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2013 Rubenstein Research Fellows Papilionoidea of the World

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2013 Rubenstein Research Fellows Papilionoidea of the World 2013 Rubenstein Research Fellows Papilionoidea of the World: Evaluation and validation of EOL and BHL data for Hesperiidae JR Ferrer-Paris, AY S´anchez-Mercado, C Lozano, L Zambrano, J Soto, J Baettig and P Ortega Centro de Estudios Bot´anicos y Agroforestales Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas Report EOLR.r.2013.10 available at the PoW home page Version of 13 de noviembre de 2013 CC BY-NC 3.0,Some rights reserved Abstract We evaluate the representativeness of two open sources of data for the butterfly family Hesperiidae that represent almost 20 % of the known species of butterflies (Papilionoidea). First we built a taxonomic checklist from available information and ordered the species lists according to a preliminary phylogeny. Checklists are based on the most updated and com- plete synonimic list and catalogues available in public sources, and phylogenies are based on approximated phylogenies for several clades within the family. For each species we retrieved all available text data objects from the Encyclopedia of Life, EOL and all pages from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, BHL. We then analyse the distribution of data objects, pages and records per species and the representativeness of each data source accross the phylogeny, and compare them with the results obtained for other families. Hesperiidae are poorly represented in both sources, available content was generally lower and less rich than for Papilionidae and Pieridae, and not much better than for Riodinidae. Differences between hesperid subfamilies were evident, but not extrem, with Eudaminae, Coeliadinae and Trapetizinae slightly better represented. In EOL, the main contributors are 1 associated with phylogenetic and molecular data providers, and fewer data objects about their biology and ecology. In BHL many species names have matches pages, but biological information is more difficult to locate due to high rates of false positives. Targeted manual search and validation of EOL data objects provided an important set of complementary hostplant records, including records for 64 additional hesperid species and 141 additional host-plant species, which represent an increase between 6 and 8 % in the compilation of hostplant associations for the family. 1. Checklist and phylogeny First we built a taxonomic checklists and ordered the species lists according to an ap- proximated phylogeny of the Hesperiidae. This family represent almost 20 % of the known species of Papilionoidea3. Details for this section are available at the PoW homepage under A working checklist of butterfly species. For a long time, Hesperiidae has been considered as a superfamily on its own, and a sister group to all the papilionoidea6, but is now considered to be part of the extended Papilionoidea clade4. There is no single complete checklist for all Hesperiidae of the world, so we combined regional checklists for the Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical and Australian faunas, with information from other sources for the rest of the world7;8;9;10;14. Our provisional compilation includes 3992 species. Seven subfamilies are recognized within Hesperiidae1: the Euschemoninae, Coeliadinae and Eudaminae take basal positions, while the closely related Hesperiinae, Trapezitinae and Heteropterinae form the most derived clade, and the Pyrginae placed in an intermediate position. > plot(read.tree(text="(Coeliadinae,(Euschemoninae,(Eudaminae,(Pyrginae,(Heteropterinae,(Trapezitinae,Hesperiinae))))));")) 2 Hesperiinae Trapezitinae Heteropterinae Pyrginae Eudaminae Euschemoninae Coeliadinae The very diverse and heterogeneous Hesperiinae and Pyrginae represent the main bulk of genera and species: subfamily genero val 1 Coeliadinae 8 89 2 Eudaminae 50 430 3 Euschemoninae 1 1 4 Hesperiinae 316 2055 5 Heteropterinae 11 182 6 Pyrginae 147 1126 7 Trapezitinae 18 75 3 We use an approximated genus level phylogeny based on the tree of life webpage1, which itself is based mostly on work by Warren et al. 11,12, and includes 551 genera. Relationships within subfamilies are still unresolved for many genera. Pseudodrephalys Cornuphallus Xenophanes Timochreon Spioniades Plumbago Camptopleura Paramimus Achlyodes Pythonides Haemactis Cycloglypha Theagenes Doberes Zobera Gorgythion Gindanes Charidia Eracon Potamanaxas Timochares Milanion Atarnes Aethilla Quadrus Trina Clito Ouleus Ebrietas Ephyriades Sostrata Zera Chiomara Helias Anastrus Paches Cyclosemia Onenses Diaeus Erynnis Carrhenes Anisochoria Mylon Celotes Pyrgus Heliopyrgus HeliopetesZopyrion SystaseaAntigonus PseudocoladeniaSarangesa Eretis KatreusCelaenorrhinus Gesta AleniaTapena Seseria SatarupaProcampta Pintara Morvina OdinaNetrocoryne Grais Mooreana Myrinia Tosta GerosisExometoeca EagrisDarpa Ocella DaimioTagiades PachyneuriaNisoniades Xispia Odontoptilum Noctuana Burca NetrobalaneLeucochitonea CtenoptilumCaprona MictrisIliana Abantis Mimia Jera ColadeniaChamunda ChaetocnemeCapila PolyctorPellicia CalleagrisAbraximorpha StaphylusSophista Zonia HesperopsisGorgopas YangunaPyrrhopyge Carcharodus Protelbella Pholisora Viola Pseudocroniades OchropygeNosphistia Muschampia Sarbia CarterocephalusConognathus Bolla MysoriaMysarbia Mimoniades ArteurotiaGomaliaSpialia Mimardaris MicrocerisMetardaris MelanopygeJonaspyge LeptalinaWindia JemadiaGunayan Metisella Parelbella Dardarina ElbellaCyanopyge FreemanianaHovala CroniadesChalypyge Ardaris HeteropterusArgopteronPiruna CreonpygeAmysoria ButleriaDalla Amenis PassovaMyscelus Antipodia Granila OreisplanusMesodina Azonax AspithaOxynetra MotasinghaHesperillaDispar Cyclopyge VenadaThessia Signeta RidensPolythrix TrapezitesToxidia Heronia Rachelia Epargyreus Anisynta EctomisChrysoplectrum Croitana Cephise NeohesperillaHewitsoniellaHerimosaFelicena NerulaOechydrus MarelaParacogia Cogia ProeidosaPasma Dyscophellus Ampittia NascusPhocides TelemiadesPolygonus AeromachusThoressaHalpeSovia Aurina OileidesPorphyrogenes Baracus Ocyba Ochus Salatis SebastonymaPithauriaOnryza Bungalotis TarsoctenusPhareas AcerbasAcada PhanusEntheus Acleros CabirusAugiades AgathymusAegialeActinor Hyalothyrus UdranomiaDrephalys AndronymusAncistroidesAlera Calliades ZestusaLobocla ApostictopterusAnkola Typhedanus CodatractusAguna AstictopterusArtitropaArnetta Cabares NarcosiusAstraptes CaenidesBarca Urbanus ChondrolepisCeratrichia Autochton AchalarusThorybes Creteus Spathilepia Cupitha Proteides EogenesEetion Chioides Erionota Euschemon Fresna CoeliadesChoaspes GalergaFulda HasoraBibasis Gamia BadamiaPyrrhiades Gangara Allora GorgyraGe Pyrrhochalcia Gretna WallengreniaXeniades HyarotisHidari Vacerra Hypoleucis TirynthiaTirynthoides Iambrix Serdis IdmonIlma Racta Isma QuasimellanaQuinta Isoteinon Coeliadinae PropertiusPyrrhocalles Kedestes Problema KoruthaialosLepella ParatrytonePhemiades LotongusLycas Parachoranthus Malaza Oxynthes Matapa Eudaminae OligoriaOrthos MegathymusMelphina Oeonus Meza MoloNeochlodes MoltenaMonza MetronMisius Mopala JongianaLinka NotocryptaOerane Euschemoninae Holguinia Orses CyclosmaCynea Osmodes Cravera Osphantes Choranthus Paracleros OnespaChalcone Parosmodes Hesperiinae Librita Pardaleodes Buzyges ParonymusPemara AtrytoneAtrytonopsis PericharesPerrotia Asbolis Pirdana Arotis AnatrytoneDecinea Plastingia Heteropterinae Stinga PlatyleschesPloetziaPrada Poanes PolitesOchlodes AppiaPompeius PraescoburaProsopalpus Hylephila Psolos PseudocopaeodesHesperia PseudokeranaPseudosarbia Pyrginae Atalopedes PteroteinonPudicitia CongaNyctelius Pyroneura Thespieus Quedara Euphyes LibraLindra PyrrhopygopsisScobura Hansa Salanoemia Trapezitinae ZariaspesCaligulana RhabdomantisSemalea Vinpeius StallingsiaStimulaSuada Rhinthon PropapiasPunta Suastus Phlebodes Tiacellia ParphorusPheraeus TeniorhinusTsitana Mucia Turnerina LerodeaLevina UdaspesUnkanaZela Joanna CanthaHalotus VerticaBruna XanthodiscaBaoris Styriodes XanthoneuraBorbo Miltomiges Brusa DionEnosis ZographetusZophopetes Iton Vinius Caltoris PeniculaSodalia Gegenes VenasNiconiades Parnara Tigasis ThargellaThoon Pelopidas Sucova RepensSaniba PolytremisPrusianaZenoniaTelicota Radiatus Banta PhanesPsoralis Arrhenes Peba PambaPanca Kobrona Onophas CephrenesMimeneSabera NaevolusNastra MoerisMolla Oriens MnasitheusMnestheus Suniana MethionopsisMnasinous Potanthus Pastria LudensMethion Ocybadistes LamponiaLerema IngloriusJustinia Aides Igapophilus Gallio Argon EpriusFlaccilla Oarisma CobalopsisEutocus Taractrocera Aroma Apaustus AritaArtines MorysAdlerodea MnasilusMonca Copaeodes PapiasVehilius Adopaeoides CymaenesVidius Ancyloxypha Vettius AmblyscirtesSaturnus Mnasicles Remella Virga Callimormus Thymelicus Eutychide Lento Calpodes Cumbre Lucida Carystina CarystusChloeria Damas Cobalus DubiellaEbusus Carystoides Orphe Moeros Nyctus Cobaloides Telles Tisias Evansiella Synale Zenis Saliana Talides Falga Megaleas Tellona Sacrator Turesis Tromba Lychnuchus Panoquina Synapte Turmada Corticea Zalomes Thracides Wahydra Mnaseas Neoxeniades Lychnuchoides Anthoptus The most species-rich genera for the principal subfamilies are: Subfamily Coeliadinae :: Hasora Bibasis Coeliades 40 20 17 4 Subfamily Eudaminae :: Urbanus Astraptes Aguna 36 29 26 Subfamily Pyrginae :: Celaenorrhinus Staphylus Pyrgus 119 55 48 Subfamily Heteropterinae :: Dalla Metisella Piruna 95 23 20 Subfamily Hesperiinae :: Halpe Thoressa Potanthus 54 38 37 We use three metrics derived from phylogenetic community analysis5;13 to measure the phylogenetic representativeness of data from each source. Phylogenetic species richness, (PSR), is related to the number of taxa in a sample (SR), but accounting for the decrease of variance due to
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