination types are direct discrimination and indirect discrimination.

Direct discrimination is kind of discrimination that is more obvious and destructive. It is involves in treating someone less favorably because of their possession of an attribute (sex, age, race, religion, family status, national origin,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

military status, sexual orientation, disability, body size/shape), compared with someone without that attribute in the same circumstances.Indirect discrimination is the other type of discrimination that had been declared by Ben Bowling.

Indirect discrimination to treatment which might be described as ‗equal‘ in a formal sense between different groups, but is discriminatory in its actual effect on a particular group (Bowling, 2002:40). Therefore, unlike direct discrimination, this type of discrimination works smoothly and tends to be recognized. One of the indirect discrimination examples would be the capability test used in job application to disqualify certain ethnic.

Furthermore, Bowling (2002:39) explain that ―A distinction can be made between direct and indirect discrimination. Among the best examples of direct discrimination are those which have been enshrined by law. The South African apartheid legal system, for example prohibited blackpeople from voting or participating in the political process, created separate ‗white‘ residential areas and schools, and also prohibited ‗mixed marriages.‖

Another example of direct discrimination from Bowling had mention from the quotation above would be not offering a job a woman because she is likely to take maternity leave where as a man is not, or given a specific job with more high paid salary to a certain ethnic due to the common perception that they will likely to present better output and more efficient than others. Also, direct discrimination usually practice the refusal to offer employment, the fairness and equality in payment, wages, to provide housing and medical treatment or to provide a commercial or social service. In general, it covers almost all aspect of human life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Other type of discrimination based from Bowling‘s description is indirect discrimination or also known as subtle discrimination. Indirect discrimination refer to treatment which might be describe as ‗equal‘ in a formal sense between different groups, but is discriminatory in its actual effect on particular group.

Bowling (2002:40). Therefore, unlike direct discrimination, this type of discrimination works smoothly and tends to be undetected. The action is mostly intentional but apparently hidden and barely recognize. One of the indirect discrimination examples would be the capability test used in job applications to disqualify certain ethnic.

Some attitudes deal with discriminatios as stereotype, prejudice, and social rejection :

2.3.1 Stereotype

Stereotypes assume that everyone in a group the same characteristics, leading people to falsely believe that "they" are all alike. Even when the stereotype suggests positive traits (for example, that women are nurturing), everyone is hurt because these images leave no room for individual differences.

No one is born believing stereotypes -- they are learned from media, or parents, peers and many other sources. As these attitudes deepen over a person's lifetime, they are difficult to change.

Stereotypes are the perception that most members of a category (group) have some the same attributes. Stereotypes arise directly from the categorize process, particularly the assimilations of different groups. Stereotypes can come from cultures in which people are socialized, from the real cultural and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

socioeconomic differences between groups, as well as from di differences in cognitive biasesseems to emerge in imaginary correlations between minority groups and rarely seen attributes (Brow in Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination

2005:181).

Franzoi (2009:199) in Social Psychology’s book, stereotypes are beliefs about people who put them into one category and do not allow for individual variations. This social trust is learned from others and maintained through the rules of social interaction. Stereotypes are an assesment of a person only based on perceptionsof the group in which the person can be categorized. Stereotypes are the intuitive shortcuts of thinking by humans to simplify complex things ans aid in quick decision making.

According to Franzoi (2009:199) people show stereotypical attitude with the intention. First, thinking fast: providing basic information for immediate action in an indeterminate atmosphere, rich, and different information about individuals we know personally, showing very free thinking for other tasks.

Second, efficient and allow to join cognitively in other needs activites.

According to Liliweru (2005:208) stereotypes are divided into two kinds, namely positive stereotypes and negative stereotypes. But most people think that stereotypes are negative when it is possible that the stereotype can be positive.

Positive stereotype is a positive guess or picture of the condition of a particular group. Positive stereotypes can help the occurence of intercultural communication so as to facilitate the interaction between people of different backgrounds in an environment together so as to create a harmonious relationship between groups

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

with different cultures. Whereas negative stereotypes are a conjecture or a negative image imposed on a particular group that has differences that can not be accepted by another group.

Although stereotypes that are widely developed are generally negative, stereotypes also have several functions, including: describing a group condition, giving and shaping the image to a group, helping a person from a group to start behaving towards antoher and last group, through this stereotype we can assess the state of a group.

2.3.2 Prejudice

According to Feldmanin Simanjuntak (2011:5), prejudice is the negative

(orpositive) evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are based primarily onmembership in the group and not necessarily on the particular characteristics ofindividual members. Usually prejudice in racism towards minority groups, their righthavebeen destroyed by the majority groups. Feldman states that minority group means a group in which the membershave significantly less power, control, and influence over their own lives than domembers of a dominant group.

Prejudice is an unfair, intolerant, or unfavorable attitude toward a group ofpeople. Prejudice as the possession of negative attitudes targeted against members ofa particular religious, racial, ethnic, social, and/or political group.

These attitudesgive rise to negative or unfavorable evaluations of individuals seen as belonging tothat group. Individuals that have a prejudice against specific

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

groups will tend toexperience intense negative feelings when they come into contact with these groups,either directly or indirectly (Baron, 2007:177).

Prejudice can result from ethnocentrims – the tendency to assume thet one's culture and way of life superior to all others. Ethnocentric people judge other culture by the standards of their own group, which leads quite easily to prejudice against cultures viewed as inferior, Schejbal and Laurakas in Brand's

Ethnical Theory (1959:217) find out that a random sample of 439 undergraduates was questioned about relations between racial and ethnic groups on campus.

While individual students differed on various responses. Both white and African

American students tended to characterize relations with the other group as "too distant". The same was true for African American and Asian Americans. In general, African American were the m ost likely to describe interactions with the other groups as 'separate and distant' Hispanics were found to be least distant in their relationship with the other groups.

One important and widespread form of prejudice is racism, the belief that one race is supreme than others who are innately inferior. When racism prevails in a society, members of subordinate groups generally experience prejudice, discrimination, and exploitation. Racism is the doctrins that some races are inherently inferior and some are inherently superior. In the colonial period, racial ideology served as a rationalization for the conquest, subjugation, exploitation, and brutalization excuse for both offical segregation and unofficial discrimination in Australia. Finnaly, racist ideology promotes belief in sharp divisions an boundaries.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The attitude of the prejudice person often lead to discriminatory behavior,

Discrimination is the proces of denying opportunities and equal right to individual and groups because of prejudice and other arbitrary reasons. Discrimination also means as an exclusion or exploitation on the basis of group membership. While sometimes intentional, discrimination may also be institutional; that is, caused by a product of the regular operation of social instutions which affects groups unequally. Prejudiced attitude should not be equated with discriminatory behavior. Although they both are not related., they are not identical, and either condition can be present without the other.

2.3.3 Social Rejection

Society does not realize that their act toward the people who has weakness is considered as a rejection. This kind of phenomenon is called social rejection.

Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes interpersonal rejection or peer rejection.

According to Rina Ulwiya (2014:20) in her journal entitled Sukses

Menghadapi Penolakan Sosial said that social rejection is when someone‘s identity cannot be accepted by the societyfor example; the difference of religion, point of view, way of thinking, aim, sexual orientation, ethnicity, etc.

According to Fausiah and Widury (2005:167) in their book entitled

Psikologi Abnormal Klinis Dewasa there are so many impacts from social

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

rejection, for example: the suffer will be loner, feels inferior, obsessive, and having avoindant disorder.

1. Loner

Loner is a people who always avoid the social interaction. In fact, there are so many cases that are cause someone in being a loner; it can caused by the person is not easy to interact with the other, feels uncomfortable, sensitive, or he is being isolated by the society (maybe she/he has mental disorder or something).

2. Inferiority

Confident is someone‘s belief in the skill and the estimation for himself that he has. But there are so many people in this era feel inferior (they do not believe in their selves); it because they think that their physical apperearance is not perfect.

3. Obsessive

Obsessive is marked by the stubborn behavior, worried, perfectionist, and the tendency of repeat something. The first key of obsessive is the tendency of being perfectsionist and not flexible that is stuck in the individual. The individual with this disorder is preoccupied by the rules, regularity, tidiness, details and lack of sense of humor. They always think that we should follo the rules no matter what. It makes them seem like have no tolerance.

4. Avoidant Disorder

A people who is anti-social has a personality disorder called avoidant disorder. Avoidant disorder is a personality disorder in which they will face social obstacles and have no confident in themselves. Besides, they are fear of rejection

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

and crtics from other people. That is why most of people who suffer avoidant disorder tend to avoid and hide themselves from society and never show themselves. We cannot know whether a person suffers avoidant disorder or not because it is hard to be deteched and quite rare. There are some characteristics which suffered avoidant drisorder, one of them is they tend to avoid personal contact due to rejection and critics.

―The diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder applies to people who are very fearful of the possibilityof criticism, rejection or disapproval and are therefore reluctant to enter into relationships unless they are sure they will be liked.‖ (Davidson et.al, 2004: 424)

From Rina Ulwiya, Fauziah and Widury, the writer gets more explanation and knowledge about social rejection.

2.4 Racial Discrimination in Australia

Racism entered the Australian public consciousness only as recently as the early 1970s. ‗Race‘ itself is a social construct, a category of classification in terms of inheritable characteristics (e.g., physical features, descent/blood, etc.) and/or other social characteristics. What is important in this social categorization is that the distinct characteristics, attributes, and qualities used to define a racial category are presumed to influence behaviour and attitudes such as in racial stereotypes. As a consequence, the racialised groups are positively/negatively evaluated and/or subject to unequal treatment. In other words, the race construct depicts the underlying social reality of a group labelled and perceived as a racial group. From this perspective, racism needs to be understood in terms of how we construct this category of ‗race‘. Race and racism go hand in hand.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Like many former colonial countries, Australia has a long legacy of racism. Everyone is affected by this, although obviously in different ways. In this section, we provide a brief overview of social scientific understanding of racism, discuss its prevalence in Australia and how it has changed over the years, and finally touch on some of its consequences for mental health.

Popular understandings of racism portray it as an overt rejection of other groups and their members, as hostile and malevolent, as underpinned by a belief in the superiority of one‘s own group over others, and as a feature of individuals. theese aspects do characterise racism, to be sure, but there is much more to racism that is omitted from this popular view.

2.5 Sociology Literature

Sociology and literature are two studies that are different but have a relation. The sociology of literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It studies the social production of literature and its social implications.

According to M.H Abrams (1981:178) in Sociology / Politics & Social

Scieneces, sociology of literature in literary science is meant to refer to the literary critic and literary historian who mainly pay attention to the relationship between authors with social class, social status, and ideology, economic conditions, and model of its target. They believe that literary works (both aspects of the content and form) are absolute conditioned by environment and social power of a given period.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

According to Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in The Foundation of

Sociology, sociology derives from Greek ‗socious‘ and ‗logos‘ which means that sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for granres views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history.

M.H Abrams and Auguste Comte gives the writer a knowledge and explanation to more understanding about sociology literature.

2.6 Review of Related Studies

 In Bowling's book Race, Crime, Criminal Justice (2002:38), the writer gets contribution such as a knowledge and information that can help the writer more understand about the racial discrimination itself.

 Racial Discrimination As Portrayed In Harriet Beecher Stowe‘s Uncle Tom‘s

Cabin, the writer gets a knowledge and infomation that can help the writer more understand about the racial discrimination itself.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

 In Franzoi (2008:199) in Social Psychology’s book, the writer gets a comprehension about the stereotype and hope that explanation could help the writer to do the analysis.

 In Rina Ulwiya (2014:20) in her journal entitled Sukses Menghadapi Penolak

Sosial, the writer gets more knowledge and explanation about social rejection, it will help the writer to understand about it.

 In Rupert Brown (1995:2) in Prejudice : its Social Psychology book, the gets more knowledge and explanation about the prejudice and of prejudice itself, and hope that the explanation cpuld help the writer to do the analysis.

 In Auguste Comte (1798-185) in The Foundation of Sociology’s book, the writer gets the explanation about the sociology literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. 1 Method of Research

In analyzing the novel, the writer used the library research which is a qualitative descriptive method, because all data were analyzed in form of words and sentences. It uses qualitative and descriptive data. Moleong (1995: 2) states that descriptive qualitative research is defined as the qualitative research, a type of research which does not include any calculation or enumerating. Qualitative data is usually in the form of words rather than numbers.

They are a source of well-grounded, rich descriptions and explanations of processes in identifiable contexts. With qualitative research one can preserve chronological flow and see precisely which events led to consequences and derive faithful explanation (Miles & Huberman, 1994: 10).

Qualitative research is in accordance with this study due to several reasons. First, the aim of this study is focused on the ‗‗qualities‘‘ of social life and to show how everyday experience is meaningfully constructed in social interaction. Second, the data‘s source is a movie scripts which is full of description of situation and dialogues of the characters, and therefore the data is in form of description and not numbers. Third, this study tries to explore what is commonly thought that is true in the society and thereby expose the shortcomings of everyday understandings as qualitative research which explores complexities.

In supporting qualitative method, the writer also used descriptive method.

Nazir (1998:75) describes ―descriptive method is a method of research that makes

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

the description of the situation of the events or occurences, so that the method has an intention to accumulate the basic data.‖ For that reason, this research is best done by using qualitative descriptive method.

The main source of this analysis is taken from the novel, ―A Long Way

From Home‖, written by John Lee Hancock. The datas are in form of quotations which are selected from the script. The selection is oriented on the text which has connection racist stylistics context as expressed in the novel.

The quotation are analyzed through interpretations. The interpretation is needed because the text is mostly stated implicitly rather than explicity. In other words, literary work, such as movie, is much more concentrated on connotative meaning than denotative one. That is why interpretation is used on this analysis.

3. 2 Data and Data Source

The data was taken from the text of A Long Way from Home novel, it contains 315 pages. In collecting the data, I need some instruments for this thesis.

I was collecting the important quotations or dialogues from the novel which are related to racist stylistics. I also did some research on library or internet to find any supportive literature related to racist stylistics, then I begun to read it carefully to take down notes and composes it properly. The whole data, the quotations and the dialogues, would be put in my thesis later on to show the coherens with the study. All of the data had been read carefully, line by line, to find out the relation with the study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

3.3 Data Collecting Procedure

The collecting data is one of the tasks which is the most one important in this research. In the process od collecting data, the writer need primary and secondary data. For the primary, the writer took the data from novel itself. The secondary data that used in this analysis are books, journal, previous works to support this thesis.

3. 4 Data Analysis

In writing this thesis, I have combined the important data from many sources, which have been collected and analyzed very well. I use some steps in doing this analysis.

1. The writer read whole novel in order to fully understanding about

what the text means.

2. The writer choose the important information about racial disrimination

from the text novel.

3. The writer had to mark and note the quote from the text which having

the relation to the problem study.

4. The writer make interpretation based on the data that have been

already mark before.

5. The writer started to analysze the data. Investiged and analyzed the

racial discrimination which contained in the quote with descriptive

qualitative method. The using of qualitative descriptive method is

started from the analysis of various data which are collected from a

research, then move to categorical conclusion drawing or certain

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

general charactetistic. On that ground, this method is started from data

classification activity.

6. Last, the writer then made the conclusion and suggestion of the

analysis. This was the step of the analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis

In this chapter, there are two major points that the writer wants to analyze.

First, how is racial discrimination as potrayed in A Long Way from Home novel.

Second, how many types of racial discrimination as potrayed in A Long Way from

Home novel.

In the first problem, the writer focuses on how racial discrimination reflected in A Long Way from Home novel. Racial discrimination is a condition from unfair treatment between people or two groups basis on their race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin in different areas of public life.

In the second problem, the writer focuses on how many types of racial discrimination reflected in A Long Way from Home novel. There are three types that found in the novel which are stereotypes, prejudice, and social rejection.

In the analysis, the writer wants to analyze the quotations which related to the problems. In the first problem, the writer will described how racial discrimination refelcted in the novel based on the quotation which related to the problems. In the second problem, the writer put the quotations which related to types of racial discrimination as potrayed in A Long Way from Home novel and explain every quotation. So, in this analysis, the writer wants to analyze the language which contain racial discrimination types words based on the novel. The types of racial discrimination are stereotypes, prejudice, social rejection.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.1 Racial Discrimination as Potrayed in A Long Way from Home novel.

A Long Way from Home novel written by Peter Carey is a story that happen in Australia based on true story. It happen in 1950. The story of A Long

Way from Home talked about a journey into Australia‘s past by a joyous car race across 1950s Australia becomes an examination of the nation‘s crimes against its

Indigenous people.

The new novel from double Booker winner Peter Carey is built around the annual Redex Reliability trials in 1950s Australia, in which competitors had to sustain a certain average speed between stops or they lost points. The event became a contest between Fords and the Holdens manufactured by General

Motors. It made heroes out of the drivers, who had to cover 10,000 miles around the country in 17 days, often on dust roads, through dried-up rivers and via creeks full of water, and above dizzy drops, in danger from flying rocks kicked up by other cars, and from kangaroos jumping into the road in the dark. They made heroines, too: the women who took part as drivers or navigators were often favourites with spectators and in the newspapers

Carey‘s parents ran a motor business in Bacchus Marsh in Victoria, where the book begins: as a boy he followed the trials with passionate enthusiasm, and he understands their romance from the inside – testing the genius of the cars‘ engineering, and the ingenuity and skill of the drivers, against Australia‘s raw and resistant natural landscape. This novel is his opportunity to write with love about both the landscape and the engineering. Titch Bobs is the best car salesman in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

rural Victoria, and enters the trials as a publicity stunt for his new car showroom; he takes along his wife, Irene, mother of their two children.

This novel has two narrators that are Irene Bobs and Willie Bachhuber.

Irene is a wife of Titch Bobs. She has two children and have her father in law,

Dan Bobs. While Willie Bachhuber is their neighbour which is a navigators. They are team. They are coorporate to build up a used car bussiness so they could finally be Ford Dealers. It can be seen from this quotation.

―Titch had hopes to build up a used car business so we could finally be Ford Dealers. I choose the house with this in mind. It had a huge yard and big shed spanning the widht of the back fence. Titch was tickle pink.‖(page 7)

Also in this story, the crimes against Indigenous people is present more hauntingly, because more obliquely, in earlier parts of the novel. As they drive,

Bachhuber, with his bookish interest in archaeology, points out to Titch and Irene a tree scarred where a canoe was cut from it, or the site of a massacre. Irene digs up a baby‘s skull and keeps it safe in a box on the back seat.

It showed by the attitude towards people that potrayed in this novel. In this analysis the writer will describes it based on the types of Racial Discrimination.

The attitude are Stereotype, Prejudice, and also Social Rejection. The writer will also analysis by following quotation.

In this analysis, the writer also found so many terms which the white people give to the Aboriginal people and vice versa. The terms are usually have a negatif meaning or perception. It showed in this quotation below.

―Bloody Yarra River,‖ he said., not inclined to release his hold. Then suddenly, he tugged my fair hair. At the time I thought this strange. I think it even stranger now. ―Proper whitefellah,‖ he said.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―I‘m Willie. Willie Bachhuber.‖ ―Bachhuber no way,‖ he said. (page 141)

Whitefellah means a term of a situaation when the Aboriginal people called the white people. White means a colour of their skin and also it happen to black people too. When the white people called them, it turns into ―Blackfellah.‖

It showed in this quotation.

―Irene had arrived at the bottom of the stairs. ―Come back up.‖ ―No good forr him up there, said Lochy. ―Don‘t like blackfellahs there.‖ (page 176-177)

In long time ago in Australia, the white people has a plan to removing the

Aboriginal people, the white people has a way that a children from Aboriginal people should be given away to white families. In this case, rasism is so visible.

Black people is just a symbol of shaming thing from them.

―No-one would care what Nordic or Baltic meant, or see the parralels between the government‘s recruitment of ―Nordic Types‖ and their habit of removing the paler Aboriginal children from their mothers and giving them to white familiess with the totaal confidence that half-castes would never give birth to ―throwbacks,‖ wishful racial thingking with no basis in genetics. (page 24)

From the quotation above, we can see the white people do not really like the Aboriginal people. The white people have a dream that one day, the could be the future citizens in Australia by removing the Aboriginal people. It can be seen by this quote.

―How could I possibly ―teach‖ him that the Australian goverment had deliberately misnamed tthe displaced persons Balts? That was the path by which the word had entered his vocabulary. How many weeks might it take to have him understand that the Australian government were selecting light skinned ―Nordic Types‖ as future cittizen and that they had, for the sake of obfuscation, named them Balts? (page 23)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Sometimes, ambitious can make a person turn into something badly. They will make plan and to be succescful to get their desire, they make a rules,even if that‘s killing somebody, thay will do that. In every way. In this novel, the white people not only give their rejection to the Aboriginal people, but they also killing them. That part will be analyzed in the types of racial discrimination.

In another time, what the story talked about is when the Australian has an era of Australia‘s Own Car. In that era, there are two brands of Motors which is compete. So here the quote.

―So I drove him to the station and parked the car and walked hand in hand onto the platform and I wrapped his tartam scarf around his neck and buttoned it inside his camel overcoat. I kissed him. He kissed me. It was perhaps not the best occasion to say what I said, but Isaid it anyhow. We should not wait for Ford‘s approval. We were better off without them. We had arrived in the era of ―Australia‘s Own Car‖ i.e General Motors Holden. It was now Ford versus Ford and Ford were set to lose. We should tell Ford to jump in the llake, snaffle the Bacchus Marsh Holden dealership while it was still available. (page 28)

From this quotation above, we can see that Titch and her wife are in the lose side. They belong to Ford. Titch with his faith, think that he will be the successful Ford Dealer someday. In that era, there are two brands of motoros named Holden and Ford. Titch Bobs handles the Ford Dealer. And Holden is produce with The American Firm of General Motors. They are competing one in another.

But Mrs.Bobsey or Titch‘s wife, thinks that Titch will never be a successful dealer with Ford. Mrs. Bobsey also thinks that she change his mind to sell Holden not ford. Here the quote.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―Hold onto your hat, she said and squeled her tyres on Gisborne Road. Her husband‘s train would already have left Ballan, she said. She insisted on him somewhat. She wrinkled her lovely nose, dropped a ―cog‖ as it is called , and passed the five-ton truck heading for the Darley brickworks. She told me, in confidence, she wishsed her husband would sell Holden not Fords. The American firn of General Motors had recently begun to produce the Holden, which she said was ―Australias‘s Own Car.‖ Titch Bobsey, I learned, was a lifetime soldier in tha cause of Ford. Mrs. Bobsey had just received information which would make him change his mind. (page 33)

People who used Holden seems look more have a higher social class because it is produce by America. Mrs.Bobsey think sthe white people in their country will only choose Holden to make they look a different social class from

The Black people. It is hard to sell Ford when the majority people in Australia are the white people.

Mr. Dunstan also have a the same thought with Mrs. Bobsey that Titch belongs to Holden. He will be a great dealer if he join with Holden. Here is the quote.

―You might not imagine a huge company like GMH would know all the men who sold the opposition‘s cars, but they knew my Titch, by reoutatuion. By ―they‖ I mean Mr. Dunstan. Mr. Dunstan said my husband was a ―gun‖ like a gun shearer which is a man who can tally four hundred sheep a day. (The number for merinos is different,of course.) Somehow Mr. Dunstan knew all Titch‘s sales figures like cricket scores: so many runs in Warragul, so many in sale. I was Gratified, the first time I made contact, to hear Mr. Dunstan wanted Ritch ―on board‖. Like me, he believed the future was with the Holden. (page 37)

Besides, there is another reason why Mrs. Bobsey think that way. She just want her husband not to try harder. She wants to make Titch thinks that their life

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

would be better if he join with Holden. But, she still loves Titch whatever what the choiceshe takes. Here is the quote.

―I sat and waitted for my husband. It is awful for a woman to wait for salesman in the night, not knowing where he is. Of course the pubs had shut at six o‘clock but there were bars still operating in their version of a wartime blackout. If you were a moth, you wouldn‘t know. You could drive through Balliang or Myrniong and never guess what ilelegal activity was going on. And good luck if you needed the police because they were hidden in the pub with everybody else. There were also other things I feared too obvious to mention. I turned on the wireless but could not pay attention. There was a quiz show but who wants to feel more stupid than they already are? (page 39)

From the quotation above, we can see that all the things she does to Titch is because she loves him. She does not want her husband to get suffer in this world.

In this analysis, racial discrimination happen in their social class. Titch family get so intimidate by their social environment. The people who lives in their circumtances. So, they have to be successful to make the people who intimidates them, stop insulting them.

Father‘s Titch, Dan Bobs also intimidates his son. Besides, his father is the most influential person in Australia did not want to help his son. In Australian,

Dan Bobs have a named which is “Dangerous Dan Bobs, the oldest airman in the world.”

Dan Bobs thinks that his son is his competitor. His son would never be a succesful dealer man in that country. Here is the quote.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―My father-in-law had owned stables and taxi services and had maybe sold a lot of Ford but he had never been within spitting distance of a franchise. His mates at Ford would drink wih him, and listen to his airman stories, but he was an artful dodger and would go to the grave without ever being an authorised dealer in anything. At seventy-five years of age he was still in competition with his son.‖ (page 27)

It is pathetic how their own father is become the one who discriminate his son with his attitude. In the second problems, the writer will discuss about how the discriminate he gets from his social environment. There are will describes by the types of racial discrimination which are stereotypes, prejudice, and social rejection.

4.1.2 Types of Racial Discrimination as Potrayed in the novel.

Types of racial discrimination are direct and indirect. It showed by the kind of attitude, there are :

4.1.2.1 Stereotypes

In this problem, the writer will analyze the point of view of the way the character think aboutr in A Long Way from Home which that novel is one of the most famous of Australian literature written by Peter Carey. A Long Way from

Home talked about how the aboriginal people gets intimidated by white pople who wants to dominate in Australian and the novel is based on true story.

Willie Bachhuber as the one of the narrators in this novel told the story how racism implemented specially stereotype. First, the story happened when groups of Aboriginal people who were killed after the British colonisation of

Australia of 1788. These events were a fundamental element of the Australian

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

frontier wars and frontier massacres were a significant component of Aboriginal casualties across the continent. It can be seen in this statement.

―I thought, dear god. Perhaps his grandparents had been killed by white men. ―Goulbolba?‖ I asked, because this was Goulbolba country on my mental map.‖ (page 144)

Goulbolba is the name of one country in Central Queensland. In that day some 300 Aboriginal people, including all the women and children, were shot dead or killed by being herded into the nearby lake for drowning. Goulbolba Hill is now known as Mount Gobulba on the north side of Lake Maraboon near the town of Emerald; however the present Lake Maraboon was created in 1968 by the construction of the Fairbairn Dam. Here is the quote.

―Bachhuber said families had been forced off cliff tops, gunned down, babies brained with clubs. At Goulbolba, more than three hundred people had been shot or drowned which was called a ―dispersal‖. ―This really happened?‖ ―No, it was balck people. It happened centuries ago. To me it was like a horror in the bible. It was not from our modern time. Now therefore kill every male among the little one, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.” (page 115)

The quotation above means how murderous white people are. They killed with no mercy. They have no respect to Aboriginal people. They was a killer that scared them.

Aboriginal people are descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands before British colonisation. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create

Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Indigenous languages in the phonology and grammatical structure). It can be seen in this statment.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―Whitefellah cut‘em up my country,‖ he said, counting with his long finges. ―Surveyor map. Whitefellah peipa. Western Australia. South Australia. Kartiya lock the gate. Blackfellah stay out.‖ (page 247)

The term "black" has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since

European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to any people of such heritage regardless of their level of skin pigmentation.

In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term "black", and writer Kevin Gilbert's book from the time was entitled Living Black. The book included interviews with several members of the

Aboriginal community, including Robert Jabanungga, reflecting on contemporary

Aboriginal culture. A less formal term, used by Indigenous Australians and not normally derogatory, is "blackfellas", as distinguished from "whitefellas".

Also we can look in the quotation above, we see ―Kartiya‖ which that means a non-aboriginal person. The teachers up here think its rude, but it's not. I have read that it comes from the word for policeman (an Irish form) Gard-ya.

―No, this is devil-devil country now,‖ he said. ―Sick country. Look at those bloody wattles growing there. No good.‖ (page 253)

The quotation above means how white people wants to take over the place and drive out Aboriginal people. As we can see a sentence ―bloody wattles‖ has a real meaning which that means massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal

Australians since 1788.

―The old people really frighten for the white people coming from big england and they been really, really sad, poor buggers. Anybody sick, anybody sick in the guts or in the head, Captain Cook orders : ―Don‘t give him medicine. Don‘t give hime

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

medicine. When they getting crook old people, you killem him first. When they on the job, that‘s right, you can have them on the job. But don‘t payem him. Let him work for free. Any children come round, you can have the stockman killem. We‘ll still hold that people, and don‘t letem go. Any man come sick, boy, anything like that, blind man, don‘t give him medicine. You take him in a dry gully and knock him.‖ (page 282)

Again we can see from the quotation above how cruel white people to aboriginal people. They kill them with no feeling guilty. Captain Cook or James

Cook is a junior naval officer with good skills in cartography and mathematics.

The voyage was commissioned by King George III. In that era, Captain Cook have a mission to take control over that place or we can say that Captain Cook colonize aboriginal people by killing them.

―Captain Cook reckons, ―This no more blackfellah country. Belong to me fellow,‖ he said. ―I‘m going to put my place where I can put him.‖ Him been bring lotta book from Big England right here now. They got that book for Captain Cook from England. And that‘s hiw law. Book belong to Captain Cook, that means all belong to Captain Cook. (page 282)

In addition, the quotation above prove that Captain Cook has colonize that place. He is no good and brutal. He performed stereotypical tasks of man and commisioned officer.

―Alice excused herself for ―second church.‖ I said I had toothache and was given red sap to chew. When Alice returned Doctor Battery teased her about her bible. ―Poor blackfellah don‘t have a book. Jesus all mili mili,peipa, buk. That way, Alice? He better than mongrel blackfellah?‖ (page 230)

From the quotation above we can see how poor Aboriginal people is. They don‘t get education well. They are just an ordinary people who survive to stay alive in their country with their availability. They live with limitations. On the way, they have to accept what happen in their country. Here is the quote.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―Alice rested her bible in her lap and touched my cheek and pinched my arm and watched to see how the blood fled the skin and then came rushing back, Her own black skin did not act like this, she showed me. That is, we were different. Obviously. Many people came to demonstrate this truth. Time passed, sometimes peacefully, sometimes not.‖ (page 230)

From the quotation above showed that black or white skin still be the major of racism problem cause in Australia. People has a different skin colour can be a caused of discrimination and that still happen until now. Aboriginal people or black people is embarrasing things in Australia. White people thinks that black people has a lower class than them. It is shameful. Here is the quote.

―They been fight whitefellah. They been have a spear and white fellah been have a rifle. If whitefellow been come up got no bit of a gun, couldn‘t been roundem up, killing all the people. They never been give him fair go.‖ ( page 281)

From the quotation above showed the comparison between black people and white people. They have a different social statue. The stereotype towards black people still happen until now. White people always underestimate them based on their past.

4.1.2.2 Prejudice

In this problem, the writer will analyze how the characters judge one to another based on their race, religion, and class without even knowing them personally in the novel.

Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude usually negative towards an individual based solely on the individual‘s membership of a social group. People can also judge someone which they looked just based on what they look like.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Prejudice can make negative effetcs toward people in social groups. In this novel, prejudice showed by how the characters get interaction with another. It shows when Mr. Dunstan meet Titch. Here is the quote.

―Your husband can never be the Ford dealer in Bacchus Marsh.‖ (page 69)

From this quotation above, we can see how Mr. Dunstan has underestimete Titch by the way how Titch looks like. There any statement showed that Mr. Dunstan want Titch to join with Holden.

―How can you khow this?‖ ― If he wants to play now, he has to play with GMH. It‘s exactly what you wanted, Mrs. Bobs. It‘s everything we hoped. Ipso facto. QED. He‘s a Holden man today.‖ (page 69)

Mr. Dunstan called Titch a Holden man. Holden, formerly known as

General Motors-Holden, is an Australian automobile brand and former automobile manufacturer, which imports manufactured cars under the Holden brand. It is headquartered in Port Melbourne, Victoria. In that era, someone who have a

Holden cars are have a higher social class that other people. In Australia, cars can become the way how to showed what the social statue they are. As Mr. Dunstan talked to Irene like that, she can not accept it. It showed with this statement.

―Don‘t call him that.‖ ―No disrespect.‖ ―And you haven‘t bagged him. He doesn‘t even like the Holden. You don‘t know him.‖ (page 70)

As a wife, Irene doesn‘t like if there any someone who treat her husband impolite. Irene loves Titch so much. She abosulutely sure that she and her husband can be a succesfull dealer someday. They will find a way.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Titch Bobs is a Dan Bob‘s son who live in fear about his father‘s violence.

For his wife, Irene Bobs, Titch was ideal in almost everyway. They live together with their father, Dan. For Irene, Titch is a good man. Here is the quote.

―My new husband was ideal in almost everyway, and I knew that even before I understood his genius, which was the last thing you‘d look for in a car salesman. He did not know how to lies, or so it seemd. He never exaggerated, unless to make a joke. He was funny, he was cheeky. He told me he had perfected the art of not being hit which was just as well, seing the bars he did business in.‖ (page 5)

From the quotation above, we can see how good Titch Bobs is eventhough her father did not treat him well. As the stories told, they have a neighbour. His name is Willie Bachhuber. Titch and Irene Bobs think that Willie is a clever navigator to help them build a Ford Dealer. They accidentally met in front of their house. It showed with the quotation.

―You could say that‘s where the story starts, at the site of our planned business, observed by the next door neighbour, a fair- haired bachelor with a strong jaw and absent bottom, cinched in trousers, crumply face, deep frown marks on his forehead. He found me in my overalls with a spanner in my hand. Himself, he held a colander, some sort of gift, and I saw the sad fond way he had with the kids and I thought it might be a bad idea to be too kind to him, for everything in life begins with kindness.‖ (page 7)

In a first met, Irene Bobs did not know how actually Willie Bachhuber is.

Also Titch Bobs. They just know how Willie from the outside. They have not know each other yet. But still, Titch family knows that Willie is a good person.

Prejudice towards him as good person but they do not know about the truth or how Willie‘s past. It shows in this quotation.

―Mrs. Bobs did not know the first thing about me, for instance that I was a chalk-and-talker, recently suspended for hanging a troublesome student out of a classroom window. She did not know

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

that I was sought by bailiffs, that I was reguler on Deasy’s Radio Quiz Show where my winnings were publicly announced each week. She did not know that I was a mess of carnla yearning and remorse, that my small weatherboard house was now legally a fire hazard, its floors and tables crammed with books and papers. A putative visitor would be compelled to travel crabwise down the hallway, between the illegal bookshelves, from front door to the sink. The kitchen table was a catasrophhe, piled high with damp washing and academic quarterlies and musty pulp novels featuring Detective Inspector Napoleon Bonaparte (―Bony‖) of the Queensland Police Force.‖ (page 8)

As time goes by, Willie get invited to come into Titch Family and he met

Dan Bobs. But also Dan Bobs did not like him. Dan thinks that nothing can be proud of Willie if he knows who he is. Dan lost interested to him because he just a schoolteacher. It shows with this quotation.

―Are you? Dan asked and I recognised that nasty edge. ―What do you do for a crust?‖ ―I‘m a schoolteacher.‖ That was when Dan lost interest. I had seen him do this so many times before. He climbed to the running board and untied the final rope. He lifted the propellet free and with a grunt pivoted, and compelled the poor bloke to accept it.‖ (page 17)

With no respect, Dan asked Willie once again. So he can embrasse him in front all people who came into his house. It shows in this quotation.

―You‘re what?‖ ―Schoolteacher.‖ Mr. Bachhuber was forced to kneel in order to set the propeller on the grass. He pointer out that it had been sheated in copper which had once beensecured by either screws or rivets soldered and the expertly smoothed down. ―Lovely work.‖ Dan hid his smile behind his hand, an offensive gesture, there for all the world to see. (page 17-18)

Because Willie is just a schoolteacher, Dan thinks that Willie is just a common people. He judges people by where he works or by what he does. It is not good at all.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Social class can be a cause of prejudice. If you‘re in a lower class, someone will look at you and feel nothing. But If you are in high class, people will always respect you. No matter what you‘ve done. As example If you used dirty clothes, they will looking at you with worried that you are a criminals. But If you used an expensive clothes, they will make you feel that you are precious.

4.1.2.3 Social Rejection

In this problem, the writer will analyze how the character reject about a person or something because of their weakness. In A Long Way from Home, there were two characters who showed rejection of the another one, they were Dan

Bobs and Titch Bobs. Titch Bobs have a wife named Irene Bobs. At first, we met the tiny little one, Irene Bobs, a young woman who was not depressed that married Titch. Titch is a weak man but Titch Bobs is friendly, a little useless and lives in fear of his father, Dan Bobs.

―Titch‘s father was number two. He came out of the gate at a gallop, one hundred percent in favour. I was a beauty, a bobby- dazzler until, in the hallway by the coat stand, he gave me cause to slap his face.‖ (page 1)

From the quotation above that statement means how Irene hate her father in law. Titch, her husband was living in fear because of Dan Bobs. But, because of Titch, Irene do not afraid to defeat her father-in law.

―For a girl, to defeat one father is a challenge, but there were two standing between me and what I wanted, which was not to fiddle- faddle---a lovely little fellow named Titch Bobs.‖ (page 1)

That statmement above, altough Irene was a girl, she showed us how femenist she is. She‘s not afraid of anything. And her loves make her become

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

stronger. Irene is femenist woman. Being a ―Feminist Woman‖ she has bought the feminist ideology that women were to be looked at and appreciated in the male gaze. She was obsessed to be a successful dealer bussiness in Australia.

Dan Bobs also mean with Titch and it made Irene is disrespectful with him. But then again, with patient, Titch still reminding her to being polite to his father. And also Irene always protect Titch from her father in law. It can be seen in this statement.

―All my married life I had worked to protect Titch from his father‘s malice and his father had done everything he could to keep his sonny in cage, it had been the purpose of my life to make sure my husband knew the comfort of being loved.‖ (page 157)

Titch Bobs is a ordinary people. Honestly, sometimes he impatiently held back his emotions and grumbling to deal with his father. He is a weak man. It can be seen in this statement.

―Thank God I was not born a strong man,‖ my husband said, ―or I would have killed someone by now.‖ (page 19)

From the quotation above we can see that Titch must be patient with his dad. But it‘s all because Titch and her wife don‘t have money. They are broke.

But, they want to build a bussiness dealer. He think if he do the good things to his father, his father will help them. But they got wrong. Here is the quotation.

‖You shouldn‘t have gone behind my back to Ford,‖Dan said. ―You‘re an embarrassment. You think they‘ll give you a Ford dealership? A place like this?‖ (page 19)

Dan Bobs with no pity, he still did not want to help his own son eventhough he has a better connections in the automotive industry. He assume his own son is a competitor. He is ruthless. It can be prove with this quotation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Even though his father rude to him, Titch still trying to be a successfull dealer Ford. He looking the ways how to defeat his own father by align with his father‘s enemies. It can be proved with this quotation.

―You‘re the son of the famous Dangerous Dan? You are the little whizzer who won my court case against your father.‖ Even I knew exactly what disgrace he was reffering to. I appreciated how painful this was still, and if you want my view on it, I can say that it had been typical of Dan to blame a boy for something not his fault. Even rude Green understood the situation had been ridiculous. They had asked a aboy to be a witness for the defence and had not explained that he was required to lie.‖ (page 47)

Titch and her wife has intended to run away from their father. But it is not easy to do that thing. Her father is so cruel to their family. Her father won‘t let them have a life in peace. Still, they are always trying to talk with their father.

Here is the quote.

―Let us have a life, Dad.‖ ... ―All you do is hurt.‖ (page 112)

Irene really hate his father-in-law. Time after time, she tries to againts his father-in law, Dan Bobs. Sometimes Titch knows that incident, sometimes not. It can be proved with this statement.

―It was then we saw him pass, the bastard, the devil, like a wasp from a mud nest. Dan Bobs, the enemy of my husband‘s happiness. Behind him came a police car, blue light flashing. Bastard, bastard. I would have killed him if I could.‖ (page 132)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Dan Bobs is a nasty people. People around him called Dangerous Dan

Bobs. Mrs.Bobbsey or Titch Bobs‘s wife aslo knows him as a cruel person. That is why she hate him. It seen when Dan gave a bomb into a creek to murder the fish and Ronnie, his grandson cried about it. It showed in this quote.

―Granpa boombed the creek,‖ cried Ronnie. He shovew his hands into his crotch and lifted one foot in the air. ―Go now,‖ said Mrs. Bobbsey. ―If you have to pee, go now.‖ Boom ,‖ cried Ronnie.‖Boom‖ And ran out down the garden path and banged the dunny door behind him.‖ (page 111)

The situation is getting worse but Dan Bobs did not care about that.

Mrs.Bobbsey is angry with him. And ofcourse, he did not care about that too. It showed from the statement.

―The mass murderes fish was bathing in his glory. He stood in the midst of his harvest and rocked back on his heels and thrust his hands deep in his dustcoat pockets. He raised a flirty eyebrow at Beverly and from his dustcoat pocket, produced what might have been a sausage wrapped in fatty brown paper, my mother‘s Landjäger to be precise. If there was animosity towards him, he did not seem twice.‖ (page 111)

Landjäger means is a semidried sausage traditionally made in Southern

Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Alsace. It is popular as a snack food during activities such as hiking. It also has a history as soldier's food because it keeps without refrigeration and comes in single-meal portions. As a meal, landjäger sausage can be boiled and served with potatoes and fresh greens.

When Dan Bobs bombs the creek, he‘s get his grandson and his grandaughter to play with him with a reason that it just a pranks. With no guilty, he just said that it just teasing. It proved with this statement.

―Only teasing,‖Dan said.‖Bachhuber you haven‘t spoken.‖ ―Leave Mr. Bachhuber alone, all of you,‖ Mrs. Bobbsey cried, at the same

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

time trying to wrest the Landjäger from her daughter.‖ ―It‘s just gelignite,‖ Edith said. ―It‘s not dangerous ,mum. Grandpa could blow up the dunny while Ronnie was sitting on the seat.‖ ―You could, could you, Dad?‖ ―I‘ve played some pranks. No-one ever hurt themselves.‖ The air itself was unstable and Mrs.Bobbsey‘s lips were set thin and tight with rage.‖ (page 111)

Mrs. Bobbsey begging to him to stop his attitude towards her children are fighting. And Dan Bobs still did not care about what he did to Mrs.Bobbsey and her children. Mrs.bobbsey can not stand it anymore. It shows with the quotation.

―All you do is hurt‖ (page 112)

Time after time, Dan Bobs has died. It makes a different situation to Titch

Family. They became free. It showes in this statement.

―But Dan was gone from our lives now, together with his belief that his son was put on earth to do his bidding. I had not taken an Aspro in a month and I knew the reason. No Dan. No more. Titch was finally hiw own man, at work pacing out the shed and he was understanding that it was true what I had told him: we could put three vechicle there. I loved so much to see him happy.‖ (page 12)

But, the freedom makes their family change into separated. Because when

Titch‘s father had died, Titch became wild. It makes him became a person which makes Irene changes into unfaithful person because Titch began developing his own patriarchal pride, hanging out at bars with strong brokers, imitating their liquor and playing girls. So, Willie has a desire to get close with poor Irene. Here is the quote.

―It churned me up to think: Titch a cucklold. So I, who had previously coveted his wife, now wished to perform some act of unexpected kindness, to wash his car for instance, anything.‖...‖How could I explain? That I had been in love with the idea of Titch Bobbsey, his Jaguar, his wife, his children trumbling across the grass in the middle of the night. ―Her husband is my friend.‖ (page 77)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Cuckold means a husband who has an unfaithful wife. Being unfaithful can give a negatif perspective especially if that happen to woman. In our opinion, the kind woman who unfaithful with his partner are bad.

But still, eventhough Irene is unfaithful, she loves Titch so much. She always thinks about him. She wants to reach their dream together. It showed with this quotation.

―Then why was he not here? What pub was he in now?.. I arranged to meet Dunstan in the early evening expecting Titch would be there to go with me. At dusk he was still not home. Mrs. Wilson accross the road was not exatcly friendly but said the kids could sit at her kitchen table. So I went to meet with Dunstan alone.‖ (page 71)

In the end of the story, Titch and Irene became one again. Titch awaken that what he is doing it is not good at all. So, they make a team up with Willie to be a successfull and build a Ford Dealer.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The analysis above process of this thesis has led us a result. Based on the result of analysis and finding in chapter IV, the writer can conclude the subject matter which reflected in A Long Way From Home novel.

1. In first problem, the writer get conclusion that racial discrimination potrayed in this novel when The White People gets intimidated The Aboriginal people and also racial discrimination happen in the character who has a different skin colour.

2. In second problem, the writer get conclusion that the type in racial discrimination happen based on the attitude of stereotype, prejudice, and social rejection that happen in characters. First, stereotype most found in the Aboriginal people or Black people who gets intimidate by white people in Australia. The stereotype that shown by the stories from Willie Bachhuber in centuries ago.

Second, prejudice most found in the male characters. The characters of people who live surrounding around Titch which underestimate him and demonstrated racial and class prejudice through their words and action. The characters are Mr.

Dunstan, Dan Bobs, his own father. Also prejudice happen into Willie Bachhuber because he just an ordinary people. And third, social rejection most found in Dan

Bobs, father‘s of Titch Bobs showed his rejection towards his son rudely. It looks based on Dan perspective about Titch that he is his competitor to build a dealer.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Meanwhile Irene, Titch‘s wife showed her rejection towards Dan Bobs, her father-in-law because of Dan never treat her husband well.

5.2 Suggestion

A Long Way from Home novel are very interesting to be read. Also the novel can give us knowledge about racial discrimination. Based on the conclusion above, the writer wants to give the suggestion about racial discrimination especially about stereotypes, prejudice, and sosial rejection.

Many discrimination happen around us and causes a serious problem.

Therefore, this thesis is to give much information for a reader to get references to study about literary work. Thus, this thesis provides much knowledge to learn about literature and discrimination so that the reader can bring out the knowledge that is found in society.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

REFERENCES

Abrams, Muhammad. 1981. Pengantar Kajian Novel. Jakarta: Gramedia Utama. Baron, A. Robert and Donn Byrne. 2000.Social Psychology Ninth Edition. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Bowling, Ben and Coretta Philips. 2002. Racism, Crime and Justice. London Person Education. Comte, Auguste. 1857. The Foundation of Sociology. Paris: University of Montpellier. Fausiah, Widuri. 2005. Psikologi Abnormal Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia. Franzoi, Stephen L. 1996. Social Psychology. Pennsylvania : McGraw-Hill Education. Gill, Richard. 1985. Mastering English Literature. London: McMillan Education LTD. Kennedy, X.J. 1991. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. London : Harper Collins Publisher. ia Pte Ltd. Leng, Andrew. 2000. Mastering Unseen Prose. Singapore: Pearson Education As Nazir. 1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia. Indonesia. Peck, John and Martin Coyle. 1986. Literary Terms and Cristim. Beirut : Longman Group Limited. Simanjuntak, A. 2011.An Analysis of Prejudice in Harper Lee‘s To Kill A Mockingbird.Medan: Unpublished Thesis. Ulwia, Rina. 2014. Sukses Menghadapi Penolakan Sosial. Lampung: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra. Volume 1. No.2 Watson, George. 1979. The Story of the Novel. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1982. Theory of Literature. London: Penguin Books

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : Biography of Peter Carey

Peter Philip Carey, Born on May 7, 1943, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia),

Australian writer known for featuring the surreal in his short stories and novels. Carey attended the prestigious Geelong Grammar School and studied for a year at Monash

University in Clayton, Victoria. He worked as an advertising copywriter and at various other odd jobs in Australia and England until 1988, when he became a full-time writer. His collections of short stories, The Fat Man in History (1974; U.K. title, Exotic Pleasures) and

War Crimes (1979), exhibit many grotesque and macabre elements. His novels Bliss (1981; filmed 1985), Illywhacker (1985), and Oscar and Lucinda (1988; filmed 1997) are more realistic, though Carey used black humour throughout all three. The later novels are based on the history of Australia, especially its founding and early days.

His other works included The Tax Inspector (1991), The Unusual Life of Tristan

Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True History of the Kelly Gang (2000), a fictional

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

account of the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. My Life as a Fake (2003) and Theft (2006) explore issues of authenticity in literature and art. His Illegal Self (2008) relates the story of

Che, the son of radical students who left him with a wealthy grandmother, from whom he is seized and then taken on a continent-spanning journey with the ostensible purpose of reuniting with his parents. Parrot and Olivier in America (2009) is a picaresque work set in the early 19th century. It presents the adventures of two men—one a young French aristocrat

(whose portrait is based largely on Alexis de Tocqueville) and the other an Englishman traveling as his servant and protector—as they confront the New World together. The

Chemistry of Tears (2012) intertwines the narratives of a contemporary museum conservator reassembling a bizarre automaton and the 19th-century man who commissioned it. Amnesia

(2015) uses cybercrime as the lens through which to view the battle of Brisbane, a 1942 encounter between U.S. soldiers and Australian military personnel and civilians. In A Long

Way from Home (2017), Carey used a road race in 1950s Australia to explore racism. Carey twice received the Booker Prize, in 1988 and 2001, for Oscar and Lucinda and True History of the Kelly Gang, respectively

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Appendix 2 : Summary of A Long Way From Home novel.

Irene Bobs and Willie Bachhuber are neighbors in Bacchus Marsh, Carey‘s hometown. It‘s a familiar world: The author‘s parents sold automobiles when he was young, and at the beginning of the book Irene and her pint-size husband, Titch, are vying to get a dealership of their own. The race they enter, for the sake of publicity, is the Redex Trial, a dusty tour of Australia that will pit the dominance of Ford over ―Australia‘s Own Car,‖ the

General Motors Holden: ―Two hundred lunatics circumnavigating the continent of Australia, more than 10,000 miles over outback roads so rough they might crack your chassis clean in half.‖ It‘s an adventure that will trace the ―Crystal Highway,‖ named for all the broken windscreen glass scattered along the verges on a road of ―rough conditions, corrugations, bulldust, bone-breaking rock‖ and, in calmer moments, ―the hypnotic undulations of the blacktop.‖ The landscape is so alive to Carey that it forms a body, from the tip of Darwin down to the desolate Nullarbor Plain, where the wind whips the sand, the ―gnarled and stunted scrub, myall and mallee and mulga.‖ ―If Australia had a bottom,‖ Carey writes, ―this would be the place it did its business.‖

The land may be a character, but the speaking voices belong to Irene and Willie, the unlikely driver and her navigator. Irene is tough: a driver able to craft inventive solutions, at one point stretching her sister‘s dirty stocking over cylindrical mesh to reassemble an air

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

cleaner. ―If I had been so easily discouraged,‖ she explains, ―I would still be a virgin bride.

That was not how I did things, by being defeated at the start.‖

Willie is the oft-mentioned German bachelor of Bacchus Marsh, a disgraced teacher suspended for holding a student out of a second-story window after being taunted with racial remarks. Raised by a Lutheran pastor in Adelaide, Willie is unaware of the complexity of his heritage. He‘s convinced his correct place in the world is ―elsewhere, located on a map with

German names.‖ As he navigates for Irene and Titch along the Crystal Highway, these internal German maps of his lost identity become less important than those of his own country, just as the race becomes less important than the journey. Their battered Holden crosses land mapped with lines made by whites and Aboriginals, some laid down in the present, some as old as the soil. But Carey isn‘t bound by the car-race plot he introduces at the beginning. His plans for the novel flap as they exit out the window. Speed is what‘s important.

As usual with Carey, the voices lead. His narrators are voluble and digressive.

Returning to the pattern he used in ―Parrot and Olivier in America,‖ ―The Chemistry of

Tears‖ and ―Theft,‖ Carey mostly alternates chapters (until he doesn‘t), so the duo can cajole and spark each other on, provide differing views. The divide isn‘t as pronounced as in

―Theft,‖ the 2006 novel in which the artist Michael Boone spoke in regular type and his brother blustered along in occasional bursts of OUTRAGEOUS CAPS. Irene and Willie share a sensibility and a register, which makes for a more seamless but less distinctive reading experience. Both are outsiders in their own lives. Their accounts are linked by mutual curiosity and a thread of sexual tension. Willie notices the way Irene wears her work clothes:

―Astonishing how coveralls reveal a body when the intention is the very opposite.‖

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

These aren‘t Carey‘s most intimate voices. They push activity rather than rest in reflection. Ned Kelly was a sustained act of ambitious ventriloquism in which Carey explained, with forgiving intimacy, the rise of the folk hero and the plight of the Irish in

Australia, and perhaps he was more confident with the character‘s limits, cultural background and voice. In ―Oscar and Lucinda,‖ Carey took his time, switching between the worlds of his titular characters, slipping in a gentle crossfade. Here there‘s no time for delicacy: He crunches gears. He goes with speed and a haphazard style. These narrators are always heading somewhere.

The chassis is what matters. If a setup drags, drop it. If a genre isn‘t working, switch.

If a character isn‘t going to fulfill a role, if an Oedipal subplot starts sucking gas, bury it out on the road. Carey sets an impressive and enjoyable goal of reaching the finish line.

Characters, like dead spark plugs, like a twisted fender, get kicked aside, killed off, even when the early chapters hint at depth and promise. For instance: The introductory pre-race scenes are clogged with life. Carey goes to great lengths to create Irene‘s outrageous father- in-law, a man who plays pranks, blowing up a school of redfin fish in a river and scattering them in Irene‘s kitchen. If Titch and Irene enter the Redex, why can‘t this leathery snake of a man, a classic overstepper, do the same? (―Let us have a life, Dad,‖ Irene exclaims.) But the book swerves away from him.

The flux of characters is extreme. They might act one way and then another, appear as one identity until new traits are needed. The members of the supporting cast serve a single purpose: useful tools for propulsion. To Willie, one of them is ―a flipper in an existential pinball machine, a god who sent me pinging towards my fate.‖

With onward motion in mind, passages never sag. But there‘s a danger in operating at such high speed, especially when Carey decides to go for more historical ballast. Over the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

course of his novels, his Australia has rung with the voices of Irish settlers, Chinese migrants,

Englishmen, Jews. What about Aboriginals? ―They were all far away in dusty history,‖ Willie says early on, ―or in hot places they threw stones at passing cars.‖ What shape might Carey‘s great Aboriginal character take? In an age of appropriation debates, could he create one?

Should he?

As the novel changes and plunges forward, Willie shoulders considerable weight.

Carey has never been afraid of freighting his characters with past professions, current passions, hobbies, interests and secrets, but Willie is truly laden: He‘s a quiz show champ, so he can dispense facts and trivia throughout. Even if he says, ―I have read too much. I should shut up. I can be a bore with what I know,‖ he immediately follows up with more trivia. He‘s got secrets. He‘s burdened with usefulness and access. And eventually, a long way from home, Willie must take on an even more serious role. It‘s as if Burt Reynolds paused in ―The

Cannonball Run‖ to explore issues of treaty rights.

With all its inventive momentum, all its pleasurable beats, the fast pace of the race, the scenery unfurling, the novel ends up far from where it started, in a place of historical reckoning and colonial guilt. Carey‘s longtime readers will appreciate his arrival here after so many Australian journeys, and this entry point might serve as a template for moving forward, a way to ensure that Carey‘s polyphonic symphony of voices isn‘t damned by a notable absence. Using a wild road race, he‘s found a journey into Australia‘s broken past. The

Aboriginal skeletons appear. They must. And so the maps Irene and Willie began with are revealed as ―pastoralist properties which lay like a lethal patchwork on top of the true tribal lands.‖ Carey has addressed the subject, but this fast-paced, careering novel shouldn‘t be his final word.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA