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Ch. 10: the Muslim World

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6 Ch. 10: The Muslim World Grade: 9 Subject: Global1A The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula was a crossroads of Africa, Europe, and Asia, where goods were traded and new ideas were shared. Much of the Arabian Peninsula is desert, and only small areas include fertile lands that can support agriculture and larger populations. By 600 A.D., merchants traveled in caravans to trade goods along sea and land routes to and from Arabia. Arabs at this time were polytheistic. Pilgrims would travel to a city in western Arabia called Mecca to worship at a shrine called the Ka'aba that contained over 360 idols from different tribes in Arabia. Muhammad Muhammad was born in 570 A.D. to a powerful family in Mecca (in modern-day Saudi Arabia). He took a great interest in religion, and often meditated by himself. According to him, while he was meditating, an angel named Gabriel came to him and told him to give Islam=religion people a message that there is one god, and his name is Allah. Muslim=people Muhammad began to preach to the public. He gained many followers, and was a great leader and military man. People who follow this religion are called Muslims. The religion itself is called Islam. Qur'an The Qur'an (or Koran, as it's sometimes spelled) is Islam's holy book. It contains Muhammad's revelations, often in poetry format. It is written in Arabic, and is still used today. Major Teachings Muslims have duties, called the Five Pillars of Islam. They are: Faith (Shahadah) - to become a Muslim, a person Pillars hold things up. must say and believe that there is one God, The 5 Pillars of Islam "hold up" their religion! named Allah. Prayer (Salah)- Muslims pray 5 times a day, facing Mecca (it is their holy city). Alms (Zakat)- Muslims are taught to give to the poor. Fasting (Sawm)- During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims must fast all day, and then eat in the evening. Why? -Spiritual needs are greater than physical needs Pilgrimage (Hajj)- Muslims must try to make a trip to Mecca during their lifetime. Think about it! 1. Why do you think Muslims fast? 2. Islam brings many people together. What are some advantages of being unified by religion? 3. What are some reasons why people join a religion? https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/salat.shtml https://deadspin.com/how-muslim-athletes-deal-with-ramadan-1597088072 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2016/feb/12/hakeem-olajuwon-how-ramadan-helped-me-play- better-basketball-video Monotheism: Comparing the "Big Three" Christianity Judaism Islam Mo Sa-la-la-la-lah, Mo Sa-la-la-la-lah! If he’s good enough for you, he’s good enough for me. Mohamed Salah If he scores another few, then I’ll be Muslim Famous Muslims too. If he’s good enough for you,he’s good Malcolm X Malala enough for me. Sitting in the mosque,that’s where I wanna be! Mo Sa-la-la-la-lah, Mo Sa-la-la-la-lah! Shaquille O'Neal Mr. Pihlblad’s favorite soccer player! Dave Chappelle Zayn Malik Mohamed Sanu Dr. Mehmet Oz Muhammad Ali DJ Khaled https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tK18ZXcKg8I https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/world/europe/mo-salah-liverpool-champions-league.html Islam Questions Can Muslims speak directly to Allah? No. Muslims can pray directly to Allah, but they believe Allah can only speak directly to prophets. 2. What city did Muhammad take a pilgrimage to? Medina 3. What did Muhammad do at the Ka’aba? Destroys all of the false idols 4. Where do the most Muslims today live? Southeast Asia 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim- around 1.8 billion. 5. How many times does Muslims have to pray each day? 5- facing Mecca https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8S_Tw6jA77E Beliefs of Islam • In 622 A.D., Muhammad moved 200 miles away from Mecca, this migration is called the Hijrah. Along with Muhammad, many of his followers moved with him. · In 630 A.D. he returned to Mecca with 10,000 of his followers. The leaders surrendered and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’aba. · Most Meccans converted to Islam- Muhammad was able to help unify the entire Arabian Peninsula. 2 years later Muhammad died. Why isn't there supposed to be any images of Allah or Muhammad in Islamic belief? http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/07/europe/charlie-hebdo-attack-summary/index.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst- terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html Practices of Islam • Muslims are forbidden to: o eat pork o drink alcohol · Fridays are for communal worship · There are no priests or central religious authority · Supposed to worship to Allah directly · Can pray on their own or assemble at a mosque- an Islamic house of worship · Sunna- Muhammad’s example, the model for proper living Shari’a- the body of law, it regulates family life, morals, business, and community life for Muslims Example: In Saudi Arabia- women remain dependents of male relatives — a father, husband, brother, uncle or son — their whole lives. Women need consent to Shariah is Islamic law derived from the teachings of the Quran and of Muhammad. It iswork, travel or receive not a list of rules but rather a set of principles on aspects of life, including marriage, medical care. In 2018, divorce, finance and rituals such as fasting and prayer. women finally were able to Islamic scholars interpret Shariah in different ways, and Muslims around the world drive vehicles. vary in their practice of it. Aspects of Shariah are included in the legal codes of Muslim countries, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Iran. Caliphs After Muhammad died in 632 A.D., a new leader was elected, named Abu-Bakr. He, and other leaders after him, were called caliphs. They used the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings to guide them as they led the Muslim community. Many caliphs successfully spread Islam to other regions. Many people were conquered, but never forced to join Islam. They were simply given the choice, and many people chose Islam to avoid persecution or paying extra taxes. Some refused to pay taxes or claimed to be prophets, Abu-Bakr invoked Jihad for the sake of Islam. Jihad can mean an inner struggle against evil, or an armed struggle against evil. What is this cartoon trying to say about Islamic terrorists? RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS men who ruled after Muhammad's death When Muhammad died, he didn't leave directions for anyone about who should be in charge after him. Muslims disagreed about who should, and divided into 2 different sects of Islam: Sunni vs. Shi'a (Shiites) We should vote for the "best fit" person Someone related to to be leader! Muhammad should be in charge...even if they're kinda crappy. BEST FIT BLOOD RELATIVE 1%=Sufi chose life of poverty and devotion https://www.cbsnews.com/news/in-detail-sunnis-vs-shiites/ Muslim Caliphates There were a few caliphates (ruling families) that came after Muhammad's death. Two of the most notable were: The Umayyads -- ruled badly, made the division between Sunni and Shi'a worse! Moved capital to sounds like "Oh my God"! Damascus, (Oh my God, look at their lived in rule. It's so BAD.) luxury The Abbasids - $$ - moved the capital of Islam Empire to Baghdad and expanded Murdered all of the Umayyads Taxed heavily, were rich but couldn't keep power Abbasids ** The Fatimid was another ruling family Baghdad in North Africa! Islam spread to some of Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Muslim Culture Over time, the Muslim Empire grew in size and wealth. People from all around the world moved to the empire and luxurious cities like Baghdad (1 million people) were built. Science, math, and philosophy thrived. Social Classes 1. Muslim born 2. Converts to Islam 3."Protected People" (Christians and Jews) 4. Slaves Muslim Learning In the Middle Ages (around 1200 - 1400 A.D.), the Middle East was a center for knowledge. While people in Europe were in a Dark Age, and many died of the Black Death (we will learn about this in the next chapter), Muslim knowledge flourished. Art: Muslim art usually includes geometric patterns. These can be found in mosaics and on buildings. Muslims also used calligraphy as a form of art. This used fancy writing, sometimes to create a picture. Some calligraphy included Islamic verses from the Koran. Science: Muslims translated Greek texts, but used their own methods to solve problems. Muslims preferred to conduct experiments in labs to find out how things worked, much like we do today. Before this, people often looked at things in the world and "decided" how they worked, instead of testing it out! Math: Muslims believed that math was a basis of all knowledge. They invented algebra, and used math to study the stars, planets, and comets. A lot of their knowledge came from a need to fulfill the 5 pillars: -Needed to know when to fast during Ramadan (lunar calendar), where to go to pilgrimage-hajj and where to face-Mecca (mapping, directions). Questions: 1. How did the caliph al-Mansur support learning in the Muslim empire? 2. In what ways did al-Mansur try to include people from other religions -- not just Islam? Name 2 ways. When Islam first started, women had Over time, the role of women changed in Islam.
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